87:
587:, some of the routiers were likely able to enter the town through the open gate before it could be closed, and then fought with the guards stationed at the wall for control of the gate. Seeing the brawl, the Crusader leaders decided to send the entire army forward. The garrison resisted attack before being overwhelmed by the larger Crusader army, while other Crusaders had already managed to move beyond the garrison and into the town.
481:, the city was "entirely infected with the poison of heresy" and its people were "brimful of every kind of sin". Had Raymond Roger chosen to defend the city when it was besieged, he might have been separated from the remainder of his domains. The viscount abandoned Béziers, and, after promising reinforcements, hurried to his capital of Carcassonne to prepare its defenses. He took with him some Cathars as well as the
626:
their leaders. To our amazement, crying "to arms, to arms!", within the space of two or three hours they crossed the ditches and the walls and Béziers was taken. Our men spared no one, irrespective of rank, sex or age, and put to the sword almost 20,000 people. After this great slaughter the whole city was despoiled and burnt, as divine vengeance miraculously raged against it.
662:
of the local
Catholic population and became a hated occupying force. According to Tyerman: "Thereafter, adherence or opposition to the Crusaders was determined largely by secular considerations". The war became protracted, and eventually the French king entered the conflict and took control over the Languedoc, leading to the gradual extermination of the Cathar movement.
492:. These interpret Raymond Roger's decision to flee differently. Peter writes that he abandoned Béziers out of fear of the Crusader army. William says that it was because he felt his presence was needed in Carcassonne and that the people of Béziers could adequately resist the Crusaders without him. Historian
661:
The
Crusaders had achieved a quick and devastating victory. Many castles and towns submitted without further resistance. Carcassonne fell within a month and Raymond-Roger Trencavel died in captivity later that year, his lands being given to de Montfort. However, the Crusaders lost the support of much
643:
While there remains doubt that the abbot said these words – also paraphrased as "Kill them all; God will know His own", "Kill them all; God will sort his own", or "Kill them all and let God sort them out" – there is little if any doubt that these words captured the spirit of the assault, and that the
625:
Indeed, because there is no strength nor is there cunning against God, while discussions were still going on with the barons about the release of those in the city who were deemed to be
Catholics, the servants and other persons of low rank and unarmed attacked the city without waiting for orders from
549:
or leaders of their communities. The list has survived. But in a meeting at the cathedral, it was determined that to hand over these people was not possible because they had too much support within the town. Montpeyroux therefore asked the
Catholics to leave the town to save themselves. This proposal
499:
The military garrison and civilian population of Béziers hurriedly constructed some defenses. They deepened the wells around the city but felt confident in the strength of its walls and in their own supplies. They also hoped that the supposed vastness of the
Crusader army would rapidly lead to supply
570:
Ah, it was an ill service that man did the townsfolk who counseled them to go forth from the city in broad daylight! For mark well what these wretched creatures did, in their vast ignorance and folly: out they went, waving their coarse, white linen banners, shouting at the tops of their voices, and
473:
Raymond Roger was not officially a Cathar, but he tolerated the existence of the Cathar sect within his territory. He attempted to negotiate with the
Crusader army at Montpellier, absolving himself of the things that happened in his domain because of his youth, he was 24 at the time, and declaring
638:
When they discovered, from the admissions of some of them, that there were
Catholics mingled with the heretics they said to the abbot "Sir, what shall we do, for we cannot distinguish between the faithful and the heretics." The abbot, like the others, was afraid that many, in fear of death, would
557:
proper. It was to the
Crusaders' advantage to take the city quickly. Delay would give Raymond Roger time to organize his defenses and increase the likelihood that the army would run out of supplies or drift apart. The day began quietly on both sides. That morning, a group of either soldiers or
652:
says that "he true figure was almost certainly far less." Marvin calls
Amalric's exhortation "apocryphal", adding that the "speed and spontaneity of the attack indicates that the legate may not have actually known what was going on until it was over". He writes that "clearly most of Beziers'
606:
Although the knights did not stop the massacre, they soon intervened to claim the valuables of the city for themselves. In retaliation, the angry and disappointed routiers burned down buildings, destroying most of the plunder, and the
Crusaders were quickly forced to leave the ruined town.
415:
At the time, the Kingdom of France controlled only part of what is now Northern France, whereas the Languedoc was divided between multiple different polities. The two regions had distinct customs and languages. The immediate cause of the crusade was the killing of the papal legate,
639:
pretend to be Catholics, and after their departure, would return to their heresy, and is said to have replied "Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius – Kill them all for the Lord knoweth them that are His" (2 Tim. ii. 19) and so countless number in that town were slain.
647:
Amalric's account of the death of 20,000 was probably exaggerated, like Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's report that 7,000 were slain in the Church of St Magdalene. The town's population at the time is estimated at 10,000–14,500, and an unknown number may have escaped the massacre.
474:
his loyalty to the Church. His attempt to prevent the Crusaders' attack on his lands was rejected. The viscount departed from Montpellier in a hurry, ahead of the Crusader army, to prepare his defenses. On the way to Carcassonne, Raymond Roger stopped at Béziers.
590:
The routiers rampaged through the streets. They invaded private homes, killing and plundering. Clergy vested and rang church bells, but were unable to prevent the soldiers from rampaging. Those citizens who could run sought refuge in the churches –
575:
As the detachment from Béziers shouted insults at the Crusaders, a man from the Crusading army approached them intending to respond to the insults. He was killed. In response, hired mercenaries from the Crusader army known as
62:
644:
Crusaders intended to slaughter the inhabitants. The Crusaders allowed the routiers to rampage and kill without restraint, sparing neither women nor children, but swiftly put a stop to looting.
603:. Yet the churches did not provide safety against the invaders. The doors of the churches were broken open, and all inside, regardless of age and sex, and including priests, were slaughtered.
532:
of Béziers, Renaud de Montpeyroux, tried to avert bloodshed and to negotiate. He came back to Béziers with the message that the town would be spared provided it would hand over their
550:
was overwhelmingly rejected, and Montpeyroux left the town with just a few Catholics. Most of the Catholic population, including multiple priests, elected not to leave the city.
571:
thinking to scare the enemy thus, as one might scare birds on a wheatfield-bawling and hallooing, and waving their flags, and all this at crack of dawn, as soon as it was light.
342:
246:
21:
325:
278:
214:
283:
320:
305:
300:
315:
273:
268:
263:
438:, had difficult relations with Innocent and was accused of sheltering heretics. He was able to switch sides in time and joined the Crusaders at
616:
673:
cathedral survived, and repairs started in 1215. The restoration, along with that of the rest of the city, continued until the 15th century.
669:
burned and collapsed. A plaque opposite the cathedral records the "Day of Butchery" perpetrated by the "northern barons". A few parts of the
207:
450:. As Raymond had been reconciled with the Church, his lands could not be targeted. Instead, the Crusaders took aim for the territory of
1453:
1125:
580:
attacked the defenders. A brawl ensued and soon the attackers from the town found themselves outnumbered and retreated in disarray.
200:
488:
There are two main chronicles which act as sources for these events: the one written by Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay and another by
1270:
1089:
955:
1458:
1338:
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1384:
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feels that because of Raymond Roger's subsequent stout defense of Carcassonne, William's explanation is more likely.
310:
120:
1443:
57:
1413:
1214:
Hérésie, courtoisie et poésie. A la recherche de traces de catharisme dans la littérature occitane du Moyen Âge.
1448:
621:
Amalric's own version of the siege, described in his letter to Pope Innocent in August 1209 (col.139), states:
1423:
86:
482:
435:
1055:"Medieval Sourcebook: Caesarius of Heisterbach: Medieval Heresies: Waldensians, Albigensians, Intellectuals"
1438:
1418:
653:
population and buildings survived" and that the city "continued to function as a major population center".
1433:
528:. By that time, only a small number of residents of the town had chosen to leave. Shortly after, the
1408:
631:
439:
1199:
1403:
1348:
670:
478:
451:
337:
96:
1054:
755:
749:
1260:
919:
566:. According to William of Tudela, their intention was to humiliate the Crusaders. He writes:
524:, the Crusader army reached the outskirts of Béziers on 21 July. They set up camp along the
352:
1129:
666:
592:
553:
On 22 July, the Crusaders were busy getting settled and still days away from starting the
8:
1353:
The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis
1324:
649:
417:
385:
373:
224:
177:
78:
1463:
1428:
1286:
The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218
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111:
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393:
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1304:
745:
1174:, 2009, 12 p., ill. (édition des témoignages du XIIIe siècle sur le sac de Béziers)
477:
The town of Béziers had a strong community of Cathars. According to the chronicler
258:
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288:
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584:
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92:
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53:
36:
23:
840:
509:
442:. By 20 July, the Crusaders had gathered at the strongly Catholic town of
1177:
864:
563:
540:
525:
463:
443:
159:
1220:; atti del Convegno di Chancelade, 24 e 25 agosto 2002, pp. 61–79.
1170:, dossier préparé par Damien Vaisse, Montpellier, Conseil général de l'
1171:
459:
369:
192:
116:
107:
1080:
Bloodlust: On the Roots of Violence from Cain and Abel to the Present
405:
397:
539:
Montpeyroux drew up a list of 222 individuals, mostly Cathars, some
610:
577:
545:
533:
455:
421:
751:
Massacre at Montségur. A History of the Albigension Crusade (1961)
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425:
147:
1196:
Les cathares : Pauvres du Christ ou apôtres de Satan ?
1008:
1006:
981:
979:
1311:. Translated by Green, Peter. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
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976:
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400:
movement, a religious sect challenging the teachings of the
372:
by crusaders. It was the first major military action of the
1347:
1309:
Massacre at Montségur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade
870:
846:
801:
799:
429:
1202: » (nº 319), série Religions. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.
1225:
Il tempo interrotto. Breve storia dei catari in Occidente
1025:
1023:
1021:
888:
420:. The retinue of professional soldiers, mercenary bands (
1262:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
796:
772:
784:
432:
in early July 1209, beginning the Albigensian Crusade.
1168:
1209 : le sac de Béziers vu par ses contemporains
1018:
852:
830:
828:
826:
16:
1209 killing of Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade
1253:
The Perfect Heresy: The Life and Death of the Cathars
1246:
Cathares, Vaudois et Béguins. Dissidents du pays d'Oc
695:
1144:
811:
558:
perhaps merely armed civilians from the town made a
823:
1123:
1077:
911:
683:
1084:. Free Press, Simon & Schuster. p. 29f.
1395:
95:where 7,000 people were massacred according to
1075:
945:
744:
617:Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.
1218:Trobadours et Cathares en Occitanie médiévale
208:
740:
738:
736:
368:occurred on 22 July 1209 during the sack of
1333:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1351:(1998) . Sibly, W.A.; Sibly, M.D. (eds.).
1303:
1041:
1012:
997:
985:
970:
897:
882:
805:
778:
215:
201:
85:
1289:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
909:
733:
707:
1330:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
948:Understanding the tragedy of the Cathars
404:. The movement flourished mainly in the
396:. Its purpose was to squash the growing
1369:
1323:
1166:Archives départementales de l'Hérault,
1029:
939:
918:. Manchester University Press. p.
914:The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
858:
817:
790:
701:
562:exiting the gate overlooking the river
222:
1396:
1279:
1150:
1117:
950:. Editions Ouest-France. p. 59f.
834:
634:relates this story about the massacre:
611:"Kill them all; God will know His own"
503:
1355:. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer.
196:
1258:
1124:Laurence M. Marvin (25 March 2009).
689:
715:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Albigenses"
13:
934:innocent albigensian crusade bull.
14:
1475:
1454:Persecution of Christian heretics
1096:Caesarius of Heisterbach amalric.
1128:. Warandgame.com. Archived from
871:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998
847:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998
332:Royal intervention and aftermath
1160:
1101:
1069:
1047:
903:
428:, assembled and departed from
146:People of Béziers, especially
1:
1265:. London: Karnac Books, Ltd.
676:
436:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
379:
1379:. New York: The Dial Press.
656:
446:, which was a vassal to the
408:region of what later became
7:
1349:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay
10:
1480:
1255:, Profile Books Ltd, 2001.
1232:Le Catharisme. La religion
1189:Petit Précis de Catharisme
1110:, cited in Zoé Oldenburg,
667:Cathedral of Saint Nazaire
614:
1459:13th-century Christianity
1239:Le Catharisme. L'histoire
754:. Phoenix, 2006. p.
234:
183:
173:
165:
153:
142:
127:
103:
84:
76:
71:
1376:The Albigensian Crusades
1248:, Editions Privat, 1994.
632:Caesarius of Heisterbach
485:population of Béziers.
1444:Massacres of Christians
1076:Russell Jacoby (2011).
946:Claude Lebédel (2011).
583:According to historian
479:Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay
452:Raymond Roger Trencavel
97:Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay
58:Infobox civilian attack
50:
1414:13th-century massacres
1182:Les Archipels Cathares
1126:"The Storm of Béziers"
641:
630:About 20 years later,
628:
573:
131:22 July 1209
63:considered for merging
1449:Collective punishment
1227:, Palomar, Bari 2009.
1200:Découvertes Gallimard
1112:Massacre at Montségur
665:During the fire, the
636:
623:
568:
388:was initiated in the
1325:Tyerman, Christopher
1259:Falk, Avner (2010).
1198:, collection «
1191:, Loubatières, 1996.
595:and the churches of
237:1209 Barons' Crusade
91:The church of Saint
1439:Massacres in France
1419:Albigensian Crusade
1281:Marvin, Laurence W.
1207:Les femmes cathares
1044:, pp. 115–116.
1015:, pp. 114–115.
1000:, pp. 113–114.
988:, pp. 112–113.
973:, pp. 111–112.
885:, pp. 110–111.
650:Christopher Tyerman
504:The sack of Béziers
418:Pierre de Castelnau
386:Albigensian Crusade
374:Albigensian Crusade
366:Massacre at Béziers
226:Albigensian Crusade
79:Albigensian Crusade
72:Massacre at Béziers
33: /
1424:History of Hérault
1371:Strayer, Joseph R.
1251:O' Shea, Stephen.
910:MD Costen (1997).
112:County of Toulouse
37:43.3476°N 3.2190°E
1434:Conflicts in 1209
1272:978-1-85575-733-2
1223:Dante, Domenico.
1108:William of Tudela
1091:978-1-4391-0024-0
957:978-2-7373-5267-6
849:, pp. 82–88.
793:, pp. 59–60.
597:St Mary Magdalene
593:Béziers Cathedral
508:Commanded by the
490:William of Tudela
448:Kingdom of Aragon
394:Pope Innocent III
392:at the behest of
390:Kingdom of France
361:
360:
191:
190:
1471:
1390:
1366:
1344:
1320:
1300:
1276:
1244:Duvernoy, Jean.
1237:Duvernoy, Jean.
1230:Duvernoy, Jean.
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1148:
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1132:on 26 April 2012
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470:to Raymond VI.
295:Languedoc Revolt
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1409:1200s in France
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1305:Oldenbourg, Zoé
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1209:, Perrin, 1992.
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1042:Oldenbourg 1961
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806:Oldenbourg 1961
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779:Oldenbourg 1961
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704:, pp. 1–4.
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619:
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543:, likely to be
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494:Laurence Marvin
466:and nephew and
410:Southern France
402:Catholic Church
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343:2nd Carcassonne
247:1st Carcassonne
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42:43.3476; 3.2190
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1404:1209 in Europe
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1340:978-0674023871
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1296:978-0521123655
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1212:Brenon, Anne,
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1194:Brenon, Anne.
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1187:Brenon, Anne.
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861:, p. 579.
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808:, p. 110.
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783:
781:, p. 109.
771:
764:
746:Zoé Oldenbourg
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694:
692:, p. 169.
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1153:, p. 43.
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1057:. Fordham.edu
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1178:Brenon, Anne
1167:
1161:Bibliography
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
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311:2nd Toulouse
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279:1st Toulouse
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174:Perpetrators
77:Part of the
56:
18:
1151:Marvin 2008
1136:22 November
1061:22 November
835:Marvin 2008
541:Waldensians
500:shortages.
464:Carcassonne
444:Montpellier
160:Mass murder
155:Attack type
52:‹ The
40: /
1398:Categories
719:New Advent
677:References
671:Romanesque
380:Background
135:1209-07-22
25:43°20′51″N
1429:Catharism
1373:(1992) .
1317:655562901
1307:(1961) .
690:Falk 2010
657:Aftermath
526:Orb River
406:Languedoc
353:Montségur
348:Avignonet
301:Beaucaire
178:Crusaders
123:, France)
121:Occitanie
61:is being
28:3°13′08″E
1327:(2006).
1283:(2008).
1114:, p. 116
748:(2000).
725:April 8,
578:routiers
546:perfecti
534:heretics
456:viscount
426:pilgrims
422:routiers
316:Marmande
306:Salvetat
115:(now in
104:Location
65:. ›
54:template
1464:Béziers
1241:, 1979.
1234:, 1976.
1172:Hérault
601:St Jude
599:and of
518:Citeaux
460:Béziers
440:Valence
424:), and
370:Béziers
338:Avignon
321:Baziège
274:Montgey
259:Minerve
242:Béziers
148:Cathars
133: (
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108:Béziers
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560:sortie
530:Bishop
512:, the
483:Jewish
468:vassal
398:Cathar
269:Lavaur
264:Termes
184:Motive
169:20,000
166:Deaths
143:Target
756:109ff
555:siege
514:Abbot
289:Muret
1381:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1313:OCLC
1291:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1138:2011
1086:ISBN
1063:2011
952:ISBN
924:ISBN
760:ISBN
727:2022
462:and
430:Lyon
384:The
364:The
128:Date
920:121
564:Orb
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516:of
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