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be involved in running their country. ...Elections could be important, but for us the question is one of timing. ...We would much rather see elections come when the economy is more stable, when the
Revolution is more consolidated. When more people have in fact had benefits brought to them. When more people are literate ...The right of freedom of expression can really only be relevant if people are not too hungry, or too tired to be able to express themselves. It can only be relevant if appropriate grassroots mechanisms rooted in the people exist, through which the people can effectively participate. ...We talk about the human rights that the majority has never been able to enjoy, ... a job, to decent housing, to a good meal. ...These human rights have been the human rights for a small minority over the years in the Caribbean and the time has come for the majority of the people to begin to receive those human rights for the first time."
634:
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683:(PRA) was also formed during Bishop's administration. Critics claimed that the army was a waste of resources, and there were complaints that the PRA was used as a tool to commit human rights abuses, like detention of political dissidents. The establishment of voluntary mass organizations of women, farmers, youth, workers, and militia were presumed to make the holding of elections unnecessary. Moreover, it was believed that elections could be manipulated by the input of large sums of money from foreign interests.
676:. Under Bishop's leadership, the National Women's Organization was formed which participated in policy decisions along with other social groups. Women were given equal pay and paid maternity leave. Sex discrimination was made illegal. Organisations for education (Centre for Popular Education), health care, and youth affairs (National Youth Organization) were also established. Despite its achievements, Bishop's government would not hold elections and stifled the free press and the opposition.
731:". A U.S. State Department report at the time expressed concern with Bishop and the NJM: "The revolution in Grenada, it said, was in some ways even worse than the Cuban Revolution that had rocked the region a quarter of a century earlier: the vast majority of Grenadians were black, and therefore their struggle could resonate with thirty million black Americans; and the Grenadian revolutionary leaders spoke English, and so could communicate their message with ease to an American audience."
740:
ultimately rejected the proposal. In response, the Coard faction in conjunction with the PRA placed Bishop under house arrest on 13 October. Large public demonstrations gathered to demand Bishop's release and his return to power. The protesters numbered as high as 30,000 on an island of 100,000, and even some of Bishop's guards joined the protests. Despite the sizable support, Bishop knew the determination of the Coard faction. He confided to a journalist: "I am a dead man."
800:
420:, a youth leader from Grenada Boys' Secondary School, created the Grenada Assembly of Youth Fighting for Truth. It was intended to raise political awareness among the island's youth through lively discussions over pressing issues. Members gathered on Fridays in St. George's main square and arranged open political debates among the people. Both friends and enemies celebrated Bishop's
512:. This was volunteer work; his main source of income came from his job in the civil service as a surtax examiner. During this period, he corresponded with friends and developed a two-year plan of activities upon his return to Grenada. The plan called for temporary withdrawal from his work as a lawyer in order to co-create an organization capable of taking power on the island.
561:
danger when he was shot in the back and killed at the door of Otway House. The perpetrators were members of the
Mongoose Gang who took orders from Gairy and "carried out campaigns of terror ... against the New JEWEL Movement and against the Bishop family in particular." 21 January 1974 became known in Grenada as "Bloody Monday."
521:
a conference in
Martinique that strategized actions for liberation movements. The philosophy of Julius Nyerere and his Tanzanian socialism were guiding elements for the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP), which Bishop helped organize after the elections of 1972. Bishop and co-founders Kenrick Radix and
564:
After this traumatizing event, Bishop said, "we realized that we were unable to lead the working class" since the party had no influence in city workers' unions or among the rural folk loyal to Gairy. With his colleagues, Bishop developed a new strategy, shifting focus from propaganda and mobilizing
520:
Returning to
Grenada in December 1970, Bishop provided legal defence for striking nurses at St. George's General Hospital, who hoped to improve conditions for patients. He was arrested along with 30 other strike supporters. All were acquitted after a seven-month trial. In 1972, Bishop helped organize
507:
From 1967 to 1969, Bishop worked on his thesis, "Constitutional
Development of Grenada". However, he left it unfinished because of disagreements with the supervisor in assessing the 1951 disturbances. In 1969, he received a law degree and became one of the founders of the Legal Aid Office of the West
751:
executed Bishop and the others by machine-gunning them in the Fort Rupert courtyard. After he was dead, a gunman slit his throat and cut off his finger to steal his ring. The bodies were transported to a military camp on the peninsula of
Calivigny and partially burned in a pit. The location of their
695:
While Bishop had accomplishments to tout — free public healthcare, a drop in illiteracy from 35% to 5%, a drop in unemployment from 50% to 14% — his weak point was in promoting tourism to the island. He therefore revived the old project of constructing "Grenada's first proper international
369:
St George primary and high school. Maurice was already quite tall at age nine and was teased because his height made him look much older. As an only son, Maurice was pushed hard by his father to excel. Rupert demanded perfect grades from
Maurice, not 95 but 100%. When the family purchased a car, his
690:
There are those ... who believe that you cannot have a democracy unless there is a situation where every five years ... people are allowed to put an "X" next to some candidate's name, and ... they return to being non-people without the right to say anything to their government, without any right to
573:
On 6 February 1974, the day before the proclamation of the independent state of
Grenada, Bishop was arrested on charges of plotting an armed anti-government conspiracy. He was taken to the Fort George prison. Police said that while searching his house they found weapons, ammunition, equipment and
560:
Bishop joined a mass demonstration against Prime
Minister Gairy on 21 January 1974. As Bishop's group returned to Otway House, they were pelted with stones and bottles by Gairy's security forces, who also used tear gas. Maurice's father Rupert was leading several women and children away from the
548:, where they were to meet with businessmen of the city. Police officers under Assistant Chief Constable Innocent Belmar overtook Bishop's motorcade. Nine people, including Bishop, were captured, arrested and beaten "almost to the point of death" by Belmar's police aides and by the paramilitary
739:
In
September 1983, simmering tensions within PRG leadership reached a boiling point. A faction within the party, led by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, tried to make Bishop either step down or agree to a power-sharing arrangement. Bishop considered the matter for a couple of weeks, but
354:. His parents, Rupert and Alimenta Bishop, came from the northeast of Grenada, where Rupert earned only five British pence per day. At the end of 1930, to improve his financial position, Rupert moved with his wife Alimenta to Aruba so that he could work in the oil refinery.
791:, who was Grenada's Minister of Education. Jacqueline was killed alongside Maurice by the Fort Rupert firing squad on 19 October. After his parents' deaths, Vladimir joined his half-siblings in Canada, but was stabbed to death in a Toronto nightclub at the age of 16.
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on the island's southern tip (renamed in his memory in May 2009). Financing and labour for the construction of the airport came from Cuba, although most of the airport's infrastructure was designed by European and North American consultants. U.S. President
747:) which he and his supporters were able to seize control of. At that point, Coard dispatched a military force from Fort Frederick to retake Fort Rupert. Bishop and seven others, including his cabinet ministers and aides, were captured. A four-man PRA
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participating in a meeting of the Regional Steering Committee of the Pan-African Congress. He also continued his law practice. In October 1974, he defended Desmond "Ras Kabinda" Trotter and Roy Mason who were accused of murdering an American tourist.
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uniforms, along with a plan to assassinate Eric Gairy in a nightclub, and a scheme for setting up guerrilla camps. Two days later, Bishop was released on bail and fled briefly to the United States. On 29 March 1974, he was in
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432:
The activities of the Grenada Assembly ended the following year when Bishop and the other Assembly leaders left for universities in Europe and the U.S. In December 1963, the 19-year-old Bishop arrived in
699:
In his role as Prime Minister, Bishop travelled abroad to cultivate relations and to inform the world about the Grenada Revolution. In August 1983, he delivered a speech to an enthusiastic audience at
45:
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Until the age of six, Maurice was raised in Aruba with two older sisters, Ann and Maureen. In 1950 his father took the family back to Grenada and opened a small retail shop in the capital,
393:
aroused in him. Bishop recalled: "In fact, for us it did not matter what we heard on the radio or read in the colonial press. For us, it comes down to the courage and legendary heroism of
603:. In May 1977, Bishop made his first visit to Cuba. He travelled there with Unison Whiteman as leaders of the NJM and guests of the Cuban Institute of Friendship with People (ICAP).
528:
In January 1973, MAP merged with the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education and Liberation (JEWEL) and the Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL) to form the
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On 19 October, a crowd of protesters managed to free Bishop from house arrest. He made his way, first by truck, then by car, to army headquarters at Fort Rupert (known today as
381:
and participating in sports. He later recalled: "Here I had much interest in politics, history and sociology." He also established contacts with students from the Anglican
2201:
787:, Canada with both children in 1981 while Maurice was still prime minister. He also fathered a son, Vladimir Lenin Creft-Bishop (1978–1994), with his longtime partner
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and oratory skills, including his clever use of humour when making arguments. In 1962, Bishop graduated with a gold medal for his outstanding ability as a student.
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were interested in steering MAP toward construction of popular institutions centered in villages, to facilitate broad participation in the country's affairs.
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2009:
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and in 1967 headed the association of students of the Royal College. While studying Grenadian history, Bishop focused on anti-British speeches and
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612:
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552:. In prison the arrested men shaved their beards, revealing Bishop's broken jaw. 18 November 1973 became known in Grenada as "Bloody Sunday."
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in London. He often worked in the city as a postman or vegetable packer. From 1963 to 1966, he was president of the Students Association of
377:. He was elected president of the Student Council, of the Discussion Club, and of the History Study Group, along with editing the newspaper
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2111:
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330:(PRG) from 1979 to 1983. In October 1983 he was deposed as Prime Minister and executed during a coup engineered by Deputy Prime Minister
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783:
Maurice Bishop married nurse Angela Redhead in 1966. They had two children, John (born 1967) and Nadia (born 1969). Angela emigrated to
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In 1976, Bishop was elected to represent St. George's South-East in Parliament. From 1976 to 1979, he held the position of
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322:, education and black liberation. The NJM came to power during the 13 March 1979 revolution which removed Prime Minister
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1995:
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772:
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On 18 November 1973, Bishop and other leaders of the New Jewel Movement were driving in two cars from St George's to
457:, the head of the 1795 uprising. In 1964, Bishop participated in the UK's West Indian Standing Conference (WISC) and
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For his secondary education, Bishop received one of the four government scholarships for study at the Roman Catholic
1933:
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award. On 29 May 2009, Grenada's international airport (formerly Point Salines International Airport) was renamed
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accused Grenada of intending to use the new airport's long "airstrip" as a waypoint for Soviet military aircraft.
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Among Bishop's core principles were workers' rights, women's rights, and the struggle against racism and
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established in 1958 and the ideas of Caribbean nationalism. He also recalled the great interest the 1959
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said: "This belated honour to an outstanding Caribbean son will bring closure to a chapter of denial in
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In 1979 Bishop's party staged a revolution and deposed Gairy, who was out of the country addressing the
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759:(OECS) and the nations of Barbados and Jamaica appealed to the United States for assistance, as did
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In those same years, Bishop and his colleagues became interested in reading the works of
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1276:"Maurice Bishop's Speech to the 34th General Assembly of the United Nations, New York"
660:. He initiated a number of projects in Grenada, most significantly, the building of a
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1484:['Apocalypso now': Granada, sun and beach eleven years after the invasion].
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anti-government demonstrations toward the organization of party groups and cells.
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1226:. Vol. 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. p. 302.
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1345:"Analysis: The long history of the U.S. interfering with elections elsewhere"
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20:
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536:, the founder of JEWEL, were elected NJM's Joint Coordinating Secretaries.
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1482:"'Apocalypso now': Granada, sol y playa once años después de la invasión"
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595:. As such, he challenged the government of Prime Minister Gairy and his
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1128:(2023 Digital ed.). Utrecht, the Netherlands: ISOR. p. 165.
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Banner of the Grenada Revolution, located in Grenada National Museum
1976:
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elementary school, but after a year Maurice was transferred to the
1777:
Prime Minister of the People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada
385:, his own school's competitors. He was an ardent supporter of the
1829:
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599:(GULP), which maintained power by threat and intimidation and by
515:
304:
1089:"Remembering the Rise and Fall of Grenada's New Jewel Movement"
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Bishop has been quoted at length on the dynamics of democracy:
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491:
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434:
342:
Maurice Rupert Bishop was born on 29 May 1944 on the island of
474:
343:
171:
1697:"Grenada: "Welcome to Maurice Bishop International Airport""
1665:"Grenada names airport in honour of fomer PM Maurice Bishop"
1559:"'The Empty Grave of Comrade Bishop': Podcast episode guide"
711:. He defended his country's revolution, comparing it to the
2017:
657:
470:
1824:
1373:"Forward Ever, Backward Never: Remembering Maurice Bishop"
656:
After taking power, Bishop established a partnership with
994:"The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada"
445:. In 1966, Bishop received a Bachelor of Law degree at
416:. Shortly before graduation, in early 1962, Bishop and
370:
mother expected him to walk to school like the others.
1421:
1027:"Interview with Don Rojas: Grenada - What Went Wrong?"
16:
Grenadian revolutionary and 1979–1983 socialist leader
1480:
Reyes-Ortiz, Igor; Barroso, Miguel (19 August 1994).
1082:
1080:
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airport" and asked his friend Fidel Castro for help.
1532:"Grenada trying to find remains of slain Marxist PM"
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956:
441:. Coard travelled to the U.S. to study economics at
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Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican Society, 1930-1990
954:
952:
950:
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921:: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. pp. 72–192.
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overthrow of Salvador Allende’s government in Chile
2202:Members of the House of Representatives of Grenada
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1453:
1451:
1449:
1077:
1612:"Welcome to Maurice Bishop International Airport"
1510:"The Grenada 17: Last of the cold war prisoners?"
1195:"Vision Towards Independence Blindsided by Power"
401:. ...Nothing could overshadow this aspect of the
2093:
1460:"Grenada's Revolution Should Never Be Forgotten"
933:
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985:
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516:Return to Grenada and further political career
461:(CARD). He travelled from the UK to socialist
2182:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2003:
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807:In 1983, Bishop was awarded the Czechoslovak
469:. During this period he studied the works of
334:. This quickly led to the demise of the PRG.
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1051:
555:
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328:People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada
1024:
755:Partly as a result of Bishop's murder, the
613:People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)
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2212:People executed by Grenada by firing squad
2010:
1996:
1817:
1803:
1711:– via Haiti-Cuba-Venezuela Analysis.
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1390:
1224:Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook
1142:
43:
1754:. West Indian Standing Conference (WISC).
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1150:"Opposition Leaders - Grenada Parliament"
1029:– via Grenadian Revolution Archive.
902:
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2122:Alumni of the London School of Economics
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1429:"March 13, 1979: The Grenada Revolution"
1404:"Maurice Bishop: A Revolutionary Leader"
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991:
798:
757:Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
632:
616:
84:13 March 1979 – 16 October 1983
1609:
1401:
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1124:Van Dijk, Frank Jan (7 December 1993).
1087:Fletcher, Jr., Bill (4 December 2023).
915:Grenada: The New Jewel of the Caribbean
906:
734:
485:. Bishop was particularly impressed by
427:
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1752:"Factors driving Caribbean rebellions"
1673:. Jamaica. 31 May 2009. Archived from
1637:
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1458:Burtenshaw, Ronan (2 September 2019).
1218:
1059:"This Day in History: 21 January 1974"
1008:"Innocent Belmar - Caribbean Glossary"
960:
881:
459:Campaign Against Racial Discrimination
303:(29 May 1944 – 19 October 1983) was a
1991:
1798:
1307:
1193:Campbell, Curlan (18 February 2019).
1168:"This Day in History: 3 January 1978"
1371:Martinez, Carlos (19 October 2013).
1107:"Bloody Monday - Caribbean Glossary"
1041:"Bloody Sunday - Caribbean Glossary"
813:Maurice Bishop International Airport
1343:Tharoor, Ishaan (13 October 2016).
1311:Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada
1240:
963:"Maurice Rupert Bishop (1944-1983)"
865:. 23 September 2009. Archived from
593:House of Representatives of Grenada
568:
361:. Maurice was sent to study at the
13:
2112:20th-century Grenadian politicians
1725:
1402:Oyinkan, Olayi (23 January 2021).
1212:
14:
2228:
1837:Chief ministers (1960–1967)
1719:
1610:Millies, Stephen (14 June 2009).
1285:. 29 January 2005. Archived from
1160:
910:Granada, La Nueva Joya del Caribe
71:People's Revolutionary Government
1781:13 March 1979 – 16 October 1983
1730:. The Grenada Revolution Online.
653:and suspended the constitution.
318:party that sought to prioritise
2117:Alumni of King's College London
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1530:McFadden, David (8 June 2012).
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1301:
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1099:
326:from office. Bishop headed the
231:
2207:New Jewel Movement politicians
2192:Leaders who took power by coup
1638:Wilder, Ann Elizabeth (2019).
1586:"Jacqueline Creft (1947-1983)"
1584:Wilder, Ann Elizabeth (2019).
1033:
1000:
961:Wilder, Ann Elizabeth (2019).
817:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
606:
383:Grenada Boys' Secondary School
375:Presentation Brothers' College
1:
1644:The Grenada Revolution Online
1590:The Grenada Revolution Online
967:The Grenada Revolution Online
842:
508:Indies community in London's
337:
2162:Foreign ministers of Grenada
2137:Defence ministers of Grenada
1889:Prime ministers (since 1974)
1314:. Lexington, Massachusetts:
815:. Speaking at the ceremony,
7:
1979:prime ministers of Grenada.
1826:List of heads of government
1025:Wattenmaker, Steve (1984).
857:"Biography: Maurice Bishop"
830:
765:Governor-General of Grenada
681:People's Revolutionary Army
597:Grenada United Labour Party
10:
2233:
2217:Prime ministers of Grenada
1868:Premiers (1967–1974)
907:Mendoza, Jorge L. (1982).
752:remains is still unknown.
727:interventions against the
610:
467:German Democratic Republic
320:socio-economic development
285:London School of Economics
49:Maurice Bishop in Saxony,
18:
2177:Grenadian revolutionaries
2152:Executed Grenadian people
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1972:
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1836:
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1640:"What About the Airport?"
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767:. Within days, President
717:Emancipation Proclamation
662:new international airport
651:Prime Minister of Grenada
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203:Execution by firing squad
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66:Prime Minister of Grenada
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2187:Leaders ousted by a coup
2157:Executed prime ministers
2147:Executed revolutionaries
1736:"The Lost Bishop Photos"
1728:"The Grenada Revolution"
589:Leader of the Opposition
583:Leader of the Opposition
273:Alimenta Bishop (mother)
199:Cause of death
176:Curaçao and Dependencies
19:Not to be confused with
1726:Wilder, Ann Elizabeth.
992:Nandwani, Ravi (2013).
809:Order of the White Lion
498:Oxford University Press
346:, then a colony of the
1433:Zinn Education Project
1248:"Chronology of Events"
804:
775:to overthrow the PRG.
693:
642:
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387:West Indies Federation
310:and the leader of the
270:Rupert Bishop (father)
2197:Members of Gray's Inn
2018:"The Four Musketeers"
1517:Amnesty International
1093:The Real News Network
862:Government of Grenada
802:
688:
636:
620:
494:: Essays on Socialism
301:Maurice Rupert Bishop
289:King's College London
193:St. George's, Grenada
159:Maurice Rupert Bishop
2167:Grenadian communists
2132:Communism in Grenada
1308:Adkin, Mark (1989).
1154:grenadaparliament.gd
917:] (in Spanish).
735:Arrest and execution
601:fraudulent elections
439:University of London
437:to study law at the
428:Education in England
352:Territory of Curaçao
259:Vladimir (1977–1994)
33:The Right Honourable
2142:Executed communists
1746:on 17 October 2017.
1563:The Washington Post
1350:The Washington Post
973:on 17 February 2004
713:American Revolution
443:Brandeis University
2172:Grenadian Marxists
1762:Political offices
1677:on 26 October 2012
1408:Africa On the Rise
869:on 23 October 2019
805:
643:
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532:(NJM). Bishop and
530:New Jewel Movement
502:Arusha Declaration
312:New Jewel Movement
213:New Jewel Movement
2127:Anti-revisionists
2089:
2088:
1985:
1984:
1975:Italics indicate
1793:
1792:
1784:Succeeded by
1565:. 23 October 2023
1377:Invent the Future
1289:on 6 October 2008
1233:978-0-19-928357-6
1065:. 21 January 2023
825:Grenada's history
773:U.S.-led invasion
723:, and the brutal
510:Notting Hill Gate
500:in 1968) and the
298:
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257:Nadia (born 1969)
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2012:
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1989:
1988:
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1767:Preceded by
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789:Jacqueline Creft
649:. Bishop became
569:Independence Day
523:Jacqueline Creft
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246:Jacqueline Creft
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556:"Bloody Monday"
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2061:Maurice Bishop
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21:Morris Bishop
2071:Eusi Kwayana
2060:
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2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
1974:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1775:
1744:the original
1739:
1705:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1535:
1525:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1490:(in Spanish)
1485:
1463:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
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1348:
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1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
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1223:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1125:
1119:
1111:Grenada Revo
1110:
1101:
1092:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1045:Grenada Revo
1044:
1035:
1020:
1012:Grenada Revo
1011:
1002:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
914:
909:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
860:
851:
806:
782:
754:
749:firing squad
742:
738:
698:
694:
689:
685:
678:
671:
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644:
627:East Germany
586:
572:
563:
559:
543:
527:
519:
506:
490:
455:Julien FĂ©don
431:
414:Frantz Fanon
407:
395:Fidel Castro
378:
372:
359:St. George's
356:
341:
300:
299:
187:(1983-10-19)
135:Succeeded by
93:Elizabeth II
79:
54:11 June 1982
51:East Germany
25:
2107:1983 deaths
2102:1944 births
1964:D. Mitchell
1959:K. Mitchell
1949:K. Mitchell
1670:The Gleaner
1569:16 November
1199:Now Grenada
1172:Now Grenada
1063:Now Grenada
771:launched a
745:Fort George
729:Sandinistas
639:East Berlin
607:Premiership
399:Che Guevara
348:Netherlands
169:29 May 1944
122:Preceded by
2096:Categories
2043:Tim Hector
1939:Brathwaite
1923:Brathwaite
1770:Eric Gairy
1318:. p.
843:References
837:Grenada 17
621:Bishop in
611:See also:
483:Mao Zedong
447:Gray's Inn
338:Early life
324:Eric Gairy
314:(NJM) – a
165:1944-05-29
128:Eric Gairy
104:Paul Scoon
1707:9 October
1681:9 October
1649:9 October
1623:9 October
1595:9 October
1543:9 October
1293:9 October
873:8 January
674:apartheid
546:Grenville
504:of 1967.
305:Grenadian
281:Education
80:In office
1977:de facto
1537:Fox News
1438:5 August
1413:5 August
1260:5 August
1204:5 August
1178:4 August
1069:4 August
831:See also
709:New York
705:Brooklyn
465:and the
422:charisma
363:Wesleyan
252:Children
1830:Grenada
1487:El PaĂs
1464:Jacobin
927:8726920
785:Toronto
623:Bautzen
591:in the
264:Parents
236:
228:
89:Monarch
1954:Thomas
1944:Brizan
1929:Blaize
1916:Austin
1902:Bishop
1875:Blaize
1859:Blaize
1844:Blaize
1494:6 June
1382:6 June
1356:5 June
1326:
1283:Forums
1230:
1132:
977:6 June
925:
919:Havana
795:Legacy
779:Family
725:Contra
641:, 1982
629:, 1982
576:Guyana
492:Ujamaa
481:, and
479:Stalin
435:London
219:Spouse
111:Deputy
1934:Jones
1909:Coard
1896:Gairy
1880:Gairy
1854:Gairy
1849:Clyne
1513:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
913:[
475:Lenin
344:Aruba
230:(
226:
172:Aruba
1709:2019
1683:2019
1651:2019
1625:2019
1597:2019
1571:2023
1545:2019
1496:2017
1440:2023
1415:2023
1384:2017
1358:2017
1324:ISBN
1295:2019
1262:2023
1228:ISBN
1206:2023
1180:2023
1130:ISBN
1071:2023
979:2017
923:OCLC
875:2015
715:and
679:The
658:Cuba
471:Marx
412:and
182:Died
155:Born
126:Sir
102:Sir
64:2nd
1828:of
1255:CIA
827:."
703:in
637:In
489:'s
405:."
2098::
1738:.
1699:.
1667:.
1642:.
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1588:.
1561:.
1534:.
1515:.
1472:^
1462:.
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1392:^
1375:.
1347:.
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1278:.
1253:.
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1079:^
1061:.
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232:m.
174:,
2011:e
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1685:.
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1386:.
1360:.
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1320:9
1297:.
1264:.
1236:.
1208:.
1182:.
1156:.
1138:.
1095:.
1073:.
996:.
981:.
929:.
877:.
167:)
163:(
73:)
69:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
