5338:"This science indicates the cases in which commerce is truly productive, where whatever is gained by one is lost by another, and where it is profitable to all; it also teaches us to appreciate its several processes, but simply in their results, at which it stops. Besides this knowledge, the merchant must also understand the processes of his art. He must be acquainted with the commodities in which he deals, their qualities and defects, the countries from which they are derived, their markets, the means of their transportation, the values to be given for them in exchange, and the method of keeping accounts. The same remark is applicable to the agriculturist, to the manufacturer, and to the practical man of business; to acquire a thorough knowledge of the causes and consequences of each phenomenon, the study of political economy is essentially necessary to them all; and to become expert in his particular pursuit, each one must add thereto a knowledge of its processes." (
1912:, he proposed a definition of economics as a study of human behaviour, subject to and constrained by scarcity, which forces people to choose, allocate scarce resources to competing ends, and economise (seeking the greatest welfare while avoiding the wasting of scarce resources). According to Robbins: "Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". Robbins' definition eventually became widely accepted by mainstream economists, and found its way into current textbooks. Although far from unanimous, most mainstream economists would accept some version of Robbins' definition, even though many have raised serious objections to the scope and method of economics, emanating from that definition.
4667:
3308:
2787:
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1449:
DNA analysis. People study living organisms in many different ways, so some people will do DNA analysis, others might do anatomy, and still others might build game theoretic models of animal behaviour. But they are all called biology because they all study living organisms. According to Ha Joon Chang, this view that the economy can and should be studied in only one way (for example by studying only rational choices), and going even one step further and basically redefining economics as a theory of everything, is very peculiar.
3781:
60:
3171:
15479:
5381:(2004), whose list of market failures is melded with failures of economic assumptions, which are (1) producers as price takers (i.e. presence of oligopoly or monopoly; but why is this not a product of the following?) (2) equal power of consumers (what labour lawyers call an imbalance of bargaining power) (3) complete markets (4) public goods (5) external effects (i.e. externalities?) (6) increasing returns to scale (i.e. practical monopoly) (7) perfect information (in
3973:
1789:
1513:
15443:
15468:
887:
1641:
4502:. When there is no output gap, the economy is producing at full capacity and there are no excess productive resources. If the government increases spending in this situation, the government uses resources that otherwise would have been used by the private sector, so there is no increase in overall output. Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.
4155:
5202:
875:
13351:
15455:
1762:(1848) parted company with the earlier classical economists on the inevitability of the distribution of income produced by the market system. Mill pointed to a distinct difference between the market's two roles: allocation of resources and distribution of income. The market might be efficient in allocating resources but not in distributing income, he wrote, making it necessary for society to intervene.
1473:
3420:
technical improvement. The "Law of Supply" states that, in general, a rise in price leads to an expansion in supply and a fall in price leads to a contraction in supply. Here as well, the determinants of supply, such as price of substitutes, cost of production, technology applied and various factors inputs of production are all taken to be constant for a specific time period of evaluation of supply.
1743:(1817) focused on the distribution of income among landowners, workers, and capitalists. Ricardo saw an inherent conflict between landowners on the one hand and labour and capital on the other. He posited that the growth of population and capital, pressing against a fixed supply of land, pushes up rents and holds down wages and profits. Ricardo was also the first to state and prove the principle of
1732:, he argued, tended to increase geometrically, outstripping the production of food, which increased arithmetically. The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour. The result, he claimed, was chronically low wages, which prevented the standard of living for most of the population from rising above the subsistence level. Economist
1902:(1803). These three items were considered only in relation to the increase or diminution of wealth, and not in reference to their processes of execution. Say's definition has survived in part up to the present, modified by substituting the word "wealth" for "goods and services" meaning that wealth may include non-material objects as well. One hundred and thirty years later,
2052:
1382:." He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production), distributed, and consumed; and how wealth can grow. But he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it (as a sought after
1713:
value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.
4509:. They argue that an increase in debt will have to be paid for with future tax increases, which will cause people to reduce their consumption and save money to pay for the future tax increase. Under Ricardian equivalence, any boost in demand from tax cuts will be offset by the increased saving intended to pay for future higher taxes.
1398:) but rather explore other alternatives. Economics cannot be defined as the science that studies wealth, war, crime, education, and any other field economic analysis can be applied to; but, as the science that studies a particular common aspect of each of those subjects (they all use scarce resources to attain a sought after end).
1827:. Marx wrote that they were mechanisms used by capital to exploit labour. The labour theory of value held that the value of an exchanged commodity was determined by the labour that went into its production, and the theory of surplus value demonstrated how workers were only paid a proportion of the value their work had created.
2294:, macroeconomic research has put greater emphasis on understanding and integrating the financial system into models of the general economy and shedding light on the ways in which problems in the financial sector can turn into major macroeconomic recessions. In this and other research branches, inspiration from
1535:, the Greek word from which the word economy derives, was used for issues regarding how to manage a household (which was understood to be the landowner, his family, and his slaves) rather than to refer to some normative societal system of distribution of resources, which is a much more recent phenomenon.
4343:
covers a variety of possible causes of unemployment including a mismatch between workers' skills and the skills required for open jobs. Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.
4301:
Thus, the new classicals assume that prices and wages adjust automatically to attain full employment, whereas the new
Keynesians see full employment as being automatically achieved only in the long run, and hence government and central-bank policies are needed because the "long run" may be very long.
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of supply and demand predicts that for given supply and demand curves, price and quantity will stabilise at the price that makes quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. Similarly, demand-and-supply theory predicts a new price-quantity combination from a shift in demand (as to the figure), or in
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occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above. At a price below equilibrium, there is a shortage of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This is posited to bid the price up. At a price above equilibrium, there
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That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a
1707:
In an argument that includes "one of the most famous passages in all economics," Smith represents every individual as trying to employ any capital they might command for their own advantage, not that of the society, and for the sake of profit, which is necessary at some level for employing capital in
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occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices. For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.). Governments often tax and otherwise
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An example that combines features above is a country that specialises in the production of high-tech knowledge products, as developed countries do, and trades with developing nations for goods produced in factories where labour is relatively cheap and plentiful, resulting in different in opportunity
2032:
resources, which have alternative uses, to achieve desired ends. Agents are assumed to act rationally, have multiple desirable ends in sight, limited resources to obtain these ends, a set of stable preferences, a definite overall guiding objective, and the capability of making a choice. There exists
1598:
was an economic doctrine that flourished from the 16th to 18th century in a prolific pamphlet literature, whether of merchants or statesmen. It held that a nation's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver. Nations without access to mines could obtain gold and silver from trade only by
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in which prices are typically stated. Money has general acceptability, relative consistency in value, divisibility, durability, portability, elasticity in supply, and longevity with mass public confidence. It includes currency held by the nonbank public and checkable deposits. It has been described
2509:
emphasises the role that gender plays in economies, challenging analyses that render gender invisible or support gender-oppressive economic systems. The goal is to create economic research and policy analysis that is inclusive and gender-aware to encourage gender equality and improve the well-being
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of income and output. Physiocrats believed that only agricultural production generated a clear surplus over cost, so that agriculture was the basis of all wealth. Thus, they opposed the mercantilist policy of promoting manufacturing and trade at the expense of agriculture, including import tariffs.
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generalises from that special case to study the strategic behaviour of firms that do have significant control of price. It considers the structure of such markets and their interactions. Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of
2446:
studies the interactions between human economies and the ecosystems in which they are embedded, but in contrast to environmental economics takes an oppositional position towards general mainstream economic principles. A major difference between the two subdisciplines is their assumptions about the
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in 1776, has been described as "the effective birth of economics as a separate discipline." The book identified land, labour, and capital as the three factors of production and the major contributors to a nation's wealth, as distinct from the physiocratic idea that only agriculture was productive.
1448:
has for example argued that the definition of
Robbins would make economics very peculiar because all other sciences define themselves in terms of the area of inquiry or object of inquiry rather than the methodology. In the biology department, they do not say that all biology should be studied with
1432:
that analysis involves." The same source reviews a range of definitions included in principles of economics textbooks and concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter that the texts treat. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented
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debate across the globe, as government tax and spending policies have significant effects on income distribution. In advanced economies, taxes and transfers decrease income inequality by one-third, with most of this being achieved via public social spending (such as pensions and family benefits.)
4336:
Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers. Consistent with classical unemployment, frictional unemployment occurs when appropriate job vacancies exist for a worker, but the length of time needed to search for and find the job
1712:
He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest
1765:
Value theory was important in classical theory. Smith wrote that the "real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it". Smith maintained that, with rent and profit, other costs besides wages also enter the price of a commodity. Other classical economists presented
3147:
is concerned with determining how the efficiency of an economy can be improved. Recognizing the reality of scarcity and then figuring out how to organise society for the most efficient use of resources has been described as the "essence of economics", where the subject "makes its unique
5351:"And when we submit the definition in question to this test, it is seen to possess deficiencies which, so far from being marginal and subsidiary, amount to nothing less than a complete failure to exhibit either the scope or the significance of the most central generalisations of all." (
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can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter"). The PPF is a table or graph (as at the right) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs, which limit feasible total output. Each point on the curve shows
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as to the ratio of its outputs to inputs in every type of output, it may still specialise in the output in which it has a comparative advantage and thereby gain from trading with a region that lacks any absolute advantage but has a comparative advantage in producing something else.
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in goods, labour and credit markets. The monetarist importance of monetary policy in stabilizing the economy and in particular controlling inflation was recognised as well as the traditional
Keynesian insistence that fiscal policy could also play an influential role in affecting
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function through the interaction of workers and employers. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services (workers), the demands of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. In economics,
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or DSGE models, descending from real business cycles models, but extended with several new
Keynesian and other features. These models proved very useful and influential in the design of modern monetary policy and are now standard workhorses in most central banks.
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as a distinct field. The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible. Keynes attempted to explain in broad theoretical detail why high labour-market unemployment might not be self-correcting due to low
3868:. Analysis often revolves around causes of such price stickiness and their implications for reaching a hypothesised long-run equilibrium. Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets
1626:(1723–1790) was an early economic theorist. Smith was harshly critical of the mercantilists but described the physiocratic system "with all its imperfections" as "perhaps the purest approximation to the truth that has yet been published" on the subject.
4328:
The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate, the percentage of workers without jobs in the labour force. The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs. People who are retired, pursuing education, or
2155:. Monetarists contended that monetary policy and other monetary shocks, as represented by the growth in the money stock, was an important cause of economic fluctuations, and consequently that monetary policy was more important than fiscal policy for
5185:
Women's authorship share in prominent economic journals reduced from 1940 to the 1970s, but has subsequently risen, with different patterns of gendered coauthorship. Women remain globally under-represented in the profession (19% of authors in the
4344:
Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment since both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies, but structural unemployment covers the time needed to acquire new skills not just the short term search process.
1946:
theory of value on the demand side and a more comprehensive theory of costs on the supply side. In the 20th century, neoclassical theorists departed from an earlier idea that suggested measuring total utility for a society, opting instead for
9935:
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and the freedom to contract and transact to have a thriving and successful economy. It also emphasises that the state should play as small role as possible (if any role) in the regulation of economic activity between two transacting parties.
3411:
is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price. It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesised to be
2716:("signal strength") of the hypothesised relation(s) and to adjust for noise from other variables. By such means, a hypothesis may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense. Acceptance is dependent upon the
2239:. They adopted the principle of rational expectations and other monetarist or new classical ideas such as building upon models employing micro foundations and optimizing behaviour, but simultaneously emphasised the importance of various
1599:
selling goods abroad and restricting imports other than of gold and silver. The doctrine called for importing cheap raw materials to be used in manufacturing goods, which could be exported, and for state regulation to impose protective
7876:
4840:
Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law. It includes the use of economic concepts to explain the effects of legal rules, to assess which legal rules are
5364:"The conception we have adopted may be described as analytical. It does not attempt to pick out certain kinds of behaviour, but focuses attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity. (
1342:
Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of
2551:. When creating theories, the objective is to find assumptions which are at least as simple in information requirements, more precise in predictions, and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories. While
4483:
Governments implement fiscal policy to influence macroeconomic conditions by adjusting spending and taxation policies to alter aggregate demand. When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy, there is an
2768:. Another example is the assumption of narrowly selfish preferences versus a model that tests for selfish, altruistic, and cooperative preferences. These techniques have led some to argue that economics is a "genuine science".
1401:
Some subsequent comments criticised the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets. From the 1960s, however, such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behaviour and
1312:
The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other
2136:
Immediately after World War II, Keynesian was the dominant economic view of the United States establishment and its allies, Marxian economics was the dominant economic view of the Soviet Union nomenklatura and its allies.
3841:
are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market. The defining features are that people can consume public goods without having to pay for them and that more than one person can consume the good at the same time.
3416:, meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit. Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
7888:
3357:
is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good. Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded (as in the figure).
3224:
It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries. This has led to investigation of economies of
1614:
Physiocrats advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners. In reaction against copious mercantilist trade regulations, the physiocrats advocated a policy of
5589:
The boundaries of what constitutes economics are further blurred by the fact that economic issues are analysed not only by 'economists' but also by historians, geographers, ecologists, management scientists, and
1428:, used relentlessly and unflinchingly." One commentary characterises the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the "choice process and the type of
6191:
2162:
Monetarism rose to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s, when several major central banks followed a monetarist-inspired policy, but was later abandoned again because the results turned out to be unsatisfactory.
4745:(referring to the skills that workers possess, not necessarily their actual work), although there are also counter posing macro-economic system theories that think human capital is a contradiction in terms.
8275:, p. 223: "There remained division over whether economics was defined by a method or a subject matter but both sides in that debate could increasingly accept some version of the Robbins definition."
10932:
2159:. Friedman was also skeptical about the ability of central banks to conduct a sensible active monetary policy in practice, advocating instead using simple rules such as a steady rate of money growth.
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states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a product, the less of it people would be prepared to buy (other things
6306:
2316:
Other schools or trends of thought referring to a particular style of economics practised at and disseminated from well-defined groups of academicians that have become known worldwide, include the
4351:
represents the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth. The original version of Okun's law states that a 3% increase in output would lead to a 1% decrease in unemployment.
3811:" encompasses several problems which may undermine standard economic assumptions. Although economists categorise market failures differently, the following categories emerge in the main texts.
2854:
to set the price of a homogeneous product. In other words, every participant is a "price taker" as no participant influences the price of a product. In the real world, markets often experience
3478:, people begin to organise their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market. Firms combine labour and capital, and can achieve far greater
1261:
a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services.
9204:
4491:
For example, unemployed home builders can be hired to expand highways. Tax cuts allow consumers to increase their spending, which boosts aggregate demand. Both tax cuts and spending have
5020:
The professionalisation of economics, reflected in the growth of graduate programmes on the subject, has been described as "the main change in economics since around 1900". Most major
4488:
where some productive capacity is left unemployed. Governments increase spending and cut taxes to boost aggregate demand. Resources that have been idled can be used by the government.
3849:
restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and subsidise or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive externalities in an effort to correct the price
2881:(in which there are few buyers of a good). Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be "price makers", which means that they can influence the prices of their products.
4410:, money facilitates trade. It is essentially a measure of value and more importantly, a store of value being a basis for credit creation. Its economic function can be contrasted with
3853:
caused by these externalities. Elementary demand-and-supply theory predicts equilibrium but not the speed of adjustment for changes of equilibrium due to a shift in demand or supply.
1234:), or "household or homestead manager". Derived terms such as "economy" can therefore often mean "frugal" or "thrifty". By extension then, "political economy" was the way to manage a
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costs of production. More total output and utility thereby results from specializing in production and trading than if each country produced its own high-tech and low-tech products.
1586:
Two groups, who later were called "mercantilists" and "physiocrats", more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject. Both groups were associated with the rise of
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2268:. It integrated the rational expectations and optimizing framework of the new classical theory with a new Keynesian role for nominal rigidities and other market imperfections like
7885:, Bk. IV: Of Systems of political Œconomy, ch. II, "Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home", IV.2.3 para. 3–5 and 8–9.
3958:
for aggregating to social welfare, whether of a group, a community, or a society, and there is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.
3860:
is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side. This includes standard analysis of the
2888:
method of analysis, it is assumed that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets. This method aggregates (the sum of all activity) in only one market.
4433:. The primary monetary tool is normally the adjustment of interest rates, either directly via administratively changing the central bank's own interest rates or indirectly via
3995:
Macroeconomics, another branch of economics, examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions "top down", that is, using a simplified form of
2648:(1947) exemplifies the method, particularly as to maximizing behavioural relations of agents reaching equilibrium. The book focused on examining the class of statements called
6748:
1684:, whether between town and country or across countries. His "theorem" that "the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market" has been described as the "core of a
2261:
After decades of often heated discussions between
Keynesians, monetarists, new classical and new Keynesian economists, a synthesis emerged by the 2000s, often given the name
13596:
3954:, in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Accordingly, individuals, with associated economic activities, are the
1692:" and a "fundamental principle of economic organization." To Smith has also been ascribed "the most important substantive proposition in all of economics" and foundation of
1938:
as joint determinants of both price and quantity in market equilibrium, influencing the allocation of output and income distribution. It rejected the classical economics'
1209:
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". The term is ultimately derived from
3693:
example is of a dodgy second-hand car market. Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.
1908:
3516:
business decisions, including unit-cost minimisation and profit maximisation, given the firm's objectives and constraints imposed by technology and market conditions.
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2720:
hypothesis surviving tests. Use of commonly accepted methods need not produce a final conclusion or even a consensus on a particular question, given different tests,
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11839:
2081:" and why even price flexibility and monetary policy might be unavailing. The term "revolutionary" has been applied to the book in its impact on economic analysis.
1906:
noticed that this definition no longer sufficed, because many economists were making theoretical and philosophical inroads in other areas of human activity. In his
4913:, as distinguished from what he viewed as the mechanistic foundation of neoclassical economics drawn from Newtonian physics. His work contributed significantly to
2694:; this type of testing is typically regarded as less rigorous than controlled experimentation, and the conclusions typically more tentative. However, the field of
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by a lack of job prospects are excluded from the labour force. Unemployment can be generally broken down into several types that are related to different causes.
7897:, Bk. IV: Of Systems of political Œconomy, ch. II, "Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home", para. 9.
5060:
3583:, discussed above, to model different types of firm behaviour, for example in a solipsistic industry (few sellers), but equally applicable to wage negotiations,
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1915:
A body of theory later termed "neoclassical economics" formed from about 1870 to 1910. The term "economics" was popularised by such neoclassical economists as
9944:, ch. 1, p. 5 (quotation) and sect. C, "The Production-Possibility Frontier", pp. 9–15; ch. 2, "Efficiency" sect.; ch. 8, sect. D, "The Concept of Efficiency.
9328:
Frey, Bruno S.; Pommerehne, Werner W.; Schneider, Friedrich; Gilbert, Guy (December 1984). "Consensus and
Dissension among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry".
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choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc. A term for this is "constrained utility maximisation" (with income and
4574:, democratic breakdown and civil conflict. Research suggests that greater inequality hinders economic growth and macroeconomic stability, and that land and
2606:
models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables, but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists, including
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for the functioning of the economy, as had Keynes. Not least, they proposed various reasons that potentially explained the empirically observed features of
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to explore the ways in the past that persons and groups with common economic interests have used politics to effect changes beneficial to their interests.
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12673:"When, where, and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process? A survey of Georgescu-Roegen's contribution to ecological economics"
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of exchange because of its ready acceptability. Then it is less costly for the seller to accept money in exchange, rather than what the buyer produces.
1420:, a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas, described the approach he favoured as "combin assumptions of maximizing behaviour, stable
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There are dozens of prizes awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions to the field, the most prominent of which is the
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may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
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International trade studies determinants of goods-and-services flows across international boundaries. It also concerns the size and distribution of
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4210:. Thus, a central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that, in some situations, no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards
4425:
Monetary policy is the policy that central banks conduct to accomplish their broader objectives. Most central banks in developed countries follow
1771:
1390:(human life and other costs) are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits, the deciding
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because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms. In some cases these have found that the axioms are not entirely correct.
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4622:, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.
3315:
model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase in demand from D
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5101:. Professional economists are expected to be familiar with these tools, while a minority specialise in econometrics and mathematical methods.
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3057:. This is because increasing output of one good requires transferring inputs to it from production of the other good, decreasing the latter.
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Expositions of economic reasoning often use two-dimensional graphs to illustrate theoretical relationships. At a higher level of generality,
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1035:, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers.
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While some types of unemployment may occur regardless of the condition of the economy, cyclical unemployment occurs when growth stagnates.
3697:
arises here, if the seller has more relevant information than the buyer but no incentive to disclose it. Related problems in insurance are
2831:. These entities include private and public players with various classifications, typically operating under scarcity of tradable units and
1866:
1410:
of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields. There are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the
11698:
9168:"DIW Berlin: A Matter of Opinion : How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics"
3732:. Applied subjects include market and legal remedies to spread or reduce risk, such as warranties, government-mandated partial insurance,
14785:
14741:
917:
849:
12107:
Neves, Pedro Cunha; Afonso, Óscar; Silva, Sandra
Tavares (2016). "A Meta-Analytic Reassessment of the Effects of Inequality on Growth".
10182:
6921:
5855:
3561:
industry. Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.
3334:. The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In
3233:
to explain specialisation in similar but differentiated product lines, to the overall benefit of respective trading parties or regions.
6833:
2761:
1700:, resource owners (of labour, land, and capital) seek their most profitable uses, resulting in an equal rate of return for all uses in
17:
13666:
8170:
4414:(non-monetary exchange). Given a diverse array of produced goods and specialised producers, barter may entail a hard-to-locate double
4187:
for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
14822:
11271:
6001:
5071:
3405:
outward relative to the origin, as in the figure. All determinants are predominantly taken as constant factors of demand and supply.
8969:
3712:"). Moreover, attempting to reduce one problem, say adverse selection by mandating insurance, may add to another, say moral hazard.
3642:
may stimulate activity that in well-functioning markets smooths out risk and communicates information about risk, as in markets for
1898:
was defined and discussed at length as the study of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth by Jean-Baptiste Say in his
1444:
reject the method-based definition of
Robbins and continue to prefer definitions like those of Say, in terms of its subject matter.
10482:
6387:
5913:
3378:
refers to the hypothesised relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred.
13580:
3270:
3189:
considerations. Different individuals or nations may have different real opportunity costs of production, say from differences in
1591:
13679:
10116:
8560:
7908:
7530:
6851:
5329:. The latter includes wages and labour maintenance, money, and inputs from land, mines, and fisheries associated with production.
3068:
between the two goods. It measures what an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good, an example of a
1860:
4690:
is a macroeconomic field which examines the flow of capital across international borders, and the effects of these movements on
4495:
where the initial increase in demand from the policy percolates through the economy and generates additional economic activity.
13468:
9983:
6541:
6335:
4000:
3504:
analysis to specific decisions in business firms or other management units. It draws heavily from quantitative methods such as
3128:
or economic organisation of a country that discourages full use of resources. Being on the curve might still not fully satisfy
2278:
1215:
13626:
13590:
13287:
13261:
13041:
13001:
12904:
12812:
12782:
12761:
12652:
12583:
12494:
12458:
12394:
12331:
12259:
12207:
12158:
11874:
11815:
11765:
11754:(1992). "Money (Money as a Social Institution and Public Good)". In Newman, Peter K.; Milgate, Murray; Eatwell, John (eds.).
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11593:
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11366:
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cost of production, rather relying only on its own production. It has been termed a "fundamental analytical explanation" for
1350:(1932) developed implications of what has been termed "erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject":
11883:
7236:
6108:
5955:
3117:
could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve. Examples cited of such inefficiency include high
1767:
11026:, ch. 11, "Uncertainty and Game Theory" and Glossary of Terms, "Economics of information", "Game theory", and "Regulation"
10660:, ch. 11, "Uncertainty and Game Theory" and Glossary of Terms, "Economics of information", "Game theory", and "Regulation"
7463:
6432:
5841:
3489:
markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price.
13405:
13078:
1985:
builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalise earlier analysis, such as
13789:
13712:
11805:
7567:
3708:
Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("
3019:
2927:
2917:
1840:
13435:
13417:
11891:
7115:
13328:
13309:
13227:
13170:
Hoover, Kevin D.; Siegler, Mark V. (20 March 2008). "Sound and Fury: McCloskey and
Significance Testing in Economics".
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9034:
8193:
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for the economy, which is the maximum feasible output of one good, given a feasible output quantity of the other good.
2337:
2121:
1322:
8933:
Monetary Policy, Inflation and the
Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications
4551:
being widely used for income differences among individuals. An example measure of inequality between countries is the
4165:
The economics of a depression were the spur for the creation of "macroeconomics" as a separate discipline. During the
3458:
People frequently do not trade directly on markets. Instead, on the supply side, they may work in and produce through
3269:
of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively)
7540:
7272:
6472:
6224:
5949:
5849:
5657:
5574:
5505:
4948:, as an approach to analysing the effects of economic phenomena in relation to the overarching social paradigm (i.e.
2247:, usually made to be endogenous features of the models, rather than simply assumed as in older Keynesian-style ones.
11510:
3011:. Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs. A widely accepted general standard is
15459:
13142:
12519:
11470:
10785:
9473:
6707:
4543:. Inequality exists at different extents between countries or states, groups of people, and individuals. There are
3323:
and the resulting increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).
2644:
1462:
1407:
11938:
8203:
Lionel Robbins's essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 75th anniversary conference proceedings
7762:
6425:
4011:
and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components. It also studies effects of
15395:
13372:
8031:
4438:
3350:
2345:
2341:
910:
15483:
13454:
9227:
3620:. It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as the formulation of
15352:
15006:
14847:
14223:
12677:
7409:
6140:
3880:
2291:
8713:
1772:
final stationary state made up of a constant stock of physical wealth (capital) and a constant population size
14959:
14815:
14193:
14183:
13876:
13528:
13501:
12700:
Daly, Herman E. (June 1995). "On Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's Contributions to Economics: An Obituary essay".
9056:
5226:
5207:
3791:
are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.
3015:, which is reached when no further change can make someone better off without making someone else worse off.
2302:
among the economic agents, e.g. differences in income, plays an increasing role in recent economic research.
1903:
1796:
248:
14404:
3662:
describes the allocation of financial resources. It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the
3289:
in the sale of one type of output for other, more highly valued goods. A measure of gains from trade is the
2197:
in economics, which had profound implications for many economic discussions, among which were the so-called
1747:, according to which each country should specialise in producing and exporting goods in that it has a lower
510:
15300:
15210:
14343:
14316:
12134:
11310:
11279:
9330:
5276:
4256:
3955:
2790:
Economists study trade, production, and consumption decisions, including those that occur in a traditional
2325:
2178:
2172:
2125:
9579:... in economics, controlled experiments are rare and reproducible controlled experiments even more so ...
7689:
4863:
in explaining how political institutions, the political environment, and the economic system (capitalist,
4666:
3545:
or not. Without it, household behaviour would be unaffected by uncertain employment and income prospects,
1531:
and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the "first economist". However, the word
14852:
14770:
14751:
14328:
14173:
14139:
14124:
14103:
14098:
13645:
13632:
13548:
5271:
4268:
4099:
4031:
3591:, and any situation where individual agents are few enough to have perceptible effects on each other. In
3389:). As the price of a commodity falls, consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods (the
2896:
markets. This method studies both changes in markets and their interactions leading towards equilibrium.
2813:
2560:
2329:
2311:
1876:
1458:
1224:) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an
859:
79:
69:
3401:). Other factors can change demand; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve for a
2801:
15512:
14745:
14321:
14011:
14001:
12514:
8906:
6810:
4792:
4430:
4280:
3513:
3230:
3022:(PPF) is an expository figure for representing scarcity, cost, and efficiency. In the simplest case an
2958:
and thus a rate of output per period of time. Distinctions include such production alternatives as for
2869:(in which there are only two sellers of a good), oligopoly (in which there are few sellers of a good),
2556:
2428:
concentrates on macroeconomic rigidities and adjustment processes. It is generally associated with the
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2299:
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2256:
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903:
853:
383:
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31:
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In the private sector, professional economists are employed as consultants and in industry, including
2963:
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14842:
13891:
13560:
13519:
8867:
8517:
5478:
4694:. Increased trade in goods, services and capital between countries is a major effect of contemporary
4544:
4111:
3898:
3482:(when the average cost per unit declines as more units are produced) than individual market trading.
2538:
2096:
which was a simple formalisation of some of Keynes' insights on the economy's short-run equilibrium.
1807:
Marxist (later, Marxian) economics descends from classical economics and it derives from the work of
263:
13536:
13184:
8531:
8111:(1987). "Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818–1883)". In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
7823:
3330:
have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a
1433:
may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, or should evolve.
15447:
15295:
15285:
15082:
14808:
14775:
14721:
14464:
14419:
14258:
14129:
14006:
12990:(2001). "Economics: Overview, The Profession of Economics". In Smelser, N.J.; Baltes, P.B. (eds.).
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10742:
9966:
7165:
5281:
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theory studies various markets and their behaviour. It aggregates (the sum of all activity) across
2870:
2713:
2464:
2425:
2355:
Within macroeconomics there is, in general order of their historical appearance in the literature;
1966:
of individual demand, which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded. In
1242:
1204:
1166:
1001:
832:
570:
525:
378:
147:
91:
14479:
13021:
12729:
Mayumi, Kozo (August 1995). "Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994): an admirable epistemologist".
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6410:
5051:. Economists also work for various government departments and agencies, for example, the national
4038:. This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.
3602:
In this, it generalises maximisation approaches developed to analyse market actors such as in the
3072:. Thus, if one more Gun costs 100 units of butter, the opportunity cost of one Gun is 100 Butter.
585:
15478:
15257:
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of a country over a long period of time. The same factors are used to explain differences in the
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3884:
3850:
3814:
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3599:
choose when interacting with others whose interests are at least partially adverse to their own.
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is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This pushes the price down. The
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2429:
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1084:
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343:
333:
293:
283:
190:
113:
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Some market organisations may give rise to inefficiencies associated with uncertainty. Based on
2398:
have evolved over time, positioning themselves in contrast to mainstream theory. These include:
2084:
During the following decades, many economists followed Keynes' ideas and expanded on his works.
1958:, neoclassical economics represents incentives and costs as playing a pervasive role in shaping
1567:, as "coming nearer than any other group to being the 'founders' of scientific economics" as to
1293:
15367:
15087:
14915:
14599:
14444:
14304:
14247:
14203:
14166:
13916:
13856:
13831:
13801:
13774:
13481:
13179:
11840:"An International Perspective on Monetary Policy Implementation Systems | Bulletin – June 2022"
11683:
10405:
10365:
9564:
8526:
7649:
6624:
6514:
6279:
5163:
4922:
4729:
is a measure of the work done by human beings. It is conventionally contrasted with such other
4671:
4610:(who really pays a particular tax), cost–benefit analysis of government programmes, effects on
4555:, a composite index that takes inequality into account. Important concepts of equality include
4539:(the amount of wealth people own), and other measures such as consumption, land ownership, and
4536:
4528:
4238:
3775:
3363:
3236:
The general theory of specialisation applies to trade among individuals, farms, manufacturers,
3065:
2935:
2905:
2727:
2695:
2669:
2631:
2583:
2552:
2532:
2472:
2368:
2360:
1971:
1939:
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1820:
1421:
1103:
997:
705:
550:
288:
228:
185:
132:
11782:
9479:
7360:
4578:
inequality reduce growth more than inequality of income. Inequality is at the centre stage of
1609:, a group of 18th-century French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of the economy as a
15290:
15280:
15242:
15215:
15177:
15150:
15060:
14969:
14888:
14878:
14731:
14414:
14389:
14374:
14348:
14287:
13966:
13906:
13886:
13881:
13504:-sponsored guide to 2,000+ Internet resources from "Data" to "Neat Stuff", updated quarterly.
13493:
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9167:
7925:
7614:
7584:
7426:
6968:
6903:
6847:
5830:
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5256:
5033:
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in 1974 presented an economic theory of social interactions, whose applications included the
4849:
published in 1961 suggested that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of
4754:
4730:
4687:
4641:
4506:
4434:
4272:
4264:
4035:
4027:
4022:
Since at least the 1960s, macroeconomics has been characterised by further integration as to
3928:
3869:
3827:, or the overlapping concepts of "practical" and "technical" monopoly, is an extreme case of
3763:
3713:
3694:
3651:
3606:
model and allows for incomplete information of actors. The field dates from the 1944 classic
3592:
3572:
3525:
3327:
3206:
3161:
3129:
3097:
3007:
measures how well a system generates desired output with a given set of inputs and available
2982:
2855:
2745:
2619:
2500:
2295:
2269:
2194:
1998:
1744:
1721:
1664:
1650:
1174:
1138:
1130:
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338:
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258:
253:
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12772:
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11583:
10675:
10133:
8931:
8286:
8162:
7935:
7191:
7138:
6564:
5622:
5432:
5383:
4429:, whereas the main objective for many central banks in development countries is to uphold a
3273:
inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a
3037:
is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume
2712:
are common. Practitioners use such methods to estimate the size, economic significance, and
1704:(adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training and unemployment).
15237:
15077:
15050:
15045:
14942:
14780:
14484:
14228:
14198:
14151:
14114:
14040:
13991:
13956:
13896:
13861:
13796:
13779:
13663:
13217:
12831:
12709:
11910:
11723:
11140:
9753:
9742:
Sigmund, Karl; Fehr, Ernst; Nowak, Martin A. (January 2002). "The Economics of Fair Play".
9706:
8456:
6838:
5291:
5266:
4973:
4918:
4779:. Approaches in development economics frequently incorporate social and political factors.
4764:
4760:
4619:
4415:
4396:
4091:
countries, in particular why some countries grow faster than others, and whether countries
4046:
3771:
3741:
3675:
3633:
3629:
3554:
3497:
3453:
3054:
2939:
2484:
2439:
2391:
2333:
2156:
1982:
1701:
1587:
1552:
1425:
1186:
1111:
590:
412:
363:
328:
268:
233:
137:
127:
74:
5981:
3342:, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting
3209:
in production of goods that make more intensive use of the relatively more abundant, thus
2922:
8:
15417:
15411:
15337:
15252:
15197:
15072:
14937:
14883:
14710:
14519:
14338:
14238:
14218:
14178:
14134:
14119:
14075:
14016:
13941:
13931:
13901:
13824:
13213:
12870:(1992). "Melding Sociology and Economics: James Coleman's Foundations of Social Theory".
12611:
11308:(May 1992). "Business Confidence and Depression Prevention: A Mesoeconomic Perspective".
9744:
8630:(1987). "Keynesian Revolution". In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
6904:"On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It"
6597:
6331:
6250:
6164:
5326:
5261:
5113:
5037:
4842:
4738:
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4615:
4611:
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4518:
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4170:
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3940:
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3788:
3655:
3568:
3533:
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3505:
3486:
3390:
3339:
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3237:
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3004:
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2885:
2847:
2840:
2786:
2709:
2699:
2691:
2564:
2395:
2364:
2356:
2177:
A more fundamental challenge to the prevailing Keynesian paradigm came in the 1970s from
2063:
2055:
2046:
1927:". This corresponded to the influence on the subject of mathematical methods used in the
1920:
1900:
Treatise on Political Economy or, The Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth
1725:
1677:
1635:
1297:
1150:
1126:
1115:
1095:
1056:
816:
625:
447:
388:
313:
303:
273:
200:
108:
14379:
12713:
10474:
9757:
9710:
6947:
6628:
6601:
5881:
5439:(4th International Student ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. 2015. pp. 81–100.
4618:
of different kinds of spending and taxes, and fiscal politics. The latter, an aspect of
1572:
1556:
1486:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
485:
15507:
15362:
14927:
14765:
14736:
14694:
14499:
14208:
14188:
14156:
14070:
14065:
14045:
13996:
13936:
13926:
13871:
13866:
13698:
13472:
13275:
13197:
13116:
12935:
12927:
12879:
12623:
12544:
12536:
12337:
12019:
12011:
11474:
11327:
10963:
10955:
10777:
10769:
10668:
10554:
10387:
10383:
9975:
9807:
9730:
9557:
9552:
9347:
9199:
8830:
8552:
8386:
8255:
8247:
7812:
7804:
7754:
7746:
7642:
7082:
7050:
6878:
6726:
6644:
6298:
6183:
5905:
5415:
5403:
5301:
5231:
4933:
4810:
4713:
4626:
4570:
Research has linked economic inequality to political and social instability, including
4556:
4458:
4407:
4395:, like language, useful to one largely because it is useful to others. In the words of
4366:
4330:
4316:
4295:
4290:
approach retains the rational expectations assumption, however it assumes a variety of
3832:
3818:
3759:
3725:
3709:
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2002:
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Questions regarding distribution of resources are found throughout the writings of the
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as "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations", in particular as:
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7861:, p. 30, ch. 2, "Markets and Government in a Modern Economy", The Invisible Hand.
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in the absence of certainty and perfect knowledge. A unifying theme is the attempt to
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Department, International Monetary Fund Monetary and Capital Markets (26 July 2023).
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Stigler, George J. (December 1976). "The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith".
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4298:", which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions.
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Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication
6415:(Note the page is broken in some browsers but is still readable through the source.)
6356:
6216:
The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers
5909:
5737:
4937:
4602:
Public economics is the field of economics that deals with economic activities of a
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2051:
1770:'. Classical economics focused on the tendency of any market economy to settle in a
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6345:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. pp. 51–85.
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7307:
Cameron, Gregory. (2008). Oikos and Economy: The Greek Legacy in Economic Thought.
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Some specialised fields of economics deal in market failure more than others. The
1245:; some reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists.
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Specialization and Economic Organization: A New Classical Microeconomic Framework
9695:
Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs (23 October 2003). "The Nature of Human Altruism".
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Specialisation is considered key to economic efficiency based on theoretical and
3136:) if it does not produce a mix of goods that consumers prefer over other points.
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economic theory constitutes both the dominant or orthodox theoretical as well as
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2277:. Methodologically, the synthesis led to a new class of applied models, known as
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authored a book in 2001 that analysed market behaviour in a social environment.
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Macroeconomic analysis also considers factors affecting the long-term level and
3705:, such that insurance results in riskier behaviour (say more reckless driving).
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UK Economics Network's database of text, slides, glossaries and other resources
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by examining the economic activities of the individuals that comprise society.
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with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of
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has started playing a more important role in mainstream economic theory. Also,
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2117:
2073:
1994:
1967:
1955:
1871:
1855:
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745:
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695:
515:
432:
122:
118:
14439:
13193:
13112:
12015:
10434:
10168:
A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present
7559:
7318:"Oikos Meaning in Bible – New Testament Greek Lexicon – New American Standard"
7201:
5815:
5778:
2993:(durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and
1923:
as a concise synonym for "economic science" and a substitute for the earlier "
545:
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15423:
15379:
15342:
15272:
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15055:
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14399:
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14272:
14036:
13444:
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13414:
13337:
13237:
13093:
12753:
Bioeconomics and Sustainability: Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
12083:
12048:
11994:
MacCulloch, Robert (2005). "Income Inequality and the Taste for Revolution".
11861:
11323:
10704:
10162:
9834:
9343:
8826:
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8108:
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4872:
4850:
4818:
4742:
4695:
4691:
4607:
4603:
4575:
4540:
4470:
4399:, a well-known 19th-century economist, "Money is what money does" ("Money is
4348:
4203:
4191:
4016:
3845:
3795:
3733:
3639:
3558:
3541:
in economics is an unknown prospect of gain or loss, whether quantifiable as
3501:
3398:
3382:
3194:
3170:
3144:
2828:
2683:
2607:
2603:
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2037:(choice) is made by one or more players to attain the best possible outcome.
1740:
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775:
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5584:
5406:(2015) classifies market failures as from failure of competition (including
5116:(1850–1944), the first women lecturer at a British economics faculty, wrote
3716:, which studies such problems, has relevance in subjects such as insurance,
1708:
domestic industry, and positively related to the value of produce. In this:
1358:
as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.
59:
15222:
15162:
14910:
14868:
14699:
14644:
14539:
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14524:
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14294:
13819:
13747:
11863:
MC Compendium Monetary policy frameworks and central bank market operations
11305:
10738:
10361:
10008:
Strange, William C. (2008). Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
9954:
9773:
9726:
8548:
8510:"Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies from the Bottom Up"
8369:(April 1937). "Mr. Keynes and the "Classics": A Suggested Interpretation".
8226:"Defining Economics: The Long Road to Acceptance of the Robbins Definition"
7029:"Defining Economics: The Long Road to Acceptance of the Robbins Definition"
5893:
5745:
5535:
5179:
5175:
5155:
5056:
5029:
5021:
4963:
4945:
4929:
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4149:
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of the increased output is anticipated to be worth the cost to the agents.
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2488:
2406:
2228:
2089:
2025:
1986:
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1517:
1441:
1039:
analyses economies as systems where production, distribution, consumption,
891:
805:
750:
645:
635:
630:
555:
103:
13658:
13654:
12562:
Groenewegen, Peter (2008). Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
10060:
Groenewegen, Peter (2008). Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
5513:
4867:, mixed) influence each other. It studies questions such as how monopoly,
2151:
Monetarism appeared in the 1950s and 1960s, its intellectual leader being
1603:
on foreign manufactured goods and prohibit manufacturing in the colonies.
15374:
15262:
15187:
15104:
15023:
15016:
14873:
14674:
14664:
14454:
14333:
14277:
13752:
13343:
The Basic Facts of Economics: A Common-Sense Primer for Advanced Students
13342:
12900:
12774:
The Origins of Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen
12072:
Cederman, Lars-Erik; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede; Buhaug, Halvard (2013).
11751:
8195:
Defining Economics: the Long Road to Acceptance of the Robbins Definition
8062:
7644:
The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers
7262:
6721:
6702:
6462:
6246:
5935:
5709:
5564:
5167:
5112:(1802–1876) was a widely-read populariser of classical economic thought.
5094:
5081:
Contemporary economics uses mathematics. Economists draw on the tools of
5075:
4991:
4717:
4712:
Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the
3564:
3538:
3529:
3463:
3402:
3202:
3175:
2873:(in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods),
2791:
2635:
2579:
2101:
1990:
1814:
1606:
1580:
1540:
1484:
about information and behavioural economics, contemporary microeconomics.
1417:
1044:
780:
770:
560:
195:
13529:
Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) Statistics
11923:
9718:
8834:
8818:
8802:
8251:
7864:
7723:
6874:
6730:
6341:. In Kaysen C, Miller SE, Malin MB, Nordhaus WD, Steinbruner JD (eds.).
5997:
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5682:
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1654:
in 1776 is considered to be the first formalisation of economic thought.
15428:
15267:
15109:
15067:
15011:
14584:
14384:
14161:
13297:
12931:
12883:
12627:
11331:
10959:
10933:"The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism"
10773:
10746:
10391:
10213:
Findlay, Ronald (2008). Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
9979:
9811:
8390:
8366:
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7086:
6882:
6744:
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and employment, and ultimately the development of wages and inflation.
4450:
4442:
4249:
but qualified by classical-like considerations in the intermediate and
4215:
4076:
3920:
3888:
3244:. Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding
3008:
2878:
2832:
2734:
2705:
2372:
2146:
2109:
2085:
2017:
1659:
1645:
1623:
1250:
690:
490:
12540:
11282:
on 20 March 2017 – via Alan Deardorff at University of Michigan.
10171:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 25–25, 32, 276–280.
2028:(called economic actors, players, or agents), when they manage or use
15202:
15099:
15028:
14922:
14434:
14364:
13451:
11807:
Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 2022
10370:
5797:
5015:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4876:
4864:
4418:
as to what is exchanged, say apples and a book. Money can reduce the
4246:
4107:
4106:, and technological change. These are represented in theoretical and
4008:
3784:
3643:
3186:
3125:
2874:
2675:
2021:
1808:
1800:
1544:
1281:
1068:
540:
471:
13094:"A historical portrait of female economists' co-authorship networks"
10951:
10765:
9959:"Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade"
9559:
Probability, Econometrics and Truth: The Methodology of Econometrics
8382:
7078:
4845:, and to predict what the legal rules will be. A seminal article by
4259:, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits
3972:
3575:
between agents, one kind of uncertainty. It provides a mathematical
3045:) and by the negative slope of the curve. If production of one good
14213:
13517:
Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World
13360:
12923:
12532:
12007:
9351:
7800:
7742:
7589:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–29, 82–84.
6861:
Persky, Joseph (Autumn 1990). "Retrospectives: A Dismal Romantic".
5082:
5052:
4250:
3690:
3034:
3001:
used in production of final goods, such as the steel in a new car.
2862:
2721:
2690:
are difficult and uncommon in economics, and instead broad data is
2029:
1718:
1620:, which called for minimal government intervention in the economy.
1536:
1379:
1331:
15467:
14800:
12993:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
12614:(June 1974). "The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society".
12284:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
12281:
Venables, A. (2001). "International Trade: Economic Integration".
10993:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
8758:"Federal Reserve Board - Historical Approaches to Monetary Policy"
2422:
are the two most prominent representatives of the Austrian school.
2033:
an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a
1512:
1300:, in this context, commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of
14949:
10991:
Lippman, S.S.; McCall, J.J. (2001). "Information, Economics of".
7398:
Xenophons Oikonomikos, Über einen Klassiker der Haushaltsökonomie
5048:
5044:
4906:
4890:
4859:
is the interdisciplinary study that combines economics, law, and
4809:
among several and has fields bordering on other areas, including
4772:
4682:. Policy applications include estimating the effects of changing
4154:
3946:
3936:
3659:
3375:
3338:, it applies to price and output determination for a market with
3241:
3089:
3023:
2866:
2653:
2638:
methods to represent theories and analyse problems in economics.
2595:
1524:
1301:
1040:
1028:
1020:
8040:
7222:
The End of Economic Man: An Introduction to Humanistic Economics
5683:"Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey"
2737:. This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from
1788:
1472:
1090:
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between
12644:
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
9478:(enlarged ed.). Boston: Harvard University Press. p.
5624:
The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook
5388:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 72–79.
5201:
5024:
and many colleges have a major, school, or department in which
4683:
4636:
Welfare economics is a normative branch of economics that uses
4411:
3894:
3471:
3265:
Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market
2805:
2219:
During the 1980s, a group of researchers appeared being called
1600:
1528:
1277:
1121:
Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including
874:
13642:
9327:
9057:"The Austrian Theory of Efficiency and the Role of Government"
8959:"Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis"
8803:"Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis"
8266:
7833:(Report). Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
7724:"The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market"
6750:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
3281:. Such specialisation of production creates opportunities for
978:
13545:
9790:
Lazear, Edward P. (1 February 2000). "Economic Imperialism".
9195:"New School of Thought Brings Energy to 'the Dismal Science'"
6521:
6512:
6505:
6496:
6015:
Ferber, Marianne A.; Nelson, Julie A., eds. (October 2003) .
5681:
Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart; Øverby, Harald (2021).
5187:
4375:
4294:. In particular, New Keynesians assume prices and wages are "
4219:
3984:
3919:
Welfare economics uses microeconomics techniques to evaluate
3286:
3266:
3061:
2951:
1951:, which posits behaviour-based relations across individuals.
1532:
1235:
1225:
1213:
1146:
1098:, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory and
13690:
10677:
Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction
10614:(second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 428–439.
4606:, usually government. The subject addresses such matters as
1640:
13024:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
12441:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
12377:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
12190:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
12141:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
11663:
11651:
11422:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
11349:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
11214:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
11147:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
10502:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
10412:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
10312:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
10260:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9893:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9841:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9644:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9598:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9507:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9424:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9289:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
9086:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
8316:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
8192:
Backhouse, Roger E.; Medema, Steven G. (10 December 2007).
8069:. In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.).
6970:
An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
5002:
and multiperson interactions, and envy and hatred. He and
4921:. He also did foundational work which later developed into
4741:. There are theories which have developed a concept called
2981:
Inputs used in the production process include such primary
2812:
network that brings together buyers and sellers through an
2537:"Economic theory" redirects here. For the publication, see
984:
948:
942:
13557:
13516:
13092:
Hengel, Erin; Phythian-Adams, Sarah Louisa (August 2022).
8936:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6.
2843:
such as repair services, legal counsel, or entertainment.
957:
14991:
13533:
13270:
12963:
Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment
12318:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 439–451.
12246:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 516–522.
11785:. International Monetary Funds, Finance & Development
10565:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 190–197.
8412:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 577–581.
7225:(4th ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 128.
6765:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 476–480.
6655:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 720–722.
4478:
4241:
refers to the reconciliation of Keynesian economics with
2946:. It is an economic process that uses inputs to create a
1516:
A 1638 painting of a French seaport during the heyday of
1507:
1320:
provided a still widely cited definition in his textbook
963:
10420:. Students business book series. Chicago. pp. 1–9.
9092:. Vol. III. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 47–50.
6992:
6990:
2997:(including natural resources). Other inputs may include
2394:
development of economic thought, various alternative or
2124:, applying the Keynesian thinking systematically to the
1909:
Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
1672:
Smith discusses potential benefits of specialisation by
13304:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12671:
Cleveland, Cutler J.; Ruth, Matthius (September 1997).
12071:
11617:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 64–66.
9379:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 40–45.
9293:. Vol. III. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 455–458.
9263:
9133:
Xepapadeas, Anastasios (2008). "Ecological Economics".
7989:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 28–33.
7027:
Backhouse, Roger E.; Medema, Steven G. (October 2009).
7019:
7017:
6908:
Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy
6588:
6586:
5724:
Tarricone, Rosanna (2006). "Cost-of-illness analysis".
4759:
Development economics examines economic aspects of the
4237:, mostly related to or distinct from Keynesianism. The
4206:
actions by the government to stabilise output over the
1015:
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of
11892:"World Wealth Distribution And Income Inequality 2022"
11469:
9648:. Vol. II. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 241–242.
8868:"Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: A Practical Guide"
7193:
Economic analysis before Adam Smith: Hesiod to Lessius
7002:
6696:
6694:
6692:
5680:
5650:
Applied regression analysis for business and economics
4629:, seeking to describe and predict economic phenomena.
4222:
model has been the most influential interpretation of
4190:
He therefore advocated active policy responses by the
11387:
11286:
11185:
11036:
Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., eds. (2008).
10844:
Burnside, Craig; Eichenbaum, Martin; Rebelo, Sergio.
10810:
Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., eds. (2008).
9428:. Vol. IV. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–3.
8636:. Vol. III. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 47–50.
6987:
5794:
Fiscal Tiers: the economics of multi-level government
5506:"ECONOMICS | Meaning & Definition for UK English"
3508:
and programming and from statistical methods such as
3397:
from the price decline increases ability to buy (the
3101:
in maximizing output for given total inputs. A point
2752:
won the Nobel Prize in economics in 2002 for his and
2614:, in which microeconomic concepts play a major part.
981:
975:
969:
966:
954:
945:
939:
13478:
13091:
12314:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
12242:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
11869:. Bank for International Settlements. October 2019.
11722:
11613:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
11534:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
10843:
10711:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
10610:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
10561:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
9375:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
8591:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
8463:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
8408:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
8224:
Backhouse, Roger E; Medema, Steve G (October 2009).
7985:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
7666:
7014:
6761:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
6651:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
6583:
6385:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
6343:
War with Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives
5247:
Economics terminology that differs from common usage
5197:
4505:
Sceptics of fiscal policy also make the argument of
4176:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
3979:
in a macroeconomic model. In this model, the use of
3901:
or market solutions that change incentives, such as
2069:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
1394:(assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a
12445:. Vol. III. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–8.
7964:
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
7616:
History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective
6701:Backhouse, Roger E.; Medema, Steven (Winter 2009).
6689:
6066:(7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer – Aspen Publishers.
5470:
4633:seeks to identify what economies ought to be like.
2970:(national defence, smallpox vaccinations, etc.) or
2899:
2656:that can conceivably be refuted by empirical data.
1977:Neoclassical economics is occasionally referred as
1739:While Adam Smith emphasised production and income,
1378:of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of
1268:(1803), distinguishing the subject matter from its
960:
951:
13490:
11939:Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
9556:
9511:. Vol. II. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 8.
7641:
7166:"Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument"
5879:
5471:
5139:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
2877:(in which there is only one buyer of a good), and
2559:, economic theory can also take the form of other
2547:Mainstream economic theory relies upon analytical
13509:
13208:
13071:"13 women who transformed the world of economics"
11408:
11254:
11023:
10986:
10984:
10657:
10549:
10206:
9941:
8672:
7858:
5836:. In Becker, Gary S.; Landes, William M. (eds.).
4959:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
3088:, movement along the curve may indicate that the
1934:Neoclassical economics systematically integrated
1145:. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as
1027:analyses what is viewed as basic elements within
15499:
12106:
12036:
11757:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance
9741:
8997:Lee, Frederic S. (2008). "Heterodox Economics".
8902:Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment
8762:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
8451:
8449:
8320:. Vol. III (first ed.). pp. 1–6.
7528:
6703:"Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics"
6592:
3080:of one good in the aggregate entails doing with
2819:Microeconomics examines how entities, forming a
2698:is growing, and increasing use is being made of
2016:Neoclassical economics studies the behaviour of
13141:Boring, Anne; Zignago, Soledad (6 March 2018).
11732:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 405
11347:"Macroeconomics: Relations with microeconomics"
11276:Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics
10737:
9694:
9225:
8272:
8223:
8191:
7694:Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics
7026:
6700:
6643:
6139:(1982) . Raphael, D. D.; Macfie, A. L. (eds.).
5944:(Enlarged ed.). Harvard University Press.
5838:Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment
5621:Caplin, Andrew; Schotter, Andrew, eds. (2008).
4498:The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by
3095:By construction, each point on the curve shows
2865:(in which there is only one seller of a good),
2850:, no participants are large enough to have the
2459:Additionally, alternative developments include
2305:
1981:whether by its critics or sympathisers. Modern
12040:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
11964:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11577:
11575:
11504:"The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer"
10981:
10747:"Financial Fragility and Economic Performance"
7404:: Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen. p. 77.
7163:
6633:(2nd ed.). Macmillan and Co. p. XIV.
6336:"The Economic Consequences of a War with Iraq"
5880:Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmannr, Ludger (2007).
5620:
4893:subject area which includes topics related to
4586:
4245:, stating that Keynesianism is correct in the
3787:can be a simple example of market failure; if
3666:of companies, the efficiency and fragility of
3519:
3049:along the curve, production of the other good
1758:Coming at the end of the classical tradition,
1629:
1452:
1436:Many economists including nobel prize winners
14816:
13706:
13346:. United States: Columbian Printing Co., Inc.
13169:
13140:
12670:
11206:
10990:
10016:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan: 533–536.
9366:
9364:
8446:
8163:"Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos"
8154:
7824:The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith
7065:(1984). "Economics – The Imperial Science?".
6619:
6617:
6569:. Vol. 1. Sage Publications. p. 8.
6018:Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man
5752:
5542:(3rd ed.). Worth Publishers. p. 2.
3557:in each market period, and there would be no
3205:ratios. According to theory, this may give a
2285:
2250:
1819:, was published in 1867. Marx focused on the
1308:(1844) delimited the subject matter further:
1276:production, distribution, and consumption of
911:
13615:Economics. Principles, Problems and Policies
13612:McConnell, Campbell R.; et al. (2009).
12959:
12037:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2005).
11908:
11760:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. pp. 770–771.
11035:
10809:
10506:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–5.
9462:
8889:
6834:"Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"
6566:21st Century Economics: A Reference Handbook
6014:
5831:"Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach"
5534:
5190:database in 2018), with national variation.
4354:
3113:(wasteful use of inputs), in that output of
1867:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
1812:
13578:
13321:The Elgar Dictionary of Economic Quotations
12986:
12750:Mayumi, Kozo; Gowdy, John M., eds. (1999).
12749:
12561:
11955:
11838:Baker, Nick; Rafter, Sally (16 June 2022).
11837:
11716:
11572:
10418:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
10404:
10318:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
10221:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan: 28–33.
10059:
9899:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
9509:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
9426:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
9089:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
6284:"Introduction to the Economics of Religion"
5032:, business, or for professional study. See
5028:are awarded in the subject, whether in the
4648:associated with it. It attempts to measure
4640:techniques to simultaneously determine the
4553:Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
3595:, it has been used to model the strategies
2686:. The controlled experiments common to the
2009:for analysing long-run variables affecting
1830:Marxian economics was further developed by
1547:for being the source of the word economy.
1196:
14823:
14809:
13713:
13699:
12960:Becker, Gary S.; Murphy, Kevin M. (2003).
11993:
11803:
11411:, ch. 27, "The Process of Economic Growth"
9551:
9361:
9192:
9132:
8750:
8507:
7529:Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023).
7424:
7143:. University of Chicago Press. p. 5.
6973:. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 15.
6756:
6737:
6614:
6278:
6209:
4655:
4531:(the amount of money people receive), and
2166:
1799:comes from the work of German philosopher
1386:), generates both cost and benefits; and,
918:
904:
13729:
13673:: US-based database of learning materials
13611:
13183:
12690:
12043:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12030:
11922:
11269:
11223:
10433:
9468:
9193:Greenwolde, Nathanial (23 October 2009).
8807:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
8641:
8530:
8455:
8288:Political Economy: A Comparative Approach
8241:
8117:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 372, 376.
7684:
7493:
7260:
7044:
6720:
6637:
6489:
6460:
5758:
5723:
5708:
5698:
5610:. University of Chicago Press. p. 5.
5562:
5072:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
4909:in relation to economics and energy from
4098:Much-studied factors include the rate of
4045:of national income. Such factors include
3897:options include regulations that reflect
2617:Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only
2348:coasts of the US, and the Freshwater, or
1883:
1811:. The first volume of Marx's major work,
13621:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13251:
13026:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12996:. Vol. VI. Pergamon. p. 4159.
12800:
12568:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12443:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12433:
12379:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12316:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12309:
12280:
12244:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12237:
12192:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12143:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
12133:
11615:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11536:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11424:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11351:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11216:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11149:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
11038:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10812:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10713:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10612:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10563:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10504:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10414:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10314:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10262:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10219:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10066:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
10014:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9895:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9843:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9646:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9642:"Experimental methods in economics (ii)"
9600:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9593:
9377:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9291:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9269:
9232:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9135:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
9081:
8999:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8956:
8800:
8711:
8633:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8465:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8410:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8361:
8359:
8357:
8318:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8114:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8071:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
7987:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
7353:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
7347:Jameson, Michael H. (22 December 2015).
7218:
6942:
6763:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
6653:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
6556:
6388:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
6330:
6163:
5601:
5277:List of academic fields § Economics
4748:
4665:
4315:
4153:
3971:
3794:
3779:
3744:for quality and information disclosure.
3306:
3169:
3064:of the curve at a point on it gives the
2966:(new tractors, buildings, roads, etc.),
2921:
2796:
2785:
2674:Economic theories are frequently tested
2112:, respectively, two major components of
2050:
1970:it is reflected in an early and lasting
1787:
1639:
1511:
1362:Robbins described the definition as not
13811:
13579:Anderson, David; Ray, Margaret (2019).
12830:
12731:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
12610:
12185:
11783:"Inflation Targeting: Holding the Line"
11669:
11657:
11608:
11581:
11526:
11257:, ch. 18, "Protecting the Environment."
11139:
10930:
10663:
10212:
10161:
10102:
10007:
9953:
9888:
9596:"Experimental methods in economics (i)"
8626:
7977:
7960:
7910:An Essay on the Principle of Population
7906:
7786:
7718:
7639:
7361:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3169
7346:
7140:The Economic Approach to Human Behavior
7061:
7008:
6996:
6966:
6853:An Essay on the Principle of Population
6846:
6828:
6799:
6380:
6145:. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics 1976.
5647:
5365:
5352:
2861:Forms of imperfect competition include
2518:
1861:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
1354:Economics is the science which studies
1085:analyse and describe the global economy
14:
15500:
13677:Online Learning and Teaching Materials
13395:
13318:
13280:Macroeconomics: a European perspective
13016:
12966:. Belknap – Harvard University Press.
12899:
12840:. Belknap – Harvard University Press.
12770:
12728:
12647:. University of North Carolina Press.
12479:
11501:
11481:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 396.
11344:
10703:
10605:
10497:
10131:
9833:
9789:
9563:. Cambridge University Press. p.
9502:
9284:
9165:
8992:
8990:
8895:
8877:. National Bureau of Economic Research
8587:
8311:
8160:
8107:
8061:
8052:
7189:
7136:
6860:
6819:
6623:
6528:
6087:
6056:
5976:
5934:
5861:from the original on 13 September 2021
5828:
3977:The circulation of money in an economy
3462:. The most obvious kinds of firms are
2764:. Similar empirical testing occurs in
2279:dynamic stochastic general equilibrium
2131:
2072:(1936), which ushered in contemporary
2040:
1962:. An immediate example of this is the
1894:At its inception as a social science,
1736:has criticised Malthus's conclusions.
1508:From antiquity through the physiocrats
14804:
13694:
13582:Krugman's Economics for the AP Course
13296:
12866:
12640:
12512:
12415:
12075:Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War
11750:
11684:"Okun's Law: Output and Unemployment"
11681:
11414:
11393:
11292:
11242:from the original on 30 December 2010
11191:
11121:from the original on 29 December 2010
10901:
10791:from the original on 26 November 2019
10719:from the original on 29 December 2010
10636:from the original on 30 December 2010
10360:
10307:
10132:Yang, Xiaokai; Ng, Yew-Kwang (1993).
10109:A Glossary of Political Economy Terms
9827:
9636:
9419:
9370:
9207:from the original on 29 November 2016
9063:from the original on 14 February 2022
8975:from the original on 21 December 2008
8856:Blanchard et al. (2017), pp. 518–519.
8847:Blanchard et al. (2017), pp. 517–518.
8791:Blanchard et al. (2017), pp. 516–517.
8782:Blanchard et al. (2017), pp. 512–516.
8714:"Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke"
8678:
8608:
8566:from the original on 26 November 2020
8403:
8365:
8354:
8284:
8278:
8173:from the original on 22 February 2017
8046:
7933:
7923:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7672:
7582:
7478:
7395:
7377:from the original on 19 November 2021
7328:from the original on 19 November 2021
7176:from the original on 19 October 2021.
7102:
6743:
6135:
5763:. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
5604:The Methodology of Positive Economics
5104:
4988:have been influential in this field.
4936:arose, primarily through the work of
4229:Over the years, understanding of the
3831:as a restraint on producers. Extreme
3609:Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
3553:would reduce to exchange of a single
3285:whereby resource owners benefit from
2659:
1326:(1890) that extended analysis beyond
15454:
13664:MERLOT Learning Materials: Economics
13479:Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)
13068:
13050:from the original on 24 October 2017
12699:
12467:from the original on 24 October 2017
12403:from the original on 20 October 2017
12372:
12348:from the original on 20 October 2017
12268:from the original on 20 October 2017
12216:from the original on 17 October 2017
12167:from the original on 16 October 2017
11950:United Nations Development Programme
11831:
11797:
11704:from the original on 4 December 2012
11560:from the original on 13 January 2014
11509:. Harvard University. Archived from
11448:from the original on 17 October 2017
11375:from the original on 17 October 2017
11173:from the original on 16 October 2017
11090:from the original on 17 October 2017
11079:
11061:from the original on 16 October 2017
10872:
10587:from the original on 11 October 2017
10528:from the original on 11 October 2017
10485:from the original on 11 October 2017
10452:from the original on 11 October 2017
10342:from the original on 11 October 2017
10286:from the original on 10 October 2017
10264:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–3.
10255:
10243:from the original on 11 October 2017
10119:from the original on 29 January 2013
10090:from the original on 10 October 2017
10038:from the original on 10 October 2017
9845:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–5.
9670:from the original on 24 October 2017
9624:from the original on 24 October 2017
9533:from the original on 24 October 2017
9450:from the original on 23 October 2017
9401:from the original on 18 October 2017
9315:from the original on 24 October 2017
9037:from the original on 23 October 2020
8929:
8747:Blanchard et al. (2017), p. 483-484.
8660:from the original on 28 October 2017
8489:from the original on 18 October 2017
8434:from the original on 28 October 2017
8342:from the original on 27 October 2017
8161:Fuller, Thomas (17 September 2009).
8139:from the original on 20 October 2017
8095:from the original on 20 October 2017
8073:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–6.
8029:
8011:from the original on 11 October 2017
7612:
7570:from the original on 25 October 2017
7466:from the original on 31 October 2017
7431:. Routledge. pp. 97, 101, 112.
6898:
6562:
6433:United Nations Environment Programme
6312:from the original on 9 February 2020
5842:National Bureau of Economic Research
5791:
5492:participating institution membership
5321:"Capital" in Smith's usage includes
4972:(1900). More recently, the works of
3905:or redefinition of property rights.
3296:
2846:Various market structures exist. In
2835:. The item traded may be a tangible
1777:
1466:
1374:in "focus attention on a particular
1253:(1776) defined what was then called
1047:interact, and factors affecting it:
14830:
13790:Agent-based computational economics
13319:McCann, Charles Robert Jr. (2003).
12592:from the original on 5 October 2017
11889:
11108:
11040:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
10912:from the original on 3 January 2015
10111:. Department of Political Science,
9923:from the original on 5 October 2017
9867:from the original on 5 October 2017
8996:
8987:
8865:
8705:
7840:from the original on 25 August 2016
7768:from the original on 25 August 2016
7164:Seung-Yoon Lee (4 September 2014).
6805:
6787:from the original on 5 October 2017
6677:from the original on 5 October 2017
6245:
6197:from the original on 5 October 2021
5916:from the original on 6 January 2022
5339:
4782:
4701:
4591:
4337:leads to a period of unemployment.
3674:, and related government policy or
1841:The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program)
1836:The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx
24:
13571:
13534:United Nations Statistics Division
13245:
11304:
11050:
10931:Akerlof, George A. (August 1970).
10883:from the original on 26 March 2012
10854:from the original on 26 March 2012
10384:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
10185:from the original on 1 August 2020
9226:Julie A. Nelson (1 January 2016).
9114:from the original on 12 April 2020
8957:Woodford, Michael (January 2008).
8720:from the original on 24 March 2020
8467:(2nd ed.). pp. 896–899.
7700:from the original on 16 March 2020
7496:"Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne"
7239:from the original on 14 April 2021
6952:. Macmillan and Company. pp.
6924:from the original on 1 August 2020
6442:from the original on 26 March 2017
6391:(2nd ed.). pp. 328–334.
5884:. Policy Research Working Papers.
5464:
5385:The Economics of the Welfare State
5132:economist. The economic historian
3362:describes individual consumers as
2756:'s empirical discovery of several
2122:large-scale macroeconometric model
1031:, including individual agents and
25:
15524:
13599:from the original on 8 March 2021
13366:
13143:"Economics, where are the women?"
12905:"A Theory of Social Interactions"
12854:from the original on 30 July 2022
12381:. Vol. 1. pp. 818–826.
11780:
11585:Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy
9766:10.1038/scientificamerican0102-82
8712:Bernanke, Ben (8 November 2002).
8508:Tesfatsion, Leigh (Winter 2002).
8212:from the original on 4 March 2016
7289:from the original on 30 July 2022
7118:from the original on 25 June 2022
7067:Scandinavian Journal of Economics
6495:The terms derive ultimately from
6233:from the original on 30 July 2022
6111:from the original on 30 July 2022
6035:from the original on 30 July 2022
6004:from the original on 7 April 2022
5958:from the original on 30 July 2022
4875:should impact government policy.
4644:within an economy and the income
4125:
3961:
3747:
3151:
3076:, scarcity implies that choosing
2771:
2650:operationally meaningful theorems
2610:, reformulated their models with
2336:was sometimes separated into the
2208:
2062:Keynesian economics derives from
1766:variations on Smith, termed the '
1728:to explain low living standards.
15477:
15466:
15453:
15442:
15441:
14248:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
13349:
13134:
13085:
13062:
13010:
12980:
12953:
12893:
12821:
12804:Principles of Economic Sociology
12794:
12661:
12634:
12604:
12555:
12520:The Journal of Law and Economics
12506:
12424:
12363:
12228:
12179:
12127:
12100:
12065:
11996:The Journal of Law and Economics
11987:
11931:
11902:
11854:
11774:
11744:
11675:
11639:from the original on 6 June 2013
11602:
11538:(2nd ed.). pp. 17–22.
11520:
11495:
11463:
11399:
11338:
11298:
11263:
11197:
11133:
11102:
11073:
11044:
11029:
11017:
10995:. Elsevier. pp. 7480–7486.
10924:
10895:
10866:
10837:
10824:
10818:
10803:
10731:
10697:
10648:
10599:
10543:
10464:
10398:
10354:
10301:
10197:
10155:
10050:
10001:
9989:from the original on 18 May 2013
9947:
9882:
9818:
9783:
9685:
9584:
9545:
9496:
9475:Foundations of Economic Analysis
9413:
9275:
9240:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2210-1
9219:
9186:
9159:
9143:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2141-1
9126:
9075:
9049:
9023:
9007:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2487-1
8738:Blanchard et al. (2017), p. 512.
8702:Blanchard et al. (2017), p. 511.
8693:Blanchard et al. (2017), p. 510.
8243:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00789.x
7510:from the original on 12 May 2022
7264:The Penguin history of economics
7046:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00789.x
6863:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6708:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6544:from the original on 12 May 2013
6464:The Penguin history of economics
5986:Journal of Economic Perspectives
5566:The Penguin history of economics
5371:
5200:
5146:. Three women have received the
4464:
4026:modelling of sectors, including
3999:theory. Such aggregates include
3939:, often relative to competitive
2900:Production, cost, and efficiency
2645:Foundations of Economic Analysis
2340:of those universities along the
2193:. They introduced the notion of
2104:developed important theories of
1551:described 16th and 17th century
1471:
1463:History of macroeconomic thought
1272:uses, defined it as the science
935:
885:
873:
58:
15396:List of social science journals
13585:(3rd ed.). New York: BFW.
13172:Journal of Economic Methodology
13069:Bird, Mike (27 November 2015).
11810:. International Monetary Fund.
11502:Mankiw, N. Gregory (May 2006).
11479:Economics: Principles in Action
11409:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
11255:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
11210:; Russell, Clifford S. (1987).
11024:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
10658:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
10207:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
9942:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
8950:
8923:
8859:
8850:
8841:
8794:
8785:
8776:
8741:
8732:
8696:
8687:
8673:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
8617:
8578:
8501:
8397:
8305:
8185:
8033:Principles of Political Economy
8023:
7971:
7954:
7917:
7900:
7859:Samuelson & Nordhaus (2010)
7780:
7712:
7678:
7633:
7606:
7549:
7535:(in French). Geneva: Slatkine.
7522:
7487:
7445:
7418:
7389:
7340:
7310:
7301:
7254:
7180:
7157:
7130:
7096:
6960:
6936:
6892:
6812:A Treatise on Political Economy
6630:The Theory of Political Economy
6454:
6418:
6381:Diamond, Arthur M. Jr. (2008).
6374:
6324:
6272:
6126:
6047:
6021:. University of Chicago Press.
5970:
5928:
5873:
5829:Becker, Gary S (January 1974).
5822:
5785:
5738:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016
5358:
5345:
5332:
5315:
5162:(2023). Five have received the
4441:, interest rate changes affect
4439:monetary transmission mechanism
4305:
4074: – the increase in output
3084:of the other good. Still, in a
3020:production–possibility frontier
2954:or direct use. Production is a
2930:with illustrative points marked
2928:production–possibility frontier
2918:Production–possibility frontier
1974:with Keynesian macroeconomics.
1686:theory of the functions of firm
160:Concepts, theory and techniques
15353:Science and technology studies
13510:Institutions and organizations
12872:Journal of Economic Literature
12807:. Princeton University Press.
12513:Coase, Ronald (October 1960).
12293:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02259-2
12121:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.038
12078:. Cambridge University Press.
11682:Neely, Christopher J. (2010).
11588:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
11532:"New classical macroeconomics"
11001:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02244-0
10940:Quarterly Journal of Economics
10754:Quarterly Journal of Economics
10680:. Princeton University Press.
10479:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
9792:Quarterly Journal of Economics
9602:. Vol. II. pp. 1–2.
9373:"New Keynesian macroeconomics"
7940:. Princeton University Press.
7934:Simon, Julian Lincoln (1996).
7924:Simon, Julian Lincoln (1981).
7564:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
7425:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954).
6467:. Penguin Adult. p. 117.
6291:Journal of Economic Literature
6169:"Economics as a Moral Science"
6142:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
5717:
5674:
5641:
5614:
5595:
5556:
5528:
5498:
5437:Economics of the Public Sector
4674:(PPP) per capita in April 2022
4547:for measuring inequality, the
4403:money does" in the original).
4179:outlining the key theories of
3881:economics of the public sector
3109:), is feasible but represents
2513:
1241:There are a variety of modern
13:
1:
14184:Critique of political economy
13720:
13558:American Economic Association
13502:American Economic Association
13403:Economic journals on the web.
13302:Economic Theory in Retrospect
13222:. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
12756:. Edward Elgar Publishering.
12692:10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00079-7
11911:"Measuring income inequality"
9031:"WHAT IS AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS?"
8716:. The Federal Reserve Board.
8588:Keynes, John Maynard (1936).
8404:Black, R.D. Collison (2008).
8273:Backhouse & Medema (2007)
7930:. Princeton University Press.
7586:Economic Theory in Retrospect
5458:
5227:Democracy and economic growth
5208:Business and economics portal
5170:(2007), Esther Duflo (2010),
5128:(1903–1983) was an important
5061:National Bureau of Statistics
5009:
4523:Economic inequality includes
4512:
4331:discouraged from seeking work
4095:at the same rates of growth.
4070:studies factors that explain
2848:perfectly competitive markets
2678:, largely through the use of
2574:, principal concepts include
2332:. During the 1970s and 1980s
2140:
1797:critique of political economy
13636:(PDF contains full textbook)
13101:History of Political Economy
12912:Journal of Political Economy
12837:Foundations of Social Theory
12743:10.1016/0954-349X(95)00014-E
12722:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00011-W
12515:"The Problem of Social Cost"
12240:"International trade theory"
11970:"Introduction to Inequality"
11311:The American Economic Review
11270:Deardorff, Alan V. (2016) .
9331:The American Economic Review
9285:Boland, Lawrence A. (1987).
7789:Journal of Political Economy
7731:Journal of Political Economy
7532:La Physiocratie et la Suisse
7428:History of Economic Analysis
7219:Brockway, George P. (2001).
6563:Free, Rhona C., ed. (2010).
6522:
6506:
6255:. Harvard University Press.
6219:(7th ed.). Touchstone.
6097:. Harvard University Press.
5652:. Duxbury/Thomson Learning.
5608:Essays in Positive Economics
4905:reintroduced the concept of
4257:New classical macroeconomics
3856:In many areas, some form of
2306:Other schools and approaches
2173:New classical macroeconomics
1094:, describing "what is", and
7:
13359:public domain audiobook at
13252:Anderson, David A. (2019).
12238:Anderson, James E. (2008).
11952:. Retrieved: March 3, 2019.
11937:Human Development Reports.
11842:. Reserve Bank of Australia
9503:Hashem, M. Pesaren (1987).
8312:Campus, Antonietta (1987).
8036:. John W. Parker Publisher.
7619:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36.
7494:Bertholet, Auguste (2021).
6538:Online Etymology Dictionary
5627:. Oxford University Press.
5433:"Chapter 4: Market Failure"
5272:Index of economics articles
5193:
4587:Other branches of economics
4269:permanent income hypothesis
4049:, technological change and
4034:of market information, and
3887:concerns externalities or "
3520:Uncertainty and game theory
3293:that trade may facilitate.
2962:(food, haircuts, etc.) vs.
2814:electronic trading platform
2565:heterodox economic theories
2396:heterodox economic theories
2330:Chicago school of economics
2312:Schools of economic thought
1877:The Accumulation of Capital
1724:(1798) used the concept of
1630:Classical political economy
1459:History of economic thought
1453:History of economic thought
10:
15529:
14322:Real business-cycle theory
13465:at top, incl. Definitions.
13163:
13034:10.1057/9780230226203.3059
12801:Swedberg, Richard (2003).
12576:10.1057/9780230226203.1300
12451:10.1057/9780230226203.2937
12387:10.1057/9780230226203.2366
12324:10.1057/9780230226203.0828
12310:Obstfeld, Maurice (2008).
12252:10.1057/9780230226203.0839
12200:10.1057/9780230226203.3785
12186:Feldman, Allan M. (1987).
12151:10.1057/9780230226203.3360
11909:Trapeznikova, Ija (2019).
11623:10.1057/9780230226203.1641
11544:10.1057/9780230226203.1180
11432:10.1057/9780230226203.3097
11359:10.1057/9780230226203.3008
11225:10.1057/9780230226203.2480
11157:10.1057/9780230226203.2520
10873:Kaminsky, Graciela Laura.
10620:10.1057/9780230226203.1753
10571:10.1057/9780230226203.1442
10512:10.1057/9780230226203.3017
10426:10.1057/9780230226203.2788
10326:10.1057/9780230226203.3325
10270:10.1057/9780230226203.2613
10227:10.1057/9780230226203.0274
10074:10.1057/9780230226203.0401
10022:10.1057/9780230226203.1769
9907:10.1057/9780230226203.3485
9851:10.1057/9780230226203.3086
9654:10.1057/9780230226203.2513
9608:10.1057/9780230226203.2512
9517:10.1057/9780230226203.2430
9434:10.1057/9780230226203.3369
9385:10.1057/9780230226203.1184
9299:10.1057/9780230226203.3083
9098:10.1057/9780230226203.3307
9084:"Post-Keynesian economics"
8907:Cambridge University Press
8801:Woodford, Michael (2009).
8643:10.1057/9780230226203.2888
8541:10.1162/106454602753694765
8473:10.1057/9780230226203.1172
8418:10.1057/9780230226203.1781
8326:10.1057/9780230226203.3031
8123:10.1057/9780230226203.3051
8079:10.1057/9780230226203.3052
8030:Mill, John Stuart (1848).
7995:10.1057/9780230226203.0274
7873:, Bk. II: ch. 1, 2, and 5.
7696:. University of Michigan.
6771:10.1057/9780230226203.1300
6757:Groenwegen, Peter (2008).
6755:and Book IV, as quoted in
6661:10.1057/9780230226203.0442
6649:"Economics, definition of"
6513:
6497:
6397:10.1057/9780230226203.1491
5648:Dielman, Terry E. (2001).
5602:Friedman, Milton (1953). "
5013:
4793:Natural resource economics
4786:
4752:
4705:
4659:
4595:
4516:
4468:
4431:fixed exchange rate system
4364:
4358:
4309:
4281:real business cycle theory
4233:has branched into various
4158:A basic illustration of a
4135:
4129:
4060:
4001:national income and output
3965:
3912:
3908:
3757:
3751:
3523:
3439:
3300:
3216:Even if one region has an
3155:
2903:
2775:
2663:
2536:
2522:
2449:substitution possibilities
2385:new neoclassical synthesis
2309:
2292:2007–2008 financial crisis
2286:After the financial crisis
2265:new neoclassical synthesis
2257:New neoclassical synthesis
2254:
2251:New neoclassical synthesis
2212:
2203:real business cycle models
2170:
2144:
2058:, a key economics theorist
2044:
1887:
1781:
1633:
1456:
1226:
1214:
1202:
32:Economics (disambiguation)
29:
18:Socio-economic development
15437:
15404:
15388:
15135:
14861:
14838:
14762:
14720:
14362:
14096:
13845:
13810:
13728:
13387:Resources in your library
13282:(3rd ed.). Pearson.
13194:10.1080/13501780801913298
13113:10.1215/00182702-10085601
12570:(2nd ed.): 476–480.
11611:"Structural unemployment"
11345:Howitt, Peter M. (1987).
11212:"Environmental economics"
10669:"Chapter 1: Introduction"
10606:Wakker, Peter P. (2008).
10410:"Industrial organization"
10103:Johnson, Paul M. (2005).
10068:(2nd ed.): 517–526.
9371:Dixon, Huw David (2008).
9166:Berlin, D. I. W. (2006).
8291:(2nd ed.). Praeger.
8236:(Supplement 1): 805–820.
7500:Annales Benjamin Constant
7261:Backhouse, Roger (2002).
7202:10.1007/978-1-349-02116-1
7190:Gordan, Barry J. (1975).
6967:Robbins, Lionel (2007) .
6647:; Medema, Steven (2008).
6603:The Economics of Industry
6461:Backhouse, Roger (2002).
5563:Backhouse, Roger (2002).
5479:Oxford English Dictionary
5118:The Economics of Industry
4952:). Classic works include
4355:Money and monetary policy
4267:. It includes Friedman's
4173:authored a book entitled
4056:
3494:oligopoly, and monopoly.
2732:scientifically controlled
2223:, including among others
2157:purposes of stabilisation
2066:, in particular his book
1370:of behaviour" but rather
13491:Resources For Economists
13438:14 February 2022 at the
13022:"Mathematical economics"
12918:(6). See pp. 1074–1090.
12616:American Economic Review
12486:Economic Analysis of Law
12084:10.1017/cbo9781139084161
12049:10.1017/cbo9780511510809
10366:"The Nature of the Firm"
10256:Kemp, Murray C. (1987).
9967:American Economic Review
8461:"Neoclassical synthesis"
8067:"Marxian value analysis"
7907:Malthus, Thomas (1798).
7196:. MacMillan. p. 3.
7137:Becker, Gary S. (1976).
6176:American Economic Review
6094:The Economics of Justice
6063:Economic Analysis of Law
5982:"Feminism and Economics"
5941:A Treatise on the Family
5882:"Economics of Education"
5308:
5282:List of economics awards
5222:Critical juncture theory
5217:Asymmetric cointegration
5148:Nobel Prize in Economics
4797:Philosophy and economics
4686:rates and trade quotas.
4183:. Keynes contended that
3835:are one possible cause.
3435:
3349:For a given market of a
2871:monopolistic competition
2802:São Paulo Stock Exchange
2730:has promoted the use of
2714:statistical significance
2652:in economics, which are
2557:methodological framework
2510:of marginalised groups.
2465:constitutional economics
2426:Post-Keynesian economics
2221:New Keynesian economists
2201:and the presentation of
2179:new classical economists
1243:definitions of economics
1205:Definitions of economics
1197:Definitions of economics
148:JEL classification codes
15041:international relations
13962:Industrial organization
13785:Computational economics
13563:20 January 2021 at the
13539:24 January 2002 at the
13457:28 October 2021 at the
13427:Encyclopædia Britannica
12641:McCoy, Drew R. (1980).
12489:(7th ed.). Aspen.
12375:"Development economics"
12312:"International finance"
11896:Global Finance Magazine
11582:Dwivedi, D. N. (2005).
10500:"Managerial capitalism"
10310:"Prices and quantities"
10215:"Comparative advantage"
10209:, pp. 37, 433, 435
9889:Montani, Guido (1987).
9804:10.1162/003355300554683
9594:Bastable, C.F. (2008).
9422:"Qualitative economics"
9082:Harcourt, G.C. (1987).
8457:Blanchard, Olivier Jean
8314:"Marginalist economics"
7983:"Comparative advantage"
7961:Ricardo, David (1817).
7937:The Ultimate Resource 2
7913:. J. Johnson Publisher.
7831:Selected Papers, No. 50
7648:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
7460:Encyclopædia Britannica
7396:Lowry, S. Todd (1998).
7112:Encyclopædia Britannica
6949:Principles of Economics
6625:Jevons, William Stanley
6383:"Science, economics of"
6280:Iannaccone, Laurence R.
5538:; Wells, Robin (2012).
5484:Oxford University Press
5412:information asymmetries
5287:List of economics films
5136:(1915–2012) coauthored
4969:The Philosophy of Money
4835:institutional economics
4662:International economics
4656:International economics
4565:equality of opportunity
4341:Structural unemployment
4138:Circular flow of income
3931:as to desirability and
3885:environmental economics
3815:Information asymmetries
3801:environmental scientist
3768:Environmental economics
3581:industrial organisation
3491:Industrial organisation
3446:Industrial organisation
3291:increased income levels
3174:A map showing the main
3111:production inefficiency
2692:observationally studied
2481:structuralist economics
2469:institutional economics
2451:between human-made and
2444:environmental economics
2430:University of Cambridge
2381:New Keynesian economics
2377:new classical economics
2245:price and wage rigidity
2215:New Keynesian economics
2167:New classical economics
1825:theory of surplus value
1323:Principles of Economics
334:Industrial organization
191:Computational economics
15368:Quantum social science
14167:Modern monetary theory
13832:Experimental economics
13802:Pluralism in economics
13775:Mathematical economics
13643:Economics at About.com
13484:16 August 2000 at the
12145:. pp. 1055–1060.
11944:July 12, 2019, at the
10902:Calomiris, Charles W.
10847:Currency Crises Models
10475:"Managerial Economics"
7640:Skousen, Mark (2001).
6848:Malthus, Thomas Robert
6527:, "custom" or "law").
5894:10.1596/1813-9450-4122
5759:Dharmaraj, E. (2010).
5164:John Bates Clark Medal
4923:evolutionary economics
4843:economically efficient
4763:process in relatively
4675:
4672:gross domestic product
4537:distribution of wealth
4529:distribution of income
4435:open market operations
4386:economies, and is the
4380:means of final payment
4325:
4324:rate from 1990 to 2022
4239:neoclassical synthesis
4162:
4118:growth models) and in
3992:
3983:and the generation of
3829:failure of competition
3804:
3792:
3776:Agricultural economics
3573:strategic interactions
3324:
3182:
3029:potential total output
2931:
2906:Production (economics)
2816:
2794:
2728:Experimental economics
2696:experimental economics
2670:Experimental economics
2634:is the application of
2632:mathematical economics
2584:rational choice theory
2533:Mathematical economics
2473:evolutionary economics
2369:neoclassical synthesis
2361:neoclassical economics
2059:
1972:neoclassical synthesis
1940:labour theory of value
1890:Neoclassical economics
1884:Neoclassical economics
1821:labour theory of value
1813:
1804:
1768:labour theory of value
1715:
1676:, including increased
1655:
1520:
1482:is missing information
1414:of high unemployment.
1360:
1345:
1315:
1263:
1045:investment expenditure
186:Experimental economics
15405:Other categorizations
15258:International studies
15243:History of technology
15178:Communication studies
15061:public administration
13522:30 April 2013 at the
13274:; Amighini, Alessia;
12771:Mayumi, Kozo (2001).
10498:Hughes, Alan (1987).
10010:"Urban agglomeration"
9420:Quirk, James (1987).
8594:. London: Macmillan.
8285:Clark, Barry (1998).
7927:The Ultimate Resource
7106:(15 September 2017).
6856:. London: J. Johnson.
6606:. Macmillan. p.
6413:on 29 September 2017.
6211:Heilbroner, Robert L.
5761:Engineering Economics
5257:Glossary of economics
5074:, though it is not a
5034:Bachelor of Economics
4755:Development economics
4749:Development economics
4731:factors of production
4688:International finance
4670:List of countries by
4669:
4642:allocative efficiency
4625:Much of economics is
4527:, measured using the
4507:Ricardian equivalence
4319:
4273:rational expectations
4265:imperfect information
4157:
4036:imperfect competition
3975:
3899:cost–benefit analysis
3883:is one example. Much
3798:
3783:
3764:Information economics
3714:Information economics
3695:Information asymmetry
3652:financial instruments
3593:behavioural economics
3526:Information economics
3487:perfectly competitive
3328:Prices and quantities
3310:
3207:comparative advantage
3173:
3162:Comparative advantage
3130:allocative efficiency
3098:productive efficiency
3070:real opportunity cost
2983:factors of production
2938:is the conversion of
2925:
2856:imperfect competition
2800:
2789:
2746:behavioural economics
2724:, and prior beliefs.
2501:biophysical economics
2296:behavioural economics
2270:imperfect information
2195:rational expectations
2054:
1999:imperfect competition
1791:
1745:comparative advantage
1722:Thomas Robert Malthus
1710:
1665:The Wealth of Nations
1651:The Wealth of Nations
1643:
1515:
1366:in "pick out certain
1352:
1340:
1310:
1259:
1108:behavioural economics
1049:factors of production
15238:Historical sociology
14041:Social choice theory
13797:Behavioral economics
13780:Complexity economics
13669:14 June 2013 at the
13551:27 July 2019 at the
13420:25 June 2022 at the
13408:10 July 2013 at the
13214:Nordhaus, William D.
13075:World Economic Forum
13028:. pp. 401–403.
12702:Ecological Economics
12678:Ecological Economics
12373:Bell, Clive (1987).
12194:. pp. 889–095.
12135:Musgrave, Richard A.
11724:Francis Amasa Walker
11609:Freeman, C. (2008).
11426:. pp. 483–489.
11353:. pp. 273–276.
11218:. pp. 159–164.
11151:. pp. 263–265.
11114:Revelation Principle
10406:Schmalensee, Richard
10062:"Division of labour"
9228:"Feminist Economics"
8930:Gali, Jordi (2015).
8909:. pp. 226–227.
8205:. pp. 209–230.
7613:Hunt, E. K. (2002).
7583:Blaug, Mark (1997).
6722:10.1257/jep.23.1.221
6598:Marshall, Mary Paley
6165:Boulding, Kenneth E.
5792:King, David (2018).
5292:Outline of economics
5267:Humanistic economics
4919:ecological economics
4765:low-income countries
4761:economic development
4620:public choice theory
4416:coincidence of wants
4397:Francis Amasa Walker
4271:on consumption and "
4047:capital accumulation
3772:Ecological economics
3634:evolutionary biology
3498:Managerial economics
3454:Managerial economics
3180:late medieval Europe
3055:inverse relationship
2839:such as apples or a
2823:, interact within a
2519:Theoretical research
2485:world systems theory
2440:Ecological economics
2334:mainstream economics
1983:mainstream economics
1588:economic nationalism
1539:, the author of the
1112:mainstream economics
1079:that have impact on
413:Social choice theory
30:For other uses, see
15418:Geisteswissenschaft
15412:Behavioral sciences
15338:Political sociology
15253:Information science
15198:Development studies
14125:American (National)
13825:Economic statistics
13655:Economics textbooks
13648:2 June 2007 at the
13496:11 May 2013 at the
13475:of UK universities.
13396:General information
13276:Giavazzi, Francesco
13256:. New York: Worth.
13254:Survey of Economics
13081:on 22 January 2016.
12714:1995EcoEc..13..149D
12564:"Political Economy"
12439:"Law and economics"
12188:"Welfare economics"
11924:10.15185/izawol.462
11672:, pp. 445–446.
11660:, pp. 444–445.
11516:on 18 January 2012.
11475:Sheffrin, Steven M.
11272:"Welfare economics"
10555:Rothschild, Michael
9758:2002SciAm.286a..82S
9745:Scientific American
9719:10.1038/nature02043
9711:2003Natur.425..785F
9553:Keuzenkamp, Hugo A.
9059:. 9 November 2019.
8819:10.1257/mac.1.1.267
7690:"Division of labor"
7322:biblestudytools.com
7172:. Huffington Post.
6875:10.1257/jep.4.4.165
6815:. Grigg and Elliot.
6759:"Political Economy"
6645:Backhouse, Roger E.
6252:The Idea of Justice
5998:10.1257/jep.9.2.131
5700:10.3390/su132413677
5482:(Online ed.).
5327:circulating capital
5262:Happiness economics
5114:Mary Paley Marshall
5038:Master of Economics
4631:Normative economics
4616:income distribution
4612:economic efficiency
4561:equality of outcome
4535:measured using the
4519:Economic inequality
4475:Government spending
4427:inflation targeting
4243:classical economics
4235:research programmes
4181:Keynesian economics
4171:John Maynard Keynes
3997:general-equilibrium
3941:general equilibrium
3933:economic efficiency
3874:perfect competition
3789:costs of production
3664:financial structure
3656:Financial economics
3569:applied mathematics
3534:Financial economics
3510:regression analysis
3506:operations research
3391:substitution effect
3340:perfect competition
3254:and differentiated
3005:Economic efficiency
2934:In microeconomics,
2914:Economic efficiency
2890:General-equilibrium
2886:partial equilibrium
2710:regression analysis
2706:Statistical methods
2700:natural experiments
2365:Keynesian economics
2357:classical economics
2132:Post-WWII economics
2106:private consumption
2064:John Maynard Keynes
2056:John Maynard Keynes
2047:Keynesian economics
2041:Keynesian economics
1921:Mary Paley Marshall
1726:diminishing returns
1696:theory—that, under
1694:resource-allocation
1678:labour productivity
1658:The publication of
1644:The publication of
1636:Classical economics
1555:writers, including
1408:expanded the domain
1298:classical economics
1179:social institutions
1116:heterodox economics
1096:normative economics
1083:. It also seeks to
880:Business portal
201:Operations research
181:National accounting
15473:Society portal
14960:auxiliary sciences
13682:9 May 2013 at the
13638:on 6 October 2016.
13473:Internet directory
13272:Blanchard, Olivier
12988:Ashenfelter, Orley
12481:Posner, Richard A.
11915:IZA World of Labor
11471:O'Sullivan, Arthur
11420:"Models of growth"
10977:on 18 August 2011.
10308:Brody, A. (1987).
10258:"Gains from trade"
9830:, pp. 347–349
9470:Samuelson, Paul A.
9200:The New York Times
8222:also published in
8167:The New York Times
8049:, Bk. 1, Ch. 5, 6.
7821:Also published as
7720:Stigler, George J.
7686:Deardorff, Alan V.
7462:. 26 August 2016.
7063:Stigler, George J.
6807:Say, Jean Baptiste
6362:on 2 February 2007
6282:(September 1998).
6089:Posner, Richard A.
6058:Posner, Richard A.
5416:incomplete markets
5404:Joseph E. Stiglitz
5302:Solidarity economy
5232:Economic democracy
5105:Women in economics
4934:economic sociology
4827:cultural economics
4811:economic geography
4676:
4493:multiplier effects
4408:medium of exchange
4382:for goods in most
4367:Monetary economics
4326:
4224:The General Theory
4163:
3993:
3991:, is not included.
3929:productive factors
3833:economies of scale
3819:incomplete markets
3805:
3793:
3760:Government failure
3740:, inspection, and
3726:monetary economics
3710:incomplete markets
3622:nuclear strategies
3480:economies of scale
3450:Business economics
3442:Theory of the firm
3424:Market equilibrium
3374:on demand). Here,
3325:
3247:division of labour
3218:absolute advantage
3183:
3158:Division of labour
2999:intermediate goods
2976:"guns" vs "butter"
2932:
2817:
2810:electronic trading
2795:
2782:Market (economics)
2660:Empirical research
2600:theory of the firm
2592:budget constraints
2561:schools of thought
2507:Feminist economics
2497:feminist economics
2338:Saltwater approach
2322:School of Lausanne
2060:
2003:neoclassical model
1979:orthodox economics
1805:
1674:division of labour
1656:
1521:
1430:social interaction
1426:market equilibrium
1290:the dismal science
1092:positive economics
1010:goods and services
211:Industrial complex
206:Middle income trap
15513:Economic theories
15493:
15492:
15333:Political economy
15328:Political ecology
15183:Community studies
15173:Cognitive science
15136:Interdisciplinary
15036:Political science
14798:
14797:
14329:New institutional
13628:978-0-07-337569-4
13592:978-1-319-11327-8
13469:Intute: Economics
13461:(UK-based), with
13442:Definitions from
13373:Library resources
13289:978-1-292-08567-8
13263:978-1-4292-5956-9
13210:Samuelson, Paul A
13043:978-0-333-78676-5
13003:978-0-0804-3076-8
12832:Coleman, James S.
12814:978-0-691-07439-9
12784:978-0-415-23523-5
12763:978-1-85898-667-8
12654:978-0-8078-1416-1
12585:978-0-333-78676-5
12496:978-0-7355-6354-4
12460:978-0-333-78676-5
12396:978-0-333-78676-5
12333:978-0-333-78676-5
12261:978-0-333-78676-5
12209:978-0-333-78676-5
12160:978-0-333-78676-5
12109:World Development
11876:978-92-9259-298-1
11817:979-8-4002-3526-9
11767:978-1-5615-9041-4
11691:Economic Synopses
11632:978-0-333-78676-5
11595:978-0-07-058841-7
11553:978-0-333-78676-5
11488:978-0-13-063085-8
11441:978-0-333-78676-5
11368:978-0-333-78676-5
11235:978-0-333-78676-5
11166:978-0-333-78676-5
11110:Myerson, Roger B.
11054:Adverse Selection
11051:Wilson, Charles.
11010:978-0-08-043076-8
10745:(February 1990).
10687:978-1-4008-4088-5
10665:Camerer, Colin F.
10629:978-0-333-78676-5
10580:978-0-333-78676-5
10521:978-0-333-78676-5
10445:978-0-333-78676-5
10435:2027/uc1.$ b37792
10335:978-0-333-78676-5
10279:978-0-333-78676-5
10236:978-0-333-78676-5
10178:978-0-19-507445-1
10163:Cameron, Rondo E.
10145:978-0-444-88698-9
10138:. North-Holland.
10113:Auburn University
10083:978-0-333-78676-5
10031:978-0-333-78676-5
9957:(December 1980).
9916:978-0-333-78676-5
9860:978-0-333-78676-5
9705:(6960): 785–791.
9663:978-0-333-78676-5
9617:978-0-333-78676-5
9574:978-0-521-55359-9
9526:978-0-333-78676-5
9489:978-0-674-31301-9
9443:978-0-333-78676-5
9394:978-0-333-78676-5
9308:978-0-333-78676-5
9249:978-1-349-95121-5
9152:978-1-349-95121-5
9107:978-0-333-78676-5
9016:978-1-349-95121-5
8966:The New Consensus
8943:978-0-691-16478-6
8916:978-0-521-53142-9
8897:Gordon, Robert J.
8653:978-0-333-78676-5
8601:978-1-57392-139-8
8482:978-0-333-78676-5
8427:978-0-333-78676-5
8335:978-0-333-78676-5
8298:978-0-275-95869-5
8132:978-0-333-78676-5
8088:978-0-333-78676-5
8004:978-0-333-78676-5
7947:978-0-691-00381-8
7659:978-0-7656-0479-8
7626:978-0-7656-0606-8
7596:978-0-521-57701-4
7438:978-0-415-10888-1
7370:978-0-19-938113-5
7267:. Penguin Adult.
7232:978-0-393-05039-4
7211:978-1-349-02116-1
7150:978-0-226-04112-4
6980:978-1-61016-039-1
6917:978-1-60206-978-7
6900:Mill, John Stuart
6839:Fraser's Magazine
6780:978-0-333-78676-5
6670:978-0-333-78676-5
6576:978-1-4129-6142-4
6532:(February 2007).
6406:978-0-333-78676-5
6352:978-0-87724-036-5
6158:Introduction only
6152:978-0-86597-012-0
5902:20.500.12323/2954
5844:. pp. 1–54.
5807:978-1-138-64813-5
5634:978-0-19-532831-8
5516:on 24 August 2022
5490:(Subscription or
5446:978-0-393-93709-1
5430:disturbances (in
5395:978-0-19-926497-1
5237:Economic ideology
5120:with her husband
5110:Harriet Martineau
4881:political economy
4861:political science
4857:Political economy
4805:Economics is one
4801:Political economy
4789:Law and economics
4769:structural change
4533:wealth inequality
4525:income inequality
4393:social convention
4286:In contrast, the
4275:" theory, led by
4120:growth accounting
4110:forms (as in the
4104:population growth
4005:unemployment rate
3981:natural resources
3915:Welfare economics
3699:adverse selection
3687:Market for Lemons
3668:financial markets
3648:futures contracts
3630:political science
3618:Oskar Morgenstern
3604:supply and demand
3414:profit maximisers
3313:supply and demand
3303:Supply and demand
3297:Supply and demand
3252:capital equipment
3178:for goods within
3141:applied economics
3134:Pareto efficiency
3115:one or both goods
3105:the curve (as at
3013:Pareto efficiency
2950:or a service for
2688:physical sciences
2576:supply and demand
2477:dependency theory
2461:Marxian economics
2237:Olivier Blanchard
2098:Franco Modigliani
1936:supply and demand
1925:political economy
1846:Rudolf Hilferding
1784:Marxian economics
1778:Marxian economics
1592:modern capitalism
1549:Joseph Schumpeter
1543:, is credited by
1505:
1504:
1438:James M. Buchanan
1266:Jean-Baptiste Say
1255:political economy
1100:applied economics
996:that studies the
928:
927:
16:(Redirected from
15520:
15481:
15471:
15470:
15457:
15456:
15445:
15444:
15348:Regional science
15193:Cultural studies
15168:Business studies
14825:
14818:
14811:
14802:
14801:
14002:Natural resource
13837:Economic history
13763:Mechanism design
13715:
13708:
13701:
13692:
13691:
13639:
13637:
13631:. Archived from
13620:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13452:Economics Online
13353:
13352:
13334:
13323:. Edward Elgar.
13315:
13293:
13267:
13241:
13205:
13187:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13147:Banque de France
13138:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13127:
13098:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13077:. Archived from
13066:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13055:
13014:
13008:
13007:
12984:
12978:
12977:
12957:
12951:
12950:
12948:
12942:. Archived from
12909:
12897:
12891:
12887:
12868:Frank, Robert H.
12863:
12861:
12859:
12825:
12819:
12818:
12798:
12792:
12788:
12767:
12746:
12725:
12696:
12694:
12665:
12659:
12658:
12638:
12632:
12631:
12612:Krueger, Anne O.
12608:
12602:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12559:
12553:
12552:
12510:
12504:
12500:
12476:
12474:
12472:
12428:
12422:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12367:
12361:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12306:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12232:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12139:"Public finance"
12131:
12125:
12124:
12104:
12098:
12097:
12069:
12063:
12062:
12034:
12028:
12027:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11980:
11966:
11953:
11935:
11929:
11928:
11926:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11868:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11847:
11835:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11824:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11737:
11720:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11709:
11703:
11688:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11579:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11528:Fischer, Stanley
11524:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11508:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11467:
11461:
11457:
11455:
11453:
11403:
11397:
11391:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11380:
11342:
11336:
11335:
11302:
11296:
11290:
11284:
11283:
11278:. Archived from
11267:
11261:
11251:
11249:
11247:
11227:
11208:Kneese, Allen V.
11201:
11195:
11189:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11137:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11033:
11027:
11021:
11015:
11014:
10988:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10970:. Archived from
10937:
10928:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10870:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10841:
10835:
10834:
10826:Ross, Stephen A.
10822:
10816:
10815:
10807:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10790:
10751:
10735:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10715:(2nd ed.).
10701:
10695:
10691:
10673:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10641:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10551:Machina, Mark J.
10547:
10541:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10437:
10402:
10396:
10395:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10320:. pp. 1–7.
10305:
10299:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10159:
10153:
10149:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10105:"Specialization"
10099:
10097:
10095:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9994:
9988:
9963:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9901:. pp. 1–4.
9886:
9880:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9839:"Microeconomics"
9822:
9816:
9815:
9787:
9781:
9777:
9738:
9689:
9683:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9638:Smith, Vernon L.
9633:
9631:
9629:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9562:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9500:
9494:
9493:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9368:
9359:
9355:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9234:. pp. 1–6.
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9027:
9021:
9020:
8994:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8963:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8872:
8866:Guvenen, Fatih.
8863:
8857:
8854:
8848:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8798:
8792:
8789:
8783:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8685:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8645:
8621:
8615:
8605:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8565:
8534:
8514:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8453:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8363:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8245:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8200:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8158:
8152:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7931:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7828:
7820:
7795:(6): 1199–1213.
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7728:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7647:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7610:
7604:
7600:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7566:. 7 March 2014.
7553:
7547:
7546:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7491:
7485:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7215:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7058:
7048:
7021:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6985:
6984:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6944:Marshall, Alfred
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6857:
6843:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6754:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6698:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6621:
6612:
6611:
6594:Marshall, Alfred
6590:
6581:
6580:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6525:
6518:
6517:
6509:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6430:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6409:. Archived from
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6355:. Archived from
6340:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6311:
6297:(3): 1465–1495.
6288:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6196:
6173:
6156:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5978:Nelson, Julie A.
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5835:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5702:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5512:. Archived from
5502:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5475:
5468:
5452:
5450:
5426:situations, and
5408:natural monopoly
5399:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5319:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5099:computer science
5065:Economic analyst
5026:academic degrees
4986:Richard Swedberg
4978:Mark Granovetter
4974:James S. Coleman
4903:Georgescu-Roegen
4887:Energy economics
4831:family economics
4823:energy economics
4815:economic history
4783:Related subjects
4708:Labour economics
4702:Labour economics
4680:gains from trade
4598:Public economics
4592:Public economics
4549:Gini coefficient
4455:aggregate demand
4420:transaction cost
4371:History of money
4185:aggregate demand
4167:Great Depression
4146:Aggregate demand
4142:Aggregate supply
4068:Growth economics
3989:greenhouse gases
3858:price stickiness
3825:Natural monopoly
3722:mechanism design
3672:financial crises
3614:John von Neumann
3395:purchasing power
3393:). In addition,
3283:gains from trade
3213:cheaper, input.
3166:Gains from trade
2964:investment goods
2910:Opportunity cost
2821:market structure
2758:cognitive biases
2739:natural sciences
2612:microfoundations
2588:opportunity cost
2432:and the work of
2420:Ludwig von Mises
2326:Stockholm school
2275:aggregate demand
2120:built the first
2114:aggregate demand
2079:effective demand
1944:marginal utility
1929:natural sciences
1818:
1760:John Stuart Mill
1753:gains from trade
1730:Human population
1682:gains from trade
1579:theory within a
1557:Tomás de Mercado
1500:
1497:
1491:
1475:
1467:
1306:John Stuart Mill
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
920:
913:
906:
892:Money portal
890:
889:
888:
878:
877:
374:Natural resource
166:Economic systems
62:
39:
38:
21:
15528:
15527:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15517:
15498:
15497:
15494:
15489:
15465:
15433:
15400:
15384:
15358:Science studies
15142:Administration
15131:
14857:
14834:
14832:Social sciences
14829:
14799:
14794:
14791:Business portal
14758:
14757:
14756:
14716:
14480:von Böhm-Bawerk
14368:
14367:
14358:
14130:Ancient thought
14108:
14107:
14101:
14092:
14091:
14090:
13841:
13806:
13758:Contract theory
13743:Decision theory
13724:
13719:
13689:
13684:Wayback Machine
13671:Wayback Machine
13650:Wayback Machine
13635:
13629:
13618:
13602:
13600:
13593:
13574:
13572:Study resources
13569:
13565:Wayback Machine
13553:Wayback Machine
13546:World Bank Data
13541:Wayback Machine
13524:Wayback Machine
13512:
13507:
13498:Wayback Machine
13486:Wayback Machine
13463:drop-down menus
13459:Wayback Machine
13440:Wayback Machine
13422:Wayback Machine
13410:Wayback Machine
13398:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13381:
13380:
13376:
13369:
13350:
13331:
13312:
13290:
13264:
13248:
13246:Further reading
13230:
13185:10.1.1.533.7658
13166:
13161:
13151:
13149:
13139:
13135:
13125:
13123:
13096:
13090:
13086:
13067:
13063:
13053:
13051:
13044:
13015:
13011:
13004:
12985:
12981:
12974:
12958:
12954:
12946:
12907:
12901:Becker, Gary S.
12898:
12894:
12890:
12857:
12855:
12848:
12826:
12822:
12815:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12764:
12666:
12662:
12655:
12639:
12635:
12609:
12605:
12595:
12593:
12586:
12560:
12556:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12497:
12470:
12468:
12461:
12435:Friedman, David
12429:
12425:
12421:
12406:
12404:
12397:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12351:
12349:
12334:
12303:
12271:
12269:
12262:
12233:
12229:
12219:
12217:
12210:
12184:
12180:
12170:
12168:
12161:
12132:
12128:
12105:
12101:
12094:
12070:
12066:
12059:
12035:
12031:
11992:
11988:
11978:
11976:
11968:
11967:
11956:
11946:Wayback Machine
11936:
11932:
11907:
11903:
11890:Ventura, Luca.
11888:
11884:
11877:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11855:
11845:
11843:
11836:
11832:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11802:
11798:
11788:
11786:
11781:Jahan, Sarwat.
11779:
11775:
11768:
11749:
11745:
11735:
11733:
11721:
11717:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11686:
11680:
11676:
11668:
11664:
11656:
11652:
11642:
11640:
11633:
11607:
11603:
11596:
11580:
11573:
11563:
11561:
11554:
11525:
11521:
11513:
11506:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11468:
11464:
11460:
11451:
11449:
11442:
11404:
11400:
11392:
11388:
11378:
11376:
11369:
11343:
11339:
11303:
11299:
11291:
11287:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11245:
11243:
11236:
11202:
11198:
11190:
11186:
11176:
11174:
11167:
11145:"Externalities"
11138:
11134:
11124:
11122:
11107:
11103:
11093:
11091:
11078:
11074:
11064:
11062:
11049:
11045:
11034:
11030:
11022:
11018:
11011:
10989:
10982:
10974:
10952:10.2307/1879431
10935:
10929:
10925:
10915:
10913:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10884:
10876:Currency Crises
10871:
10867:
10857:
10855:
10842:
10838:
10823:
10819:
10814:(2nd ed.).
10808:
10804:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10766:10.2307/2937820
10749:
10736:
10732:
10722:
10720:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10688:
10671:
10653:
10649:
10639:
10637:
10630:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10588:
10581:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10531:
10529:
10522:
10488:
10486:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10446:
10403:
10399:
10378:(16): 386–405.
10359:
10355:
10345:
10343:
10336:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10289:
10287:
10280:
10246:
10244:
10237:
10202:
10198:
10188:
10186:
10179:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10146:
10122:
10120:
10093:
10091:
10084:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10032:
10006:
10002:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9961:
9952:
9948:
9940:
9936:
9926:
9924:
9917:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9870:
9868:
9861:
9823:
9819:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9673:
9671:
9664:
9627:
9625:
9618:
9589:
9585:
9575:
9550:
9546:
9536:
9534:
9527:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9467:
9463:
9453:
9451:
9444:
9418:
9414:
9404:
9402:
9395:
9369:
9362:
9358:
9318:
9316:
9309:
9280:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9208:
9191:
9187:
9177:
9175:
9164:
9160:
9153:
9131:
9127:
9117:
9115:
9108:
9080:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9055:
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9033:. 16 May 2014.
9029:
9028:
9024:
9017:
8995:
8988:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8961:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8928:
8924:
8917:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8777:
8767:
8765:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8742:
8737:
8733:
8723:
8721:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8697:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8663:
8661:
8654:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8602:
8583:
8579:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8532:10.1.1.194.4605
8518:Artificial Life
8512:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8483:
8454:
8447:
8437:
8435:
8428:
8402:
8398:
8383:10.2307/1907242
8364:
8355:
8345:
8343:
8336:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8283:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8176:
8174:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8142:
8140:
8133:
8098:
8096:
8089:
8057:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8028:
8024:
8014:
8012:
8005:
7979:Findlay, Ronald
7976:
7972:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7922:
7918:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7826:
7822:
7785:
7781:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7683:
7679:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7573:
7571:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7511:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7469:
7467:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7371:
7349:"houses, Greek"
7345:
7341:
7331:
7329:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7242:
7240:
7233:
7212:
7185:
7181:
7162:
7158:
7151:
7135:
7131:
7121:
7119:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7079:10.2307/3439864
7039:(s1): 805–820.
7022:
7015:
7011:, pp. 4–7.
7007:
7003:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6965:
6961:
6941:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6918:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6830:Carlyle, Thomas
6824:
6820:
6804:
6800:
6790:
6788:
6781:
6742:
6738:
6699:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6671:
6642:
6638:
6622:
6615:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6530:Harper, Douglas
6494:
6490:
6475:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6407:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6338:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6286:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6236:
6234:
6227:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6171:
6153:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6105:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6036:
6029:
6007:
6005:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5936:Becker, Gary S.
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5808:
5790:
5786:
5771:
5757:
5753:
5722:
5718:
5679:
5675:
5660:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5600:
5596:
5577:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5431:
5402: •
5401:
5396:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5346:
5342:, p. XVI)
5337:
5333:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5206:
5199:
5196:
5172:Amy Finkelstein
5144:Milton Friedman
5122:Alfred Marshall
5107:
5018:
5012:
4915:thermoeconomics
4871:behaviour, and
4803:
4787:Main articles:
4785:
4777:economic growth
4757:
4751:
4710:
4704:
4664:
4658:
4600:
4594:
4589:
4580:economic policy
4521:
4515:
4481:
4469:Main articles:
4467:
4388:unit of account
4373:
4363:
4361:Monetary policy
4357:
4314:
4308:
4292:market failures
4261:market clearing
4212:full employment
4198:actions by the
4196:monetary policy
4152:
4134:
4128:
4072:economic growth
4065:
4063:Economic growth
4059:
4013:monetary policy
3970:
3964:
3917:
3911:
3778:
3756:
3750:
3689:" article, the
3589:contract design
3571:that considers
3567:is a branch of
3551:capital markets
3536:
3524:Main articles:
3522:
3474:. According to
3456:
3440:Main articles:
3438:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3299:
3240:providers, and
3168:
3156:Main articles:
3154:
3148:contribution."
2987:labour services
2920:
2904:Main articles:
2902:
2784:
2776:Main articles:
2774:
2750:Daniel Kahneman
2748:, psychologist
2672:
2664:Main articles:
2662:
2549:economic models
2545:
2540:Economic Theory
2535:
2523:Main articles:
2521:
2516:
2453:natural capital
2416:Friedrich Hayek
2411:property rights
2403:Austrian School
2318:Freiburg School
2314:
2308:
2288:
2259:
2253:
2241:market failures
2217:
2211:
2191:Edward Prescott
2175:
2169:
2153:Milton Friedman
2149:
2143:
2134:
2049:
2043:
2011:national income
2007:economic growth
1964:consumer theory
1960:decision making
1949:ordinal utility
1942:in favour of a
1917:Alfred Marshall
1892:
1886:
1851:Finance Capital
1848:'s (1877–1941)
1786:
1780:
1638:
1632:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1465:
1457:Main articles:
1455:
1404:rational-choice
1356:human behaviour
1318:Alfred Marshall
1288:(1849) coined "
1207:
1199:
1191:the environment
1077:public policies
1073:economic growth
1017:economic agents
974:
938:
934:
924:
886:
884:
872:
865:
864:
835:
825:
824:
823:
822:
586:von Böhm-Bawerk
474:
463:
462:
224:
216:
215:
171:Economic growth
161:
153:
152:
94:
92:classifications
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15526:
15516:
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15510:
15491:
15490:
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15475:
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15451:
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15408:
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15398:
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15383:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15371:
15370:
15365:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15324:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15305:
15304:
15303:
15301:social science
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15233:Global studies
15230:
15228:Gender studies
15225:
15220:
15219:
15218:
15213:
15211:social science
15207:Environmental
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
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15021:
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15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14989:
14988:
14987:
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14977:
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14962:
14957:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14920:
14919:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14906:macroeconomics
14903:
14901:microeconomics
14893:
14892:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14865:
14863:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14855:
14850:
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14805:
14796:
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14773:
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14755:
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14749:
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14707:
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14687:
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14637:
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14627:
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14572:
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14507:
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14472:
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14462:
14457:
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14407:
14402:
14397:
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14387:
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14377:
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14360:
14359:
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14297:
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14280:
14275:
14270:
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14268:
14267:
14266:
14256:
14251:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14194:Disequilibrium
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14170:
14169:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14143:
14142:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14111:
14109:
14097:
14094:
14093:
14089:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14007:Organizational
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13849:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13828:
13827:
13816:
13814:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13793:
13792:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13770:Macroeconomics
13767:
13766:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13745:
13738:Microeconomics
13734:
13732:
13726:
13725:
13718:
13717:
13710:
13703:
13695:
13688:
13687:
13674:
13661:
13652:
13640:
13627:
13609:
13591:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13567:
13555:
13543:
13531:
13526:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13505:
13488:
13476:
13466:
13449:
13433:Economics A–Z.
13430:
13412:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13390:
13389:
13383:
13382:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13367:External links
13365:
13364:
13363:
13347:
13338:Post, Louis F.
13335:
13330:978-1840648201
13329:
13316:
13311:978-0521316446
13310:
13294:
13288:
13268:
13262:
13247:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13229:978-0073511290
13228:
13206:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13159:
13133:
13084:
13061:
13042:
13018:Debreu, Gérard
13009:
13002:
12979:
12973:978-0674011212
12972:
12952:
12949:on 2 May 2005.
12924:10.1086/260265
12892:
12889:
12888:
12878:(1): 147–170.
12864:
12847:978-0674312265
12846:
12827:
12820:
12813:
12793:
12790:
12789:
12783:
12768:
12762:
12747:
12737:(3): 115–120.
12726:
12708:(3): 149–154.
12697:
12685:(3): 203–223.
12667:
12660:
12653:
12633:
12622:(3): 291–303.
12603:
12584:
12554:
12533:10.1086/466560
12505:
12502:
12501:
12495:
12477:
12459:
12430:
12423:
12420:
12419:
12413:
12395:
12369:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12332:
12307:
12302:978-0080430768
12301:
12278:
12260:
12234:
12227:
12208:
12178:
12159:
12126:
12099:
12093:978-1107017429
12092:
12064:
12058:978-0521855266
12057:
12029:
12016:10.1086/426881
12008:10.1086/426881
11986:
11954:
11930:
11901:
11882:
11875:
11853:
11830:
11816:
11796:
11773:
11766:
11743:
11715:
11674:
11670:Dwivedi (2005)
11662:
11658:Dwivedi (2005)
11650:
11631:
11601:
11594:
11571:
11552:
11519:
11494:
11487:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11440:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11396:, p. 349.
11386:
11367:
11337:
11318:(2): 365–371.
11297:
11295:, p. 345.
11285:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11252:
11234:
11203:
11196:
11194:, p. 347.
11184:
11165:
11132:
11101:
11072:
11043:
11028:
11016:
11009:
10980:
10946:(3): 488–500.
10923:
10905:Banking Crises
10894:
10865:
10836:
10817:
10802:
10730:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10686:
10661:
10654:
10647:
10628:
10598:
10579:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10520:
10495:
10481:. 5 May 2013.
10470:
10463:
10444:
10397:
10353:
10334:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10278:
10253:
10235:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10177:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10144:
10129:
10100:
10082:
10056:
10049:
10030:
10000:
9974:(5): 950–959.
9946:
9934:
9915:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9859:
9835:Varian, Hal R.
9831:
9824:
9817:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9739:
9691:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9662:
9634:
9616:
9590:
9583:
9573:
9544:
9525:
9505:"Econometrics"
9495:
9488:
9461:
9442:
9412:
9393:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9338:(5): 986–994.
9325:
9307:
9281:
9274:
9262:
9248:
9218:
9185:
9158:
9151:
9125:
9106:
9074:
9048:
9022:
9015:
8986:
8949:
8942:
8922:
8915:
8888:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8813:(1): 267–279.
8793:
8784:
8775:
8764:. 8 March 2018
8749:
8740:
8731:
8704:
8695:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8652:
8623:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8584:
8577:
8500:
8481:
8445:
8426:
8396:
8377:(2): 147–159.
8353:
8334:
8304:
8297:
8277:
8265:
8184:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8131:
8109:Mandel, Ernest
8105:
8087:
8058:
8051:
8039:
8022:
8003:
7970:
7967:. John Murray.
7953:
7946:
7916:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7851:
7801:10.1086/260508
7779:
7743:10.1086/257075
7737:(3): 185–193.
7711:
7677:
7675:, p. 343.
7665:
7658:
7632:
7625:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7595:
7580:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7521:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7476:
7456:"Mercantilism"
7451:
7444:
7437:
7417:
7410:
7388:
7369:
7339:
7309:
7300:
7273:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7231:
7216:
7210:
7186:
7179:
7156:
7149:
7129:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7073:(3): 301–313.
7059:
7023:
7013:
7009:Robbins (2007)
7001:
6997:Robbins (2007)
6986:
6979:
6959:
6935:
6916:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6869:(4): 165–172.
6858:
6844:
6825:
6818:
6798:
6779:
6736:
6715:(1): 221–233.
6688:
6669:
6636:
6613:
6582:
6575:
6555:
6488:
6473:
6453:
6417:
6405:
6373:
6351:
6323:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6262:978-0674036130
6261:
6243:
6225:
6207:
6161:
6151:
6132:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6104:978-0674235267
6103:
6085:
6073:978-0735563544
6072:
6053:
6046:
6028:978-0226242071
6027:
5992:(2): 131–148.
5969:
5950:
5927:
5886:The World Bank
5872:
5850:
5821:
5806:
5784:
5770:978-9350432471
5769:
5751:
5716:
5687:Sustainability
5673:
5658:
5640:
5633:
5613:
5594:
5575:
5555:
5549:978-1464128738
5548:
5527:
5497:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5394:
5370:
5368:, p. 17)
5357:
5344:
5331:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5297:Socioeconomics
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5242:Economic union
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5195:
5192:
5160:Claudia Goldin
5130:post-Keynesian
5106:
5103:
5087:linear algebra
5014:Main article:
5011:
5008:
4982:Peter Hedstrom
4938:Émile Durkheim
4911:thermodynamics
4879:have employed
4807:social science
4784:
4781:
4753:Main article:
4750:
4747:
4722:Labour markets
4706:Main article:
4703:
4700:
4692:exchange rates
4660:Main article:
4657:
4654:
4650:social welfare
4596:Main article:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4517:Main article:
4514:
4511:
4466:
4463:
4359:Main article:
4356:
4353:
4310:Main article:
4307:
4304:
4231:business cycle
4208:business cycle
4169:of the 1930s,
4160:business cycle
4132:Business cycle
4130:Main article:
4127:
4126:Business cycle
4124:
4061:Main article:
4058:
4055:
3968:Macroeconomics
3966:Main article:
3963:
3962:Macroeconomics
3960:
3943:. It analyses
3913:Main article:
3910:
3907:
3866:macroeconomics
3862:business cycle
3809:market failure
3803:sampling water
3754:Market failure
3752:Main article:
3749:
3748:Market failure
3746:
3738:bankruptcy law
3683:George Akerlof
3559:communications
3521:
3518:
3437:
3434:
3336:microeconomics
3332:market economy
3320:
3316:
3301:Main article:
3298:
3295:
3197:per worker or
3153:
3152:Specialisation
3150:
3123:business-cycle
3086:market economy
3039:beyond the PPF
2901:
2898:
2778:Microeconomics
2773:
2772:Microeconomics
2770:
2766:neuroeconomics
2661:
2658:
2640:Paul Samuelson
2608:new Keynesians
2572:microeconomics
2529:Macroeconomics
2525:Microeconomics
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2457:
2456:
2437:
2423:
2405:, emphasizing
2350:Chicago school
2310:Main article:
2307:
2304:
2287:
2284:
2255:Main article:
2252:
2249:
2233:Gregory Mankiw
2225:George Akerlof
2213:Main article:
2210:
2209:New Keynesians
2207:
2199:Lucas critique
2187:Thomas Sargent
2171:Main article:
2168:
2165:
2145:Main article:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2118:Lawrence Klein
2092:developed the
2074:macroeconomics
2045:Main article:
2042:
2039:
1995:market failure
1993:, analysis of
1968:macroeconomics
1956:microeconomics
1904:Lionel Robbins
1888:Main article:
1885:
1882:
1874:(1871–1919)'s
1872:Rosa Luxemburg
1858:(1870–1924)'s
1856:Vladimir Lenin
1834:(1854–1938)'s
1782:Main article:
1779:
1776:
1634:Main article:
1631:
1628:
1561:Luis de Molina
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:September 2020
1479:
1477:
1470:
1454:
1451:
1412:macroeconomics
1364:classificatory
1348:Lionel Robbins
1286:Thomas Carlyle
1203:Main article:
1198:
1195:
1110:; and between
1081:these elements
1037:Macroeconomics
1025:Microeconomics
994:social science
926:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:
882:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
847:
842:
836:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
820:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
476:
475:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
379:Organizational
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
223:By application
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
27:Social science
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15525:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15505:
15503:
15496:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15476:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15462:
15461:
15452:
15450:
15449:
15440:
15439:
15436:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15424:Human science
15422:
15420:
15419:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15407:
15403:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15387:
15381:
15380:Vegan studies
15378:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15360:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15343:Public health
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15308:
15306:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15277:Philosophies
15276:
15274:
15273:Media studies
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15248:Human ecology
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15158:Anthrozoology
15156:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15143:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15134:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15101:
15098:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15083:developmental
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15070:
15069:
15066:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15056:public policy
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15038:
15037:
15034:
15030:
15027:
15026:
15025:
15022:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15007:legal systems
15005:
15003:
15002:legal history
15000:
14998:
14997:jurisprudence
14995:
14994:
14993:
14990:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14925:
14924:
14921:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14898:
14897:
14894:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14871:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14840:
14837:
14833:
14826:
14821:
14819:
14814:
14812:
14807:
14806:
14803:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14761:
14753:
14750:
14747:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14725:
14723:
14719:
14713:
14712:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14375:de Mandeville
14373:
14372:
14370:
14366:
14361:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14317:New classical
14315:
14311:
14308:
14307:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14289:
14286:
14285:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14273:Malthusianism
14271:
14265:
14262:
14261:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14249:
14245:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14234:Institutional
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14038:
14037:Public choice
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14012:Participation
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13972:Institutional
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13922:Expeditionary
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13912:Environmental
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13850:
13848:
13844:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13813:
13809:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13791:
13788:
13787:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13739:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13731:
13727:
13723:
13716:
13711:
13709:
13704:
13702:
13697:
13696:
13693:
13685:
13681:
13678:
13675:
13672:
13668:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13647:
13644:
13641:
13634:
13630:
13624:
13617:
13616:
13610:
13598:
13594:
13588:
13584:
13583:
13577:
13576:
13566:
13562:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13550:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13521:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13483:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13450:
13447:
13446:
13445:The Economist
13441:
13437:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13407:
13404:
13401:
13400:
13388:
13385:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13362:
13358:
13357:
13348:
13345:
13344:
13339:
13336:
13332:
13326:
13322:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13285:
13281:
13277:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13259:
13255:
13250:
13249:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13225:
13221:
13220:
13215:
13211:
13207:
13203:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13177:
13173:
13168:
13167:
13148:
13144:
13137:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13080:
13076:
13072:
13065:
13049:
13045:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13013:
13005:
12999:
12995:
12994:
12989:
12983:
12975:
12969:
12965:
12964:
12956:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12906:
12902:
12896:
12885:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12853:
12849:
12843:
12839:
12838:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12824:
12816:
12810:
12806:
12805:
12797:
12786:
12780:
12777:. Routledge.
12776:
12775:
12769:
12765:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12668:
12664:
12656:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12637:
12629:
12625:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12607:
12591:
12587:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12558:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12509:
12498:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12482:
12478:
12466:
12462:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12431:
12427:
12418:, p. 351
12417:
12414:
12402:
12398:
12392:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12371:
12370:
12366:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12313:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12287:: 7843–7848.
12286:
12285:
12279:
12267:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12236:
12235:
12231:
12215:
12211:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12189:
12182:
12166:
12162:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12130:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12103:
12095:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12076:
12068:
12060:
12054:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12041:
12033:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12002:(1): 93–123.
12001:
11997:
11990:
11975:
11971:
11965:
11963:
11961:
11959:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11940:
11934:
11925:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11905:
11897:
11893:
11886:
11878:
11872:
11865:
11864:
11857:
11841:
11834:
11819:
11813:
11809:
11808:
11800:
11784:
11777:
11769:
11763:
11759:
11758:
11753:
11747:
11731:
11730:
11725:
11719:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11685:
11678:
11671:
11666:
11659:
11654:
11638:
11634:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11605:
11597:
11591:
11587:
11586:
11578:
11576:
11559:
11555:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11512:
11505:
11498:
11490:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11466:
11447:
11443:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11402:
11395:
11390:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11341:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11312:
11307:
11306:Ng, Yew-Kwang
11301:
11294:
11289:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11266:
11256:
11253:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11193:
11188:
11172:
11168:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11141:Laffont, J.J.
11136:
11120:
11116:
11115:
11111:
11105:
11089:
11085:
11084:
11080:Kotowitz, Y.
11076:
11060:
11056:
11055:
11047:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11020:
11012:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10987:
10985:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10911:
10907:
10906:
10898:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10869:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10840:
10832:
10831:
10827:
10821:
10813:
10806:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10760:(1): 87–114.
10759:
10755:
10748:
10744:
10743:Gertler, Mark
10740:
10739:Bernanke, Ben
10734:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10709:"Game Theory"
10706:
10700:
10689:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10651:
10635:
10631:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10608:"Uncertainty"
10602:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10467:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10401:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10363:
10362:Coase, Ronald
10357:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10285:
10281:
10275:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10254:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10211:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10200:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10158:
10147:
10141:
10137:
10136:
10130:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10101:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10058:
10057:
10053:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10004:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9955:Krugman, Paul
9950:
9943:
9938:
9922:
9918:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9885:
9866:
9862:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9821:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9798:(1): 99–146.
9797:
9793:
9786:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9623:
9619:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9560:
9554:
9548:
9532:
9528:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9499:
9491:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9465:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9400:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9365:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9332:
9326:
9314:
9310:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9287:"Methodology"
9283:
9282:
9278:
9272:, p. 10.
9271:
9270:Friedman 1953
9266:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9189:
9173:
9169:
9162:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9129:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9078:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9018:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8991:
8971:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8926:
8918:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8853:
8844:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8788:
8779:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8744:
8735:
8719:
8715:
8708:
8699:
8690:
8681:, p. 346
8680:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8611:, p. 347
8610:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8519:
8511:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8450:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8281:
8274:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8208:
8204:
8197:
8196:
8188:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8106:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8063:Roemer, J. E.
8060:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8043:
8035:
8034:
8026:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7966:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7929:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7911:
7903:
7896:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7872:
7867:
7860:
7855:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7783:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7722:(June 1951).
7721:
7715:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7674:
7669:
7661:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7645:
7636:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7609:
7598:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7581:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7542:9782051029391
7538:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7481:, p. 343
7480:
7477:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7421:
7413:
7407:
7403:
7400:(in German).
7399:
7392:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7343:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7304:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7274:0-14-026042-0
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7099:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7005:
6999:, p. 16.
6998:
6993:
6991:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6511:"house") and
6510:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6474:0-14-026042-0
6470:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6438:
6434:
6427:
6421:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6232:
6228:
6226:0-684-86214-X
6222:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5951:0-674-90698-5
5947:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5857:
5853:
5851:0-87014-263-1
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:Health Policy
5720:
5711:
5710:11250/2978306
5706:
5701:
5696:
5693:(24): 13677.
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5659:0-534-37955-9
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5576:0-14-026042-0
5572:
5568:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:Krugman, Paul
5531:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5467:
5463:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5428:macroeconomic
5425:
5421:
5420:externalities
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5379:Nicholas Barr
5377:Compare with
5374:
5367:
5361:
5355:, p. 5)
5354:
5348:
5341:
5335:
5328:
5324:
5323:fixed capital
5318:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:Elinor Ostrom
5149:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5134:Anna Schwartz
5131:
5127:
5126:Joan Robinson
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:energy demand
4896:
4895:energy supply
4892:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:externalities
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:externalities
4848:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:public choice
4816:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4743:human capital
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4696:globalisation
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:microeconomic
4634:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4608:tax incidence
4605:
4604:public sector
4599:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4576:human capital
4573:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4541:human capital
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4471:Fiscal policy
4465:Fiscal policy
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:new Keynesian
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:fiscal policy
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:public sector
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:efficient use
4029:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4017:fiscal policy
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3903:emission fees
3900:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3846:Externalities
3843:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3734:restructuring
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:Risk aversion
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:microeconomic
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:income effect
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:law of demand
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:Demand theory
3356:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3231:agglomeration
3228:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:human capital
3192:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3145:public policy
3142:
3137:
3135:
3132:(also called
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:Along the PPF
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:private goods
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:market system
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:economic data
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:macroeconomic
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:econodynamics
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:Joan Robinson
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
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2300:heterogeneity
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2065:
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2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:organisations
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
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1617:laissez-faire
1612:
1611:circular flow
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1589:
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1583:perspective.
1582:
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1480:This section
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1446:Ha-Joon Chang
1443:
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1337:
1336:microeconomic
1333:
1330:and from the
1329:
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1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
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1287:
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1270:public-policy
1267:
1262:
1258:
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1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1211:Ancient Greek
1206:
1201:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1148:
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1136:
1132:
1131:cybersecurity
1128:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
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1101:
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1007:
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514:
512:
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502:
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497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:de Mandeville
479:
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467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
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421:
419:
416:
414:
410:
409:Public choice
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Participation
382:
380:
377:
375:
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362:
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344:Institutional
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294:Expeditionary
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284:Environmental
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114:International
112:
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90:Branches and
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37:
33:
19:
15495:
15482:
15458:
15446:
15416:
15223:Food studies
15163:Area studies
14916:mathematical
14911:econometrics
14895:
14869:Anthropology
14786:Publications
14742:Publications
14709:
14305:Neoclassical
14295:Mercantilism
14204:Evolutionary
14066:Sociological
14039: /
13937:Geographical
13917:Evolutionary
13892:Digitization
13857:Agricultural
13820:Econometrics
13748:Price theory
13721:
13633:the original
13614:
13601:. Retrieved
13581:
13443:
13425:
13377:
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13320:
13301:
13279:
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13150:. Retrieved
13146:
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13104:
13100:
13087:
13079:the original
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13052:. Retrieved
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12944:the original
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12469:. Retrieved
12442:
12426:
12416:Blaug (2017)
12405:. Retrieved
12378:
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12350:. Retrieved
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11989:
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11973:
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11885:
11862:
11856:
11846:13 September
11844:. Retrieved
11833:
11823:13 September
11821:. Retrieved
11806:
11799:
11789:13 September
11787:. Retrieved
11776:
11756:
11752:Tobin, James
11746:
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11535:
11522:
11511:the original
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11478:
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11450:. Retrieved
11423:
11401:
11394:Blaug (2017)
11389:
11377:. Retrieved
11350:
11340:
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11300:
11293:Blaug (2017)
11288:
11280:the original
11275:
11265:
11244:. Retrieved
11215:
11199:
11187:
11175:. Retrieved
11148:
11135:
11123:. Retrieved
11113:
11104:
11092:. Retrieved
11083:Moral Hazard
11082:
11075:
11063:. Retrieved
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10972:the original
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10721:. Retrieved
10712:
10705:Aumann, R.J.
10699:
10676:
10650:
10638:. Retrieved
10611:
10601:
10589:. Retrieved
10562:
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10530:. Retrieved
10503:
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10065:
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10013:
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9971:
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9937:
9925:. Retrieved
9898:
9894:
9884:
9869:. Retrieved
9842:
9828:Blaug (2017)
9820:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9752:(1): 82–87.
9749:
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9702:
9696:
9687:
9672:. Retrieved
9645:
9626:. Retrieved
9599:
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9535:. Retrieved
9508:
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9231:
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9198:
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9171:
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9128:
9116:. Retrieved
9088:
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9039:. Retrieved
9025:
8998:
8977:. Retrieved
8965:
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8901:
8891:
8879:. Retrieved
8875:www.nber.org
8874:
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8796:
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8778:
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8761:
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8722:. Retrieved
8707:
8698:
8689:
8679:Blaug (2017)
8662:. Retrieved
8632:
8619:
8609:Blaug (2017)
8590:
8580:
8568:. Retrieved
8525:(1): 55–82.
8522:
8516:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8464:
8436:. Retrieved
8409:
8399:
8374:
8371:Econometrica
8370:
8344:. Retrieved
8317:
8307:
8287:
8280:
8268:
8233:
8229:
8214:. Retrieved
8202:
8194:
8187:
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8166:
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8141:. Retrieved
8113:
8097:. Retrieved
8070:
8054:
8047:Smith (1776)
8042:
8032:
8025:
8013:. Retrieved
7986:
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7909:
7902:
7895:Smith (1776)
7890:
7883:Smith (1776)
7878:
7866:
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7830:
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7693:
7680:
7673:Blaug (2017)
7668:
7643:
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7585:
7572:. Retrieved
7563:
7560:"Physiocrat"
7551:
7531:
7524:
7512:. Retrieved
7503:
7499:
7489:
7479:Blaug (2017)
7468:. Retrieved
7459:
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7352:
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7330:. Retrieved
7321:
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7263:
7256:
7243:18 September
7241:. Retrieved
7221:
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7170:huffpost.com
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6420:
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6386:
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6364:. Retrieved
6357:the original
6342:
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6294:
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6247:Sen, Amartya
6235:. Retrieved
6215:
6199:. Retrieved
6179:
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6113:. Retrieved
6093:
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6062:
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6017:
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5940:
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5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5837:
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5760:
5754:
5732:(1): 51–63.
5729:
5725:
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5649:
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5607:
5597:
5588:
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5539:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5514:the original
5509:
5500:
5477:
5466:
5436:
5384:
5373:
5366:Robbins 2007
5360:
5353:Robbins 2007
5347:
5334:
5317:
5184:
5180:Melissa Dell
5176:Emi Nakamura
5156:Esther Duflo
5137:
5117:
5108:
5080:
5069:
5057:central bank
5042:
5030:liberal arts
5022:universities
5019:
5004:Kevin Murphy
4990:
4967:
4964:Georg Simmel
4957:
4946:Georg Simmel
4932:subfield of
4930:sociological
4927:
4885:
4880:
4869:rent-seeking
4855:
4847:Ronald Coase
4839:
4804:
4767:focusing on
4758:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4677:
4646:distribution
4635:
4624:
4601:
4569:
4545:many methods
4522:
4504:
4500:crowding out
4497:
4490:
4482:
4453:, and hence
4424:
4405:
4400:
4384:price system
4379:
4374:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4322:unemployment
4312:Unemployment
4306:Unemployment
4300:
4285:
4277:Robert Lucas
4255:
4228:
4223:
4200:central bank
4194:, including
4189:
4174:
4164:
4150:Unemployment
4112:neoclassical
4097:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4051:labour force
4040:
4030:of players,
4021:
4007:, and price
3994:
3944:
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3844:
3839:Public goods
3837:
3828:
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3806:
3718:contract law
3707:
3703:moral hazard
3680:
3646:, commodity
3638:
3607:
3601:
3563:
3537:
3496:
3484:
3476:Ronald Coase
3468:partnerships
3464:corporations
3459:
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3038:
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2968:public goods
2933:
2893:
2883:
2860:
2852:market power
2845:
2827:to create a
2818:
2754:Amos Tversky
2743:
2726:
2704:
2680:econometrics
2673:
2666:Econometrics
2649:
2643:
2642:'s treatise
2636:mathematical
2629:
2625:quantitative
2624:
2618:
2616:
2569:
2553:neoclassical
2546:
2539:
2505:
2489:econophysics
2458:
2407:human action
2389:
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2315:
2289:
2262:
2260:
2229:Janet Yellen
2218:
2183:Robert Lucas
2176:
2161:
2150:
2135:
2090:Alvin Hansen
2083:
2067:
2061:
2015:
1987:econometrics
1978:
1976:
1953:
1933:
1914:
1907:
1899:
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1829:
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1734:Julian Simon
1716:
1711:
1706:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1596:Mercantilism
1585:
1565:Juan de Lugo
1522:
1518:mercantilism
1493:
1481:
1442:Ronald Coase
1435:
1416:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1249:philosopher
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1208:
1200:
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1089:
1014:
1002:distribution
930:
929:
850:Publications
815:
438:Sociological
411: /
309:Geographical
289:Evolutionary
264:Digitization
229:Agricultural
133:Mathematical
104:Econometrics
51:
36:
15484:Wikiversity
15375:Social work
15263:Linguistics
15188:Criminology
15105:criminology
15088:personality
15046:comparative
15024:Linguistics
15017:private law
14874:archaeology
14580:von Neumann
14349:Supply-side
14334:Physiocracy
14278:Marginalism
13967:Information
13907:Engineering
13887:Development
13882:Demographic
13753:Game theory
13730:Theoretical
13298:Blaug, Mark
13178:(1): 1–37.
12527:(1): 1–44.
12115:: 386–400.
11708:9 September
11643:9 September
11564:17 November
10795:3 September
9405:17 November
9211:24 February
9174:(in German)
9118:13 February
9067:14 February
9041:13 February
8724:22 February
8675:, p. 5
8628:Tarshis, L.
8493:17 November
8367:Hicks, J.R.
8177:24 February
7381:19 November
7332:19 November
7108:"Economics"
7104:Blaug, Mark
6745:Smith, Adam
6681:23 December
6332:Nordhaus WD
6182:(1): 1–12.
6137:Smith, Adam
5920:17 December
5569:. Penguin.
5473:"economics"
5424:public good
5178:(2019) and
5168:Susan Athey
5158:(2019) and
5095:game theory
5076:Nobel Prize
5000:merit goods
4998:, charity,
4992:Gary Becker
4962:(1905) and
4889:is a broad
4718:wage labour
4447:consumption
4028:rationality
4024:micro-based
3956:basic units
3889:public bads
3851:distortions
3730:health care
3565:Game theory
3539:Uncertainty
3530:Game theory
3403:normal good
3372:constraints
2960:consumption
2926:An example
2792:marketplace
2735:experiments
2718:falsifiable
2676:empirically
2620:qualitative
2580:marginalism
2563:such as in
2514:Methodology
2390:Beside the
2102:James Tobin
2094:IS–LM model
2018:individuals
1991:game theory
1815:Das Kapital
1702:equilibrium
1698:competition
1607:Physiocrats
1594:in Europe.
1581:natural-law
1545:philologues
1541:Oeconomicus
1422:preferences
1418:Gary Becker
1232:oikonomikos
1227:οἰκονομικός
1139:engineering
1135:health care
1006:consumption
686:von Neumann
339:Information
279:Engineering
259:Development
254:Demographic
196:Game theory
138:Methodology
15502:Categories
15429:Humanities
15363:historical
15296:psychology
15268:Management
15110:demography
15068:Psychology
15051:philosophy
15012:public law
14943:integrated
14737:Economists
14610:Schumacher
14515:Schumpeter
14485:von Wieser
14405:von Thünen
14365:Economists
14264:Circuitism
14229:Humanistic
14224:Historical
14199:Ecological
14189:Democratic
14162:Chartalism
14152:Behavioral
14115:Mainstream
14076:Statistics
14071:Solidarity
13992:Managerial
13957:Humanistic
13952:Historical
13897:Ecological
13862:Behavioral
13054:23 October
12858:12 October
12471:23 October
12407:19 October
12220:16 October
12171:16 October
11736:5 November
11452:16 October
11379:16 October
11246:16 October
11192:Blaug 2017
11177:16 October
10532:10 October
10489:10 October
10456:10 October
10346:10 October
10290:10 October
10189:10 October
9891:"Scarcity"
9674:23 October
9628:23 October
9537:23 October
9454:23 October
9319:23 October
9255:7 December
9178:29 October
9172:www.diw.de
8881:29 October
8768:29 October
8664:27 October
8438:27 October
8346:27 October
8143:19 October
8099:19 October
7871:Smith 1776
7574:24 October
7514:20 January
7470:24 October
7411:3878811276
7402:Düsseldorf
6910:. Cosimo.
6548:27 October
6431:(Report).
6366:21 October
5816:1020440881
5779:1058341272
5590:engineers.
5510:Lexico.com
5494:required.)
5459:References
5252:Free trade
5091:statistics
5010:Profession
4891:scientific
4877:Historians
4572:revolution
4513:Inequality
4486:output gap
4451:net export
4443:investment
4437:. Via the
4365:See also:
4349:Okun's law
4216:John Hicks
4136:See also:
4116:endogenous
4100:investment
4086:per capita
4084:of output
4077:per capita
3987:, such as
3950:, however
3935:within an
3925:allocation
3921:well-being
3807:The term "
3758:See also:
3742:regulation
3676:regulation
3658:or simply
3585:bargaining
3577:foundation
3555:instrument
3364:rationally
3275:by-product
3211:relatively
3009:technology
2936:production
2879:oligopsony
2833:regulation
2762:heuristics
2598:, and the
2392:mainstream
2373:monetarism
2352:approach.
2290:After the
2147:Monetarism
2141:Monetarism
2126:US economy
2110:investment
2086:John Hicks
2022:households
2001:, and the
1660:Adam Smith
1646:Adam Smith
1624:Adam Smith
1553:scholastic
1406:modelling
1372:analytical
1251:Adam Smith
1238:or state.
1167:philosophy
1143:government
1102:; between
1065:enterprise
1051:, such as
998:production
845:Economists
716:Schumacher
621:Schumpeter
591:von Wieser
511:von Thünen
472:economists
448:Statistics
443:Solidarity
364:Managerial
329:Humanistic
324:Historical
269:Ecological
234:Behavioral
128:Mainstream
15508:Economics
15307:Planning
15286:economics
15203:Education
15100:Sociology
15078:cognitive
15029:semiotics
14980:political
14938:technical
14923:Geography
14896:Economics
14655:Greenspan
14620:Samuelson
14600:Galbraith
14570:Tinbergen
14510:von Mises
14505:Heckscher
14465:Edgeworth
14344:Stockholm
14339:Socialist
14239:Keynesian
14219:Happiness
14179:Classical
14140:Mutualism
14135:Anarchist
14120:Heterodox
14017:Personnel
13977:Knowledge
13942:Happiness
13932:Financial
13902:Education
13877:Democracy
13812:Empirical
13722:Economics
13659:Wikibooks
13415:Economics
13378:Economics
13356:Economics
13238:751033918
13219:Economics
13202:216137286
13180:CiteSeerX
13152:30 August
13126:30 August
13121:251532686
13107:: 17–41.
12596:4 October
12549:222331226
12342:219381371
12024:154993058
11416:Uzawa, H.
11324:0002-8282
10782:155048192
10371:Economica
10247:16 August
10094:16 August
10042:16 August
9993:16 August
9927:4 October
9871:4 October
9472:(1983) .
9344:0002-8282
8979:31 August
8827:1945-7707
8527:CiteSeerX
8406:"Utility"
8260:148506444
8230:Economica
8015:16 August
7844:16 August
7772:26 August
7506:: 78–81.
7122:4 October
7055:148506444
7033:Economica
6928:4 October
6902:(2007) .
6791:4 October
6600:(1888) .
6534:"Economy"
6213:(1999) .
6060:(2007) .
5938:(1991) .
5798:Routledge
5540:Economics
5016:Economist
4954:Max Weber
4950:modernity
4942:Max Weber
4865:socialist
4320:The U.S.
4247:short run
4108:empirical
4009:inflation
3870:deviating
3785:Pollution
3644:insurance
3547:financial
3387:unchanged
3351:commodity
3242:economies
3187:empirical
3126:recession
3121:during a
3066:trade-off
3051:decreases
3047:increases
2948:commodity
2875:monopsony
2722:data sets
2542:(journal)
1896:economics
1809:Karl Marx
1801:Karl Marx
1488:talk page
1388:resources
1282:satirical
1280:. On the
1222:oikonomia
1216:οἰκονομία
1151:education
1069:inflation
1029:economies
1021:economies
931:Economics
761:Greenspan
726:Samuelson
706:Galbraith
676:Tinbergen
616:von Mises
611:Heckscher
571:Edgeworth
389:Personnel
349:Knowledge
314:Happiness
304:Financial
274:Education
249:Democracy
143:Political
109:Heterodox
52:Economics
15448:Category
15316:regional
15311:land use
15146:business
15115:internet
15073:abnormal
14975:military
14965:economic
14955:cultural
14928:physical
14889:physical
14879:cultural
14766:Category
14746:journals
14732:Glossary
14685:Stiglitz
14650:Rothbard
14630:Buchanan
14615:Friedman
14605:Koopmans
14595:Leontief
14575:Robinson
14460:Marshall
14310:Lausanne
14214:Georgism
14209:Feminist
14157:Buddhist
14147:Austrian
14046:Regional
14022:Planning
13997:Monetary
13927:Feminist
13872:Cultural
13867:Business
13680:Archived
13667:Archived
13646:Archived
13597:Archived
13561:Archived
13549:Archived
13537:Archived
13520:Archived
13494:Archived
13482:Archived
13455:Archived
13436:Archived
13418:Archived
13406:Archived
13361:LibriVox
13340:(1927),
13300:(1985).
13278:(2017).
13216:(2010).
13048:Archived
13020:(1987).
12940:17052355
12903:(1974).
12852:Archived
12834:(1998).
12590:Archived
12483:(2007).
12465:Archived
12437:(1987).
12401:Archived
12346:Archived
12266:Archived
12214:Archived
12165:Archived
12137:(1987).
11942:Archived
11726:(1878).
11699:Archived
11637:Archived
11558:Archived
11530:(2008).
11477:(2003).
11446:Archived
11418:(1987).
11373:Archived
11240:Archived
11171:Archived
11143:(1987).
11119:Archived
11088:Archived
11059:Archived
10910:Archived
10881:Archived
10852:Archived
10786:Archived
10717:Archived
10707:(2008).
10667:(2003).
10634:Archived
10585:Archived
10557:(2008).
10526:Archived
10483:Archived
10450:Archived
10408:(1987).
10364:(1937).
10340:Archived
10284:Archived
10241:Archived
10183:Archived
10165:(1993).
10123:27 March
10117:Archived
10088:Archived
10036:Archived
9984:Archived
9921:Archived
9865:Archived
9837:(1987).
9774:11799620
9727:14574401
9668:Archived
9640:(2008).
9622:Archived
9555:(2000).
9531:Archived
9448:Archived
9399:Archived
9313:Archived
9205:Archived
9112:Archived
9061:Archived
9035:Archived
8970:Archived
8899:(2003).
8835:25760267
8718:Archived
8658:Archived
8561:Archived
8549:12020421
8487:Archived
8459:(2008).
8432:Archived
8340:Archived
8252:40268907
8207:Archived
8171:Archived
8137:Archived
8093:Archived
8065:(1987).
8009:Archived
7981:(2008).
7835:Archived
7817:41691663
7763:Archived
7759:36014630
7698:Archived
7688:(2016).
7568:Archived
7508:Archived
7464:Archived
7375:Archived
7326:Archived
7287:Archived
7283:59475581
7237:Archived
7174:Archived
7116:Archived
6946:(1890).
6922:Archived
6850:(1798).
6832:(1849).
6809:(1803).
6785:Archived
6747:(1776).
6731:27648302
6675:Archived
6627:(1879).
6542:Archived
6483:59475581
6437:Archived
6435:. 2011.
6334:(2002).
6307:Archived
6249:(2009).
6231:Archived
6192:Archived
6167:(1969).
6109:Archived
6091:(1983).
6033:Archived
6002:Archived
5980:(1995).
5956:Archived
5914:Archived
5910:13912607
5856:Archived
5746:16139925
5668:44118027
5585:59475581
5520:13 April
5340:Say 1803
5194:See also
5182:(2020).
5174:(2012),
5154:(2009),
5083:calculus
5053:treasury
4627:positive
4251:long run
4214:levels.
4093:converge
4053:growth.
3952:measured
3691:paradigm
3514:optimise
3500:applies
3432:supply.
3271:low-cost
3035:Scarcity
2952:exchange
2863:monopoly
2708:such as
2654:theorems
2602:. Early
2383:and the
2328:and the
2035:decision
1749:relative
1690:industry
1573:interest
1569:monetary
1537:Xenophon
1525:Boeotian
1396:decision
1380:scarcity
1332:societal
1304:(1798).
1292:" as an
1247:Scottish
1175:religion
1171:politics
1159:feminism
1123:business
1104:rational
1019:and how
854:journals
840:Glossary
791:Stiglitz
756:Rothbard
736:Buchanan
721:Friedman
711:Koopmans
701:Leontief
681:Robinson
566:Marshall
470:Notable
418:Regional
394:Planning
369:Monetary
299:Feminist
244:Cultural
239:Business
44:a series
42:Part of
15460:Commons
15291:history
15281:science
15216:studies
14950:History
14862:Primary
14848:History
14843:Outline
14781:Outline
14752:Schools
14744: (
14705:Piketty
14700:Krugman
14565:Kuznets
14555:Kalecki
14530:Polanyi
14420:Cournot
14415:Bastiat
14400:Ricardo
14390:Malthus
14380:Quesnay
14283:Marxian
14174:Chicago
14104:history
14099:Schools
14086:Welfare
14056:Service
13847:Applied
13603:2 March
13164:Sources
12932:1830662
12884:2727881
12710:Bibcode
12628:1808883
11332:2117429
11125:2 March
11094:2 March
11065:2 March
10968:6738765
10960:1879431
10916:2 March
10887:2 March
10858:2 March
10830:Finance
10774:2937820
10723:2 March
10640:2 March
10591:2 March
10392:2626876
9980:1805774
9812:2586936
9754:Bibcode
9735:4305295
9707:Bibcode
9137:: 1–8.
9001:: 1–7.
8570:24 June
8557:1345062
8391:1907242
8216:30 July
7809:1831274
7751:1826433
7704:1 March
7087:3439864
6883:1942728
6303:2564806
6188:1811088
5049:finance
5045:banking
4917:and to
4907:entropy
4773:poverty
4739:capital
4714:markets
4089:between
3947:welfare
3945:social
3937:economy
3909:Welfare
3660:finance
3376:utility
3370:as the
3238:service
3199:capital
3024:economy
2991:capital
2944:outputs
2867:duopoly
2841:service
2837:product
2596:utility
2346:Western
2342:Eastern
1794:Marxist
1601:tariffs
1338:level:
1334:to the
1313:object.
1302:Malthus
1294:epithet
1187:science
1127:finance
1057:capital
1041:savings
1033:markets
992:) is a
860:Schools
852: (
811:Piketty
806:Krugman
671:Kuznets
661:Kalecki
636:Polanyi
526:Cournot
521:Bastiat
506:Ricardo
496:Malthus
486:Quesnay
458:Welfare
428:Service
99:Applied
75:Outline
70:History
15151:public
15093:social
14985:social
14884:social
14690:Thaler
14670:Ostrom
14665:Becker
14660:Sowell
14640:Baumol
14545:Myrdal
14540:Sraffa
14535:Frisch
14525:Knight
14520:Keynes
14495:Fisher
14490:Veblen
14475:Pareto
14455:Menger
14450:George
14445:Jevons
14440:Walras
14430:Gossen
14354:Thermo
14032:Public
14027:Policy
13982:Labour
13947:Health
13625:
13589:
13375:about
13327:
13308:
13286:
13260:
13236:
13226:
13200:
13182:
13119:
13040:
13000:
12970:
12938:
12930:
12882:
12844:
12811:
12781:
12760:
12651:
12626:
12582:
12547:
12541:724810
12539:
12493:
12457:
12393:
12352:6 June
12340:
12330:
12299:
12272:6 June
12258:
12206:
12157:
12090:
12055:
12022:
12014:
11873:
11814:
11764:
11629:
11592:
11550:
11485:
11438:
11365:
11330:
11322:
11232:
11163:
11007:
10966:
10958:
10780:
10772:
10684:
10626:
10577:
10559:"Risk"
10518:
10442:
10390:
10332:
10276:
10233:
10175:
10142:
10080:
10028:
9978:
9913:
9857:
9810:
9772:
9733:
9725:
9698:Nature
9660:
9614:
9571:
9523:
9486:
9440:
9391:
9350:
9342:
9305:
9246:
9149:
9104:
9013:
8940:
8913:
8833:
8825:
8650:
8598:
8555:
8547:
8529:
8479:
8424:
8389:
8332:
8295:
8258:
8250:
8129:
8085:
8001:
7944:
7932:; and
7815:
7807:
7757:
7749:
7656:
7623:
7593:
7539:
7435:
7408:
7367:
7293:3 June
7281:
7271:
7229:
7208:
7147:
7085:
7053:
6977:
6914:
6881:
6777:
6729:
6667:
6573:
6481:
6471:
6446:1 July
6403:
6349:
6316:1 July
6301:
6259:
6237:1 July
6223:
6201:1 July
6186:
6149:
6115:1 July
6101:
6079:1 July
6070:
6039:1 July
6025:
6008:1 July
5962:1 July
5948:
5908:
5865:1 July
5848:
5814:
5804:
5777:
5767:
5744:
5666:
5656:
5631:
5583:
5573:
5546:
5443:
5392:
5097:, and
5063:. See
4996:family
4799:, and
4775:, and
4727:labour
4684:tariff
4563:, and
4557:equity
4477:, and
4459:output
4412:barter
4296:sticky
4279:, and
4148:, and
4057:Growth
4043:growth
4003:, the
3895:Policy
3774:, and
3728:, and
3650:, and
3632:, and
3626:ethics
3597:agents
3532:, and
3472:trusts
3452:, and
3409:Supply
3368:wealth
3355:demand
3279:design
3277:or by
3267:prices
3258:uses.
3203:labour
3191:stocks
3164:, and
3103:inside
3090:choice
2974:, and
2940:inputs
2916:, and
2825:market
2806:Brazil
2682:using
2623:, not
2531:, and
2367:, the
2324:, the
2320:, the
2030:scarce
2024:, and
1870:, and
1575:, and
1563:, and
1529:Hesiod
1424:, and
1392:actors
1376:aspect
1328:wealth
1284:side,
1278:wealth
1189:, and
1155:family
1153:, the
1075:, and
1063:, and
1053:labour
1043:, and
1023:work.
1004:, and
796:Thaler
776:Ostrom
771:Becker
766:Sowell
746:Baumol
651:Myrdal
646:Sraffa
641:Frisch
631:Knight
626:Keynes
601:Fisher
596:Veblen
581:Pareto
561:Menger
556:George
551:Jevons
546:Walras
536:Gossen
404:Public
399:Policy
354:Labour
319:Health
176:Market
15321:urban
15125:urban
15120:rural
14970:human
14933:human
14853:Index
14776:Lists
14771:Index
14722:Lists
14695:Hoppe
14680:Lucas
14645:Solow
14635:Arrow
14625:Simon
14590:Lange
14585:Hicks
14560:Röpke
14550:Hayek
14500:Pigou
14470:Clark
14385:Smith
14300:Mixed
14259:Post-
14081:Urban
14061:Socio
14051:Rural
13619:(PDF)
13198:S2CID
13117:S2CID
13097:(PDF)
12947:(PDF)
12936:S2CID
12928:JSTOR
12908:(PDF)
12880:JSTOR
12624:JSTOR
12545:S2CID
12537:JSTOR
12338:S2CID
12020:S2CID
12012:JSTOR
11979:9 May
11867:(PDF)
11729:Money
11702:(PDF)
11687:(PDF)
11514:(PDF)
11507:(PDF)
11328:JSTOR
10975:(PDF)
10964:S2CID
10956:JSTOR
10936:(PDF)
10789:(PDF)
10778:S2CID
10770:JSTOR
10750:(PDF)
10672:(PDF)
10388:JSTOR
9987:(PDF)
9976:JSTOR
9962:(PDF)
9808:JSTOR
9731:S2CID
9348:JSTOR
8973:(PDF)
8962:(PDF)
8871:(PDF)
8831:JSTOR
8564:(PDF)
8553:S2CID
8513:(PDF)
8387:JSTOR
8256:S2CID
8248:JSTOR
8210:(PDF)
8199:(PDF)
7838:(PDF)
7827:(PDF)
7813:S2CID
7805:JSTOR
7766:(PDF)
7755:S2CID
7747:JSTOR
7727:(PDF)
7083:JSTOR
7051:S2CID
6879:JSTOR
6727:JSTOR
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