780:
research (modernly known as 'analytics') relies upon stochastic variables and a therefore access to truly random numbers. Fortunately, the cybernetics field also required the same level of randomness. The development of increasingly better random number generators has been a boon to both disciplines. Modern applications of operations research includes city planning, football strategies, emergency planning, optimizing all facets of industry and economy, and undoubtedly with the likelihood of the inclusion of terrorist attack planning and definitely counterterrorist attack planning. More recently, the research approach of operations research, which dates back to the 1950s, has been criticized for being collections of mathematical models but lacking an empirical basis of data collection for applications. How to collect data is not presented in the textbooks. Because of the lack of data, there are also no computer applications in the textbooks.
579:
aircraft a long way from the target it had time to alter course under water so the chances of it being within the 20-foot kill zone of the charges was small. It was more efficient to attack those submarines close to the surface when the targets' locations were better known than to attempt their destruction at greater depths when their positions could only be guessed. Before the change of settings from 100 to 25 feet, 1% of submerged U-boats were sunk and 14% damaged. After the change, 7% were sunk and 11% damaged; if submarines were caught on the surface but had time to submerge just before being attacked, the numbers rose to 11% sunk and 15% damaged. Blackett observed "there can be few cases where such a great operational gain had been obtained by such a small and simple change of tactics".
604:
acceptable reduces aircraft performance. Their suggestion to remove some of the crew so that an aircraft loss would result in fewer personnel losses, was also rejected by RAF command. Blackett's team made the logical recommendation that the armor be placed in the areas which were completely untouched by damage in the bombers who returned. They reasoned that the survey was biased, since it only included aircraft that returned to
Britain. The areas untouched in returning aircraft were probably vital areas, which, if hit, would result in the loss of the aircraft. This story has been disputed, with a similar damage assessment study completed in the US by the
530:
4853:
583:
32:
672:
5558:
4865:
4251:
1331:, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, India, Japan and South Africa. For the institutionalization of Operations Research, the foundation of the (IFORS) in 1960 was of decisive importance, which stimulated the foundation of national OR societies in Austria, Switzerland and Germany. IFORS held important international conferences every three years since 1957. The constituent members of IFORS form regional groups, such as that in Europe, the
4263:
5547:
4889:
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4275:
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operations in the grey North
Atlantic skies. Tests showed that aircraft painted white were on average not spotted until they were 20% closer than those painted black. This change indicated that 30% more submarines would be attacked and sunk for the same number of sightings. As a result of these findings Coastal Command changed their aircraft to using white undersurfaces.
219:. Operational researchers faced with a new problem must determine which of these techniques are most appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement, and constraints on time and computing power, or develop a new technique specific to the problem at hand (and, afterwards, to that type of problem).
627:
they could overwhelm the night fighters who flew in individual cells directed to their targets by ground controllers. It was then a matter of calculating the statistical loss from collisions against the statistical loss from night fighters to calculate how close the bombers should fly to minimize RAF
603:
was noted and the recommendation was given that armor be added in the most heavily damaged areas. This recommendation was not adopted because the fact that the aircraft were able to return with these areas damaged indicated the areas were not vital, and adding armor to non-vital areas where damage is
349:
In the decades after the two world wars, the tools of operations research were more widely applied to problems in business, industry, and society. Since that time, operational research has expanded into a field widely used in industries ranging from petrochemicals to airlines, finance, logistics, and
631:
The "exchange rate" ratio of output to input was a characteristic feature of operational research. By comparing the number of flying hours put in by Allied aircraft to the number of U-boat sightings in a given area, it was possible to redistribute aircraft to more productive patrol areas. Comparison
562:
to detect. On the other hand, large convoys could deploy more warships against an attacker. Blackett's staff showed that the losses suffered by convoys depended largely on the number of escort vessels present, rather than the size of the convoy. Their conclusion was that a few large convoys are more
496:
The modern field of operational research arose during World War II. In the World War II era, operational research was defined as "a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control". Other names for it included
1000:
characterized the field of management science as "the business use of operations research". Like operational research itself, management science (MS) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics devoted to optimal decision planning, with strong links with economics, business, engineering,
647:
by increasing the training ratio from 4 to 10 percent of flying hours; revealed that wolf-packs of three United States submarines were the most effective number to enable all members of the pack to engage targets discovered on their individual patrol stations; revealed that glossy enamel paint was
578:
were changed from 100 to 25 feet, the kill ratios would go up. The reason was that if a U-boat saw an aircraft only shortly before it arrived over the target then at 100 feet the charges would do no damage (because the U-boat wouldn't have had time to descend as far as 100 feet), and if it saw the
570:
to hunt and destroy submarines, one of the analysts asked what colour the aircraft were. As most of them were from Bomber
Command they were painted black for night-time operations. At the suggestion of CC-ORS a test was run to see if that was the best colour to camouflage the aircraft for daytime
557:
system to reduce shipping losses, but while the principle of using warships to accompany merchant ships was generally accepted, it was unclear whether it was better for convoys to be small or large. Convoys travel at the speed of the slowest member, so small convoys can travel faster. It was also
767:
gave important impulses for the spread of
Operations Research in Western Europe; NATO headquarters (SHAPE) organised four conferences on OR in the 1950s – the one in 1956 with 120 participants – bringing OR to mainland Europe. Within NATO, OR was also known as "Scientific Advisory" (SA) and was
1028:
to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and meaningful management decisions by arriving at optimal or near-optimal solutions to sometimes complex decision problems. Management scientists help businesses to achieve their goals using the scientific methods of operational research.
1032:
The management scientist's mandate is to use rational, systematic, science-based techniques to inform and improve decisions of all kinds. Of course, the techniques of management science are not restricted to business applications but may be applied to military, medical, public administration,
779:
With the development of computers over the next three decades, Operations
Research can now solve problems with hundreds of thousands of variables and constraints. Moreover, the large volumes of data required for such problems can be stored and manipulated very efficiently." Much of operations
758:
In the 1950s and 1960s, chairs of operations research were established in the U.S. and United
Kingdom (from 1964 in Lancaster) in the management faculties of universities. Further influences from the U.S. on the development of operations research in Western Europe can be traced here. The
2000:
Petropoulos, Fotios; Laporte, Gilbert; Aktas, Emel; Alumur, Sibel A.; Archetti, Claudia; Ayhan, Hayriye; Battarra, Maria; Bennell, Julia A.; Bourjolly, Jean-Marie; Boylan, John E.; Breton, Michèle; Canca, David; Charlin, Laurent; Chen, Bo; Cicek, Cihan Tugrul (27 December 2023).
1496:: Founded in 1975 and is presently by far the largest operational research journal in the world, with its around 9,000 pages of published papers per year. In 2004, its total number of citations was the second largest amongst Operational Research and Management Science journals;
878:
Project production activities: managing the flow of work activities in a capital project in response to system variability through operations research tools for variability reduction and buffer allocation using a combination of allocation of capacity, inventory and
445:" (CH). Initially, Rowe analysed the operating of the radar equipment and its communication networks, expanding later to include the operating personnel's behaviour. This revealed unappreciated limitations of the CH network and allowed remedial action to be taken.
2185:(AORG) that existed from 1946 to 1962. "In January 1962 the name was changed to Army Operational Research Establishment (AORE). Following the creation of a unified Ministry of Defence, a tri-service operational research organisation was established: the
754:
to ORSA, which soon had more than 500 members. In the 1960s, ORSA reached 8000 members. Consulting companies also founded OR groups. In 1953, Abraham
Charnes and William Cooper published the first textbook on Linear Programming.
750:(ORSA) in 1952 and the Institute for Management Science (TIMS) in 1953. Philip Morse, the head of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the Pentagon, became the first president of ORSA and attracted the companies of the
211:. Nearly all of these techniques involve the construction of mathematical models that attempt to describe the system. Because of the computational and statistical nature of most of these fields, OR also has strong ties to
718:
With expanded techniques and growing awareness of the field at the close of the war, operational research was no longer limited to only operational, but was extended to encompass equipment procurement, training,
1915:
A systems analyst who contributes in the area of DSS must be skilled in such areas as management science (synonymous with decision science and operation research), modeling, simulation, and advanced statistics.
759:
authoritative OR textbooks from the U.S. were published in
Germany in German language and in France in French (but not in Italian), such as the book by George Dantzig "Linear Programming"(1963) and the book by
2682:
350:
government, moving to a focus on the development of mathematical models that can be used to analyse and optimize sometimes complex systems, and has become an area of active academic and industrial research.
2186:
772:, the transfer of NATO headquarters from France to Belgium led to the institutionalization of OR in Belgium, where Jacques Drèze founded CORE, the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics at the
2567:
Richard
Vahrenkamp: Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990, in: Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies, vol. 34 (2023), issue 1, pp. 69–91
746:, simulation and production control, which were used primarily in civilian industry. Scientific societies and journals on the subject of operations research were founded in the 1950s, such as the
1340:
1044:
that may prove useful in helping to illuminate management issues and solve managerial problems, as well as designing and developing new and better models of organizational excellence.
723:
and infrastructure. Operations research also grew in many areas other than the military once scientists learned to apply its principles to the civilian sector. The development of the
3569:
Maurice W. Kirby (Operational
Research Society (Great Britain)). Operational Research in War and Peace: The British Experience from the 1930s to 1970, Imperial College Press, 2003.
763:
et al. "Introduction to Operations Research"(1957). The latter was also published in Spanish in 1973, opening at the same time Latin American readers to Operations Research.
1367:
747:
659:, and they followed British forces in the advance across Europe. They analyzed, among other topics, the effectiveness of artillery, aerial bombing and anti-tank shooting.
553:
winners and many other people who went on to be pre-eminent in their fields. They undertook a number of crucial analyses that aided the war effort. Britain introduced the
5607:
1316:
453:
2612:"New Era of Project Delivery – Project as Production System", R. G. Shenoy and T. R. Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp. 13–24
1974:
2720:
2178:
648:
more effective camouflage for night fighters than conventional dull camouflage paint finish, and a smooth paint finish increased airspeed by reducing skin friction.
714:"To examine quantitatively whether the user organization is getting from the operation of its equipment the best attainable contribution to its overall objective."
768:
grouped together in the Advisory Group of Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD). SHAPE and AGARD organized an OR conference in April 1957 in Paris. When
1272:
may not be appropriate or may not suffice. Therefore, during the past 30 years, a number of non-quantified modeling methods have been developed. These include:
3371:
3322:
1332:
636:
laid per ship sunk was common to several campaigns: German mines in British ports, British mines on German routes, and United States mines in Japanese routes.
2199:
2995:
739:
599:. For the survey, Bomber Command inspected all bombers returning from bombing raids over Germany over a particular period. All damage inflicted by German
2286:
2248:
1580:
1336:
2645:
2305:
2267:
1412:
1350:
which provides an introduction to OR and examples of successful applications of OR to industrial problems. This initiative has been adopted by the
2613:
5592:
4313:
3142:
1222:, military branches, and government. The range of problems and issues to which it has contributed insights and solutions is vast. It includes:
402:'s broad gauge. Beginning in the 20th century, study of inventory management could be considered the origin of modern operations research with
42:
773:
1370:(INFORMS) publishes thirteen scholarly journals about operations research, including the top two journals in their class, according to 2005
1512:
422:
brought operational research to bear on problems in physics in the 1920s and would later attempt to extend these to the social sciences.
2231:
504:
close to 1,000 men and women in Britain were engaged in operational research. About 200 operational research scientists worked for the
1229:
Assignment (assigning crew to flights, trains or buses; employees to projects; commitment and dispatch of power generation facilities)
5428:
3664:
426:
139:
problems. Because of its emphasis on practical applications, operations research has overlapped with many other disciplines, notably
4927:
1491:
1286:
2664:
2068:
2483:
1346:
In 2004, the US-based organization INFORMS began an initiative to market the OR profession better, including a website entitled
4231:
2139:
3582:
116:, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve decision-making. The term
1978:
1508:: a quarterly journal devoted to advancing the science of modeling and simulation as it relates to the military and defense.
894:: globalizing operations processes in order to take advantage of cheaper materials, labor, land or other productivity inputs
4676:
3706:
3529:
Robert J. Thierauf & Richard A. Grosse, "Decision Making Through Operations Research", John Wiley & Sons, INC, 1970
2163:"Operational Research in the British Army 1939–1945", October 1947, Report C67/3/4/48, UK National Archives file WO291/1301
1569:
1532:
2724:
1323:
for operational research societies worldwide, representing approximately 50 national societies including those in the US,
4215:
1328:
273:
4821:
4306:
1426:
1232:
Facility location (deciding most appropriate location for new facilities such as warehouses; factories or fire station)
4893:
3574:
1908:
1820:
79:
3326:
2189:(DOAE) which was formed in 1965, and it absorbed the Army Operational Research Establishment based at West Byfleet."
5602:
4357:
4044:
848:
457:
3637:
2206:
816:: for instance, setup of telecommunications or power system networks to maintain quality of service during outages
5612:
5587:
4771:
4279:
2182:
1642:
751:
449:
4869:
4205:
1736:
1122:
838:
796:: identifying those processes in a multiple-dependency project which affect the overall duration of the project
147:(of profit, performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss, risk, or cost). Originating in military efforts before
143:. Operations research is often concerned with determining the extreme values of some real-world objective: the
2998:(2023), "Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990",
4299:
4210:
3657:
2614:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-_Project_as_Production_System
2513:
1805:
1766:
1722:
1433:
20:
3622:
3116:
2375:
2363:
2283:
2245:
222:
The major sub-disciplines (but not limited to) in modern operational research, as identified by the journal
5582:
5119:
4920:
4881:
2642:
2302:
2264:
1405:
1351:
1324:
1055:
Some of the fields that have considerable overlap with Operations Research and Management Science include:
906:
902:
843:
734:
In the 1950s, the term Operations Research was used to describe heterogeneous mathematical methods such as
515:
683:
5597:
5413:
5365:
5053:
4796:
4352:
1751:
1485:
1419:
1265:
910:
534:
3354:
2791:
5075:
5063:
5058:
5048:
4367:
4059:
3911:
2328:
1190:
813:
605:
208:
1873:
5493:
5018:
4969:
4781:
4753:
4390:
2002:
1152:
914:
875:: managing the flow of raw materials and products based on uncertain demand for the finished products
825:
595:
Bomber Command's Operational Research Section (BC-ORS), analyzed a report of a survey carried out by
196:
192:
188:
168:
132:
2603:"Factory Physics for Managers", E. S. Pound, J. H. Bell, and M. L. Spearman, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p 47
2534:
966:
Finding the optimal parameter (weights) setting of an algorithm that generates the realisation of a
5617:
5159:
5028:
4826:
4255:
3650:
3146:
1835:
1795:
1371:
926:
106:
96:
61:
57:
3610:
Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990
769:
514:
worked for several different organizations during the war. Early in the war while working for the
163:
techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such as
5561:
5458:
5453:
5403:
5276:
5154:
4913:
4711:
4701:
4671:
4605:
4340:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1707:
1628:
1269:
1256:
Management is also concerned with so-called soft-operational analysis which concerns methods for
1201:
1060:
872:
549:. Blackett's team at Coastal Command's Operational Research Section (CC-ORS) included two future
522:
rounds needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft from an average of over 20,000 at the start of the
519:
403:
250:
180:
3939:
1047:
The application of these models within the corporate sector became known as management science.
651:
On land, the operational research sections of the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) of the
537:
in standard RAF green/dark earth/black night bomber finish as originally used by Coastal Command
5478:
5438:
5433:
5215:
5186:
5043:
4965:
4809:
4706:
4686:
4681:
4610:
4335:
4267:
3959:
3762:
2140:"operations research (industrial engineering) :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
1771:
1761:
1756:
1623:
1450:
1132:
920:
855:
789:
140:
2448:
Mangel, Marc; Samaniego, Francisco J (1984). "Abraham Wald's Work on Aircraft Survivability".
5423:
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4506:
4491:
4486:
4463:
4345:
4236:
3949:
3819:
2521:
1815:
1472:: jointly published the Belgian, French and Italian Operations Research Societies (Springer);
1320:
1147:
1103:
1093:
979:
960:
600:
465:
461:
410:
in 1913. Operational research may have originated in the efforts of military planners during
399:
330:
308:
289:
237:
53:
574:
Other work by the CC-ORS indicated that on average if the trigger depth of aerial-delivered
5473:
5393:
5325:
5240:
5134:
5070:
4816:
4696:
4691:
4615:
4516:
4099:
4074:
4029:
3877:
3872:
3834:
3809:
2579:"Nominal Science without Data: The Cold War Content of Game Theory and Operations Research"
2578:
1830:
1781:
1746:
1219:
1196:
529:
430:
415:
398:
in 1840, and to studies into the dynamical behaviour of railway vehicles in defence of the
8:
5315:
5164:
5107:
4950:
4831:
4663:
4562:
4496:
4453:
4443:
4423:
3974:
3867:
3612:, in: Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies, vol. 34 (2023), issue 1, pp. 69–91.
3358:
2341:
1825:
1790:
1618:
1608:
1522:
1206:
1037:
1025:
819:
703:
632:
of exchange rates established "effectiveness ratios" useful in planning. The ratio of 60
609:
567:
542:
438:
304:
298:
294:
2552:
2407:
1897:
1506:
Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation (JDMS): Applications, Methodology, Technology
5398:
5344:
5271:
5181:
5139:
5129:
5097:
5092:
5038:
5033:
4857:
4776:
4716:
4648:
4638:
4577:
4552:
4428:
4385:
4380:
4104:
4039:
4019:
4009:
3969:
3954:
3929:
3887:
3882:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3473:
Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability
3011:
2661:
2465:
2121:
2065:
2014:
1712:
1653:
1257:
1166:
1065:
1021:
991:
954:
Determining optimal prices, in many retail and B2B settings, within the disciplines of
934:
833:
728:
656:
652:
596:
434:
395:
363:
338:
334:
317:
284:
258:
176:
124:
117:
5531:
5519:
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5210:
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4501:
4448:
4262:
4169:
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4024:
3994:
3919:
3777:
3772:
3696:
3578:
3570:
3015:
2702:
2487:
2393:
2342:""Numbers are Essential": Victory in the North Atlantic Reconsidered, March–May 1943"
2225:
2113:
2032:
1904:
1687:
1678:
1663:
1658:
1521:; this is the oldest continuously published journal of OR in the world, published by
1476:
1290:
1277:
1137:
1088:
1017:
974:
compositions (classical music) by using weighted local cost and transition cost rules
869:, such as determining the routes of buses so that as few buses are needed as possible
760:
724:
546:
523:
497:
operational analysis (UK Ministry of Defence from 1962) and quantitative management.
367:
325:
204:
159:
Operational research (OR) encompasses the development and the use of a wide range of
144:
1241:
Game Theory (identifying, understanding; developing strategies adopted by companies)
437:. Rowe conceived the idea as a means to analyse and improve the working of the UK's
5483:
5463:
5370:
5320:
5291:
5149:
5114:
5011:
4989:
4786:
4761:
4633:
4481:
4418:
4164:
4034:
3896:
3847:
3829:
3519:
Taha, Hamdy A., "Operations Research: An Introduction", Pearson, 10th Edition, 2016
3321:
3003:
2694:
2457:
2434:
2430:
2105:
2083:
P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1927.
2054:
2024:
1702:
1673:
1613:
1261:
1070:
793:
644:
582:
511:
379:
212:
3638:
Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
2028:
518:(RAE) he set up a team known as the "Circus" which helped to reduce the number of
429:
in the UK in 1937 as the result of an initiative of the station's superintendent,
5551:
5023:
4960:
4726:
4653:
4582:
4375:
4134:
4119:
4094:
4069:
3989:
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3857:
3852:
3767:
3716:
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3598:, History of Mathematics, Vol. 4, Providence, American Mathematical Society, 1990
2668:
2649:
2309:
2290:
2271:
2252:
2072:
1697:
1481:
1176:
1171:
955:
743:
473:
394:'s research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail led to England's
391:
383:
246:
172:
160:
136:
3450:
L. V. Kantorovich, "Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production"
3007:
2698:
888:: automating or integrating robotic systems in human-driven operations processes
5526:
5266:
5225:
5144:
4936:
4804:
4731:
4438:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4149:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4079:
4004:
3999:
3964:
3924:
3892:
3814:
3799:
3731:
3701:
1692:
1648:
1518:
1250:
Telecom & Data Communication Engineering (packet routing; timing; analysis)
1186:
940:
620:
588:
481:
419:
407:
375:
49:
US perspective completely neglected, George Dantzig gets a passing mention only
2064:
M.S. Sodhi, "What about the 'O' in O.R.?" OR/MS Today, December, 2007, p. 12,
710:. In his opening address, Watson-Watt offered a definition of the aims of OR:
5576:
5448:
5348:
5339:
5310:
5296:
5286:
5230:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4592:
4524:
4476:
4174:
4089:
4049:
3934:
3757:
3741:
3539:
3300:
3278:
3256:
3234:
3212:
3190:
3168:
2706:
2624:
2320:
2117:
2036:
1840:
1717:
1668:
997:
891:
861:
807:
803:
799:
624:
477:
387:
359:
242:
200:
1235:
Hydraulics & Piping Engineering (managing flow of water from reservoirs)
151:, its techniques have grown to concern problems in a variety of industries.
5418:
5250:
5245:
4979:
4534:
4529:
4433:
4154:
4054:
3979:
3633:
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
3589:
History of Mathematical Programming: A Collection of Personal Reminiscences
1281:
1127:
1079:
967:
633:
613:
575:
541:
In 1941, Blackett moved from the RAE to the Navy, after first working with
505:
501:
321:
184:
148:
4291:
2817:
1573:, the official journal of the Production and Operations Management Society
623:, it was realized by the British that if the RAF bombers were to fly in a
5443:
5355:
5235:
5087:
5001:
4736:
4400:
4323:
4144:
4139:
4129:
4064:
3804:
3691:
3330:
1903:, West series in data processing and information systems, West Pub. Co.,
1157:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1075:
735:
550:
469:
411:
371:
278:
268:
1218:
Applications are abundant such as in airlines, manufacturing companies,
671:
5203:
4955:
4721:
4600:
4395:
4159:
4014:
3471:
H. W. Kuhn, A. W. Tucker, "Nonlinear Programming," pp. 481–492 in
2818:"Société française de Recherche Opérationnelle et d'Aide à la Décision"
2683:"A bibliometric analysis of operations research and management science"
2469:
2125:
1502:: published and sponsored by the Canadian Operational Research Society;
1181:
1161:
885:
442:
263:
164:
128:
110:
2512:
Milkman, Raymond H. (May 1968). "Operation Research in World War II".
2421:
Wallis, W. Allen (1980). "The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945".
2165:
Quoted on the dust-jacket of: Morse, Philip M, and Kimball, George E,
135:, operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to
5514:
5281:
5198:
5193:
5006:
3824:
3711:
3596:
Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II
1952:
1930:
1845:
1603:
1142:
1118:
720:
485:
312:
216:
3491:
Charles C. Holt, Franco Modigliani, John F. Muth, Herbert A. Simon,
3479:
Search and Screening: General Principles and Historical Applications
2461:
2109:
802:: designing the layout of equipment in a factory or components on a
16:
Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
5306:
5301:
5176:
4625:
4544:
4471:
3459:
Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs
3410:
Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming
2169:, 1st edition revised, MIT Press & J Wiley, 5th printing, 1954.
2019:
1741:
1565:, the official journal of the Brazilian Operations Research Society
1341:
Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference
1083:
1013:
1009:
3642:
3557:
An Annotated Timeline of Operations Research: An Informal History
3094:
978:
Operational research is also used extensively in government where
5360:
5259:
5171:
4905:
4410:
3120:
2051:
Pascal's and Huygens's game-theoretic foundations for probability
1041:
1006:
1002:
971:
898:
866:
3509:, Cambridge, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1961
1553:: official journal of the Operational Research Society of India;
5546:
5335:
3681:
3464:
H. W. Kuhn, "The Hungarian Method for the Assignment Problem,"
1335:(EURO). Other important operational research organizations are
1247:
Computer Network Engineering (packet routing; timing; analysis)
707:
559:
554:
123:
Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences, such as
3028:
1559:: a quarterly journal of The OR Society published by Palgrave;
5220:
5102:
5082:
3603:
O. R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-boat
1999:
1368:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1036:
Management science is concerned with developing and applying
3587:
J. K. Lenstra, A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan, A. Schrijver (editors)
484:) looked for ways to make better decisions in such areas as
5377:
3050:
2973:
2907:
2629:
Management Science: The Business Use of Operations Research
1268:. In dealing with these sorts of challenges, mathematical
764:
640:
3632:
3628:
International Federation of Operational Research Societies
3351:
2929:
2795:
2769:
2096:
Zuckerman, Solly (1964). "In the Beginning -- And Later".
1317:
International Federation of Operational Research Societies
3422:
C. West Churchman, Russell L. Ackoff & E. L. Arnoff,
3412:, Volumes I and II, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1961
3072:
2885:
2671:
The University of Tennessee, 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
1467:
1238:
Health Services (information and supply chain management)
1033:
charitable groups, political groups or community groups.
3627:
3564:
Profiles in Operations Research: Pioneers and Innovators
2746:
1462:
These are listed in alphabetical order of their titles.
770:
France withdrew from the NATO military command structure
738:, dynamic programming, linear programming, warehousing,
639:
Operational research doubled the on-target bomb rate of
3323:
The Society for Modeling & Simulation International
1899:
Systems analysis for computer-based information systems
1539:
Omega - The International Journal of Management Science
366:
solved problems involving sometimes complex decisions (
301:
specially for 0-1 integer linear programming for binary
2951:
2840:
1333:
Association of European Operational Research Societies
682: with: a link to future research. You can help by
3502:, New York, MIT Press and John Wiley & Sons, 1951
2863:
558:
argued that small convoys would be harder for German
2066:
http://www.lionhrtpub.com/orms/orms-12-07/frqed.html
566:
While performing an analysis of the methods used by
2687:
Omega - International Journal of Management Science
2511:
3415:Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper, A. Henderson,
2994:
2652:Lancaster University, 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
2554:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
1896:
1581:Spanish Statistics and Operations Research Society
1337:Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization
5608:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
3562:Saul I. Gass (Editor), Arjang A. Assad (Editor),
2387:
2157:
1413:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
882:Efficient messaging and customer response tactics
619:When Germany organized its air defences into the
5574:
3522:Frederick S. Hillier & Gerald J. Lieberman,
3493:Planning Production, Inventories, and Work Force
2003:"Operational Research: methods and applications"
2484:"RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary"
2450:Journal of the American Statistical Association
2447:
2423:Journal of the American Statistical Association
901:transportation and delivery systems (Examples:
228:The Journal of the Operational Research Society
109:: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the
3545:, Moscow: Soviet Radio Publishing House, 1964.
3486:Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation
3345:
2507:
2505:
425:Modern operational research originated at the
4921:
4307:
3658:
3559:. New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
3440:, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1962
3433:, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963
3405:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1957
3395:
2390:Dirty Little Secrets of the Twentieth Century
1977:. INFORMS.org. 2 January 2009. Archived from
39:The examples and perspective in this article
3526:, McGraw-Hill: Boston MA; 10th Edition, 2014
3002:, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 69–91,
2091:
2089:
1226:Scheduling (of airlines, trains, buses etc.)
448:Scientists in the United Kingdom (including
4321:
3495:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1960
2767:
2546:
2544:
2502:
2172:
2007:Journal of the Operational Research Society
1513:Journal of the Operational Research Society
1470:-A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research
951:Blending of raw materials in oil refineries
946:Sports events and their television coverage
4928:
4914:
4314:
4300:
3665:
3651:
2680:
2576:
2187:Defence Operational Research Establishment
1925:
1923:
3000:Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies
2095:
2086:
2018:
1305:
963:: Cutting small items out of bigger ones.
939:Network data traffic: these are known as
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2541:
2179:UK National Archives Catalogue for WO291
1894:
1492:European Journal of Operational Research
1354:in the UK, including a website entitled
581:
545:, in 1941 and then early in 1942 to the
528:
460:, (later Baron Zuckerman OM, KCB, FRS),
3536:, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1969
3488:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1951
3461:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
3436:Lester K. Ford, Jr., D. Ray Fulkerson,
3419:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1953
2181:lists a War Office organisation called
1920:
1276:stakeholder based approaches including
386:, solved these types of problems using
5575:
2681:Merigó, José M; Yang, Jian-Bo (2017).
2420:
2408:"Examine your assumptions – LessWrong"
2230:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1361:
255:Policy modeling and public sector work
234:Computing and information technologies
5593:Mathematical optimization in business
4909:
4295:
3646:
3417:An Introduction to Linear Programming
2768:Leszczynski, Mary (8 November 2011).
2638:
2636:
2314:
985:
783:
748:Operation Research Society of America
662:
353:
4876:
4274:
3513:
3505:Robert O. Schlaifer, Howard Raiffa,
3498:Philip M. Morse, George E. Kimball,
3408:Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper,
2838:
1592:
1570:Production and Operations Management
1533:Military Operations Research Society
666:
358:In the 17th century, mathematicians
25:
4888:
4216:Systems theory in political science
3672:
3543:Introduction to Operations Research
3524:Introduction to Operations Research
3507:Applied Statistical Decision Theory
3426:, New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1957
3424:Introduction to Operations Research
3235:"INFORMS Transactions on Education"
2861:
2655:
702:In 1947, under the auspices of the
491:
274:Transportation theory (mathematics)
120:is occasionally used as a synonym.
13:
5484:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
4935:
3466:Naval Research Logistics Quarterly
3390:
2633:
1529:Military Operations Research (MOR)
1427:Mathematics of Operations Research
14:
5629:
3616:
3534:Principles of Operations Research
3431:Linear Programming and Extensions
2329:A Failure of Intelligence: Part I
1821:Search-based software engineering
1457:
1394:INFORMS Transactions on Education
1050:
563:defensible than many small ones.
5557:
5556:
5545:
4887:
4875:
4864:
4863:
4851:
4273:
4261:
4250:
4249:
3481:, New York, Pergamon Press, 1980
3119:. Learn about OR. Archived from
2551:"1.2 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE".
2344:. Familyheritage.ca. 24 May 1943
849:Weapon target assignment problem
670:
30:
4772:Computational complexity theory
3555:Saul I. Gass, Arjang A. Assad,
3364:
3315:
3293:
3271:
3249:
3227:
3205:
3183:
3161:
3135:
3109:
3087:
3065:
3043:
3021:
2988:
2966:
2944:
2922:
2900:
2878:
2855:
2832:
2810:
2784:
2761:
2739:
2713:
2674:
2618:
2606:
2597:
2570:
2561:
2476:
2441:
2414:
2400:
2381:
2368:
2356:
2334:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2192:
2183:Army Operational Research Group
2132:
1213:
706:, a symposium was organized in
4206:Systems theory in anthropology
3500:Methods of Operations Research
3484:Tjalling C. Koopmans, editor,
3213:"INFORMS Journal on Computing"
3191:"Information Systems Research"
2794:. Orsoc.org.uk. Archived from
2435:10.1080/01621459.1980.10477469
2077:
2058:
2043:
1993:
1967:
1953:"Operations Research Analysts"
1945:
1888:
1866:
1767:Geographic information systems
1737:Behavioral operations research
1579:: the official journal of the
1123:Geographic information science
839:Generalized assignment problem
810:time (therefore reducing cost)
452:(later Lord Blackett OM PRS),
19:For the academic journal, see
1:
4211:Systems theory in archaeology
3605:, London, Elek Science, 1973.
3457:Ralph Keeney, Howard Raiffa,
3145:. Informs.org. Archived from
2514:United States Naval Institute
2167:Methods of Operation Research
2029:10.1080/01605682.2023.2253852
1859:
1806:Project production management
774:Catholic University of Leuven
612:, the result of work done by
480:), and in the United States (
21:Operations Research (journal)
3623:What is Operations Research?
3549:
3447:, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1961
2577:Vahrenkamp, Richard (2019).
2486:. Raf.mod.uk. Archived from
1389:INFORMS Journal on Computing
1384:Information Systems Research
1352:Operational Research Society
1310:
907:intermodal freight transport
844:Quadratic assignment problem
516:Royal Aircraft Establishment
100:
7:
5429:Civil engineering economics
5414:Statistical decision theory
5054:Income elasticity of demand
3008:10.5771/0935-9915-2023-1-69
2699:10.1016/j.omega.2016.12.004
2662:What is Management Science?
2643:What is Management Science?
2586:Real World Economics Review
1895:Wetherbe, James C. (1979),
1752:Business process management
1587:
1545:Operations Research Letters
1486:Decision Sciences Institute
1266:problem structuring methods
911:travelling salesman problem
752:military-industrial complex
154:
56:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5634:
5064:Price elasticity of supply
5059:Price elasticity of demand
5049:Cross elasticity of demand
4822:Films about mathematicians
3396:Classic books and articles
2976:. ORSSA. 23 September 2011
2388:James F. Dunnigan (1999).
1598:Operations research topics
1191:Transportation forecasting
989:
606:Statistical Research Group
344:
209:analytic hierarchy process
18:
5540:
5507:
5386:
4943:
4845:
4795:
4752:
4662:
4624:
4591:
4543:
4515:
4462:
4409:
4391:Philosophy of mathematics
4366:
4331:
4245:
4224:
4198:
3910:
3843:
3795:
3786:
3750:
3707:Coupled human–environment
3680:
3329:. Scs.org. Archived from
2648:14 September 2008 at the
1517:: an official journal of
1153:Mathematical optimization
915:driver scheduling problem
897:Transportation: managing
193:ordinal priority approach
189:data envelopment analysis
181:Markov decision processes
169:mathematical optimization
47:. The specific issue is:
5120:Income–consumption curve
4827:Recreational mathematics
3540:Wentzel (Ventsel), E. S.
1836:Supply chain engineering
1796:Operational level of war
1396:(an open access journal)
1372:Journal Citation Reports
488:and training schedules.
427:Bawdsey Research Station
107:Air Force Specialty Code
5603:Engineering disciplines
5454:Industrial organization
4712:Mathematical statistics
4702:Mathematical psychology
4672:Engineering mathematics
4606:Algebraic number theory
4040:Charles A. S. Hall
3097:. The Science of Better
3095:"The Science of Better"
2667:7 December 2008 at the
1811:Reliability engineering
1801:Power system simulation
1777:Industrial organization
1708:Frederick W. Lanchester
1629:Artificial intelligence
1270:modeling and simulation
1202:Supply chain management
1061:Artificial Intelligence
873:Supply chain management
643:bombing Japan from the
520:anti-aircraft artillery
404:economic order quantity
388:combinatorial reasoning
251:supply chain management
5613:Mathematical economics
5588:Industrial engineering
4858:Mathematics portal
4707:Mathematical sociology
4687:Mathematical economics
4682:Mathematical chemistry
4611:Analytic number theory
4492:Differential equations
3960:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3279:"Organization Science"
2888:. ASOR. 1 January 1972
2529:Cite journal requires
2289:2 October 2013 at the
2270:27 August 2013 at the
2251:27 August 2013 at the
1975:"OR / Pubs / IOL Home"
1772:Industrial engineering
1762:Engineering management
1757:Database normalization
1643:Operations researchers
1637:Operations researchers
1624:Real options valuation
1451:Transportation Science
1306:Societies and journals
1287:morphological analysis
1133:Industrial engineering
858:: looking for a target
856:Bayesian search theory
790:Critical path analysis
592:
538:
396:universal "Penny Post"
141:industrial engineering
5424:Engineering economics
5019:Cost–benefit analysis
4837:Mathematics education
4767:Theory of computation
4487:Hypercomplex analysis
4237:Principia Cybernetica
3950:Anthony Stafford Beer
3820:Sociotechnical system
3594:Charles W. McArthur,
3591:, North-Holland, 1991
3357:24 April 2006 at the
2325:MIT Technology Review
2308:27 March 2014 at the
1816:Scientific management
1348:The Science of Better
1321:umbrella organization
1289:and various forms of
1220:service organizations
1148:Mathematical modeling
1104:Financial engineering
1094:Decision intelligence
1022:mathematical modeling
980:evidence-based policy
961:Cutting stock problem
830:Assignment Problems:
655:(MoS) were landed in
585:
532:
466:Owen Wansbrough-Jones
331:Quadratic programming
309:Aerospace engineering
290:Nonlinear programming
238:Financial engineering
5241:Price discrimination
5135:Intertemporal choice
4817:Informal mathematics
4697:Mathematical physics
4692:Mathematical finance
4677:Mathematical biology
4616:Diophantine geometry
4100:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4075:Edward Norton Lorenz
4030:Jay Wright Forrester
3835:World-systems theory
3810:Earth system science
3608:Richard Vahrenkamp:
2727:on 29 September 2017
2071:14 July 2009 at the
1831:Strategic management
1782:Managerial economics
1747:Business engineering
1563:Pesquisa Operacional
1523:Taylor & Francis
1440:Organization Science
1197:Stochastic processes
1026:numerical algorithms
943:or queueing systems.
814:Network optimization
441:system, code-named "
102:operational research
62:create a new article
54:improve this article
41:may not represent a
5583:Operations research
5552:Business portal
5489:Operations research
5316:Substitution effect
4832:Mathematics and art
4742:Operations research
4497:Functional analysis
3975:Kenneth E. Boulding
3445:Industrial Dynamics
3429:George B. Dantzig,
3403:Dynamic Programming
3359:Library of Congress
3169:"Decision Analysis"
3123:on 15 November 2011
2396:. pp. 215–217.
2327:(1 November 2006) "
2049:Shafer, G. (2018).
1826:Simulation modeling
1791:Military simulation
1619:Optimal maintenance
1609:Dynamic programming
1531:: published by the
1434:Operations Research
1362:Journals of INFORMS
1327:, France, Germany,
1301:robustness analysis
1207:Systems engineering
1012:-based principles,
931:Manufacturing steps
820:Resource allocation
704:British Association
610:Columbia University
568:RAF Coastal Command
543:RAF Coastal Command
439:early-warning radar
414:(convoy theory and
305:Dynamic programming
299:NP-complete problem
295:Integer programming
224:Operations Research
185:econometric methods
93:Operations research
5598:Applied statistics
5130:Indifference curve
5098:Goods and services
5039:Economies of scope
5034:Economies of scale
4777:Numerical analysis
4386:Mathematical logic
4381:Information theory
4105:James Grier Miller
4060:Faina M. Kirillova
4020:Heinz von Foerster
4010:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3970:Alexander Bogdanov
3955:Richard E. Bellman
3930:William Ross Ashby
3601:C. H. Waddington,
3532:Harvey M. Wagner,
3468:, 1–2, 1955, 83–97
3454:, 4, 1960, 266–422
3452:Management Science
3443:Jay W. Forrester,
3143:"INFORMS Journals"
2996:Richard Vahrenkamp
2490:on 5 November 2011
1713:Thomas L. Magnanti
1654:Leonid Kantorovich
1604:Black box analysis
1406:Management Science
1291:influence diagrams
1258:strategic planning
1167:Project management
1066:Business analytics
1018:analytical methods
1005:. It uses various
992:Management science
986:Management science
927:Personnel staffing
834:Assignment problem
784:Problems addressed
740:spare parts theory
729:linear programming
663:After World War II
653:Ministry of Supply
597:RAF Bomber Command
593:
539:
526:to 4,000 in 1941.
435:Robert Watson-Watt
378:; others, such as
364:Christiaan Huygens
354:Historical origins
339:Quadratic function
335:Quadratic equation
318:Information theory
285:Linear programming
259:Revenue management
177:stochastic-process
118:management science
5570:
5569:
5532:Political economy
5331:Supply and demand
5211:Pareto efficiency
4903:
4902:
4502:Harmonic analysis
4289:
4288:
4170:Manuela M. Veloso
4085:Humberto Maturana
4025:Stephanie Forrest
3995:C. West Churchman
3920:Russell L. Ackoff
3906:
3905:
3778:Positive feedback
3773:Negative feedback
3583:978-1-86094-366-9
3514:Classic textbooks
3438:Flows in Networks
3333:on 23 August 2009
3301:"Service Science"
3031:. Euro-online.org
2394:Harper Paperbacks
2212:on 12 August 2011
1856:
1855:
1688:William W. Cooper
1679:C. West Churchman
1664:Russell L. Ackoff
1659:Tjalling Koopmans
1484:on behalf of the
1477:Decision Sciences
1420:Marketing Science
1379:Decision Analysis
1295:cognitive mapping
1278:metagame analysis
1138:Inventory control
1089:Decision analysis
1024:, statistics and
826:Facility location
761:C. West Churchman
725:simplex algorithm
700:
699:
524:Battle of Britain
416:Lanchester's laws
368:problem of points
333:for solutions of
326:Quantum computing
269:Stochastic models
205:decision analysis
90:
89:
82:
64:, as appropriate.
5625:
5560:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5292:Returns to scale
5150:Market structure
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4878:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4787:Computer algebra
4762:Computer science
4482:Complex analysis
4316:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4165:Francisco Varela
3897:Systems thinking
3830:Urban metabolism
3793:
3792:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3566:. Springer, 2011
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3117:"Learn about OR"
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2798:on 24 April 2006
2792:"The OR Society"
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2723:. Archived from
2717:
2711:
2710:
2678:
2672:
2659:
2653:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2429:(370): 320–330.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2318:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2274:
2261:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2205:. Archived from
2204:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1703:Ramayya Krishnan
1674:Alfred Blumstein
1614:Inventory theory
1593:
1298:strategic choice
1262:decision support
1071:Computer science
794:project planning
695:
692:
674:
667:
657:Normandy in 1944
645:Marianas Islands
512:Patrick Blackett
502:Second World War
492:Second World War
462:C. H. Waddington
450:Patrick Blackett
380:Pierre de Fermat
247:service sciences
213:computer science
104:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
34:
33:
26:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5618:Decision-making
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5544:
5536:
5503:
5382:
5024:Deadweight loss
4961:Consumer choice
4939:
4934:
4904:
4899:
4850:
4841:
4791:
4748:
4727:Systems science
4658:
4654:Homotopy theory
4620:
4587:
4539:
4511:
4458:
4405:
4376:Category theory
4362:
4327:
4320:
4290:
4285:
4241:
4220:
4194:
4135:Anatol Rapoport
4120:Talcott Parsons
4095:Donella Meadows
4070:Allenna Leonard
3990:Mary Cartwright
3985:Kathleen Carley
3945:Gregory Bateson
3940:Béla H. Bánáthy
3902:
3839:
3788:
3782:
3768:Limiting factor
3763:Leverage points
3746:
3684:
3676:
3674:Systems science
3671:
3619:
3552:
3516:
3477:B. O. Koopman,
3401:R. E. Bellman,
3398:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3388:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3149:on 9 March 2010
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2679:
2675:
2669:Wayback Machine
2660:
2656:
2650:Wayback Machine
2641:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2462:10.2307/2288257
2446:
2442:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2310:Wayback Machine
2300:
2296:
2291:Wayback Machine
2281:
2277:
2272:Wayback Machine
2262:
2258:
2253:Wayback Machine
2243:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:"Archived copy"
2198:
2197:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2110:10.2307/3007115
2094:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:Wayback Machine
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1874:"What is O.R.?"
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1698:Richard M. Karp
1590:
1482:Wiley-Blackwell
1460:
1445:Service Science
1364:
1313:
1308:
1216:
1211:
1177:Queueing theory
1172:Policy analysis
1053:
994:
988:
956:pricing science
941:queueing models
786:
696:
690:
687:
680:needs expansion
665:
494:
474:Jacob Bronowski
458:Solly Zuckerman
392:Charles Babbage
384:Jacob Bernoulli
376:expected values
356:
347:
197:neural networks
173:queueing theory
161:problem-solving
157:
137:decision-making
97:British English
86:
75:
69:
66:
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5554:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5527:Macroeconomics
5524:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5342:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:Price controls
5218:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5147:
5145:Market failure
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:Microeconomics
4933:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4805:Mathematicians
4801:
4799:
4797:Related topics
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Control theory
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4507:Measure theory
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4190:Anthony Wilden
4187:
4185:Jennifer Wilby
4182:
4180:Norbert Wiener
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Claude Shannon
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Ilya Prigogine
4122:
4117:
4115:Howard T. Odum
4112:
4110:Radhika Nagpal
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Niklas Luhmann
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:George Dantzig
4002:
4000:Manfred Clynes
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Margaret Boden
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Victor Aladjev
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Living systems
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Control theory
3796:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3617:External links
3615:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3567:
3560:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3374:. Springer.com
3363:
3352:The OR Society
3344:
3314:
3292:
3270:
3248:
3226:
3204:
3182:
3160:
3134:
3108:
3086:
3064:
3053:. Sisostds.org
3042:
3020:
2987:
2965:
2943:
2921:
2899:
2877:
2854:
2831:
2809:
2783:
2760:
2738:
2712:
2673:
2654:
2632:
2617:
2605:
2596:
2569:
2560:
2540:
2531:|journal=
2501:
2475:
2440:
2413:
2399:
2380:
2367:
2355:
2333:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2237:
2191:
2171:
2156:
2144:Britannica.com
2131:
2104:(4): 287–292.
2085:
2076:
2057:
2042:
2013:(3): 423–617.
1992:
1981:on 27 May 2009
1966:
1944:
1919:
1909:
1887:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
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1838:
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1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:Related fields
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Robert Dorfman
1690:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:George Dantzig
1646:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1519:The OR Society
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1473:
1459:
1458:Other journals
1456:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1363:
1360:
1356:Learn About OR
1319:(IFORS) is an
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1252:
1251:
1248:
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1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:Social network
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1051:Related fields
1049:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
976:
975:
964:
958:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
937:
932:
929:
918:
895:
889:
883:
880:
876:
870:
864:
862:Optimal search
859:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
828:
823:
817:
811:
797:
785:
782:
716:
715:
698:
697:
677:
675:
664:
661:
621:Kammhuber Line
589:Kammhuber Line
493:
490:
482:George Dantzig
420:Percy Bridgman
408:Ford W. Harris
372:game-theoretic
355:
352:
346:
343:
342:
341:
328:
315:
302:
292:
287:
282:
281:for strategies
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
253:
240:
235:
201:expert systems
156:
153:
88:
87:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5630:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Institutional
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Computational
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5349:Law of supply
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Law of demand
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Social choice
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Excess supply
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Risk aversion
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Price ceiling
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5187:Complementary
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
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4992:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:non-convexity
4967:
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4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
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4754:Computational
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4593:Number theory
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4525:Combinatorics
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4477:Real analysis
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4225:Organizations
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4175:Kevin Warwick
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4090:Margaret Mead
4088:
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4050:Lydia Kavraki
4048:
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4035:Barbara Grosz
4033:
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3935:Ruzena Bajcsy
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3758:Doubling time
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3575:1-86094-366-7
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3361:Web Archives;
3360:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3303:. Informs.org
3302:
3296:
3281:. Informs.org
3280:
3274:
3259:. Informs.org
3258:
3252:
3237:. Informs.org
3236:
3230:
3215:. Informs.org
3214:
3208:
3193:. Informs.org
3192:
3186:
3171:. Informs.org
3170:
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3144:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3096:
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3029:"EURO (EURO)"
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2625:Stafford Beer
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2326:
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2321:Freeman Dyson
2317:
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2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1910:9780829902280
1906:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1876:. INFORMS.org
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1841:System safety
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1723:Peter Whittle
1721:
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1718:Alvin E. Roth
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1669:Stafford Beer
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1500:INFOR Journal
1498:
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998:Stafford Beer
993:
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969:
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935:Project tasks
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912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:
892:Globalization
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871:
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832:
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824:
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818:
815:
812:
809:
808:manufacturing
805:
804:computer chip
801:
800:Floorplanning
798:
795:
791:
788:
787:
781:
777:
775:
771:
766:
762:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
731:was in 1947.
730:
726:
722:
713:
712:
711:
709:
705:
694:
685:
681:
678:This section
676:
673:
669:
668:
660:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
637:
635:
629:
626:
625:bomber stream
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
591:
590:
584:
580:
577:
576:depth charges
572:
569:
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556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
498:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:Freeman Dyson
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:developed by
405:
401:
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393:
389:
385:
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369:
365:
361:
360:Blaise Pascal
351:
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243:Manufacturing
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70:December 2020
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
44:
37:
28:
27:
22:
5494:Optimization
5488:
5479:Mathematical
5439:Experimental
5434:Evolutionary
5419:Econometrics
5277:Public goods
5251:Price system
5246:Price signal
5160:Monopolistic
5029:Distribution
4944:Major topics
4892:
4880:
4868:
4849:
4782:Optimization
4741:
4644:Differential
4568:Differential
4535:Order theory
4530:Graph theory
4434:Group theory
4278:
4266:
4254:
4199:Applications
4155:Katia Sycara
4055:James J. Kay
4045:Mike Jackson
3980:Murray Bowen
3878:Pharmacology
3873:Neuroscience
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3563:
3556:
3542:
3533:
3523:
3506:
3499:
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3485:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3376:. Retrieved
3366:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3331:the original
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:"Interfaces"
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:the original
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3023:
2999:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:the original
2715:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2657:
2628:
2620:
2608:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2563:
2553:
2522:cite journal
2516:Proceedings.
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2478:
2456:(386): 259.
2453:
2449:
2443:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2336:
2324:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2259:
2240:
2214:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2194:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2101:
2097:
2079:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:"What is OR"
1914:
1898:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1868:
1850:
1576:
1568:
1562:
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1550:
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1383:
1378:
1374:. They are:
1365:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1314:
1282:drama theory
1260:, strategic
1255:
1253:
1244:Urban Design
1217:
1214:Applications
1128:Graph theory
1080:Data science
1054:
1046:
1035:
1031:
995:
977:
968:figured bass
903:LTL shipping
778:
757:
744:queue theory
733:
717:
701:
688:
684:adding to it
679:
650:
638:
630:
618:
614:Abraham Wald
601:air defenses
594:
587:
573:
565:
540:
510:
506:British Army
499:
495:
454:Cecil Gordon
447:
424:
357:
348:
322:Cryptography
227:
223:
221:
158:
149:World War II
133:optimization
122:
113:
101:
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
40:
5444:Game theory
5409:Development
5356:Uncertainty
5236:Price floor
5216:Preferences
5155:Competition
5125:Information
5088:Externality
5071:Equilibrium
5012:Transaction
4990:Opportunity
4951:Aggregation
4894:WikiProject
4737:Game theory
4717:Probability
4454:Homological
4444:Multilinear
4424:Commutative
4401:Type theory
4368:Foundations
4324:mathematics
4145:Peter Senge
4140:John Seddon
4130:Qian Xuesen
4065:George Klir
3868:Engineering
3805:Cybernetics
3787:Theoretical
3737:Recommender
3727:Multi-agent
3722:Information
3378:13 November
3337:13 November
3153:13 November
3127:13 November
3101:13 November
3079:13 November
3057:13 November
3035:13 November
2980:13 November
2958:13 November
2936:13 November
2914:13 November
2892:13 November
2870:13 November
2824:13 November
2802:13 November
2776:13 November
2753:13 November
2494:13 November
2376:pp. 102,103
2348:13 November
2149:13 November
1985:13 November
1937:13 November
1339:(SISO) and
1158:Probability
1114:Game theory
1109:Forecasting
1099:Engineering
1076:Data mining
736:game theory
551:Nobel prize
500:During the
470:Frank Yates
412:World War I
370:) by using
279:Game theory
5577:Categories
5474:Managerial
5394:Behavioral
5267:Production
5204:Oligopsony
5044:Elasticity
4956:Budget set
4722:Statistics
4601:Arithmetic
4563:Arithmetic
4429:Elementary
4396:Set theory
4160:Eric Trist
4015:Fred Emery
3912:Scientists
3888:Psychology
3883:Philosophy
3712:Ecological
3697:Biological
2843:. airo.org
2839:airo.org.
2020:2303.14217
1959:27 January
1933:. HSOR.org
1860:References
1645:(category)
1557:OR Insight
1400:Interfaces
1343:(I/ITSEC)
1182:Simulation
1162:statistics
1020:including
1014:strategies
1007:scientific
1001:and other
921:Scheduling
886:Automation
806:to reduce
691:March 2010
443:Chain Home
431:A. P. Rowe
374:ideas and
264:Simulation
207:, and the
175:and other
165:simulation
129:statistics
111:initialism
5515:Economics
5387:Subfields
5282:Rationing
5199:Oligopoly
5194:Monopsony
5182:Bilateral
5115:Household
4966:Convexity
4649:Geometric
4639:Algebraic
4578:Euclidean
4553:Algebraic
4449:Universal
3825:Systemics
3075:. I/Itsec
3073:"I/Itsec"
3016:258937881
2954:. Orsi.in
2866:. Cors.ca
2862:cors.ca.
2772:. Informs
2770:"Informs"
2707:0305-0483
2693:: 37–48.
2284:p. 96,109
2265:pp. 91–94
2216:7 October
2118:1473-2858
2037:0160-5682
1955:. Bls.gov
1880:7 January
1846:Wargaming
1311:Societies
1143:Logistics
1119:Geography
996:In 1967,
982:is used.
776:in 1966.
721:logistics
547:Admiralty
535:Liberator
486:logistics
390:instead.
313:Economics
217:analytics
58:talk page
5562:Category
5508:See also
5399:Business
5371:Marginal
5366:Expected
5307:Shortage
5302:Scarcity
5177:Monopoly
5083:Exchange
4995:Implicit
4985:Marginal
4870:Category
4626:Topology
4573:Discrete
4558:Analytic
4545:Geometry
4517:Discrete
4472:Calculus
4464:Analysis
4419:Abstract
4358:Glossary
4341:Timeline
4256:Category
3858:Dynamics
3848:Analysis
3751:Concepts
3717:Economic
3355:Archived
3307:19 March
3285:19 March
3263:19 March
3241:19 March
3219:19 March
3197:19 March
3175:19 March
2847:31 March
2820:. ROADEF
2665:Archived
2646:Archived
2592:: 19–50.
2374:(Kirby,
2306:Archived
2287:Archived
2268:Archived
2249:Archived
2226:cite web
2069:Archived
1742:Big data
1588:See also
1551:Opsearch
1084:Big data
1042:concepts
1010:research
1003:sciences
822:problems
628:losses.
320:used in
179:models,
155:Overview
125:modeling
105:) (U.S.
52:You may
5520:Applied
5499:Welfare
5361:Utility
5321:Surplus
5260:Pricing
5172:Duopoly
5165:Perfect
5108:Service
5076:General
4980:Average
4882:Commons
4664:Applied
4634:General
4411:Algebra
4336:History
4280:Commons
3863:Ecology
3853:Biology
3732:Nervous
3702:Complex
3550:History
2974:"ORSSA"
2910:. ORSNZ
2908:"ORSNZ"
2749:. IFORS
2747:"IFORS"
2731:28 June
2627:(1967)
2470:2288257
2362:Kirby,
2301:Kirby,
2282:Kirby,
2263:Kirby,
2244:Kirby,
2126:3007115
972:Baroque
899:freight
867:Routing
586:Map of
560:U-boats
345:History
145:maximum
5345:Supply
5336:Demand
5272:Profit
5140:Market
5002:Social
4583:Finite
4439:Linear
4346:Future
4322:Major
4268:Portal
3893:Theory
3789:fields
3742:Social
3682:System
3581:
3573:
3327:"JDMS"
3051:"SISO"
3014:
2952:"ORSI"
2932:. ORSP
2930:"ORSP"
2886:"ASOR"
2864:"CORS"
2841:"AIRO"
2721:"Blog"
2705:
2468:
2364:p. 101
2246:p. 117
2124:
2116:
2035:
1907:
1851:
1515:(JORS)
1494:(EJOR)
1193:models
1038:models
1016:, and
708:Dundee
555:convoy
249:, and
131:, and
5464:Labor
5449:Green
5221:Price
5103:Goods
5093:Firms
4810:lists
4353:Lists
4326:areas
3685:types
3372:"TOP"
3012:S2CID
2582:(PDF)
2466:JSTOR
2303:p. 96
2210:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2122:JSTOR
2015:arXiv
1329:Italy
641:B-29s
634:mines
230:are:
60:, or
5378:Wage
5287:Rent
5255:Free
5007:Sunk
4975:Cost
4968:and
4232:List
3579:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3380:2011
3339:2011
3309:2015
3287:2015
3265:2015
3243:2015
3221:2015
3199:2015
3177:2015
3155:2011
3129:2011
3103:2011
3081:2011
3059:2011
3037:2011
2982:2011
2960:2011
2938:2011
2916:2011
2894:2011
2872:2011
2849:2018
2826:2011
2804:2011
2778:2011
2755:2011
2733:2017
2703:ISSN
2535:help
2496:2011
2350:2011
2232:link
2218:2009
2151:2011
2114:ISSN
2033:ISSN
1987:2011
1961:2012
1939:2011
1905:ISBN
1882:2012
1366:The
1315:The
1280:and
1160:and
1040:and
879:time
765:NATO
727:for
476:and
433:and
382:and
362:and
337:and
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226:and
215:and
5469:Law
3692:Art
3004:doi
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