28:
494:
290:
276:
In 1917, a ship concealment plan devised by Toch, known as the Toch System, was one of five camouflage measures approved by the U.S. Naval
Consulting Board for use on merchant ships (Behrens 2009, pp. 350–351). He became convinced that it was largely impossible to lower the visibility of a ship,
272:
included originating the color adopted by the U.S. Navy as standard "battleship gray". By his own account (Toch 1919), he had camouflaged fortifications in Panama as early as 1915, the success of which led to his being assigned to camouflage shipyards and docks on the East Coast of the U.S. during
305:
had not in fact been painted by him (Toch 1931b), including works in the collections of art museums. As a result, it was said at the time that art dealers "entertain a wholesome fear of him" (Hendrick 1919, p. 704).
188:(July 17, 1864 – May 28, 1946) was an American paint manufacturer and industrial chemist who developed a concrete filler method that was used in the construction of the
820:
192:. He was the co-owner of the New York firms Toch Brothers and the Standard Varnish Works, where he was head of research and production. Before and during
301:
in authenticating works of art became controversial in the 1920s (Hendrick 1929), when he claimed that the majority of paintings attributed to
354:
24th Annual Report of the
Trustees of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, May 26th, 1883. Accessed 2/6/2019.
805:
785:
521:
427:
546:
412:
815:
27:
810:
636:
538:
249:
170:
626:
514:
764:
245:
165:
601:
684:
596:
749:
383:
800:
795:
790:
507:
229:
8:
530:
241:
225:
221:
160:
103:
98:
591:
664:
237:
155:
551:
423:
408:
298:
278:
759:
694:
616:
566:
754:
649:
269:
197:
116:
709:
679:
674:
621:
611:
467:
366:
779:
699:
581:
561:
556:
71:
52:
586:
744:
739:
734:
669:
293:
Photo post card of
Maximilian Toch sent from Toch to A.J. Bogdanove in 1940
233:
217:
189:
150:
93:
470:(1919), "Fooling the Iron Fish: The Inside Story of Marine Camouflage" in
277:
but that a better objective would be course deception, popularly known as
729:
714:
659:
654:
644:
400:
265:
193:
433:
Hendrick, Ellwood (1929), "American
Contemporaries: Maximilian Toch" in
420:
Camoupedia: A Compendium of
Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage
334:(1931). He was the uncle of art materials expert Ralph Mayer, author of
724:
719:
704:
689:
576:
571:
302:
201:
200:
in the United States, as well as an early practitioner of the use of
484:
443:(1946), "Dr. Toch, Chemist and Art Expert, 81" (May 31), p. 23.
488:
446:
Toch, Maximilian (1918), "The Fine Art of
Military Camouflage" in
314:
Toch produced books on subjects related to chemistry, among them
232:
and industrial chemistry at colleges and universities, including
499:
224:
as an undergraduate, then completed his graduate studies at
289:
216:(1946), Toch was born and raised in New York. He attended
264:(1946), in which Toch is referred to as "America’s first
228:. He also earned degrees in law. He taught chemistry and
381:
Toch, Maximilian (1931). "Adventures in
Camouflage".
455:
196:, he was a major contributor to the development of
422:. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books, pp. 236–238.
821:Presidents of the American Institute of Chemists
777:
405:False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage
515:
407:. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books, p. 92.
316:The Chemistry and Technology of Mixed Paints
522:
508:
26:
460:___(1931), "Adventures in Camouflage" in
364:"Dr. Toch, Chemist and Art Expert, 81".
297:Toch’s outspoken views about the use of
288:
464:Vol 23 (July–August), pp. 307–309.
204:in the authentication of works of art.
778:
503:
332:Protection and Decoration of Concrete
284:
435:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
380:
32:President of the Chemists Club, 1907
457:Vol 14 (July 21), pp. 230–232.
13:
320:Materials for Permanent Painting (
255:
14:
832:
478:
450:Vol 64 No 1 (June), pp. 5–8.
547:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
492:
328:Paint, Paintings and Restoration
212:According to an obituary in the
529:
324:How To Paint Permanent Pictures
309:
806:19th-century American chemists
786:20th-century American chemists
374:
357:
348:
1:
474:(November), pp. 102–109.
341:
207:
7:
491:(public domain audiobooks)
453:___(1919). "Discussion" in
370:. May 31, 1946. p. 23.
10:
837:
250:National Academy of Design
171:National Academy of Design
635:
537:
437:Vol 21 No 7, p. 704.
179:
137:
129:
122:
112:
86:
78:
70:New York City, New York,
59:
51:New York City, New York,
37:
25:
18:
765:Wilfred Clement Von Berg
485:Works by Maximilian Toch
246:City College of New York
166:City College of New York
602:Abbott Handerson Thayer
391:(July–August): 307–309.
268:", his contribution to
685:Stanley William Hayter
597:Solomon Joseph Solomon
294:
147:Standard Varnish Works
462:The Military Engineer
384:The Military Engineer
336:The Artist’s Handbook
292:
816:Cooper Union faculty
472:Everybody’s Magazine
230:chemical engineering
133:Industrial chemistry
811:Cooper Union alumni
242:Columbia University
226:Columbia University
222:New York University
161:Columbia University
104:Columbia University
99:New York University
665:Bainbridge Copnall
468:Warner, Everett L.
295:
285:Art authentication
238:Beijing University
156:Beijing University
773:
772:
552:Jean-Louis Forain
448:Munsey's Magazine
428:978-0-9713244-6-6
299:chemical analysis
279:dazzle camouflage
260:According to the
183:
182:
124:Scientific career
828:
760:Julian Trevelyan
695:Jasper Maskelyne
627:Norman Wilkinson
617:Edward Wadsworth
592:Kimon NicolaĂŻdes
567:John Graham Kerr
524:
517:
510:
501:
500:
496:
495:
393:
392:
378:
372:
371:
361:
355:
352:
66:
47:
45:
30:
16:
15:
836:
835:
831:
830:
829:
827:
826:
825:
776:
775:
774:
769:
755:Ernest Townsend
650:Geoffrey Barkas
631:
607:Maximilian Toch
533:
528:
493:
481:
401:Behrens, Roy R.
397:
396:
379:
375:
363:
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
312:
287:
270:ship camouflage
258:
256:Ship camouflage
210:
198:ship camouflage
186:Maximilian Toch
175:
117:Ship camouflage
108:
87:Alma mater
74:
68:
64:
55:
49:
43:
41:
33:
21:
20:Maximilian Toch
12:
11:
5:
834:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Roland Penrose
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Frederick Gore
677:
675:Victorine Foot
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
639:
633:
632:
630:
629:
624:
622:Everett Warner
619:
614:
612:Leon Underwood
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
543:
541:
535:
534:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
498:
497:
480:
479:External links
477:
476:
475:
465:
458:
451:
444:
441:New York Times
438:
431:
416:
395:
394:
373:
367:New York Times
356:
346:
345:
343:
340:
311:
308:
286:
283:
262:New York Times
257:
254:
214:New York Times
209:
206:
181:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
145:
141:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
120:
119:
114:
113:Known for
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
67:(aged 81)
61:
57:
56:
50:
39:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
833:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:Oliver Messel
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
640:
638:
634:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Alister Hardy
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Loyd A. Jones
560:
558:
557:Louis Guingot
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
505:
502:
490:
486:
483:
482:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:0-9713244-0-9
410:
406:
402:
399:
398:
390:
386:
385:
377:
369:
368:
360:
351:
347:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
304:
300:
291:
282:
280:
274:
273:World War I.
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
146:
144:Toch Brothers
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
62:
58:
54:
48:July 17, 1864
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
750:Steven Sykes
745:Basil Spence
740:Alan Sorrell
735:Edward Seago
670:Hugh B. Cott
637:World War II
606:
471:
461:
454:
447:
440:
434:
419:
418:___ (2009),
404:
388:
382:
376:
365:
359:
350:
335:
331:
330:(1931), and
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:
310:His writings
296:
275:
261:
259:
234:Cooper Union
218:Cooper Union
213:
211:
190:Panama Canal
185:
184:
151:Cooper Union
138:Institutions
123:
94:Cooper Union
65:(1946-05-28)
63:May 28, 1946
801:Camoufleurs
796:1864 births
791:1946 deaths
730:Peter Scott
715:Peter Proud
660:John Codner
655:Hugh Casson
645:Tony Ayrton
539:World War I
531:Camoufleurs
194:World War I
79:Nationality
780:Categories
725:Brian Robb
720:Fred Pusey
705:Colin Moss
690:Ivan Konev
587:André Mare
577:Franz Marc
342:References
266:camoufleur
248:, and the
208:Background
44:1864-07-17
572:Paul Klee
303:Rembrandt
202:chemistry
489:LibriVox
403:(2002),
338:(1940).
326:(1922),
318:(1907),
82:American
322:1911),
426:
411:
130:Fields
424:ISBN
409:ISBN
220:and
60:Died
38:Born
487:at
782::
389:23
387:.
281:.
252:.
244:,
240:,
236:,
72:US
53:US
523:e
516:t
509:v
430:.
415:.
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.