638:: Bristle neurons are mechanoreceptors that innervate hairs all along the body. Each neuron extends a dendritic process to innervate a single hair and projects its axon to the ventral nerve cord. These neurons are thought to mediate touch sensation by responding to physical deflections of the hair. In line with the fact that many insects exhibit different sized hairs, commonly referred to as macrochaetes (thicker longer hairs) and microchaetes (thinner shorter hairs), previous studies suggest that bristle neurons to these different hairs may have different firing properties such as resting membrane potential and firing threshold.
98:
313:, or Pacinian corpuscles or Vater-Pacini corpuscle, are deformation or pressure receptors located in the skin and also in various internal organs. Each is connected to a sensory neuron. Because of its relatively large size, a single lamellar corpuscle can be isolated and its properties studied. Mechanical pressure of varying strength and frequency can be applied to the corpuscle by stylus, and the resulting electrical activity detected by electrodes attached to the preparation.
316:
Deforming the corpuscle creates a generator potential in the sensory neuron arising within it. This is a graded response: the greater the deformation, the greater the generator potential. If the generator potential reaches threshold, a volley of action potentials (nerve impulses) are triggered at the
297:
are found in areas needing accurate taction (e.g. the fingertips). In the fingertips and lips, innervation density of slowly adapting type I and rapidly adapting type I mechanoreceptors are greatly increased. These two types of mechanoreceptors have small discrete receptive fields and are thought to
201:
at an elevated frequency (the stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency). The cell, however, will soon "adapt" to a constant or static stimulus, and the pulses will subside to a normal rate. Receptors that adapt quickly (i.e., quickly return to a normal pulse rate) are referred to as
488:
Some of the branches of the I-a axons synapse with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. These, in turn, synapse with motor neurons leading back to the antagonistic muscle, a flexor in the back of the thigh. By inhibiting the flexor, these interneurons aid contraction of the
324:
Once threshold is reached, the magnitude of the stimulus is encoded in the frequency of impulses generated in the neuron. So the more massive or rapid the deformation of a single corpuscle, the higher the frequency of nerve impulses generated in its neuron.
142:) underlies the perception of light touch such as flutter and slip on the skin. It adapts rapidly to changes in texture (vibrations around 50 Hz). They have small receptive fields and produce transient responses to the onset and offset of stimulation.
614:
can be organized into club, claw, and hook neurons. Club neurons are thought to encode vibrational signals while claw and hook neurons can be subdivided into extension and flexion populations that encode joint angle and movement
130:
and respond to skin stretch, but have not been closely linked to either proprioceptive or mechanoreceptive roles in perception. They also produce sustained responses to static stimulation, but have large receptive
825:
Talbot WH, Darian-Smith I, Kornhuber HH, Mountcastle VB (March 1968). "The sense of flutter-vibration: comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand".
115:(also known as Merkel discs) detect sustained pressure and underlies the perception of form and roughness on the skin. They have small receptive fields and produce sustained responses to static stimulation.
298:
underlie most low-threshold use of the fingers in assessing texture, surface slip, and flutter. Mechanoreceptors found in areas of the body with less tactile acuity tend to have larger
592:: Sensory neurons that innervate hairs that are found in the folds of insect joints. These hairs are deflected when one body segment moves relative to an adjoining segment, they have
197:
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors can also be separated into categories based on their rates of adaptation. When a mechanoreceptor receives a stimulus, it begins to fire impulses or
74:
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli that result from physical interaction, including pressure and vibration. They are located in the skin, like other
90:. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors can be categorized by what kind of sensation they perceive, by the rate of adaptation, and by morphology. Furthermore, each has a different
582:
that are distributed all along the insect's body. These cells are thought to detect mechanical load as resistance to muscle contraction, similar to the mammalian
328:
The optimal sensitivity of a lamellar corpuscle is 250 Hz, the frequency range generated upon finger tips by textures made of features smaller than 200
1059:
Scheibert J, Leurent S, Prevost A, Debrégeas G (March 2009). "The role of fingerprints in the coding of tactile information probed with a biomimetic sensor".
155:
detect touch, pressure, stretching, as well as the tickle and itch sensations. Itch sensations are caused by stimulation of free nerve ending from chemicals.
1162:
1917:
149:
in the skin and fascia detect rapid vibrations of about 200–300 Hz. They also produce transient responses, but have large receptive fields.
3155:
492:
Still other branches of the I-a axons synapse with interneurons leading to brain centers, e.g., the cerebellum, that coordinate body movements.
687:(ENaCs). This protein, called MEC-4, forms a heteromeric Na-selective channel together with MEC-10. Related genes in mammals are expressed in
206:. Phasic mechanoreceptors are useful in sensing such things as texture or vibrations, whereas tonic receptors are useful for temperature and
861:
Johansson RS, Westling G (1987). "Signals in tactile afferents from the fingers eliciting adaptive motor responses during precision grip".
1910:
650:
where they play an important role in normal growth, development and the sensing of their environment. Mechanoreceptors aid the
1826:
Omerbašić, Damir; Schuhmacher, Laura-Nadine; Bernal Sierra, Yinth-Andrea; Smith, Ewan St. John; Lewin, Gary R. (2015-07-01).
1012:
1184:
Johansson RS, Flanagan JR (May 2009). "Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks".
787:
Torebjörk HE, Ochoa JL (December 1980). "Specific sensations evoked by activity in single identified sensory units in man".
2964:
1765:"The mec-4 gene is a member of a family of Caenorhabditis elegans genes that can mutate to induce neuronal degeneration"
3148:
473:
neuron) attached to it. The impulses travel along the sensory axon to the spinal cord where they form several kinds of
1903:
1682:
457:
muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg. Tapping the tendon stretches the thigh muscle, which activates
2382:
17:
1038:
Characterization and
Modeling of Vibrotactile Sensitivity Threshold of Human Finger Pad and the Pacinian Corpuscle
445:(involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a
1170:
2397:
203:
953:"Vibrotactile sensitivity threshold: nonlinear stochastic mechanotransduction model of the Pacinian Corpuscle"
3141:
2412:
279:
257:
1561:"A Defensive Kicking Behavior in Response to Mechanical Stimuli Mediated by Drosophila Wing Margin Bristles"
409:
are a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that is excited by stretch of the blood vessel. There are also
2898:
2764:
2675:
647:
410:
272:
253:
135:
3097:
596:
function, and are thought to act as limit detectors encoding the extreme ranges of motion for each joint.
560:
237:
219:
119:
2636:
3343:
3051:
2387:
230:
215:
112:
2860:
2802:
2613:
1969:
684:
1229:"Modulation of ongoing EMG by different classes of low-threshold mechanoreceptors in the human hand"
465:. Each muscle spindle consists of sensory nerve endings wrapped around special muscle fibers called
3348:
2807:
2641:
1889:
696:
3289:
2787:
2163:
1504:"Adaptation and fatigue of a mechanosensory neuron in wild-type Drosophila and in memory mutants"
548:
466:
261:
369:
Type II and Type III mechanoreceptors in particular are believed to be linked to one's sense of
2951:
2782:
2392:
2178:
1997:
675:
349:
58:
2989:
1979:
1959:
470:
1885:
1559:
Li, Jiefu; Zhang, Wei; Guo, Zhenhao; Wu, Sophia; Jan, Lily Yeh; Jan, Yuh-Nung (2016-11-02).
3172:
2850:
2817:
2516:
2231:
2135:
1776:
1719:
1078:
708:
575:
537:
517:
505:
485:. These carry impulses back to the same muscle causing it to contract. The leg straightens.
177:(no relation to the follicular receptors – they are named for the hair-like mechanosensory
57:
that convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals that, in animals, are sent to the
202:"phasic". Those receptors that are slow to return to their normal firing rate are called
8:
3353:
3294:
3208:
2506:
2491:
2377:
2316:
2252:
752:
Johnson KO, Hsiao SS (1992). "Neural mechanisms of tactual form and texture perception".
670:
whose ion flow is induced by touch. Early research showed that touch transduction in the
543:
More recent work has expanded the role of the cutaneous mechanoreceptors for feedback in
533:
521:
469:. Stretching an intrafusal fiber initiates a volley of impulses in the sensory neuron (a
450:
182:
75:
1780:
1723:
1708:"Morphing structures of the Dionaea muscipula Ellis during the trap opening and closing"
1082:
765:
3279:
3188:
2590:
2542:
2496:
2435:
2420:
1974:
1865:
1808:
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1503:
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1446:
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1302:
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223:
146:
83:
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3015:
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2511:
2501:
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2216:
2120:
2022:
1938:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1827:
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1792:
1745:
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1541:
1523:
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1419:
1401:
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1201:
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402:
390:
152:
139:
123:
97:
1431:
1213:
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984:
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2709:
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1869:
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1812:
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1727:
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733:
635:
458:
386:
299:
198:
46:
31:
2749:
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2662:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2402:
2211:
2168:
2115:
1397:
509:
414:
398:
348:, they can rapidly transmit sensory information regarding joint positions to the
318:
294:
91:
1560:
1045:
356:
Type I: (small) Low threshold, slow adapting in both static and dynamic settings
278:
Rapidly adapting type II mechanoreceptors (usually called
Pacinian) have single
165:
changes position. Indeed, the most sensitive mechanoreceptors in humans are the
3284:
3271:
3261:
3164:
3067:
2918:
2870:
2605:
2585:
2311:
2262:
2198:
2146:
2102:
1964:
1462:
723:
713:
688:
629:
607:
593:
556:
462:
442:
370:
207:
54:
1447:"Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of Drosophila"
1293:
1022:
3337:
3087:
3082:
3036:
2974:
2959:
2855:
2577:
2521:
2336:
2303:
2287:
2206:
2150:
2110:
2059:
2050:
2007:
1853:
1796:
1692:
1584:
1527:
1470:
1405:
1350:
968:
921:
839:
651:
618:
502:
406:
158:
87:
1090:
3322:
3041:
3020:
3005:
2979:
2797:
2618:
2595:
2567:
2562:
2486:
2425:
2188:
2173:
1895:
1861:
1749:
1659:
1602:
1488:
1423:
1311:
1262:
1205:
1098:
1002:
976:
929:
365:
Type IV: (very small) High threshold pain receptors that communicate injury
1804:
1764:
1545:
1147:
882:
847:
808:
773:
79:
3253:
3102:
3010:
2984:
2969:
2931:
2754:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2700:
2326:
2282:
2158:
2087:
1677:(1st ed.). New York: Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1641:
1358:
667:
626:
622:
579:
178:
1626:"A force of nature: molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants"
3243:
3122:
3077:
2941:
2936:
2908:
2888:
2812:
2772:
2719:
2704:
2628:
2092:
2082:
1989:
1930:
1342:
1327:"Sensory control of leg movement in the stick insect Carausius morosus"
874:
718:
589:
426:
329:
1825:
1731:
824:
147:
Pacinian corpuscle or Vater-Pacinian corpuscles or
Lamellar corpuscles
3317:
2734:
2680:
2547:
2077:
2067:
2012:
2002:
1788:
1326:
680:
438:
422:
394:
382:
362:
Type III: (large) High threshold, slowly adapting in dynamic settings
359:
Type II: (medium) Low threshold, rapidly adapting in dynamic settings
174:
166:
3133:
1197:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2822:
2695:
2552:
2350:
952:
905:
695:. The first of such receptor was ASIC1a, named so because it is an
671:
525:
454:
341:
50:
1073:
906:"Multiscale layered biomechanical model of the pacinian corpuscle"
3072:
2926:
2878:
2840:
2744:
2685:
2017:
1380:
Mamiya, Akira; Gurung, Pralaksha; Tuthill, John C. (2018-11-07).
1040:(PhD). Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.
513:
474:
170:
27:
Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain
1706:
Volkov AG, Forde-Tuckett V, Volkova MI, Markin VS (2014-02-10).
1705:
1058:
2331:
2321:
2027:
446:
345:
127:
2557:
2359:
2272:
2267:
2041:
1951:
1926:
603:
185:
559:
afferents are directly linked to muscle activation, whereas
481:
Some of the branches of the I-a axons synapse directly with
252:
Rapidly adapting: Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors include
118:
The Slowly
Adapting type 2 (SA2) mechanoreceptors, with the
3230:
3092:
2845:
162:
111:
The Slowly
Adapting type 1 (SA1) mechanoreceptor, with the
950:
903:
602:: Internal stretch receptors at the joints, can have both
214:
Slowly adapting: Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors include
2072:
432:
1278:"Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects"
692:
381:
Other mechanoreceptors than cutaneous ones include the
271:
Rapidly adapting type I mechanoreceptors have multiple
536:. The third-order neurons then send the signal to the
229:
Slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors have multiple
1675:
What a plant knows : a field guide to the senses
1126:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
340:
There are four types of mechanoreceptors embedded in
236:
Slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptors have single
1834:. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System.
1763:Driscoll, Monica; Chalfie, Martin (February 1991).
1382:"Neural Coding of Leg Proprioception in Drosophila"
1379:
610:functions. The neurons in the chordotonal organ in
1445:Tuthill, John C.; Wilson, Rachel I. (2016-02-25).
53:or distortion. Mechanoreceptors are innervated by
1623:
1183:
1119:
860:
625:that detect physical deformation of the animal's
161:receptors called hair root plexuses sense when a
3335:
1226:
648:Mechanoreceptors are also present in plant cells
566:
293:Cutaneous mechanoreceptors with small, accurate
1762:
571:Insect and arthropod mechanoreceptors include:
335:
1828:"ASICs and mammalian mechanoreceptor function"
996:
994:
951:Biswas A, Manivannan M, Srinivasan MA (2015).
904:Biswas A, Manivannan M, Srinivasan MA (2015).
786:
64:
3149:
1911:
1444:
1275:
563:activation does not trigger muscle activity.
344:. As all these types of mechanoreceptors are
69:
1925:
1558:
1220:
1007:. John Wiley & Sons Australia, Limited.
751:
1624:Monshausen GB, Haswell ES (November 2013).
1501:
1122:"Mechanoreceptors in human ankle ligaments"
991:
3156:
3142:
1918:
1904:
1227:McNulty PA, Macefield VG (December 2001).
820:
818:
683:-sensitive ion channel protein related to
679:was found to require a two transmembrane,
1888:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1843:
1739:
1672:
1649:
1592:
1535:
1478:
1413:
1301:
1252:
1137:
1072:
642:
496:
376:
1029:
944:
897:
192:
96:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1324:
1160:
1120:Michelson JD, Hutchins C (March 1995).
1000:
815:
126:), detect tension deep in the skin and
14:
3336:
1276:Tuthill JC, Wilson RI (October 2016).
1035:
433:Muscle spindles and the stretch reflex
305:
3163:
3137:
2136:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
1899:
288:
2121:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1004:Principles of anatomy and physiology
661:
766:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.001303
138:mechanoreceptor (also known as the
24:
2116:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1520:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00491.1990
1502:Corfas, G; Dudai, Y (1990-02-01).
801:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06695.x
691:and were shown to be gated by low
413:, which respond to events such as
25:
3370:
2131:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2126:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
1879:
2383:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
1845:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.007
1245:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.01021.x
547:. Single action potentials from
2111:Visual system (sense of vision)
1819:
1756:
1699:
1666:
1617:
1552:
1495:
1438:
1373:
1318:
1269:
1177:
1154:
1113:
397:, where they contribute to the
181:they possess); these receptors
105:
1712:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1630:Journal of Experimental Botany
1577:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1416-16.2016
1139:10.1302/0301-620X.77B2.7706334
1052:
854:
789:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
780:
745:
82:, except the mechanorecepting
13:
1:
2253:Auditory perception (hearing)
754:Annual Review of Neuroscience
739:
666:Mechanoreceptor proteins are
567:Invertebrate mechanoreceptors
280:Pacinian corpuscle end-organs
273:Meissner corpuscle end-organs
258:Pacinian corpuscle end-organs
254:Meissner corpuscle end-organs
134:The Rapidly Adapting (RA) or
78:. They are all innervated by
2899:Olfactory reference syndrome
2676:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1398:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.009
1186:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
957:IEEE Transactions on Haptics
910:IEEE Transactions on Haptics
411:juxtacapillary (J) receptors
336:Ligamentous mechanoreceptors
245:Intermediate adapting: Some
238:Ruffini corpuscle end-organs
220:Ruffini corpuscle end-organs
136:Meissner corpuscle end-organ
49:that responds to mechanical
7:
3098:Sensory processing disorder
2268:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2258:Equilibrioception (balance)
1508:The Journal of Neuroscience
1046:10.13140/RG.2.2.18103.11687
863:Experimental Brain Research
702:
561:Merkel cell-neurite complex
231:Merkel corpuscle end-organs
120:Ruffini corpuscle end-organ
65:Vertebrate mechanoreceptors
10:
3375:
3052:Supernumerary phantom limb
2388:Infrared sensing in snakes
2248:Visual perception (vision)
1463:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.014
1325:Bässler, U. (1977-06-01).
828:Journal of Neurophysiology
685:epithelial sodium channels
512:transmit messages through
249:are intermediate adapting.
113:Merkel corpuscle end-organ
86:, which are innervated by
70:Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
29:
3310:
3270:
3252:
3229:
3171:
3115:
3060:
3029:
2998:
2950:
2917:
2869:
2831:
2803:Microwave auditory effect
2763:
2661:
2654:
2627:
2604:
2576:
2535:
2477:
2466:
2434:
2411:
2358:
2349:
2302:
2240:
2197:
2144:
2101:
2058:
2049:
2040:
1988:
1970:Transduction (physiology)
1950:
1937:
1294:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070
1233:The Journal of Physiology
658:in capturing large prey.
461:within the muscle called
2808:Music-specific disorders
2164:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1890:Medical Subject Headings
969:10.1109/TOH.2014.2369422
922:10.1109/TOH.2014.2369416
840:10.1152/jn.1968.31.2.301
697:acid sensing ion channel
656:Dionaea muscipula Ellis)
467:intrafusal muscle fibers
3290:Intrafusal muscle fiber
2788:Auditory verbal agnosia
2642:Juxtacapillary receptor
1565:Journal of Neuroscience
1167:Kimball's Biology Pages
1091:10.1126/science.1166467
612:Drosophila melanogaster
524:send the signal to the
441:is the popularly known
321:of the sensory neuron.
262:hair follicle receptors
2783:Auditory hallucination
2393:Surface wave detection
1998:Multimodal integration
1331:Biological Cybernetics
676:Caenorhabditis elegans
643:Plant mechanoreceptors
497:Mechanism of sensation
377:Other mechanoreceptors
350:central nervous system
102:
59:central nervous system
3042:Phantom limb syndrome
2990:Tactile hallucination
2179:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1980:Active sensory system
578:: Small domes in the
193:By rate of adaptation
100:
2851:Labyrinthine fistula
2818:Spatial hearing loss
2517:Campaniform sensilla
2232:Somatosensory cortex
1673:Chamovitz D (2012).
1173:on 27 February 2011.
709:Somatosensory system
576:Campaniform sensilla
549:Meissner's corpuscle
538:somatosensory cortex
522:second-order neurons
518:dorsal column nuclei
3295:Nuclear chain fiber
3209:Merkel nerve ending
2637:Nociceptin receptor
2507:Merkel nerve ending
2492:Mechanotransduction
1781:1991Natur.349..588D
1724:2014PlSiB...9E7793V
1571:(44): 11275–11282.
1288:(20): R1022–R1038.
1161:Kimball JW (2011).
1083:2009Sci...323.1503S
1001:Tortora GJ (2019).
584:Golgi tendon organs
534:ventrobasal complex
530:third-order neurons
483:alpha motor neurons
311:Lamellar corpuscles
306:Lamellar corpuscles
122:(also known as the
76:cutaneous receptors
3189:Lamellar corpuscle
2999:Nociception (pain)
2591:Olfactory receptor
2543:Photoreceptor cell
2497:Lamellar corpuscle
2421:Photomorphogenesis
2283:nociception (pain)
1975:Sensory processing
1642:10.1093/jxb/ert204
1343:10.1007/BF00337264
1163:"Mechanoreceptors"
875:10.1007/bf00236210
600:Chordotonal organs
553:Pacinian corpuscle
545:fine motor control
289:By receptive field
266:free nerve endings
247:free nerve endings
224:free nerve endings
153:Free nerve endings
140:tactile corpuscles
124:bulbous corpuscles
103:
101:Tactile receptors.
84:free nerve endings
3344:Sensory receptors
3331:
3330:
3300:Nuclear bag fiber
3239:Free nerve ending
3219:Bulbous corpuscle
3199:Tactile corpuscle
3165:Sensory receptors
3131:
3130:
3116:Biases and errors
3111:
3110:
3047:Somatoparaphrenia
3016:Pain dissociation
2861:Ménière's disease
2793:Cortical deafness
2671:Visual impairment
2650:
2649:
2512:Bulbous corpuscle
2502:Tactile corpuscle
2470:sensory receptors
2462:
2461:
2345:
2344:
2298:
2297:
2263:Olfaction (smell)
2217:Vestibular cortex
2199:Cerebral cortices
2036:
2035:
2023:Motion perception
1832:Neuropharmacology
1775:(6310): 588–593.
1732:10.4161/psb.27793
1392:(3): 636–650.e6.
1239:(Pt 3): 1021–32.
1036:Biswas A (2015).
1014:978-0-7303-5500-7
729:Vestibular system
662:Molecular biology
627:exoskeleton, have
528:and synapse with
459:stretch receptors
403:equilibrioception
391:vestibular system
387:sensory receptors
199:action potentials
16:(Redirected from
3366:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3134:
2778:Auditory agnosia
2710:Optic neuropathy
2659:
2658:
2527:Stretch receptor
2475:
2474:
2373:Magnetoreception
2368:Electroreception
2356:
2355:
2278:mechanoreception
2227:Gustatory cortex
2222:Olfactory cortex
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
1965:Sensory receptor
1948:
1947:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1886:Mechanoreceptors
1874:
1873:
1847:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1789:10.1038/349588a0
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1457:(5): 1046–1059.
1442:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:. Archived from
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1076:
1067:(5920): 1503–6.
1056:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1027:
1026:
998:
989:
988:
948:
942:
941:
901:
895:
894:
858:
852:
851:
822:
813:
812:
784:
778:
777:
749:
734:Stretch receptor
636:Bristle sensilla
510:afferent neurons
419:pulmonary emboli
300:receptive fields
295:receptive fields
47:sensory receptor
32:Mechanosensation
21:
18:Mechanoreceptors
3374:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3349:Sensory systems
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3306:
3266:
3262:Thermoreceptors
3248:
3225:
3181:Mechanoreceptor
3167:
3162:
3132:
3127:
3107:
3056:
3025:
2994:
2946:
2913:
2865:
2827:
2759:
2750:Stereoblindness
2691:Color blindness
2646:
2623:
2600:
2572:
2531:
2479:Mechanoreceptor
2468:
2458:
2454:Machine hearing
2449:Computer vision
2444:Robotic sensing
2430:
2407:
2341:
2294:
2236:
2212:Auditory cortex
2193:
2140:
2103:Sensory systems
2097:
2032:
1984:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1882:
1877:
1824:
1820:
1761:
1757:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1636:(15): 4663–80.
1622:
1618:
1557:
1553:
1500:
1496:
1443:
1439:
1378:
1374:
1323:
1319:
1282:Current Biology
1274:
1270:
1225:
1221:
1198:10.1038/nrn2621
1182:
1178:
1159:
1155:
1118:
1114:
1057:
1053:
1034:
1030:
1015:
999:
992:
949:
945:
902:
898:
859:
855:
823:
816:
785:
781:
750:
746:
742:
705:
689:sensory neurons
664:
645:
621:: Slits in the
569:
499:
463:muscle spindles
435:
415:pulmonary edema
399:auditory system
379:
338:
319:node of Ranvier
308:
291:
195:
108:
92:receptive field
72:
67:
55:sensory neurons
39:mechanoreceptor
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3285:Muscle spindle
3282:
3276:
3274:
3272:Proprioception
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3030:Proprioception
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2606:Thermoreceptor
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Taste receptor
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Proprioception
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:Trigeminal (V)
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2060:Sensory organs
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:External links
1878:
1876:
1875:
1818:
1755:
1698:
1683:
1665:
1616:
1551:
1514:(2): 491–499.
1494:
1437:
1372:
1317:
1268:
1219:
1176:
1153:
1112:
1051:
1028:
1013:
990:
943:
896:
853:
814:
779:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
724:Stretch sensor
721:
716:
714:Thermoreceptor
711:
704:
701:
663:
660:
644:
641:
640:
639:
633:
630:proprioceptive
616:
608:proprioceptive
597:
594:proprioceptive
587:
568:
565:
557:Ruffini ending
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
486:
443:stretch reflex
434:
431:
378:
375:
371:proprioception
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
337:
334:
307:
304:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
276:
250:
243:
242:
241:
234:
210:among others.
208:proprioception
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:for the brain.
156:
150:
143:
132:
116:
107:
104:
71:
68:
66:
63:
41:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3371:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Hallucination
3086:
3084:
3083:Derealization
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Asomatognosia
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Hyperesthesia
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Astereognosis
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Labyrinthitis
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2578:Chemoreceptor
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:Photoreceptor
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Slit sensilla
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2337:Visceral pain
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2288:thermoception
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Visual cortex
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Olfactory (I)
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2151:spinal nerves
2148:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Consciousness
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:(2): e27793.
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1684:9780374533885
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:(5): 345–59.
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1132:(2): 219–24.
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
997:
995:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:(1): 102–13.
962:
958:
954:
947:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:(1): 141–54.
868:
864:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:(2): 301–34.
833:
829:
821:
819:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
744:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
673:
669:
659:
657:
653:
652:Venus flytrap
649:
637:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
619:Slit sensilla
617:
615:respectively.
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:somatosensory
491:
487:
484:
480:
479:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Baroreceptors
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
353:
351:
347:
343:
333:
331:
326:
322:
320:
314:
312:
303:
301:
296:
281:
277:
274:
270:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
239:
235:
232:
228:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
211:
209:
205:
200:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Hair follicle
157:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
109:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:mechanoceptor
40:
33:
19:
3323:Baroreceptor
3195:Light touch
3180:
3021:Phantom pain
3006:Hyperalgesia
2980:Hypoesthesia
2798:Hearing loss
2619:TRP channels
2596:Osmoreceptor
2563:Photopigment
2487:Baroreceptor
2478:
2426:Gravitropism
2398:Frog hearing
2378:Echolocation
2174:Facial (VII)
1835:
1831:
1821:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1674:
1668:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1337:(2): 61–72.
1334:
1330:
1320:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:the original
1166:
1156:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1003:
960:
956:
946:
916:(1): 31–42.
913:
909:
899:
866:
862:
856:
831:
827:
795:(4): 445–7.
792:
788:
782:
757:
753:
747:
674:
668:ion channels
665:
655:
646:
611:
570:
542:
506:transduction
500:
436:
385:, which are
380:
368:
339:
327:
323:
315:
309:
292:
196:
106:By sensation
73:
42:
38:
36:
3280:Golgi organ
3254:Temperature
3244:Nociceptors
3103:Synesthesia
3011:Hypoalgesia
2985:Paresthesia
2970:Formication
2965:CMT disease
2932:Hypergeusia
2755:Visual snow
2730:Photophobia
2725:Papilledema
2715:Oscillopsia
2701:Hemeralopia
2568:Aureochrome
2403:Toad vision
2327:Suffocation
2241:Perceptions
623:exoskeleton
590:Hair plates
580:exoskeleton
330:micrometres
222:, and some
179:stereocilia
3354:Perception
3338:Categories
3318:Hair cells
3185:Vibration
3123:Pareidolia
3078:Allochiria
3061:Multimodal
2942:Parageusia
2937:Hypogeusia
2909:Phantosmia
2889:Hyperosmia
2833:Vestibular
2813:Palinopsia
2773:Amblyaudia
2720:Palinopsia
2705:Nyctalopia
2629:Nociceptor
2436:Artificial
2159:Optic (II)
1990:Perception
1939:Processes
1931:perception
1023:1059417106
760:: 227–50.
740:References
719:Nociceptor
427:barotrauma
383:hair cells
346:myelinated
167:hair cells
3205:Pressure
2919:Gustatory
2871:Olfactory
2735:Photopsia
2681:Amaurosis
2655:Disorders
2548:Cone cell
2467:Types of
2078:Inner ear
2013:Cognition
2003:Awareness
1952:Sensation
1927:Sensation
1854:0028-3908
1838:: 80–86.
1797:0028-0836
1693:755641050
1585:0270-6474
1528:0270-6474
1471:0092-8674
1406:0896-6273
1351:1432-0770
1074:0911.4885
681:amiloride
632:function.
489:extensor.
439:knee jerk
423:pneumonia
395:inner ear
342:ligaments
264:and some
183:transduce
175:inner ear
88:Aδ fibers
80:Aβ fibers
3359:Ethology
3215:Stretch
2904:Parosmia
2894:Hyposmia
2884:Dysosmia
2823:Tinnitus
2765:Auditory
2740:Polyopia
2696:Diplopia
2553:Rod cell
2351:Nonhuman
2304:Internal
2145:Sensory
2051:External
1960:Stimulus
1943:concepts
1862:25528740
1750:24618927
1660:23913953
1603:27807168
1489:26919434
1432:52927792
1424:30293823
1312:27780045
1263:11744774
1214:17298704
1206:19352402
1107:14459552
1099:19179493
985:15326972
977:25398183
938:24658742
930:25398182
891:22450227
703:See also
699:(ASIC).
672:nematode
526:thalamus
520:, where
514:synapses
475:synapses
455:extensor
51:pressure
3073:Agnosia
2952:Tactile
2927:Ageusia
2879:Anosmia
2841:Vertigo
2745:Scotoma
2686:Anopsia
2147:cranial
2018:Feeling
1870:6721868
1813:4334128
1805:1672038
1777:Bibcode
1741:4091236
1720:Bibcode
1651:3817949
1611:2187830
1594:5148243
1546:2154560
1537:6570162
1480:4879191
1415:6481666
1367:2634261
1303:5120761
1254:2278990
1148:7706334
1079:Bibcode
1061:Science
883:3582528
848:4972033
809:7234450
774:1575442
532:in the
516:in the
451:inserts
393:of the
389:in the
173:of the
171:cochlea
169:in the
131:fields.
45:, is a
2663:Visual
2614:Cilium
2360:Animal
2332:Nausea
2322:Thirst
2317:Hunger
2189:Spinal
2028:Qualia
1892:(MeSH)
1868:
1860:
1852:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1769:Nature
1748:
1738:
1691:
1681:
1658:
1648:
1609:
1601:
1591:
1583:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1487:
1477:
1469:
1430:
1422:
1412:
1404:
1386:Neuron
1365:
1359:836915
1357:
1349:
1310:
1300:
1261:
1251:
1212:
1204:
1146:
1105:
1097:
1021:
1011:
983:
975:
936:
928:
889:
881:
846:
807:
772:
606:- and
604:extero
508:, the
447:tendon
425:, and
317:first
216:Merkel
128:fascia
3311:Other
3173:Touch
2558:ipRGC
2413:Plant
2273:Touch
2088:Mouth
2042:Human
1866:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1103:S2CID
1069:arXiv
981:S2CID
934:S2CID
887:S2CID
449:that
204:tonic
186:sound
3231:Pain
3093:HSAN
3068:Aura
2846:BPPV
2703:and
2149:and
2093:Skin
2083:Nose
2073:Ears
2068:Eyes
1941:and
1929:and
1858:PMID
1850:ISSN
1801:PMID
1793:ISSN
1746:PMID
1689:OCLC
1679:ISBN
1656:PMID
1599:PMID
1581:ISSN
1542:PMID
1524:ISSN
1485:PMID
1467:ISSN
1451:Cell
1420:PMID
1402:ISSN
1355:PMID
1347:ISSN
1308:PMID
1259:PMID
1202:PMID
1144:PMID
1095:PMID
1019:OCLC
1009:ISBN
973:PMID
926:PMID
879:PMID
844:PMID
805:PMID
770:PMID
555:and
437:The
401:and
218:and
163:hair
145:The
1840:doi
1785:doi
1773:349
1736:PMC
1728:doi
1646:PMC
1638:doi
1589:PMC
1573:doi
1532:PMC
1516:doi
1475:PMC
1459:doi
1455:164
1410:PMC
1394:doi
1390:100
1339:doi
1298:PMC
1290:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1237:537
1194:doi
1134:doi
1087:doi
1065:323
1042:doi
965:doi
918:doi
871:doi
836:doi
797:doi
793:110
762:doi
501:In
471:I-a
453:an
3340::
1864:.
1856:.
1848:.
1836:94
1830:.
1807:.
1799:.
1791:.
1783:.
1771:.
1767:.
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1726:.
1714:.
1710:.
1687:.
1654:.
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1634:64
1632:.
1628:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:.
1579:.
1569:36
1567:.
1563:.
1540:.
1530:.
1522:.
1512:10
1510:.
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1449:.
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1408:.
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1333:.
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1306:.
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1231:.
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1200:.
1190:10
1188:.
1165:.
1142:.
1130:77
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1101:.
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1077:.
1063:.
1017:.
993:^
979:.
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959:.
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842:.
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817:^
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758:15
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693:pH
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332:.
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268:.
260:,
256:,
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1752:.
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