Mass media in Romania

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gradually grew, and coverage increased (coverage wars were frequent in the early period). However, this period soon ended, with consolidation around 1995–1996 with gentlemen agreements between larger companies over areas of control and pricing, with claims of monopoly abounding. This process of consolidation was completed around 2005–2006, when only two big suppliers of cable remained: UPC-Astral and RDS. Cable TV is now available in most of the country, including most rural areas. Satellite digital TV appeared in 2004.

1111: 1813:

with the additional possibility to hold an amount not larger than 20% from another company in the field of audiovisual communication." (3) A "transfer of an audiovisual license is only possible with the approval of the NCA and results in a complete shift of responsibilities to the new license owner (Art. 56). This is particularly relevant for cases of mergers or acquisitions, in which the NCA can intervene by not approving the transfer of license."

580: 52: 4807: 1748:, CNA). The CNA is the main regulatory authority for the broadcast media in Romania, being the guardian of public interest. It is tasked with the implementation of the Audiovisual Law and of all by-laws, including the Code of Regulations for the Broadcasting Content, and it issues recommendations and instructions. The CNA is composed of 11 members, appointed for six years: three by each Chamber of Parliament, two by the 1855:", a consolidation of local capital, often connected with unclear interests, both economical and political. Owners use media outlets in the interest of other business or political purposes. Over 55% of generalists and news channels are directly or indirectly politically affiliated. In 2015 the CMPF assessed a high risk of "Politicisation of control over media outlets" and a medium risk of "Political bias in the media". 1706:, binding for the entire profession, although this is often not respected in practice. It also supported journalists in legal cases against arbitrary dismissals and mistreatment. Several journalists' associations exist, including The Association of Journalists in Romania, formed by 70 prominent Bucarest-based journalists. 1669:, as part of the Foreign Ministry, but discontinued in 1916 and re-established in 1921 as Orient-Radio Agency, later RADOR, turned by the communist regime in Agerpres in 1949. RADOR survives as the brand of the news service of the national public radio. Agerpres produces around 300 news items daily and takes part in the 1894:'s government (but the example was followed also on lower levels), either directly or through state companies, often with the mean of advertising. And while now public subsidies are close to zero, indirect ones, such as state advertising, are high. According to the CMPF state advertising represents a medium risk. 2607:

According to the Civil Liberties Union for Europe this amount as establishing internet censorship. The most serious fact are that the decision can be taken by an administrative authority, without court intervention, and that the measures targets not only unauthorized gambling websites themselves, but

1453:

channels were available, one only in about 20% of the country. Private TV channels were slow to appear, because of lack of experience and high start-up costs. In this environment, cable TV companies appeared and thrived, providing 15-20 foreign channels for a very low price. Many small, startup firms

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is the international channel. TVR also hosts regional stations based in Timișoara, Cluj, Targu Mures, Craiova and Iasi. TVR usually is slammed for being politicised (its president and board are nominated by the parliamentary majority) and for being based on a hybrid financing system, drawing from the

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The Romanian Press Club has an Ethics Code and a Council of Honour to inquire journalists and media outlets found in breach of professional norms – although its decisions have often been criticised as arbitrary. The Convention of Media Organisations (COM) also adopted a deontological code; COM-member

771:

is guaranteed by the Constitution and by a specific law (Law on Free Access to Information of Public Interest, adopted in 2001). Public bodies are required to release information to the public, and journalists are afforded special privileges to obtain them faster. Yet, access to public information is

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Romania has rapidly improving domestic and international services, especially in wireless telephony. The domestic network offers good, modern services in urban areas; 98% of telephone network is automatic while 71% is digitized; trunk network is mostly fiber-optic cable and radio relay; about 80% of

1468:

Cinema is one of the least popular forms of entertainment in Romania, and over 100 cinema theatres have closed down since 1989. Romania has the lowest number of cinema goers in Europe. 75 active cinemas were counted in 2008 (down from 155 in 2004), more than half being outdated theatres owned by the

956:

The print sector has suffered heavily from the economic crisis, and the TV sector is also facing contraction. Few media are profitable, and they increasingly depend on advertising. The distribution of public advertising funds is politicised, and that of advertising funds from the European Union (the

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Providers of networks and services of electronic communications are obliged to respect the decisions of the Supervisory Board of on restricting access to the websites of gambling unauthorized in Romania, as well as those on advertising gambling organized by a gambling operator which is unlicensed

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In 2017, Romanian media watchdog ActiveWatch warned that the private media sector was increasingly influenced by political interests. According to the NGO, "With job-insecurity and low pay commonplace, many Romanian journalists face the stark choice between obeying orders that effectively come from

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Magazines are a thriving segment. Some are spin-offs of popular newspapers, such as Libertatea or Click. Women's weeklies, TV guides and business weeklies (Business Magazin, Money Express, Saptamana financiara, Capital) also make good revenues. Glossy magazines and international franchises complete

795:

Journalists have opposed initiatives for a Law on the Press, fearing that it would impose restrictions rather than granting freedoms. A 2009 study by CIJ, ActiveWatch and IMAS (The Institute for Marketing and Polls) reports that most journalists say that professional norms are not respected, mostly

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In its report "The State of Romanian Mass Media 2020", the Center for Independent Journalism reiterated that self-censorship continues to be a problem in many newsrooms, wherein journalists are forced to tow a certain political line. The end result is that "less and less original stories come from

1812:

in the formation of public opinion. A media company is considered in a dominant position if its share from the national sector-based market is over 30%. Public service broadcaster is exempted. (2) The law "limits the number of media companies in which an owner can hold a majority of shares to one,

995:

The Romanian print press market is rich and diversified. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) counted up to 300 newspaper publishers in 2007, of which 159 dailies, and over 350 magazine publishers. 300 of them are audited by the Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulation (BRAT), hence gaining in

2330:

was founded in 1993 and is the main competitor of ProTV. The group owns a total of five television channel, others being Antena 2, Antena 3, Antena International, and Euforia TV, radio station Radio Romantic, news agency Amos News, many printed periodicals, a publishing and a production house.

1638:

Newspapers' websites are the main sources of information online. Online-only news outlets (such as HotNews.ro, ziare.com, ziare.ro, news.ro, liberalist.ro, corectnews.com, psnews.ro, activenews.ro, stiripesurse.ro) are more and more common, but they usually do not have the resources to produce

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Civil liability for any information or creation made public falls upon the publisher or producer, the author, the producer of the artistic performance, the owner of the copying facilities, radio or television station, under the terms laid down by law. Indictable offences of the press shall be

1828:

The Competition Law (RP 1996, amended in 2001) applies to all economic sectors. Its focuses mainly on preventing market dominance. Concentration is not illegal in itself, but only when it creates or consolidates a dominant position. Still, it is allowed in some cases, such as when it improves

1886:

For many years after the 1990 public funds were granted "in the form of rescheduling and cancelling tax liabilities for several groups of companies" in a way that "created advantages for the existing players in the market and raised obstacles for potential newcomers and for those who did not

1225:

Television is the most popular entertainment media in Romania, and it gathers two thirds of all advertising funds (337 million euro in 2008). The National Study of TV Audience has registered almost 50 TV stations distributed nationwide, including general audience and specialised channels.

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Any defamation of the country and the nation, any instigation to a war of aggression, to national, racial, class or religious hatred, any incitement to discrimination, territorial separatism, or public violence, as well as any obscene conduct contrary to morality shall be prohibited by

812:

Journalists in Romania have to deal with job insecurity due to low and delayed salaries, as well as commercial and political pressures from media owners and advertisers. Collective labour contracts for the mass media sector expired in early 2014. Reporters in Romania also often face

800:

organisations have developed self-regulation guidelines for an increased accountability in the Romanian media. A "Unique Code" was issued in October 2009 by COM, MediaSind trade union and the Association of Journalists in Romania, to be adopted for the whole profession.

2222:, entered the Romanian market in 1995, with Adrian Sârbu's Media Pro as a local partner, something that was required for operating an audiovisual license. Sârbu was also appointed as chief executive and chairman of CME. However, in February 2014 he was charged with 1229:

Romanian television is dominated by a small number of corporations, owning multiple TV channels as well as radio stations, newspapers and media agencies. Their television business is structured around a flagship channel and a number of smaller specialized,

1164:) and Info Pro (CME). The most popular private networks are Radio Zu (Intact), Radio 21 (Lagardere), ProFM (CME), Kiss FM (ProSiebenSat1), relying mostly on advertisement revenues, and broadcasting musical hits, entertainment, and short news bulletins. 1781:

Even though the Romanian legislation in the field of media ownership transparency is fully aligned with the European standards, in practice sufficient information to assess who effectively owns and ultimately controls the media is not always available.

772:

less and less used by journalists, who do not have resources to invest in investigative reporting while faced with severe economic conditions in the media sector in the country. Cases of officials obstructing access to information have been reported.

2287:

defined ProTV as being dependent on the goodwill of Romanian government, because it is claimed it has granted huge loans to the media, thus allowing its rapid growth. In fact it has given the government more airtime than to the opposition in the

1473:. New multiplex cinemas have been opening in shopping malls, including Hollywood Multiplex, Movieplex Cinema, and Cinema City Romania. Over 85% of tickets are for US blockbusters, with only 3.6% in 2008 for domestic Romanian film productions. 673:

Romania's newspaper market thrived after the 1989 revolution, but many newspapers subsequently closed because of rising costs. Most households in Bucharest have cable TV. There are hundreds of cable distributors offering access to Romanian,

2566:

and Media" in South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) member countries noted that while in Romania there were no cases of direct censorship in mass media, there were indeed cases of "indirect censorship" or

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There are many media outlets in the Romanian market, but few media conglomerates control most of the audience, leaving pluralism only on the surface. Media ownership is highly concentrated and state advertising also poses a risk.

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The board of TVR is appointed by parliament. In 2015 the CMPF assessed a high risk for the "Independence of governance and funding". Romanian Television gave the government more airtime than to the opposition in the

1732:

Print and online media have no particular regulatory authority. The Culture and Mass Media Committees of the two chambers of Parliament are competent on the issue but do not exercise monitoring and control.

1159:

Private FM stations dominate the market in Romania, with more than 700 licenses from the National Broadcasting Council by 2009. Two networks achieved national coverage: Europa FM (owned by the French group

1188: 764:

charges. Defamation was decriminalised in 2010 by a Supreme Court ruling, but this was later overturned by a 2013 Constitutional Court decision. Civil defamation lawsuits often target journalists.

3098: 3151: 1848:

In 2015 the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) assessed a medium risk for "Concentration of media ownership" and a high risk for the "Concentration of cross-media ownership".

1408:'s daughter), are market leaders, sharing about 32% of the market, with public television in the third place. A feature of Romanian Television after 2000 was the boom of specialized channels. 899:

cover most cities and most of them belong to national radio networks. Overall readership of most newspapers is slowly declining due to increasing competition from television and the Internet.

2574:

Journalists risk their jobs in they do not respect the editorial policy decided by media owner, who might be a businessman protecting its business. Journalists who stay in line are rewarded.

2523:

Freedom of expression of thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, and freedom of any creation, by words, in writing, in pictures, by sounds or other means of communication in public are inviolable.

1713:

gathers the owners and managers of media outlets, pushing the interests of the media organisations. Local publishers are grouped into the Ownership Association of Local Publishers (APEL).

3591: 1717: 1752:, and three by the government; all have to be confirmed by the Parliament. The appointments to its board are politicised, and the body thus often acts in a biased and ineffective way. 4846: 1702:, claiming around 9,000 members, of which 7,500 journalists. Most of Romania's 30,000 journalist remain unaffiliated. MediaSind has negotiated with the employers' organisations the 1651:, a private news agency founded in 1991 and part of MediaPro group, dominates the news agency market, producing 600 news items per day, and expanding abroad in the Czech market too. 2642:

it can damage internet security. Moreover, while at the moment the infrastructure is used only for unauthorized gambling website, it could be potentially used for other purposes.

2249:

According to 2007 informations in terms of ownership the group controls 26% of the television market, 9% of the urban radio market and 5% of the print market. Its main outlet is

3195: 1152:

The first private radio stations appeared in 1990; there are now more than 100 of them. State-run Radio Romania operates four national networks and regional and local stations.

809:), issuing warnings and fines for non lack of fairness and accuracy, as well as forcing media to display public acknowledgements for promoting indecent language and behaviour. 1820:

appears however "more concerned with the regulation of content than with that of the market" The Audiovisual Law does not target vertical concentration/cross-media ownership.

2234:, sold his shares in CME and withdrew from all positions. He was detained for 30 days in February 2015. Meanwhile, Lauder withdrew from CME board. In 2014 CME was bought by 903:

and sport newspapers are among the most read national newspapers. In every large city there is at least one local newspaper, which usually covers the rest of the county. An

730:. The Constitution also states that "Freedom of the press also involves the free setting up of publications," and that "No publication shall be suppressed, establishes free 4198: 4881: 4876: 2479: 2097: 1296: 4753: 3879: 3245: 1994: 2319:(PSD) and Antena 1 was favourable to the party during the campaign. He was sentenced to 10 years of prison on money laundering charges. He is cited as an example of " 4901: 3674:. In Bárd, Petra; Bayer, Judit (eds.). A Comparative Analysis of Media Freedom and Pluralism in the EU Member States (Report). European Parliament. pp. 173–185. 914:, thus ensuring a constant pro-governmental bias. In the private sector, owners' interests in other economic sectors usually define the editorial line of the media. 3685: 4710: 2631:(ISP) through block and redirect to the ONJN website, which is the able to collect data about users who attempted to navigate to an unauthorized gambling website. 952:

admitted in September 2014 to having been an undercover agent, thus raising concerns about the penetration of the security services in the media sector of Romania.

961:. Ownership structure of Romanian media is often obfuscated through intermediaries. Foreign media have a presence in the country but have recently scaled it down 2749:

On 1 February 2017 German freelance cameraman Christian Gesellmann was violently arrested by police in Bucharest while covering an anti-government demonstration.

4951: 4946: 3811: 990: 840:

command the lion's share of viewing, however there is a large number of smaller, private stations, some of them part of local networks. The state broadcaster,

4936: 4851: 1683:-Catavencu group. It produces around 300 news items daily and focuses on business and technology, targeting companies directly rather than journalism outlets. 1433:, with over 79% of all households watching television through a CATV network in 2007. The market is extremely dynamic, and dominated by two giant companies – 1710: 1703: 1083: 4138: 2347:

Bluelink Comunicazioni. The company also launched a news agency, NewsIn, but was not able to challenge MediaFax. Vântu has been an informer for Securitate.

1837:) is in charge. The law also applies to print media. However, the CC policies are only based on economic principles, without attention for media pluralism. 1632:

In November 2008, the number of registered .ro domains was over 340,000, of which 315,000 were active. This represents an increase of 50% in a single year.

4996: 4976: 4931: 4743: 3786: 980: 741:

is forbidden when it insults state symbols or religion, and when it promotes fascist or racist ideologies. Small fines are imposed: in 2014, the president

5016: 4911: 4861: 4856: 4926: 4763: 4748: 4108: 3095: 1075: 5001: 4981: 4961: 4871: 4836: 4831: 4733: 5021: 4991: 4971: 4916: 4896: 1969: 497: 5011: 5006: 2506:

is publicly funded (€3.1 million in 2014). It was reorganized by Law 19/2003. According to 2007 informations it has 22% of television market share.

1689:

International agencies with bureaus in Bucarest include Reuters, AP and France Presse, while others such as Bloomberg have permanent correspondents.

4986: 4841: 319: 3148: 1300: 1054:

Local newspapers are usually not backed by big investors, and thus remain vulnerable to political and commercial pressures. The main ones include

884: 5138: 4921: 4906: 4886: 4826: 4821: 1304: 1055: 114: 3709: 4966: 919: 4168: 2743:

On 16 May 2012 "Dan Buruca, an investigative reporter at Realitatea TV, was beaten by two individuals in the lobby of his apartment building".

1721: 1470: 1048: 2107: 1385:

state budget, a special TV tax, and advertising too. Civil society pressures to achieve depoliticisation of TVR have not yet been fruitful

1308: 610: 1524:(owned by the Greek company OTE and the Romanian state) is the dominant fixed line provider (around 80% of the market share) and the only 1998: 1699: 4048: 2830: 4796: 2997: 2764: 1776: 3199: 1952: 941:

The state anticorruption prosecutor was repeatedly attacked in 2014 on the media controlled by the jailed political and media moghul

927: 4078: 2786: 2746:

On 10 November 2014, Stefan Mako, an investigative journalist of Casa Jurnalistului, was detained by police after filming an arrest.

2733:

insulted ZIUA Veche journalist Cornelia Popescu after she asked him about contradictions in his declarations of financial interests.

779:

adopted a draft amendment that would have obliged television and radio broadcasters to have a 50% of "good" or "positive" news. The

5770: 5054: 1676: 856: 2467:. "Lagardère also owned a stake in Radio XXI together with Fundaţia Secolul XXI", which has amongst its member politicians of the 1745: 1420: 5699: 3627: 2002: 1755:

The National Authority for Communications (ANCOM) is the regulatory body for the TLC market, setting and enforcing market rules.

976: 492: 2538:

Freedom of expression shall not be prejudicial to the dignity, honour, privacy of a person, and to the right to one's own image.

4414: 4206: 3522: 3491: 3331: 3273: 3174: 3125: 3045: 3022: 2977: 2870: 5173: 3581: 1762:– CNC), part of the Ministry of Culture, supervises the cinema industry and organises competitions to finance film projects. 828:

has one of the most dynamic media markets in southeastern Europe. TV is the medium of choice for most Romanians. State-owned

805: 507: 149: 3887: 3668: 3249: 1555:

cellular networks (Orange, Vodafone and Cosmote) covering more than 85% of the territory (about 98% of the population), one

5406: 5350: 3751: 5338: 5286: 5195: 3935: 958: 635:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 3002:(Press Self-regulation in Romania), cercetare cantitativa (quantitative research), CJI, ActiveWatch, IMAS, October 2009. 2315:(formerly Humanist Party), senator from 2004 to 2012. Before 2004 general election Voiculescu's party was allied to the 1845:

There are many media outlets in Romania, but a few of them got most of the audience, making pluralism just an illusion.

1716:

NGOs dealing with the media sector take part in the umbrella organisation called the Convention of Media Organisations (

5365: 4358: 3220: 2215: 1922: 1724:—The Media Monitoring Agency, both dealing with training and advocacy to improve the quality of journalism in Romania. 1670: 1397: 1252: 223: 5471: 5446: 3068: 2727: 2658: 2468: 2316: 1147: 3819: 1172: 5436: 5255: 5123: 4540: 1902:

This table gives an overview of the main media conglomerates in Romania. More details about some groups are below:

1805: 603: 99: 17: 4254: 4470: 4146: 780: 445: 388: 2918:"OSCE media freedom representative urges Romanian President to veto bill on mandatory percentage of 'good news'" 5765: 5760: 5431: 5210: 4789: 3995: 3968: 2496: 2326:

According to 2007 informations 15% of the print market, 2% of the urban radio market and 15% of the TV market.

2289: 383: 4307:"OSCE media freedom representative condemns attack on journalist in Romania and calls for swift investigation" 4116: 4026: 1449:. Broadcast television is very limited because of the high penetration of cable. In the early 1990s, only two 5491: 5225: 5163: 2686: 1871: 1156:

is available on 88 FM in the capital, and is relayed in Timișoara (93.9), Sibiu (88.4) and Constanta (96.9).

986: 279: 139: 2944:"OSCE media freedom representative welcomes Romanian Constitutional Court's ruling against 'good news' bill" 1122: 5301: 5240: 5096: 5047: 4281:"OSCE media freedom representative urges Romanian authorities to investigate recent attacks on journalists" 3909: 2312: 1817: 1482: 426: 314: 72: 2253:

which was launched in 1994, but it owns a total of five television stations, two national radio, the main

5599: 5515: 5421: 5101: 4677: 4490: 2400: 2177: 1525: 1192: 970: 864: 596: 559: 356: 218: 77: 3997: 1023:(Adevarul Holding), that in 2009 distributed 236,000 copies (more than all the quality press combined), 255: 5567: 5441: 5401: 5328: 5245: 5230: 5128: 4738: 4515: 4407: 3593:

The concentration of media ownership in Romania: supporting or challenging pluralism and media freedom?

3574:

The concentration of media ownership in Romania: supporting or challenging pluralism and media freedom?

2664:

Investigative journalist Iosif Costinas disappeared on 8 June 2002 and was found dead on 21 March 2003.

2483: 1548: 1544:

The penetration rate of mobile telephony exceeded 100 percent in 2007 and reached 126 percent in 2008.

1353: 564: 539: 502: 421: 351: 104: 3996:

Association for the Defense of Human Rights in Romania – the Helsinki Committee (September 30, 2015).

5604: 5360: 5250: 4782: 3377: 2892:"OSCE media freedom representative urges Romanian authorities to finalize decriminalization of libel" 2628: 1744:

allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the National Audiovisual Council (

1419:

allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the National Audiovisual Council (

859:

cover all the country and have also international programs. The state also owns a public news agency

757: 654: 416: 1196: 1176: 895:. It offers besides the national channels a great number of international and specialized channels. 260: 5592: 5486: 5466: 5461: 5411: 5235: 4705: 4602: 4597: 4176: 2261: 1990: 1357: 1346: 911: 852: 393: 309: 287: 2343:

was revealed in 2006 as being the key owner of Realitatea Media, which was formally controlled by

1180: 265: 250: 245: 5562: 5532: 5311: 5291: 5158: 5040: 4387: 2609: 2515: 2034: 848:, and a pan-European satellite channel. Pay TV channels have a smaller but significant audience. 753:

user was also fined after he had posted a Nazi slogan that was then quoted by a local newspaper.

719: 644: 534: 431: 378: 134: 2051: 2030: 1936: 1878:

corporate or financial masters, or – if refusing and asking too many questions – being sacked."

1268: 872: 5547: 5391: 5316: 5148: 4562: 2737: 2423: 2132: 1804:

The Audiovisual Law (RP 2002) applies to television and radio: (1) Article 44 establishes that

1314: 1286: 880: 124: 2116: 5632: 5557: 5542: 5345: 5333: 5306: 5260: 4715: 4400: 4056: 3626:

Marina Popescu; Adina Marincea; Ioana Lupea; Ruxandra Gubernat; Roxana Bodea (October 2015).

2827: 2351:

has been involved with Realitatea, but he left after a clash with Vântu and went on founding

1809: 1220: 910:

The parliamentary majority controls appointments in the leadership of the public broadcaster

768: 731: 723: 648: 458: 370: 346: 179: 4891: 4333:"OSCE Representative calls for full investigation of police attack on journalist in Romania" 2535:

The law may impose upon the mass media the obligation to make public their financing source.

2340: 2065: 2046: 1211:, a publishing house, a radio theatre production department, several orchestras and choirs. 5552: 5537: 5501: 5481: 5355: 5323: 5296: 5183: 5133: 4662: 3710:"Bought and paid for – how Romania's media is pressured by corporate and political masters" 2443:

According to 2007 informations it has 4% of the television market. It used to control also

2348: 1749: 1278: 1184: 1090:. Readership has been in decline, among lacking professionalisation and poor distribution. 923: 484: 206: 169: 109: 1016: 8: 5689: 5674: 5664: 5582: 5577: 5476: 5426: 5416: 5274: 5205: 5168: 5108: 4632: 4592: 4572: 4552: 4455: 4086: 2736:

In January 2012 journalists from various media outlets were assaulted while covering the

2707: 2587: 2464: 2190: 1830: 1627: 1450: 1012: 841: 829: 658: 301: 210: 144: 84: 3625: 2678:

On 6 November 2004 journalist Sebastian Oancea of the Ziarul de Vrancea was harassed in

2427: 2136: 2103: 1833:. The law also targets vertical concentration/cross-ownership. The Competition Council ( 5725: 5718: 5619: 5609: 5496: 5379: 5200: 5143: 5088: 5078: 5067: 4866: 4567: 3845:. Vienna: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2003. pp. 173–186. 2783: 2327: 2284: 2026: 2022: 2017: 1401: 1242: 1238: 1095: 1032: 1019:(Intact). Their circulation numbers remain low in relation to popular tabloids such as 900: 892: 837: 803:

Among the broadcast media, regulation is managed by the National Broadcasting Council (

521: 119: 62: 42: 3635: 2851:. Vol. 2 (48 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2007. pp. 3734–3759. 2460: 1608: 1161: 5642: 5572: 5396: 4695: 4647: 4642: 4617: 4475: 3577: 2693: 2653: 2444: 2406: 2320: 1851:

In recent years there was a decrease in transnational investments and the so-called "

1463: 1290: 1153: 1008: 776: 463: 4956: 3686:"The struggle of Romenian media: media ownership patterns in post-communist Romania" 3246:"Adevarul - Numărul domeniilor .ro a crescut cu 50% faţă de anul trecut - Financiar" 1891: 1592: 1568: 5734: 5694: 5684: 5647: 5627: 5527: 5220: 5215: 4672: 4622: 4582: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4480: 4465: 4460: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 3519: 3488: 3328: 3270: 3171: 3122: 3091: 3042: 3019: 2974: 2867: 2370: 2266: 2227: 2077: 2042: 1975: 1963: 1852: 1737: 1588: 1564: 1412: 1040: 888: 474: 453: 407: 324: 237: 33: 4941: 2366: 2082: 1488:

exchange capacity is digital. Roughly 3,300 villages have outdated or no service.

1168: 5669: 5659: 5153: 4758: 4700: 4667: 4657: 4637: 4627: 4612: 4607: 4587: 4557: 4525: 4510: 4485: 3526: 3495: 3335: 3277: 3178: 3155: 3129: 3102: 3072: 3049: 3026: 2981: 2874: 2834: 2790: 2568: 2563: 2374: 2160: 2111: 2087: 2070: 1576: 949: 896: 529: 192: 129: 4199:"Plea for charges to be dropped against two journalists in defence secrets case" 3096:

Romania are cea mai mare rata de penetrare a televiziunii prin cablu din Balcani

2264:. It is also the Romanian publisher of some international media outlets, namely 5739: 4652: 4577: 4547: 3782: 3758: 2304: 2011: 1720:– COM). Its most active members are the Center for Independent Journalism, and 1405: 1191:(a youth station broadcasting online). It also holds an international station ( 942: 742: 703:

book production (inclusively pamphlets): 13,288,000 titles and 9,288,000 copies

675: 584: 338: 187: 3942: 3840: 2518:, adopted in 1991 and amended in 2003, is dedicated to freedom of expression: 1890:

Massive public support to media outlets cabinet was given particularly during

5754: 5652: 4229:"OSCE media watchdog calls on Romania to drop leak cases against journalists" 2712: 2448: 2431: 2277: 2219: 2125: 2060: 2056: 1986: 1867: 1442: 1282: 907:

was established in 1998 and today represents a large number of publications.

760:

praised reforms to the criminal code; journalists can no longer be jailed on

746: 662: 2352: 1200: 5637: 5453: 4774: 3149:

Romania are 19,5 milioane de utilizatori ai serviciilor de telefonie mobila

2689: 2635: 2300: 2243: 2231: 1373: 1231: 931: 784: 640: 3065: 2672: 5118: 2730: 2720: 2254: 2235: 2223: 1612: 1604: 1580: 1533: 957:

biggest advertisement buyer) has not been transparent in the wake of the

891:

is widely available in almost all localities, and some have even adopted

738: 636: 94: 2711:

faced charges for possessing and divulging contents of a CD relating to

2436: 2146: 1110: 1000: 3865: 2529:

Freedom of the press also involves the free setting up of publications.

2394: 2308: 2171: 1940: 1863: 1698:

The largest federation of Romanian trade unions in the media sector is

1680: 1596: 1572: 1529: 1521: 1446: 1438: 1329:

There are many localized or franchised international channels (such as

1264: 1204: 761: 727: 628: 2679: 815:

verbal abuse, intimidation, and occasionally even physical aggressions

5587: 3857: 2486:. According to 2007 informations it has 4% of the television market. 2422:

in 1997. Later he associated himself with international conglomerate

2392:

Ringier controls 56% of the print market, publishing newspapers like

1859: 1741: 1618:

network. Mobile telephony had a 108% penetration rate in March 2008.

1495: 1416: 814: 162: 4027:"Internet censorship redux – under the guise of regulating gambling" 1957: 1349:). Furthermore, there are a few independent and local broadcasters. 1079: 1004: 5032: 4359:"Romania: Bucharest police hit, arrest German cameraman at protest" 2645: 2613: 2503: 2419: 2358:

According to 2007 informations 4% it has of the television market.

2257: 2141: 1948: 1944: 1654: 1648: 1560: 1508:

digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest.

1502: 1377: 1318: 1272: 1246: 1036: 935: 750: 4806: 4392: 3787:"Romania's media haunted by communism and dominated by capitalism" 1932: 1512:

The combined (fixed+mobile) telephone penetration rate is 108.3%.

1260: 51: 5063: 4332: 3295:"Ştiri de ultima ora si ultimele ştiri – ştiri online – Mediafax" 3144: 3108: 2891: 2759: 2617: 2386: 2272: 2165: 1981: 1434: 1426: 1393: 1338: 1322: 1059: 876: 860: 825: 632: 4306: 4280: 4228: 2943: 2917: 1071: 2621: 2344: 2239: 2152: 1928: 1862:

involving media can be cited. Some owners had connections with

1430: 1389: 1256: 1087: 1067: 868: 833: 4255:"Improper behaviour towards a journalist by MEP George Becali" 3196:"Telefonia mobila are 22,6 milioane de utilizatori in Romania" 5113: 3107:

Romania has the highest penetration rates of cable TV in the

2639: 2250: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1063: 845: 89: 4139:"Local authorities again target the daily Ziarul de Vrancea" 3842:

The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional Journalism

3459:"AMOSNews Agentie Independenta de Presa – Agenţia AMOS News" 790: 2716: 2701: 2200: 2196: 1635:

Over 50% of the Romanian population used internet in 2014.

1615: 1600: 1584: 1556: 1381: 3458: 3385: 3294: 863:. The private media is grouped in media companies such as 3432: 1552: 1342: 1334: 1330: 4109:"Journalist who covers corruption is beaten unconscious" 3407: 1429:

has very high penetration rates for cable television in

3941:(Report). Independent Journalism Center. Archived from 3757:(Report). Centre for Media Transparency. Archived from 3352: 2463:

entered the Romanian market in 2000 with the launch of

1679:

is the newest national agency, launched in 2006 by the

694:

mobile cellular phones (subscribers): 22,000,000 (2008)

2793:

Reporters Without Borders, Retrieved 20 September 2013

2696:

of two Romanian journalists working for foreign media.

2682:

by three different political and official authorities.

1234:

channels. The biggest corporations of this kind are:

3812:"Media ownership concentration and crisis in Romania" 2651:

In 2002 Silvia Vranceanu of the opposition newspaper

2389:

was an exception to the lack of foreign investments.

1657:

is the state news agency (from 1990 to 2010 known as

904: 651:, the Romanian media system is under transformation. 2260:, national and local newspaper, publishing company 1919:Adrian Sârbu (founder and former CEO of Media Pro) 1520:There are 4,106,000 main lines in use (June 2007). 3159:(Romania has 19.5 millions mobile telephony users) 2592:Law 124/2015, passed on June 12, 2015, held that: 1808:and increase in audience shares must not generate 1563:only network (Romtelecom). Five networks, meaning 1039:, belonging to MediaPro. Business dailies include 783:, however, ruled the bill unconstitutional before 681:According to europaworld.com, in 2004 there were: 3856: 3666: 3353:"Agenția de presă Rador – Agenția de presă Rador" 3037: 3035: 2657:was intimidated after writing articles about the 2404:. From 2003 to 2010 it was also the publisher of 5752: 2646:Charges, attacks and threats against journalists 1686:Smaller agencies include AM Press and Amos News. 930:media group) after he had harshly criticised PM 691:telephones (main lines in use): 4,390,800 (2005) 1551:cards active by December 2013. There are three 3032: 1785: 1207:. Radio România also includes the news agency 737:No specific Press Law is in force in Romania. 5048: 4790: 4408: 4169:"Secret police tap phones of two journalists" 3749: 3667:Preoteasa, Manuela; Schwartz, Andrei (2016). 3221:"Rata de penetrare a telefoniei mobile, 108%" 734:and the autonomy of the public radio and TV. 604: 4804: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3690:Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso – Transeuropa 2482:is owned by Ioan and Viorel Micula, CEOs of 1639:original and quality journalistic contents. 1599:provides voice and data services over their 3816:European Centre for Press and Media Freedom 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 999:The quality segment includes title such as 5055: 5041: 4797: 4783: 4415: 4401: 4049:"Intimidation of an opposition journalist" 3781: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3408:"STATUS – Conceptul STATUS Healthcare Hub" 2840: 2765:Transparency of media ownership in Romania 1777:Transparency of media ownership in Romania 1214: 611: 597: 3982: 3933: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 1727: 1195:) and a regional network of 12 stations ( 887:and other smaller independent companies. 796:due to political and business pressures. 791:Status and self-regulation of journalists 3969:"The State of Romanian Mass-Media, 2020" 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3649: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3476: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3060: 3058: 3005: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2612:(EDRi) advocacy group questions whether 713: 643:, and other sales-related revenues. The 4020: 4018: 3809: 3610: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 977:Category:Magazines published in Romania 14: 5753: 4024: 3929: 3927: 3750:Preoteasa, Manuela; Schwartz, Andrei. 3505: 3263: 3164: 2581: 2311:, founder and former president of the 1897: 996:credibility and advertising revenues. 844:, operates a second national network, 5036: 4778: 4396: 3976:The Center for Independent Journalism 3726: 3312: 3055: 2962: 2855: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2699:In February 2006 Sebastian Oancea of 2627:Since the restriction is operated by 2369:is a Turkish conglomerate founded by 1746:Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului 1611:provides voice and data services via 1476: 1421:Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului 1187:(farming and rural communities), and 1141: 806:Consiliul National al Audiovizualului 5062: 4015: 3998:"Romania Begins Internet Censorship" 3966: 3589: 3571: 3536: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2685:On 26 January 2005 the chief of the 1758:The National Cinematography Centre ( 1105: 1031:(Ringier). Sport newspapers include 665:ranked it as "partly free" in 2014. 4422: 4205:. February 24, 2006. Archived from 3936:Labor Relations and Media – Romania 3924: 2999:Autoreglementarea Presei in Romania 2667:On 3 December 2003 Ino Ardelean of 2532:No publication shall be suppressed. 2526:Any censorship shall be prohibited. 1760:Centrul National al Cinematografiei 1661:). It was first founded in 1889 as 959:2014 Romanian presidential election 857:Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune 647:guarantees freedom of speech. As a 24: 4175:. January 28, 2005. Archived from 4145:. November 9, 2004. Archived from 4115:. December 5, 2003. Archived from 3849: 3135: 3132:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 3052:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 3029:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2557: 2216:Central European Media Enterprises 2045:and Maricel Păcuraru (co-owners), 1923:Central European Media Enterprises 1887:benefited from masked subsidies". 1794: 1765: 1671:European Alliance of News Agencies 1398:Central European Media Enterprises 1253:Central European Media Enterprises 25: 5782: 4388:BBC NEWS country profile: Romania 4381: 2796: 2728:Member of the European Parliament 1718:Conventia Organizatiilor de Media 1642: 1559:only (Digi.Mobil) as well as one 1148:List of radio stations in Romania 4805: 4085:. March 27, 2003. Archived from 4079:"Vanished journalist found dead" 4055:. August 9, 2002. Archived from 4025:Vasile, Matei (12 August 2015). 3752:The men who bit the (watch) dogs 2550:Art. 30, Constitution of Romania 2186:board is appointed by parliament 2010:Camelia (president), Corina and 1806:concentration of media ownership 1171:manages five national stations: 1109: 820: 578: 50: 5771:Mass media in Europe by country 4351: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4247: 4221: 4191: 4161: 4131: 4101: 4071: 4041: 3960: 3902: 3872: 3833: 3803: 3775: 3702: 3678: 3520:Romania #Regulatory Authorities 3451: 3425: 3400: 3378:"AGERPRES • Actualizează lumea" 3370: 3345: 3287: 3238: 3213: 3188: 3115: 3082: 2975:Romania #Accountability systems 2385:In the 1990s Swiss media group 1770: 1693: 3859:Constitution of Romania (2003) 2991: 2936: 2910: 2884: 2777: 2638:can be bypassed, according to 1663:Agentia Telegrafica a Romaniei 1528:provider. Other providers are 964: 851:The public television company 756:In 2007 the media rights body 13: 1: 3884:Independent Journalism Center 3576:. Iași: Institutul European. 2770: 2687:Romanian Intelligence Service 2608:also those advertising them. 2509: 1872:Socialist Republic of Romania 1515: 1501:satellite earth station: 10 ( 1189:Radio 3Net – "Florian Pittiş" 1101: 987:Category:Romanian journalists 697:personal computers: 2,450,000 659:Worldwide Press Freedom Index 4339:. Budapest. 13 November 2014 3912:. Mediacentar. 1 August 2008 3669:"Media pluralism in Romania" 2624:could become a target, too. 1818:National Audiovisual Council 1607:provives only data services 1491:International service data: 1483:Romania Telephone Area Codes 1098:is a cult satirical weekly. 905:Audit Bureau of Circulations 7: 4002:European Liberties Platform 3910:"Labor Relations and Media" 3880:"Labor Relations and Media" 3810:Ribeiro, Ana (2017-01-19). 3172:Romania #Telecommunications 2753: 2490:Public Service Broadcasters 2484:European Drinks & Foods 2128:(former owner of Adevărul) 1840: 1786:Concentration and pluralism 1621: 1193:Radio Romania International 1047:(Realitatea-Catavencu) and 971:List of Romanian newspapers 688:television users: 5,822,000 560:Romanian Cultural Institute 10: 5787: 5339:Chief of the General Staff 2868:Romania #Media Legislation 2849:The Europa World Year Book 2789:February 15, 2013, at the 2726:On 10 March 2010 Romanian 2671:was beaten unconscious in 2629:Internet service providers 2585: 2303:is owned by the family of 1774: 1736:Television broadcasts and 1625: 1603:(3G) networks, as long as 1480: 1461: 1411:Television broadcasts and 1354:public service broadcaster 1218: 1145: 984: 974: 968: 787:, so it never became law. 668: 657:ranks Romania 42nd in its 5712: 5618: 5523: 5514: 5387: 5378: 5282: 5273: 5191: 5182: 5087: 5074: 4817: 4724: 4686: 4428: 4287:. Vienna. 20 January 2012 3518:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3487:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3327:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3269:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3170:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3121:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3064:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3041:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 3018:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 2973:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 2866:Alexandru-Brădut Ulmanu, 2502:The national news agency 2307:, former collaborator of 1539: 1457: 1173:Radio România Actualităţi 1043:, published by MediaPro, 832:and the private stations 758:Reporters Without Borders 700:internet users: 4,500,000 655:Reporters Without Borders 5366:Unification with Moldova 5287:Administrative divisions 3628:"Romania – Results 2015" 2784:Press Freedom Index 2013 2738:anti-government protests 2447:, which is now owned by 2414:Prima Broadcasting Group 1991:PubliMedia International 709:other periodicals: 2,036 3967:Lupu, Cristina (2020). 3632:Media Pluralism Monitor 2705:and Marian Garleanu of 2659:Social Democratic Party 2610:European Digital Rights 2516:Constitution of Romania 2469:Social Democratic Party 2426:. In 2012 Burci bought 2418:Cristian Burci founded 2317:Social Democratic Party 2094:Ioan and Viorel Micula 1995:Ce se intampla doctore? 1858:Also, several cases of 1372:with a regional focus, 1215:Television broadcasting 1035:, owned by Intact, and 918:In July 2014, reporter 720:Constitution of Romania 645:Constitution of Romania 5472:Science and technology 4471:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4235:. Vienna. 8 March 2006 3329:Romania #News Agencies 2950:. Vienna. 11 July 2008 2605: 2555: 2480:Centrul Național Media 2475:Centrul Național Media 2424:SBS Broadcasting Group 2133:SBS Broadcasting Group 2098:Centrul Național Media 1728:Regulatory authorities 1547:There were 22.600.000 1388:Two private stations, 1360:, with five channels ( 1315:SBS Broadcasting Group 1297:Centrul Național Media 1197:Radio România Regional 1177:Radio România Cultural 885:Centrul Național Media 881:SBS Broadcasting Group 745:was fined for an anti- 685:radio users: 5,369,000 5766:Mass media by country 5761:Mass media in Romania 5256:Territorial evolution 5139:United Principalities 4313:. Vienna. 18 May 2012 3588:Available online as: 3489:Romania #Trade Unions 2924:. Vienna. 8 July 2008 2594: 2520: 2497:2004 general election 2434:(Patriciu had bought 2290:2004 general election 1835:Consiliul Concurenței 1221:Television in Romania 1181:Radio România Muzical 855:and the public radio 769:access to information 732:access to information 724:freedom of expression 714:Legislative framework 649:country in transition 625:mass media in Romania 115:United Principalities 5700:World Heritage Sites 3590:Baya, Adina (2007). 3572:Baya, Adina (2009). 3531:EJC Media Landscapes 3500:EJC Media Landscapes 3340:EJC Media Landscapes 3282:EJC Media Landscapes 3183:EJC Media Landscapes 3077:EJC Media Landscapes 3020:Romania #Print Media 2986:EJC Media Landscapes 2898:. Vienna. 7 May 2013 2879:EJC Media Landscapes 2661:'s regional leaders. 2546:established by law. 2440:newspaper in 2006). 2193:(public television) 2052:Realitatea-Cațavencu 2031:Antena Internațional 1937:PRO.TV Internațional 1750:President of Romania 1279:Realitatea-Catavencu 1269:Pro TV Internaţional 1185:Radio Antena Satelor 1179:(culture and arts), 1015:(WAZ/Dan Adamescu), 991:Romanian journalists 873:Realitatea-Caţavencu 781:Constitutional Court 775:On 25 June 2008 the 706:daily newspapers: 84 678:and other stations. 493:World Heritage Sites 5109:Prehistoric Romania 4687:States with limited 3388:on 26 February 2009 3066:Romania #Television 2588:Internet in Romania 2582:Internet censorship 2398:and magazines like 1898:Media conglomerates 1711:Romanian Press Club 1704:collective contract 1628:Internet in Romania 1358:Televiziunea Română 1167:The public company 1084:Transilvania Expres 912:Televiziunea Română 853:Televiziunea Română 410:and performing arts 85:Prehistoric Romania 5492:Telecommunications 5407:Foreign investment 5226:Historical regions 4365:. February 2, 2017 3785:(24 August 2015). 3525:2016-01-13 at the 3494:2016-01-13 at the 3439:. 24 November 2016 3334:2016-01-13 at the 3276:2016-01-13 at the 3271:Romania #New Media 3177:2016-01-13 at the 3161:, October 10, 2007 3154:2007-10-12 at the 3128:2016-01-13 at the 3101:2007-07-11 at the 3071:2016-01-13 at the 3048:2016-01-13 at the 3025:2016-01-13 at the 2980:2016-01-13 at the 2873:2016-01-13 at the 2833:2016-04-02 at the 2562:A 2008 report on " 2514:Article 30 of the 2341:Sorin Ovidiu Vântu 2313:Conservative Party 2285:European Community 2218:(CME), founded by 2066:Academia Cațavencu 2047:Sorin Ovidiu Vântu 2018:Intact Media Group 1810:dominant positions 1477:Telecommunications 1239:Intact Media Group 1142:Radio broadcasting 1121:. You can help by 1096:Academia Catavencu 1033:Gazeta Sporturilor 981:Romanian magazines 948:TV and radio host 893:digital television 865:Intact Media Group 585:Romania portal 43:Culture of Romania 5748: 5747: 5708: 5707: 5510: 5509: 5374: 5373: 5351:Political parties 5302:Foreign relations 5269: 5268: 5164:Communist Romania 5124:Early Middle Ages 5030: 5029: 4772: 4771: 3583:978-973-611-590-5 2694:telephone tapping 2669:Evenimentul Zilei 2654:Evenimentul Zilei 2407:Evenimentul Zilei 2207: 2206: 2043:Cozmin Horea Gușă 1498:country code: 40; 1464:Cinema of Romania 1291:The Money Channel 1154:BBC World Service 1139: 1138: 1045:Business Standard 1017:Jurnalul Național 1009:Evenimentul zilei 631:outlets based in 621: 620: 498:National Register 140:Communist Romania 100:Early Middle Ages 16:(Redirected from 5778: 5728: 5721: 5600:Social structure 5521: 5520: 5457: 5422:Great Depression 5385: 5384: 5280: 5279: 5189: 5188: 5134:Early Modern Era 5057: 5050: 5043: 5034: 5033: 4811:Media in Romania 4809: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4725:Dependencies and 4429:Sovereign states 4417: 4410: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4261:. March 15, 2010 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3890:on 16 April 2017 3886:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3818:. Archived from 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3634:. Archived from 3623: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3587: 3569: 3534: 3516: 3503: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384:. 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Romania 5083: 5070: 5061: 5031: 5026: 4867:Bucharest-Ilfov 4847:Bistrița-Năsăud 4813: 4803: 4773: 4768: 4726: 4720: 4706:Northern Cyprus 4688: 4682: 4603:North Macedonia 4424: 4423:Media of Europe 4421: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4209:on 28 July 2020 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4179:on 28 July 2020 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4149:on 28 July 2020 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4119:on 28 July 2020 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4089:on 28 July 2020 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4059:on 28 July 2020 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3994: 3983: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3948:on 5 March 2009 3945: 3938: 3934:Mihaela Mihis. 3932: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3783:Greenslade, 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2875:Wayback Machine 2865: 2856: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2837:, Romania, 2014 2835:Wayback Machine 2826: 2797: 2791:Wayback Machine 2782: 2778: 2773: 2756: 2648: 2604: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2569:self-censorship 2564:Labor Relations 2560: 2558:Self-censorship 2552: 2549: 2512: 2381:Ringier Romania 2375:Kanal D Romania 2349:Sebastian Ghiță 2273:Playboy Romania 2161:Michael Ringier 2112:Transilvania TV 2088:Kanal D Romania 2071:Radio Guerrilla 1982:Playboy Romania 1900: 1843: 1824:Competition Law 1800:Audiovisual Law 1797: 1795:Legal framework 1788: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1766:Media ownership 1730: 1696: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1587:(3G) services. 1542: 1518: 1485: 1479: 1469:public company 1466: 1460: 1347:Cartoon Network 1223: 1217: 1150: 1144: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1119:needs expansion 1104: 993: 983: 973: 967: 950:Robert Turcescu 922:was fired from 823: 793: 749:comment, and a 716: 671: 617: 579: 577: 570: 569: 555: 554: 545: 544: 540:National anthem 525: 524: 513: 512: 488: 487: 469: 468: 449: 448: 437: 436: 417:Music by region 412: 411: 399: 398: 374: 373: 362: 361: 342: 341: 330: 329: 305: 304: 293: 292: 288:Music festivals 283: 282: 271: 270: 241: 240: 229: 228: 219:Characteristics 214: 213: 198: 197: 183: 182: 157: 156: 155: 154: 130:Greater Romania 66: 65: 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5784: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5605:Urban planning 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Stock Exchange 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5361:Prime Minister 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4877:Caraș-Severin| 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4727:other entities 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4678:United Kingdom 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Czech Republic 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4382:External links 4380: 4377: 4376: 4350: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4220: 4190: 4160: 4130: 4100: 4070: 4040: 4014: 3981: 3959: 3923: 3901: 3871: 3848: 3832: 3802: 3774: 3725: 3701: 3677: 3648: 3609: 3582: 3535: 3504: 3475: 3450: 3433:"Prima pagină" 3424: 3399: 3369: 3344: 3311: 3286: 3262: 3237: 3212: 3187: 3163: 3134: 3114: 3081: 3054: 3043:Romania #Radio 3031: 3004: 2990: 2961: 2935: 2909: 2883: 2854: 2839: 2795: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2734: 2724: 2708:România liberă 2697: 2683: 2676: 2665: 2662: 2647: 2644: 2599: 2583: 2580: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2511: 2508: 2323:" in Romania. 2305:Dan Voiculescu 2205: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2139: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2038: 2020: 2015: 2012:Dan Voiculescu 2007: 2006: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1914:Media outlets 1912: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1892:Adrian Năstase 1842: 1839: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1775:Main article: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1729: 1726: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1674: 1667:Agentia Romana 1652: 1644: 1643:Media agencies 1641: 1626:Main article: 1623: 1620: 1541: 1538: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1478: 1475: 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1451:state owned TV 1406:Dan Voiculescu 1392:(owned by the 1327: 1326: 1312: 1294: 1276: 1250: 1219:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1116: 1114: 1103: 1100: 1013:România liberă 969:Main article: 966: 963: 954: 953: 946: 943:Dan Voiculescu 939: 822: 819: 792: 789: 743:Traian Basescu 726:and prohibits 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 670: 667: 619: 618: 616: 615: 608: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 587: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 556: 552: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 532: 526: 520: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 489: 483: 482: 481: 478: 477: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 450: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 413: 406: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 375: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 343: 337: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 320:Greek Catholic 317: 315:Roman Catholic 312: 306: 300: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 284: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 242: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 221: 215: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 184: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 166: 165: 159: 158: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 81: 80: 69: 68: 67: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5783: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5723: 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4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4739:Faroe Islands 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711:South Ossetia 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Liechtenstein 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3911: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3822:on 2017-03-28 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3764:on 2016-03-22 3760: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3714:openDemocracy 3711: 3705: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3638:on 2017-03-28 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3595: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3252:on 2008-12-16 3251: 3247: 3241: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3202:on 2014-02-01 3201: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142:(in Romanian) 3138: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089:(in Romanian) 3085: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828:Freedom House 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2740:in Bucharest. 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713:Romanian army 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692:admitted the 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459:French group 2457: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2449:Antenna Group 2446: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2432:Dinu Patriciu 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Doğan Holding 2364: 2363: 2362:Doğan Holding 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267:Maxim Romania 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2244:RCS & RDS 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Ronald Lauder 2217: 2212: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2126:Dinu Patriciu 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102:Național TV, 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083:Doğan Holding 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061:Realitatea FM 2058: 2057:Realitatea TV 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037:(Euforia TV) 2036: 2035:Happy Channel 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976:Maxim Romania 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868:secret police 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1778: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583:also provide 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:United States 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Realitatea TV 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:), including 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Radio România 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1117:This section 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:, Tribuna in 1061: 1057: 1056:Gazeta de Sud 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 992: 988: 982: 978: 972: 962: 960: 951: 947: 944: 940: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916: 915: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 821:Media outlets 818: 816: 810: 808: 807: 801: 797: 788: 786: 782: 778: 773: 770: 765: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 666: 664: 663:Freedom House 661:, from 2013. 660: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 614: 609: 607: 602: 600: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 576: 575: 574: 573: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 553:Organisations 549: 548: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 523: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 480: 479: 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