785:". They also reported that the media had been attacked by government authorities. There are reports of authorities destroying work and equipment belonging to the media, arrests and interrogations of media correspondents, reporters being held in prison being "civil rebellion" after expressing an opinion, journalists being accused of being spies and multiple reports of arrests of journalists after reporting on alleged election irregularities. Media workers have also been physically and verbally assaulted by government authorities, had received death threats against them and their families and had been intimidated by both government supporters and authorities following the death of Hugo Chávez. Cartoonists, journalists, writers and artists were sent death threats through "phone calls, text messages to their mobile telephones, and through social network Twitter". During a radio interview, Nicolás Maduro blamed
863:, The President of the National Assembly, said that the private media are "the enemies of the homeland, of the people, of the Revolution, of the Constitution" and that "encouraging activities of this type because it might backfire and in the face of these media who are going with the ruin of the peace in this country, with the destruction of the peace of this country, I’m going to tell them: the day that something happens here, the people know what they are going to grab on to – and I’m almost certain that the rightwing media are not going to go without visits from the people. And this is not threats, I am just trying to interpret the reality of a people that is tired, that is sick and tired of being subjected and harassed, every day, to a thousand pressures by the rightwing media with their lies".
46:
1017:". Claudia Lizardo, a 29-year-old creative director, formed a small team composed by four friends and began broadcasting under the name of "Bus TV" with nothing more than a cardboard frame and their voices. The group claims that the goal to be producing fact-based news media rather to seek confrontation with anybody. Laura Castillo, one member of the team, stated that "We want this to survive, that’s why we have a respectful approach that doesn’t look for confrontation with anybody."
3260:
834:–onal" and said that "uying El Nacional is like buying muriatic acid and breakfasting on muriatic acid every day. That’s right, it’s poison! I don’t buy it, I don’t recommend that anyone buy it either, really; not even the people of the opposition because if they do they will make a bad impression." The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights stressed how important it was for "creating a climate of respect and tolerance for all ideas and opinions" in Venezuela.
801:, the Venezuelan government "has expanded and abused its powers to regulate media". The report says that "sharp criticism of the government is still common in several newspapers and some radio stations, fear of government reprisals has made self-censorship a serious problem". The report also criticized the amended telecommunications law where the government could take away concessions to private media outlets if it is "convenient for the interests of the nation".
267:
495:
the media when Chávez would call out journalists by name, with such polarization becoming so intense that eventually journalists "were regularly attacked in the street by Chavez supporters". In June 2001, the Chávez-filled
Supreme Court ruled that the media could face consequences for "half-truths" and shortly after in January 2002, the headquarters of
851:
health of Hugo Chávez calling them "ultra-rightwing", saying that they "have an absolutely wretched soul, absolutely wretched, and answer to anti-patriotic plans" and that they are "a very venomous minority of that ultra-right that never stops in its attack against
President Chávez". President Maduro also accused the newspapers
491:
removing political barriers, the independent media began to criticize Chávez in a similar manner to the way other Latin
American countries would have their media criticize their own governments. The independent Venezuelan press then became opposed to Chávez, fearing that he would ruin the economy and Venezuela's democracy.
696:. In 2014, newspapers throughout the country have reported shortages of paper and have depleted their reserves; resulting in cuts of services for customers. Despite this, the Venezuelan government has announced the creation of two new state newspapers in September 2014. In October 2014, the Vice President of
523:, would pressure media organizations until they failed by preventing them from acquiring necessary resources. The Venezuelan government would manipulate foreign exchange rates for media organizations so that they could no longer import their resources or fine them heavily. The government would then use a
871:
President Maduro said that the time had come for media organizations to show "who they are with with the homeland, with peace, with the people, or are they going to be on the side of fascism once again". President Maduro also made several verbal attacks at the time against the media saying they "are
825:
said that it had received information about "persistent use of stigmatizing declarations by public officials to discredit journalists, communicators, and members of the opposition who express ideas, opinions or disseminate information contrary to the interests of the
Venezuelan Government". President
673:
The use of social media has grown to be important in
Venezuela because of government censorship preventing press freedom in other forms of media. Some Venezuelans rely on social networking to purchase goods, such as medications that are vital for survival. Social media has also allowed Venezuelans to
494:
The Chávez government responded by making laws that would threaten the revocation or fining of media organizations, while Chávez and his officials would also combat the media by calling out reporters by name, which angered members of the media, sparking dubious reports and articles. Fears arose among
744:
had declined during Hugo Chávez's "15 years in power", stating that the
Venezuelan government's relation to the media "led to sharp declines in press freedom and a vastly expanded government information apparatus". After the Venezuelan National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) implemented the
631:
In 1998, independent television represented 88% of the 24 national television channels while the other 12% of channels were controlled by the
Venezuelan government. By 2014, there were 105 national television channels with only 48 channels, or 46%, representing independent media while the Venezuelan
943:
The
Venezuelan internet freedom declined in 2017. The country is moving towards the increase of internet censorship and the increase of online surveillance. Social media is the route protesters are taking in order to raise their concerns. This has led to the implementation of content filtering and
888:
for attacks on authorities. She said, "e were surprised at the announcement of the search by the privately held
GlobovisiĂłn network, the social networks and the webpage of newspaper El Impulso, which undoubtedly constituted a detonator for the violence, as shown by the beginning of a mutiny within
753:
Hugo Chávez presidency resulted being a continuous war against news outlets. He blamed many of them for supporting an attempted coup against him in 2002. He made changes in the broadcast side through regulations and new ownership. Maduro continued his predecessor steps by making drastic changes in
850:
against the media" and that "tatements by senior officials constitute an official discourse that incites physical and verbal attacks on the employees of
GlobovisiĂłn, and guarantees impunity for the aggressors". Nicolas Maduro used harsh accusations on media organizations who were reporting on the
789:
for violence occurring in the country after the election and accused Globovision of being "fascist". The Venezuelan government has also been accused of not allowing public media outlets to attend official events and places such as the National Assembly, where only government-run media outlets are
490:
after his election in 1998, supporting the changes he proposed for Venezuela. However, when the media began to report "negative realities" occurring in Venezuela, the Chávez government began to view the independent media as an enemy. After Chávez established his position of power in Venezuela by
749:
claiming that "democratic security" was in danger and imposed heavy fines on private media, the media responded by "softening their coverage of national and international news". This law also requires all media outlets to air live government broadcasts (cadenas) "which the government issues
999:
discussing the rising popularity of news websites in Venezuela, La Patilla CEO Alberto Federico Ravell stated that "The editorial line of La Patilla is to call it like it is ... We don't need paper. We don't need a broadcasting license. There's little they can do to squeeze us."
804:
In a 2015 report by the Institute for Press and Society (IPYS), over 25 media organizations had changed in ownership between 2010 and 2015 with the new owners having "a direct relationship" to local governments and the national government that was linked to Chavismo.
527:
to give the troubled organization a "generous" offer to purchase the company. Following the buyout, the front company would promise that the staff would not change but would slowly release them and change their coverage to be in favor of the Venezuelan government.
754:
the print outlets. Journalists complain and express their frustration, as they are no longer able to report freely to the news outlet. In addition, many have turned and are making use of new platforms such as internet websites and applications.
651:, journalists explain reasons of why they have moved from traditional media outlets such as newspapers and organizations to websites. Journalists explained how after allegations of censorship after the sale of Cadena Capriles organization and
1679:
368:
and other methods are important ways of communication for the Venezuelan people, with social media being established as an alternative means of information to mainstream media. Venezuela now has the 4th highest percentage of Twitter users.
554:
the ninth country in the world to have television. By 1963 a quarter of Venezuelan households had television; a figure rising to 45% by 1969 and 85% by 1982. Even though the best known television show internationally is President
514:
By the time of Chávez's death in 2013, he left a transformed media atmosphere in Venezuela with the media organizations that opposed him being silenced and an expanding state media as a result. Media workers face legal barriers,
982:
Journalists and press-freedom advocates state that news websites like La Patilla "have helped fill a gap" since individuals linked to the Venezuelan government had purchased media organizations in Venezuela, such as
2258:
McCarthy, K. (n.d.). Venezuela increases internet censorship and surveillance in crisis. Retrieved 4 April 2018, from https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/25/venezuela_increases_censorship_surveillance/
3237:
1687:
826:
Maduro has frequently accused the media of "psychological war", "media terrorism", being "ultra-rightwing" and "ignorant, perverse and manipulators". President Maduro had also called the newspaper
478:
By 1970s, Venezuela surpassed Argentina as the most urbanized of South America nations. The benefits that urbanization has brought in terms of ease of communication were offset by social problems.
740:
report, the media in Venezuela is classified as "not free". Venezuela's press freedom was also ranked low, with a ranking of 171 out of 197 countries. Freedom House explained that Venezuela's
713:, 55 newspapers in Venezuela stopped circulation due to difficulties and government censorship between 2013 and 2018. By 2019, the number of newspapers circulating in Venezuela dropped to 28.
511:
was passed, and in 2010 it was extended to the Internet and social media in 2010, requires media companies to "establish mechanisms to restrict, without delay, the dissemination of messages."
2008:
697:
507:
in April 2002, Chávez used a "two-pronged strategy" in which his government strengthened its own media and "closed, browbeaten or infiltrated almost every independent outlet." In 2004, the
3316:
2063:
3200:
1652:
1295:
911:, releasing "personal records of citizens who frequent the forums portal journalistic institution with critical views about government performance Nicolas Maduro". The director of
3227:
674:
protest, though the Bolivarian government has targeted critics. A September 2018 poll by Meganalisis found that 57.7% of respondents relied on social media as their news source.
3136:
2114:
3249:
3161:
655:, journalists have found refuge on the Internet. Some journalists have even created their own websites, though with some difficulties. This includes a Venezuelan imitation of
1978:
1735:
357:'s 15 years in power, stating that the Venezuelan government's relation to the media caused a sharp decline in press freedom and expanded government information apparatus.
1891:
3268:
454:; all of which were private companies based in Caracas. El Nacional has been reduced to an online edition, and El Universal was sold to the Government. There are also
1521:
1494:
1446:
3372:
3334:
3153:
1820:
3242:
3232:
3173:
499:
was assaulted by hundreds of Chavistas, Globovision reporters were attacked while attempting to record AlĂł Presidente and there was a bomb attack on newspaper
889:
the Penitentiary Center hours later, during which the gang leaders attacked members of the National Guard, resulting in an unfortunate number of casualties".
880:
After the government had already announced the plans of searching a jail in Uribana, Minister of Popular Power for Penitentiary Services, Iris Varela, blamed
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508:
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152:
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3205:
3379:
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3166:
3451:
2636:
1588:
1952:
3122:
1846:
2621:
956:
According to media protection organizations, Venezuelans "have been forced to find alternatives as newspapers and broadcasters struggle with
916:
1916:
1239:
1212:
702:
1792:
1284:
1656:
961:
605:
410:
2152:
Duno Gottberg, Luis (2004). "Mob outrages: reflections on the media construction of the masses in Venezuela (April 2000–January 2003)".
1709:
2731:
2531:
2428:
2290:
2265:, Foreign Policy, 11 Mar. 2014, foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/11/how-the-venezuelan-government-made-the-media-into-its-most-powerful-ally/.
2413:
2181:
Acosta-Alzuru, C. (2013). "Melodrama, reality and crisis: The government-media relationship in Hugo Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution".
1350:
822:
766:
2423:
504:
3145:
2677:
2238:
1986:
1180:
1739:
1003:
The search for an alternate way of expressing their views is not lost on the new generation. According to an article published by
2665:
2489:
1041:
1009:, a group of young Venezuelan activists took it upon themselves to ride bus lines that pass through the poorest neighborhoods of
1880:
2877:
2687:
2248:, Al Jazeera, 14 May 2017, www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2017/05/venezuela-ongoing-media-war-170513114624033.html.
1031:
137:
1056:
2584:
2484:
2438:
2255:, NPR, 9 Nov. 2017, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/08/562954354/venezuela-constituent-assembly-cracks-down-on-media.
294:
181:
68:
63:
1271:
Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences
2224:
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3089:
2882:
2706:
2521:
2303:
1824:
1443:
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channel sponsored by seven Latin American states, 2005). There are also local community-run television stations such as
2796:
2373:
1478:
1331:
17:
919:, sent screenshots of the critical comments to SEBIN and to former director and now Minister of Interior and Justice,
2506:
1564:
1401:
1358:
2388:
972:
944:
online surveillance by the government of the country. The government justifies that the internet is used to promote
3441:
2806:
2501:
632:
government and the "communitarian channels" it funded accounted for 54% of channels, or the 57 remaining channels.
2232:
847:
2958:
2892:
2867:
2648:
1026:
818:
762:
683:
455:
427:
1132:
3446:
2850:
2611:
2443:
2368:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2283:
1091:
625:
176:
166:
147:
960:", with a growing trend of Venezuelans using online news media to bypass government censors. websites such as
3046:
2916:
2766:
2631:
2378:
475:. By 1963 a quarter of Venezuelan households had television; a figure rising to 45% by 1969 and 85% by 1982.
132:
3259:
2453:
349:
has ranked Venezuela as "not free" when it comes to press freedom. Freedom House explained that Venezuela's
2973:
2716:
2616:
2526:
1468:
1321:
1244:
142:
2742:
2653:
904:
585:
394:
2872:
2323:
2144:
2009:"Venezuela aumentĂł la censura y las restricciones a Internet, segĂşn el Ăşltimo informe de Freedom House"
1423:
920:
3056:
2978:
2933:
2711:
2601:
2567:
2363:
2348:
2276:
1556:
1393:
543:
472:
365:
287:
231:
117:
647:
2953:
2948:
2840:
2572:
2358:
450:
196:
609:
191:
2557:
1927:
1046:
995:
957:
537:
361:
3051:
2983:
2963:
2943:
2902:
2887:
2643:
2606:
2467:
689:
122:
107:
53:
2261:
Fossett, Katelyn. "How the Venezuelan Government Made the Media into Its Most Powerful Ally".
1470:
The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela
1323:
The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela
519:
lawsuits from Venezuelan officials or are targets of violence. Both Chávez and his successor,
3036:
3016:
2545:
2448:
1051:
782:
709:
In 2013, 90 newspapers were in circulation in Venezuela. Following the election of President
693:
440:
221:
201:
103:
2845:
1680:"Venezuelan TV host gets completely naked while reporting on Copa America win over Colombia"
846:
filed complaints to the Public Prosecutor about "supposed threats by representatives of the
3286:
3220:
3114:
3082:
2998:
2897:
2828:
2782:
2726:
2721:
2697:
2658:
2589:
2562:
2496:
2479:
2311:
1617:
1438:
1061:
965:
931:, they would be able to block future critical comments in the future with the "state-owned
621:
422:
350:
314:. Thus, the media of Venezuela consist of several different types of communications media:
280:
235:
162:
127:
1363:
8:
3415:
3281:
3006:
2968:
2938:
2791:
2626:
2594:
2579:
2433:
1765:"Avanza el silencio... En Venezuela solo circulan 28 periĂłdicos de 90 que habĂan en 2013"
1071:
899:
722:
547:
250:
93:
872:
sadists of journalism and communication" and that "they celebrate the feast of death".
444:
3404:
3342:
3301:
3291:
3098:
3041:
3031:
3011:
2988:
2928:
2516:
2511:
2206:
2064:"A pesar de la censura, surge un nuevo medio informativo para 'crear luz' en Venezuela"
1634:
1066:
798:
471:
Venezuela was the ninth country in the world to have television, introduced in 1952 by
339:
186:
907:
had sent messages to current and formal members of the Venezuelan intelligence agency
3384:
3362:
3296:
3178:
3061:
2210:
2198:
2169:
1638:
1560:
1474:
1397:
1327:
1014:
266:
1793:"En cinco años, 55 medios impresos dejaron de circular en Venezuela - LaPatilla.com"
779:
Law on Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media (Resorte Law)
710:
561:
520:
3399:
3347:
3103:
2383:
2190:
2161:
1626:
989:
860:
741:
270:
310:
comprise the mass and niche news and information communications infrastructure of
3352:
3324:
3306:
3276:
1450:
1240:"Twitter Usage Statistics: Which Country Has The Most Active Twitter Population?"
245:
2403:
2165:
3357:
3210:
3026:
2771:
2418:
2393:
1593:
73:
581:
556:
487:
390:
354:
216:
3435:
3389:
3183:
2751:
2398:
2338:
2202:
2194:
2173:
1797:
1498:
976:
733:
700:, Ernesto Villegas also announced the Venezuelan government's acquisition of
601:
524:
346:
211:
206:
573:
386:
45:
2756:
781:
all have sections that are not compatible with Inter-American standards on
2251:
Gonzales, Richard. "Venezuela Constituent Assembly Cracks Down on Media".
1630:
1522:"How the Venezuelan Government Made the Media into Its Most Powerful Ally"
2353:
945:
2115:"Venezuelan journalists 'broadcast' live on buses to reach new viewers"
1956:
1769:
969:
928:
657:
516:
323:
315:
1953:"Ipys: En cinco años más de 25 medios cambiaron de dueño en Venezuela"
88:
2761:
2299:
2268:
2148:(July 2005). "Soul Search", Vol. 44 Issue 2, July–August 2005, pp52–8
2067:
1881:"Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013"
1427:(July 2005). "Soul Search", Vol. 44 Issue 2, July–August 2005, pp52-8
698:
The Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication of the PSUV
551:
327:
311:
83:
37:
2035:"Venezuela increases internet censorship and surveillance in crisis"
750:
frequently, at random, and without regard for regular programming."
2408:
1736:"Presidente Maduro "aprobĂł" crear dos nuevos impresos pro gobierno"
1213:"For Many in Venezuela, Social Media Is A Matter of Life And Death"
815:
Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013
759:
Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013
617:
613:
418:
414:
335:
1010:
1005:
786:
597:
577:
432:
409:. There are also local community-run television stations such as
406:
382:
78:
572:(launched 1953, losing its terrestrial broadcast license 2007);
1710:"Resultados Encuesta Meganalisis Septiembre 2018 (PublicaciĂłn)"
1615:
Corrales, Javier (April 2015). "The Authoritarian Resurgence".
2088:
338:-based news outlets and websites. Venezuela also has a strong
2855:
2801:
1553:
The New Censorship Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom
1390:
The New Censorship Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom
932:
908:
319:
3144:
1473:(online ed.). New York: Nation Books. pp. 73–78.
1181:"Venezuela's Press Crackdown Stokes Growth of Online Media"
837:
831:
593:
589:
569:
402:
398:
378:
331:
608:(CatiaTVe, 2001) and a range of regional networks such as
1326:(online ed.). New York: Nation Books. pp. 1–8.
1217:
866:
542:
Television in Venezuela began in 1952 when the dictator
612:. The Venezuelan government also provides funding to
1671:
927:
that since the Venezuelan government knew the users
509:
Law on Social Responsibility in Radio and Television
1979:"Portal chavista Noticias 24 delata a sus usuarios"
1282:
588:(1964 as a private channel, nationalized in 1974),
1653:"El periodismo venezolano se atrinchera en la web"
1084:
431:and funds the majority of Latin American network
3433:
2233:What is the Venezuelan news media actually like?
1839:
1178:
892:
859:of "media terrorism" and a "psychological war".
413:(CatiaTVe). The Venezuelan government also runs
1351:"CODEL BALLENGER 4/27 DINNER WITH MEDIA OWNERS"
377:The main four private television networks were
1546:
1544:
1542:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
565:, there are plenty of well known telenovelas.
3130:
2284:
2180:
2151:
1890:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
1655:. El Tiempo. 9 September 2014. Archived from
1487:
1345:
1343:
288:
3423:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.
1586:
1539:
1455:
1381:
1161:
606:Televisora Comunitaria del Oeste de Caracas
411:Televisora Comunitaria del Oeste de Caracas
3137:
3123:
2291:
2277:
2154:Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1813:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1340:
1269:Swanson, David and Mancini, Paolo (1996),
1127:
1125:
1123:
903:reported that the Venezuelan news website
295:
281:
2183:International Journal of Cultural Studies
1677:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1265:
1263:
875:
823:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
767:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
568:The main private television networks are
486:The Venezuelan media initially supported
3146:Media of Latin America and the Caribbean
1801:(in European Spanish). 15 September 2018
1614:
979:have emerged to counter the censorship.
838:During treatment of Hugo Chávez's cancer
481:
1864:
1733:
1573:
1513:
1120:
1042:List of journalists killed in Venezuela
14:
3452:Mass media in South America by country
3434:
2686:
2298:
2062:Pelayo, Francisco (27 February 2015).
2061:
2057:
2055:
1466:
1410:
1319:
1313:
1260:
1032:List of Venezuelan television channels
688:Large newspaper organizations include
3118:
2272:
1759:
1757:
1550:
1430:
1387:
1179:Minaya, Ezequiel (7 September 2014).
935:" and know the location of the user.
867:After the 2013 presidential elections
438:The major Venezuelan newspapers were
1926:. Human Rights Watch. Archived from
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
466:
2678:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2052:
1897:from the original on 9 October 2022
1608:
1587:Pomerantsev, Peter (23 June 2015).
1519:
1301:from the original on 9 October 2022
1149:from the original on 9 October 2022
1108:from the original on 9 October 2022
1057:Media representation of Hugo Chávez
1037:List of radio stations in Venezuela
808:
505:2002 Venezuelan coup d'Ă©tat attempt
24:
2136:
1773:(in European Spanish). 7 June 2019
1754:
1734:Morales, Maru (9 September 2014).
951:
584:(1994). State television includes
25:
3463:
2244:"Venezuela's Ongoing Media War".
2218:
1359:United States Department of State
1198:
958:state efforts to control coverage
3258:
3238:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2807:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
1847:"Venezuelas's Ongoing Media War"
775:Organic Code of Military Justice
727:
265:
44:
2227:Media Accuracy on Latin America
2112:
2106:
2081:
2027:
2001:
1971:
1945:
1909:
1823:. Freedom House. Archived from
1785:
1727:
1702:
1645:
1285:"URBANIZATION IN LATIN AMERICA"
1027:List of newspapers in Venezuela
819:Organization of American States
763:Organization of American States
684:List of newspapers in Venezuela
668:
428:Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias
2369:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1276:
1232:
973:Agencia Carabobeña de Noticias
626:National Assembly of Venezuela
13:
1:
1738:. El Nacional. Archived from
1436:David Adams and Phil Gunson,
1077:
938:
893:Releasing private information
677:
640:
596:(cultural network, 2003) and
531:
503:. Months later following the
1444:Media accused in failed coup
1273:, Greenwood Publishing, p240
1245:International Business Times
393:. State television includes
7:
2743:Democratic Unity Roundtable
2732:People's Electoral Movement
2666:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2166:10.1080/1356932042000186523
1283:Kingsley Davis; Ana Casis.
1092:"FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2003"
1020:
635:
546:launched the state channel
389:, and 24-hour news channel
372:
10:
3468:
2439:2017 constitutional crisis
2145:Columbia Journalism Review
1678:Tom Sheen (17 June 2015).
1495:"News that's fit to print"
1424:Columbia Journalism Review
1013:and do their own kind of "
720:
681:
535:
461:
3413:
3333:
3315:
3267:
3256:
3152:
3076:
2997:
2924:
2915:
2836:
2827:
2780:
2740:
2712:Movement We Are Venezuela
2695:
2568:Human rights in Venezuela
2553:
2544:
2475:
2466:
2414:1992 coup d'Ă©tat attempts
2349:Revolution of the Reforms
2319:
2310:
1557:Columbia University Press
1467:Nelson, Brian A. (2009).
1394:Columbia University Press
1320:Nelson, Brian A. (2009).
738:Freedom of the Press 2014
716:
456:a few regional newspapers
182:Simon BolĂvar's campaigns
3420:
2585:Administrative divisions
2444:2019 presidential crisis
2424:2002 coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2359:Revindicating Revolution
2195:10.1177/1367877913488462
1821:"Press Freedom Rankings"
790:allowed to participate.
586:Venezolana de TelevisiĂłn
395:Venezolana de TelevisiĂłn
3442:Mass media in Venezuela
2558:Corruption in Venezuela
1047:Censorship in Venezuela
996:The Wall Street Journal
921:Miguel RodrĂguez Torres
771:Penal Code of Venezuela
538:Television in Venezuela
362:censorship in Venezuela
308:Mass media in Venezuela
2883:Science and technology
2797:Movement for Socialism
2707:United Socialist Party
2429:2002–03 general strike
2246:Venezuela | Al Jazeera
876:2013 Uribana jail riot
690:El Universal (Caracas)
665:(Stripping The News).
648:El Tiempo (Anzoátegui)
624:(ANTV, network of the
3447:Mass media by country
3228:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1917:"WORLD REPORT | 2014"
1631:10.1353/jod.2015.0031
1052:Bolivarian propaganda
783:freedom of expression
694:El Nacional (Caracas)
663:Desnudando La Noticia
610:Zuliana de TelevisiĂłn
482:Bolivarian Revolution
192:Antonio José de Sucre
2783:Agreement for Change
2722:For Social Democracy
2698:Great Patriotic Pole
2563:Torture in Venezuela
2532:World Heritage Sites
2507:Environmental issues
1742:on 11 September 2014
1659:on 10 September 2014
1618:Journal of Democracy
1551:Simon, Joel (2014).
1439:St. Petersburg Times
1388:Simon, Joel (2014).
1062:Culture of Venezuela
966:El Diario de Caracas
923:. It was alleged by
622:Asamblea Nacional TV
544:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
473:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
423:Asamblea Nacional TV
353:had declined during
351:freedom of the press
3250:Trinidad and Tobago
3162:Antigua and Barbuda
2969:List of Venezuelans
2792:Progressive Advance
2580:Crisis in Venezuela
2334:War of Independence
1589:"Beyond Propaganda"
1449:7 July 2010 at the
1369:on 31 December 2016
1185:Wall Street Journal
1072:Cinema of Venezuela
993:. In an article by
925:Diario Las Americas
900:Diario Las Americas
723:Cinema of Venezuela
600:(Caracas-based pan-
548:Televisora Nacional
32:Part of a series on
3201:Dominican Republic
2959:Indigenous peoples
2893:Telecommunications
2490:metropolitan areas
1983:Diaro Las Americas
1851:The Listening Post
1520:Fossett, Katelyn.
1396:. pp. 47–48.
1248:. 18 November 2013
1067:Music of Venezuela
987:, GlobovisiĂłn and
799:Human Rights Watch
559:' weekly talkshow
18:Media of Venezuela
3429:
3428:
3112:
3111:
3072:
3071:
2911:
2910:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2767:Democratic Action
2632:National Assembly
2612:Foreign relations
2540:
2539:
2462:
2461:
2329:Captaincy General
2039:Theregister.co.uk
1933:on 25 August 2019
1501:. 19 October 2013
1442:, 18 April 2002,
1142:. Freedom House.
1015:news broadcasting
795:World Report 2014
769:stated that "the
645:In an article by
501:AsĂ Es la Noticia
467:Democratic period
366:social networking
305:
304:
177:Captaincy General
143:Communal Councils
133:National Assembly
16:(Redirected from
3459:
3421:
3262:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3092:
3085:
2922:
2921:
2834:
2833:
2785:
2745:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2551:
2550:
2473:
2472:
2389:1958 coup d'Ă©tat
2384:El Trienio Adeco
2317:
2316:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2241:(2005 media law)
2214:
2177:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1686:. Archived from
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1464:
1453:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1362:. Archived from
1355:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1088:
990:Ultimas Noticias
861:Diosdado Cabello
848:Executive Branch
809:Attacks on media
742:freedom of press
445:Ăšltimas Noticias
342:and arts scene.
297:
290:
283:
269:
69:Cities and towns
48:
29:
28:
21:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3409:
3329:
3311:
3269:Central America
3263:
3254:
3148:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3068:
2993:
2974:Public holidays
2907:
2811:
2781:
2776:
2741:
2736:
2717:Communist Party
2696:
2682:
2617:Law enforcement
2536:
2527:Natural Regions
2458:
2306:
2297:
2225:Andrew Kennis,
2221:
2139:
2137:Further reading
2134:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1959:. 20 March 2015
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1690:on 18 June 2015
1684:The Independent
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1585:
1574:
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1528:
1518:
1514:
1504:
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1493:
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1465:
1456:
1451:Wayback Machine
1435:
1431:
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1372:
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1233:
1223:
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1211:
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1199:
1189:
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1162:
1152:
1150:
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1131:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1094:
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1089:
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1080:
1023:
954:
952:Alternate media
941:
895:
878:
869:
840:
811:
730:
725:
719:
686:
680:
671:
643:
638:
540:
534:
484:
469:
464:
375:
301:
260:
226:
157:
148:Foreign Affairs
98:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3317:Middle America
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
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3107:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Miss Venezuela
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Stock Exchange
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Come Venezuela
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:Vice President
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:National parks
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Vargas tragedy
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Puntofijo Pact
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:1902–03 crisis
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:Foreign Policy
2259:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:, 15 July 2008
2220:
2219:External links
2217:
2216:
2215:
2189:(3): 209–226.
2178:
2160:(1): 115–135.
2149:
2142:Dinges, John.
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2105:
2080:
2051:
2026:
2000:
1970:
1944:
1908:
1863:
1838:
1812:
1784:
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1726:
1701:
1670:
1644:
1607:
1594:Foreign Policy
1572:
1565:
1559:. p. 51.
1538:
1526:Foreign Policy
1512:
1486:
1480:978-1568584188
1479:
1454:
1429:
1421:Dinges, John.
1409:
1402:
1380:
1339:
1333:978-1568584188
1332:
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836:
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721:Main article:
718:
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711:Nicolás Maduro
682:Main article:
679:
676:
670:
667:
642:
639:
637:
634:
602:Latin American
562:AlĂł Presidente
536:Main article:
533:
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521:Nicolás Maduro
483:
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340:music industry
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153:Foreign policy
150:
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74:Lake Maracaibo
71:
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60:
57:
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50:
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41:
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34:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3464:
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3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3424:
3418:not included.
3417:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
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3374:French Guiana
3371:
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3366:
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3335:South America
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3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
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2914:
2904:
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2847:
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2826:
2808:
2805:
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2798:
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2784:
2779:
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2768:
2765:
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2755:
2753:
2752:Justice First
2750:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
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2702:
2699:
2694:
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2679:
2676:
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2669:
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2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
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2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
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2615:
2613:
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2608:
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2525:
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2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2455:
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2089:"Informe21"
1373:16 February
1292:Milbank.org
1190:19 February
1133:"Venezuela"
1112:16 December
946:hate speech
917:Frank Prada
882:GlobovisiĂłn
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488:Hugo Chávez
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217:Hugo Chávez
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1078:References
970:La Patilla
939:Censorship
929:IP address
913:Noticias24
905:Noticias24
886:El Impulso
777:, and the
703:Diario Vea
678:Newspapers
658:Naked News
641:Journalism
574:VenevisiĂłn
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517:defamation
387:VenevisiĂłn
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2964:Languages
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2637:President
2607:Elections
2468:Geography
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2211:130767478
2203:1367-8779
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636:Internet
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592:(2007),
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2044:4 April
2019:4 April
2013:Infobae
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