920:
948:
934:
45:
906:
29:
72:
530:, the second largest city in Venezuela and an important oil export port in the world. The lake area is also an important fishing and agricultural production area in Venezuela, supporting more than 20,000 fishermen, many of whom live in colorful traditional stilt houses built with iron sheets on the lake. The main crops on the south bank of the lake are bananas, peanuts, cocoa, coconut, sugar cane and coffee, the western shore of the lake developed dairy industry.
702:
688:
603:
676:. The presence of large amounts of duckweed blocks the passage of sunlight, significantly affecting biological cycles, preventing the development of native algae and plant species. Additionally, duckweed residues accumulate at the bottom, generating a layer of organic elements that produces large amounts of ammonium, methane and other compounds whose saturation causes eutrophication of the waters.
52:
720:, at least partly attributed to deficient maintenance, and the indiscriminate discharge of sewage without prior treatment, have significantly deteriorated the water quality, to the point that in some parts of the Zulia area, the water presents levels of contamination that are very dangerous for health.
421:
The annual average temperature of the lake area is 28 °C, the precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and the average annual rainfall in the south is 1400 mm. The mountain wind from the Andes at night contacts the warm and humid air on the lake surface, forming an average
534:
and agricultural and livestock products from the Andean mountains and lakes. The Lake
District is home to a quarter of Venezuela's population, and with the influx of farmers from the nearby Andes, the population of the Lake District increased from about 300,000 in 1936 to over 3.62 million in 2007.
533:
Lake
Maracaibo and the Catatumbo River are the main traffic lines for the transportation of commodities in the nearby area, and the city of Maracaibo is the transshipment center of coffee produced in the Andes. The waterway can pass through large sea-going ships and oil tankers, exporting crude oil
514:
Lake
Maracaibo is rich in oil and gas resources and is known as the "oil lake". The first Spaniards who arrived used tar seeping from the lake to fill ship cracks. The Maracaibo oil field was discovered in 1914, the first oil well was constructed in 1917, and large-scale exploitation began in 1922.
501:
The original depth of the lake mouth, which was only more than 4 meters deep, was increased to 8 meters after dredging in the 1930s, and the 3-kilometer-long stone breakwater was further increased to 11 meters after its completion in 1957, allowing ocean-going tankers to enter the lake, At the same
375:
and the Merida
Mountains of the Eastern Cordillera Mountains in northwestern Venezuela. The lake is in the shape of a vase. It is 210 kilometers long from north to south, 121 kilometers wide from east to west, covers an area of 13,512 square kilometers, the deepest is 35 meters, the shore length is
679:
In the spring of 2004, heavy rains fell in the Lake
Maracaibo basin, causing a large influx of fresh water into the lake. This caused nutrients originally deposited on the bottom of the lake to float to the surface of the lake, which in turn allowed the duckweed to rapidly multiply and triggered a
395:
Lake
Maracaibo is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The northern half of the lake, which looks like a bottleneck, is 55 kilometers long. The southeastern edge of the lake basin with a flat bottom is steep and the northwestern edge is gentle. It is slightly salty due to the influence of
426:
takes place in southern part of the lake, characterized by a continuous series of lightnings that are almost continuous and silent. This makes Lake
Maracaibo the place with the most frequent lightning on earth. There are about 233 lightning strikes per square kilometer in a year on average. The
587:
The lake has been drilled about 14,000 times, and more than 15,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines criss-cross the lake floor, but most of these pipelines are half a century old, with oil leaking from many aging underwater pipes. Before the 1950s, the lake water could still be used directly for
427:
nocturnal thunderstorms occur on average about 297 days per year. At its peak in
September, the lake area can experience up to 280 lightning strikes per hour, approximately 28 lightning strikes per minute, lasting up to 9 hours, and is capable of illuminating nighttime navigation.
889:
concrete bridge in the world at the time of its inauguration in 1962. Located in the southern part of the Strait of
Maracaibo, it is a vehicles-only bridge that accommodates both directions of traffic, while its height allows for the passage of vessels up to 45 meters in height.
734:, which are random drainage courses, drag large amounts of garbage from the human settlements that are in their path to the lake. In addition to this, residential waste such as plastic bags and bottles are also added. These pollutants all eventually get carried into the lake.
404:
in the southwest of the lake basin, and the surface lake water in the delta has a salinity of only 0.13%. However, the intrusion of seawater from the mouth of the lake makes the salinity of the bottom lake water higher, reaching 0.2–0.3%. The north is connected with the
356:, the depression of today's Lake Maracaibo reached what would be practically its current form. The numerous rivers that flow into the lake have been defining its banks, especially those that form the southern delta of the lake, where the
349:, and the lighter fresh water floated on the heavier salt water, causing nutrients to be deposited on the bottom of the lake, resulting in the accumulation of more than a five kilometer thick deposit of sediment on the bedrock.
287:. Lake Maracaibo is commonly considered a lake, though due to its current geological characteristics, it should not be considered as such. With a surface area of 13,512 km (5,217 sq mi), it is the largest lake in
746:, such as the Zapata, Pescadores, and San Carlos islands (which is geographically a peninsula), while others like Toad have tectonic origins. The majority of the islands are located in the area of the Tablazo Bay and forms the
588:
domestic use, but then due to the intrusion of tidal salt water caused by the widening of the lake mouth channel, the salinity of the northern lake area increased by about 1,000%, and the south also increased by 300–500%.
380:, enters the lake from west to east, providing 57% of the water entering the lake. In addition to the influence of the prevailing wind, the lake water circulates counterclockwise. There are also the Santa Ana River,
680:
bloom that lasted for up to eight months. The blooms were noted in June to have covered 18% of the lake, and the local government had to begin spending about $ 2 million per month on cleanup work.
306:. The fault in the northern section has collapsed and is rich in oil and gas resources. It is Venezuela's main oil producing area and an important fishing and agricultural producing area.
523:
limestone, with a hydrocarbon-bearing area of 1,300 square kilometers, mainly concentrated in the coastal waters 105 kilometers long and 32 kilometers wide in the east of the lake.
1778:
Universidad de Los Andes. Procesos Históricos. Revista
Semestral de Historia, Arte y Ciencias Sociales (University of the Andes. Historical Processes. Biannual Journal of History)
747:
314:
is a major environmental problem facing the lagoon. The area around the lagoon is inhabited by a quarter of the country's population and is also the place with the most frequent
796:
767:
1791:
574:
580:
986:
1773:
820:
478:
in Spanish), or "Little Venice". Spain made two attempts to establish settlements around the lake in 1529 and 1569, but it was not until 1574 that the city of
89:
542:
Lake Maracaibo possesses highly oxygenated waters which makes it rich in algae, and in turn fish, making it very biologically diverse. It is home to clams,
919:
757:. The islands of Burro, Providencia, Hijacal, Pájaros, and the artificial islands are located at the neck of the lake and belong to other municipalities.
1744:
808:
856:
1097:
843:
779:
337:
and is one of the oldest lakes on earth. It was formed 36 million years ago when the faults collapsed when the Andes were uplifted in the late
1570:
44:
1654:
1316:
1626:
1682:
436:
1598:
1799:
947:
933:
487:
341:. In the geological history, sea water and fresh water have alternated many times, and have flooded the area. At the end of the
1296:
1269:
1038:
996:
1542:
1381:
1774:"Los derrames de petróleo en el Lago de Maracaibo entre 1922 y 1928 (Oil spills in Maracaibo Lake between 1922 and 1928)"
905:
664:
caused by agricultural sewage discharged into the lake, as well as domestic and industrial wastewater, resulting in the
554:. About 145 species of fish inhabit the lake, including many endemic species such as the Maracaibo half-hooked catfish (
801:
1395:
813:
1115:
515:
The oil fields are concentrated in the northeast and northwest of the lake, and the oil-producing layers are mainly
1190:
866:– Island created for the filling of oil tankers in the city of Cabimas. The only island in the sack of the lake.
1152:
882:
876:
752:
503:
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376:
about 1000 kilometers, and the volume is about 280 cubic kilometers. The largest river entering the lake, the
562:
772:
1350:
1846:
1707:
709:
389:
357:
1841:
885:
connects the western and eastern coast of the lake together. It held the record for being the longest
568:
556:
1090:
1836:
491:
1458:
1826:
727:
of mineral coal has started more recently, which further contaminates the basin with pollutants.
381:
1831:
1792:"Basura y plástico tienen en "coma" nuestro Lago (Trash and plastic have our lake in a "coma")"
1516:
291:
and one of the oldest on Earth, having formed disputably as a lake 36 million years ago in the
1286:
1259:
1028:
825:
1745:"Nitrógeno y fósforo totales de los ríos tributarios al sistema lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela"
1708:"Contaminación salina del Lago de Maracaibo: Efectos en la calidad y aplicación de sus aguas"
1386:
1077:
546:, shrimp and other aquatic products, and is also home to two endangered aquatic mammals, the
148:
121:
502:
time, the northern part, which was originally fresh water, became brackish. The 8,678-meter
551:
462:'s fleet sailed here on August 24, 1499 (the first time Europeans entered this area), the
8:
547:
543:
423:
342:
319:
441:
368:
134:
1748:
1719:
1543:"Oil slicks and algae blooms marring Venezuela's largest lake are visible from space"
1391:
1292:
1265:
1034:
861:
784:
656:
In lakeside towns such as the city of Maracaibo, the lake water is contaminated with
406:
284:
155:
276:
28:
1059:
743:
455:
446:
people who lived on the banks of the lake refer to it as Coquivacoa. The tribes of
372:
272:
252:
1224:
385:
459:
410:
377:
334:
303:
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141:
1401:
848:
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307:
162:
1820:
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311:
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104:
91:
1063:
886:
483:
240:
126:
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791:
724:
673:
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527:
506:
over the lake connecting Maracaibo and Santa Rita was completed in 1962.
463:
401:
853:– Residential complex in the Coquivacoa Parish of the city of Maracaibo.
298:
The lake is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela to the north by a narrow
71:
1430:
1229:
1053:
520:
135:
400:
is between 1.5 and 3.8%. The Catatumbo River forms a bird-foot-shaped
149:
1030:
Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features
717:
701:
687:
602:
479:
361:
315:
264:
232:
1055:
1705:
1691:
1663:
1635:
1607:
1579:
669:
516:
466:
in which the Añú lived in reminded Vespucci of the Italian city of
451:
397:
353:
260:
490:
sent to intercept him. On July 24, 1823, Venezuela won the famous
345:, the sea level rose, connecting Lake Maracaibo directly with the
657:
454:, and Quiriquires also lived in the area. When Italian navigator
236:
422:
of 297 mm per year. The meteorological phenomenon known as
1026:
467:
338:
331:
742:
There are many islands in the lake. Some primarily consist of
447:
268:
1463:
1355:
1321:
1120:
1056:"Salinidad del agua en el epilimnion del Lago de Maracaibo"
413:
at the mouth of the lake extends for about 26 kilometers.
991:
486:
raided settlements on the lake in the Spring of 1669 and
280:
1054:
Luis Boscán, Fausto Capote, José Farias (2021-08-25).
302:. It is fed by numerous rivers, the biggest being the
1486:
1113:
392:, and about fifty other rivers which drain into it.
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1058:(in Spanish). Observador del Conocimiento: 81–89.
1456:
1348:
1818:
1712:Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
1706:Luis Boscán; Fausto Capote; José Farias (1973).
1540:
1261:Lakes and Wetlands: A "Juvenile Nonfiction Book"
1257:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1027:Joyce A. Quinn; Susan L. Woodward (2015-02-03).
1003:
82:
1284:
1747:(in Spanish). Interciencia. pp. 308–314.
723:Within the existing polluting activities, the
1244:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1742:
1314:
482:was successfully established. The Privateer
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
1208:
897:
700:
1096:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
526:On the northwest coast is the capital of
1452:
1450:
1448:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1317:"Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed"
1310:
1308:
987:"Earth from Space: Maracaibo, Venezuela"
970:
598:
279:. Hydrologically, it is a semi-enclosed
1772:Briñez, Nilda Bermúdez (January 2006).
1677:
1649:
1621:
1593:
1565:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1109:
1107:
881:The 8,678 metres (28,471 ft) long
1819:
1771:
1511:
1509:
1482:
1480:
1420:
1418:
1264:. britannica Publishing. p. 192.
839:Artificial islands of Lake Maracaibo:
566:), the Maracaibo Lake Lamont catfish (
212:280 km (230,000,000 acre⋅ft)
196:13,512 km (5,217 sq mi)
51:
1445:
1335:
1305:
1116:"Duckweed Invasion in Lake Maracaibo"
693:
330:Lake Maracaibo is located within the
322:can illuminate nighttime navigation.
1369:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1114:Nola Fernandez Acosta (2004-06-23).
1104:
1506:
1477:
1415:
1197:(in Chinese (China)) (第二版 ed.)
1159:(in Chinese (China)) (第一版 ed.)
760:Natural islands of Lake Maracaibo:
628:
609:
13:
1736:
1699:
14:
1858:
1170:
1134:
578:), and Maracaibo wolf anchovies (
371:in the faulted basin between the
367:Lake Maracaibo is located in the
33:Satellite image of Lake Maracaibo
1457:Michael Carlowicz (2021-09-25).
1349:Agnieszka Gautier (2021-04-19).
946:
932:
918:
904:
686:
601:
591:
560:), the Maracaibo hairy catfish (
70:
50:
43:
27:
1784:
1765:
1671:
1643:
1615:
1587:
1559:
1541:María Luisa Paúl (2021-10-07).
1534:
1258:John P. Rafferty (2010-10-01).
660:from feces, oil pollution, and
364:and Santa Ana rivers converge.
1278:
1047:
926:General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
883:General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
877:General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
748:Almirante Padilla municipality
504:General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
496:Venezuelan War of Independence
1:
1487:Helle Askgaard; Per Nielsen.
964:
768:San Carlos Island (Peninsula)
563:Trichomycterus maracaiboensis
263:lake located in northwestern
1573:Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis
995:. 2005-05-20. Archived from
584:) living in surface waters.
180:210 kilometres (130 mi)
7:
1657:Bryconamericus motatanensis
1315:Molly Porter (2006-05-02).
575:Bryconamericus motatanensis
509:
488:defeated a Spanish squadron
188:121 kilometres (75 mi)
10:
1863:
874:
737:
430:
416:
325:
16:Body of water in Venezuela
1629:Lamontichthys maracaibero
1033:. ABC-CLIO. p. 397.
893:
870:
572:), Lake Maracaibo tetra (
569:Lamontichthys maracaibero
557:Hypostomus maracaiboensis
537:
470:, so he named the region
228:
224:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
176:
172:
161:
147:
133:
120:
81:
69:
38:
26:
21:
1685:Lycengraulis limnichthys
1681:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1653:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1639:. November 2014 version.
1625:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1611:. November 2014 version.
1597:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1583:. November 2014 version.
1569:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1285:Merriam-Webster (2016).
940:Lenteja Acuatica in lake
730:Likewise, the so-called
581:Lycengraulis limnichthys
492:Battle of Lake Maracaibo
267:, between the states of
129:, Coastal saltwater, bay
1667:. January 2014 version.
912:Sunset at Congo Mirador
764:Uranden - Small island.
494:on the lake during the
396:tides, and the overall
204:35 m (115 ft)
1601:Species maracaiboensis
1426:"Maracaibo, Venezuela"
1351:"The Maracaibo beacon"
1085:Cite journal requires
1064:10.5281/zenodo.5256653
256:
1743:Rivas, Zulay (2009).
1517:"Bassin de Maracaibo"
1387:Columbia Encyclopedia
458:and Spanish explorer
318:on earth. The famous
283:off the coast of the
1695:. June 2012 version.
552:Amazon river dolphin
220:0 m (0 ft)
105:9.81583°N 71.55667°W
954:Catatumbo Lightning
548:West Indian manatee
424:Catatumbo lightning
343:last glacial period
320:Catatumbo lightning
101: /
1847:Geography of Zulia
821:Los Pájaros Island
110:9.81583; -71.55667
1842:Bays of Venezuela
1802:on 2 October 2017
1459:"Troubled Waters"
1382:"Maracaibo, Lake"
1298:978-0-87779-446-2
1271:978-1-61530-403-5
1040:978-1-61069-446-9
962:
961:
809:Pescadores Island
797:Providence Island
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
642:
638:
637:
407:Gulf of Venezuela
369:Maracaibo lowland
285:Gulf of Venezuela
257:Lago de Maracaibo
246:
245:
217:Surface elevation
156:Gulf of Venezuela
1854:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1763:
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1740:
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1471:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1400:. Archived from
1390:(第六版 ed.).
1378:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1225:"Lake Maracaibo"
1221:
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1205:
1203:
1202:
1187:
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1167:
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1045:
1044:
1024:
1001:
1000:
983:
950:
936:
922:
908:
898:
865:
857:La Salina Island
852:
829:
817:
805:
788:
776:
756:
744:sedimentary rock
704:
696:
690:
645:
641:
630:
624:
623:
620:
619:
611:
606:
605:
596:
595:
456:Amerigo Vespucci
445:
373:Perija Mountains
151:
150:Primary outflows
137:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
84:
74:
54:
53:
47:
31:
19:
18:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1837:Maracaibo basin
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1741:
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1728:
1726:
1704:
1700:
1676:
1672:
1648:
1644:
1620:
1616:
1592:
1588:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1547:Washington Post
1539:
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1507:
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1467:
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1423:
1416:
1407:
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1398:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1347:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:. p. 727.
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1279:
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1245:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1200:
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923:
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512:
460:Alonso de Ojeda
439:
435:The aboriginal
433:
419:
390:Escalante River
378:Catatumbo River
328:
304:Catatumbo River
293:Andes Mountains
165: countries
142:Catatumbo River
136:Primary inflows
109:
107:
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100:
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34:
17:
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11:
5:
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1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Lake Maracaibo
1814:
1813:
1783:
1764:
1735:
1714:(in Spanish).
1698:
1679:Froese, Rainer
1670:
1651:Froese, Rainer
1642:
1623:Froese, Rainer
1614:
1595:Froese, Rainer
1586:
1567:Froese, Rainer
1558:
1533:
1505:
1493:denstoredanske
1476:
1444:
1414:
1396:
1368:
1334:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1270:
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1207:
1169:
1133:
1103:
1087:|journal=
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1039:
1002:
999:on 2019-12-06.
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1078:cite journal
1067:. Retrieved
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241:Ciudad Ojeda
209:Water volume
193:Surface area
127:Ancient lake
1523:(in French)
1521:universalis
1495:(in Danish)
1489:"Maracaibo"
860: [
847: [
824: [
812: [
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792:Toas Island
783: [
771: [
751: [
674:green algae
634:Algae bloom
528:Zulia State
440: [
382:Chama River
229:Settlements
177:Max. length
108: /
83:Coordinates
1821:Categories
1758:2021-12-14
1729:2021-12-13
1552:2022-08-20
1527:2022-04-21
1499:2022-04-26
1470:2022-04-24
1438:2022-04-19
1431:britannica
1408:2006-12-02
1362:2022-04-24
1328:2022-04-22
1237:2016-12-06
1230:britannica
1201:2022-04-19
1163:2022-04-19
1127:2022-04-22
1069:2022-03-15
965:References
718:oil spills
695:Oil slicks
544:blue crabs
521:Cretaceous
409:, and the
310:caused by
201:Max. depth
185:Max. width
96:71°33′24″W
93:09°48′57″N
1753:0378-1844
1724:2477-9458
716:Numerous
480:Maracaibo
476:Venezuela
472:Veneziola
452:Caquetíos
362:Catatumbo
358:Escalante
332:eponymous
316:lightning
265:Venezuela
233:Maracaibo
168:Venezuela
1806:3 August
1796:Panorama
1692:FishBase
1664:FishBase
1636:FishBase
1608:FishBase
1580:FishBase
670:duckweed
550:and the
517:Tertiary
510:Industry
398:salinity
354:Pliocene
273:Trujillo
261:brackish
1288:webster
1195:中國大百科全書
1191:"马拉开波湖"
1157:中國大百科全書
1153:"马拉开波湖"
738:Islands
732:cañadas
658:E. coli
431:History
417:Climate
352:In the
326:Geology
259:) is a
253:Spanish
237:Cabimas
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894:Photos
871:Bridge
725:mining
666:blooms
538:Nature
468:Venice
339:Eocene
277:Mérida
275:, and
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448:Wayuu
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402:delta
335:basin
269:Zulia
163:Basin
1808:2023
1780:(9).
1749:ISSN
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1464:NASA
1392:ISBN
1356:NASA
1322:NASA
1293:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1121:NASA
1098:link
1091:help
1035:ISBN
672:and
411:spit
300:spit
122:Type
1060:doi
992:ESA
668:of
437:Añú
281:bay
76:Map
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