1986:
2164:
1998:
49:
1971:
1956:
2261:
2561:
2658:
2025:
2293:
1863:, shining with great brilliance at night. In a conversation which I held with the priests, I inquired how long their temple had been built, and found by their answer that they, too, differed from the Hellenes. They said that the temple was built at the same time that the city was founded, and that the foundation of the city took place 2,300 years ago. In Tyre I remarked another temple where the same god was worshipped as the Thasian Heracles. So I went on to
2510:
earthborn inhabitants of
Phoenicia how to build the first boat and instructed them to sail out to a pair of floating, rocky islands. On one of the islands there grew an olive tree with a serpent at its foot, an eagle at its summit, and which glowed in the middle with fire that burned but did not consume. Following the god's instructions, these primeval humans sacrificed the eagle to
2644:
3098:
2518:
2284:
everywhere. It moved as a black tempest with claps of thunder and flashes of lightning gathered behind the serpent. When
Hannibal asked the meaning of the vision the being replied, “What thou beholdest is the desolation of Italy. Follow thy star and inquire no farther into the dark counsels of heaven.”
2321:
of Tyre. Lewis
Farnell thought not, referring in 1916 to "the accidental resemblance in sound of Melikertes and Melqart, seeing that Melqart, the bearded god, had no affinity in form or myth with the child- or boy-deity, and was moreover always identified with Herakles: nor do we know anything about
1856:
In the wish to get the best information that I could on these matters, I made a voyage to Tyre in
Phoenicia, hearing there was a temple of Heracles at that place, very highly venerated. I visited the temple, and found it richly adorned with a number of offerings, among which were two pillars, one of
2356:
brought a quail to the dead god (presumably a roasted quail) and its delicious scent roused
Heracles back to life. This purports to explain why the Phoenicians sacrifice quails to Heracles. It seems that Melqart had a companion similar to the Hellenic Iolaus, who was himself a native of the Tyrian
2540:
Tyrus were walking along the beach when
Heracles' dog, who was accompanying them, devoured a murex snail and gained a beautiful purple color around its mouth. Tyrus told Heracles she would never accept him as her lover until he gave her a robe of that same colour. So Heracles gathered many murex
2552:, where there was strong Phoenician cultural influence on the western side of the island, Melqart was often depicted with Heracles' traditional symbols of a lion skin and club, although it is unclear how strongly this connection between the figures was throughout the rest of Phoenician culture.
2509:
The Tyrian
Heracles answers by appearing to Dionysus. There is red light in the fiery eyes of this shining god who clothed in a robe embroidered like the sky (presumably with various constellations). He has yellow, sparkling cheeks and a starry beard. The god reveals how he taught the primeval,
2588:, a god of the underworld, whose name also means 'King of the City'. Others take this to be coincidental, since what is known about Melqart from other sources does not suggest an underworld god, and the city in question could conceivably be Tyre. It has been suggested that Melqart began as a
2283:
to Italy. “Follow me,” said the ghostly visitor, “and see that that thou look not behind thee.” Hannibal followed the instructions of the visitor. His curiosity, however, overcame him, and as he turned his head, Hannibal saw a serpent crashing through forest and thicket causing destruction
2204:), in one of four Phoenician sites on the island's south coast. In 2004 a highway crew in the Avinguda Espanya, (one of the main routes into Ibiza), uncovered a further Punic temple in the excavated roadbed. Texts found mention Melqart among other Punic gods Eshmun, Astarte and Baʻl.
2196:
by many who had visited the place and had sacrificed to
Heracles there. Strabo believes the account to be fraudulent, in part noting that the inscriptions on those pillars mentioned nothing about Heracles, speaking only of the expenses incurred by the Phoenicians in their making.
2751:
Corinth is associated in Greek legend with a god of
Phoenician origin, Melikertes (Melkarth), later identified with Herakles. The contests of the Phoenician god with the twelve hostile beasts of the zodiac are the origin of the twelve labours of the Greek
1879:. These researches show plainly that there is an ancient god Heracles; and my own opinion is that those Hellenes act most wisely who build and maintain two temples of Heracles, in the one of which the Heracles worshipped is known by the name of
2604:
in its sanctuary, supporting the theory that – involved as he was in the founding mythology of Tyre, perhaps
Melqart was based on a real historical person. Other classical authors say that this supposed Tomb of Melqart was moved to southern
2438:
recite a hymn to this Heracles, saluting him as "the son of Time, he who causes the threefold image of the Moon, the all-shining Eye of the heavens". Rain is ascribed to the shaking from his head of the waters of his bath in the eastern
3037:
2055:
Archaeological evidence for Melqart's cult is found earliest in Tyre and seems to have spread westward with the Phoenician colonies established by Tyre as well as eventually overshadowing the worship of Eshmun in
3102:
1997:
3344:: a circumstantial review that gives a good sketch of Aubet's book, in which Melqart figures strongly; Aubet concentrates on Tyre and its colonies and ends, ca 550 BCE, with the rise of Carthage.
1656:. During the high point of Phoenician civilization between 1000 and 500 BCE, Melqart was associated with other pantheons and often venerated accordingly. Most notably, he was identified with the
1955:
2378:(10.24) speaks of the tombs of various gods, including "that of Heracles at Tyre, where he was burnt with fire." The Hellenic Heracles also died on a pyre, but the event was located on
1826:
mocked them and said, "Cry out loud: for he is a god; either he is lost in thought, or he has wandered away, or he is on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened."
1845:
of sailors in honor of the Tyrian Heracles: "Now they leap spiritedly into the air, now they bend their knees to the ground and revolve on them like persons possessed".
487:
2253:, the most ancient seat of Phoenician worship in the west. Hannibal strengthened himself spiritually by prayer and sacrifice at the Altar of Melqart. He returned to
1610:. Many cities were thought to be founded (in one way or another) and protected by Melqart, no doubt springing from the original Phoenician practice of building a
1970:
3122:
3203:
1985:
2430:
and Roman periods for almost all gods to develop solar attributes, and for almost all eastern gods to be identified with the Sun. Nonnus gives the title
2068:, the temple to Melqart is as early as the earliest vestiges of Phoenician occupation. (The Greeks followed a parallel practice in respect to Heracles.)
2079:
In Tyre, the high priest of Melqart ranked second only to the king. Many names in Carthage reflected this importance of Melqart, for example, the names
3374:
2192:
3.5.2–3). Strabo notes (3.5.5–6) that the two bronze pillars within the temple, each 8 cubits high, were widely proclaimed to be the true
1690:
1549:
1942:
in Africa, an originally Phoenician city where worship of Melqart was widespread. He is known to have constructed in Rome a temple dedicated to "
480:
2317:
found in Greek mythology was in origin a reflection of Melqart. Though no classical source explicitly connects the two, Ino is the daughter of
1946:
and Hercules", and it is assumed that the Emperor, seeking to honour the god of his native city, identified Melqart with the Roman god Liber.
2514:, Zeus, and the other gods. Thereupon the islands rooted themselves to the bottom of the sea. On these islands the city of Tyre was founded.
473:
3275:
3327:
2257:
with his mind focused on the god and on the eve of departure to Italy he saw a strange vision which he believed was sent by Melqart.
1867:, where I found a temple of Heracles which had been built by the Phoenicians who colonised that island when they sailed in search of
2592:
who was later given solar attributes, or alternatively that he began as a solar god who later received the attributes of a sea god.
2219:) of the Iberian peninsula, the westernmost point of the known world, ground so sacred it was forbidden even to spend the night.
1962:
3296:
3238:
3367:
2788:
3248:
3187:
2884:
2859:
1912:, for the roof of temples; and when he had pulled down the ancient temples, he both built the temple of Heracles and that of
2576:
The paucity of evidence on Melqart has led to debate as to the nature of his cult and his place in the Phoenician pantheon.
3834:
2391:
1542:
56:
2671:
For information on the title Ba‘al, which was applied to many gods who would not normally be identified with Melqart, see
1814:
18.27, it is possible that there is a mocking reference to legendary Heraclean journeys made by the god and to the annual
623:
2064:, thus it was customary to build a temple to Melqart, as protector of Tyrian traders, in each new Phoenician colony: at
3844:
3148:
2545:. The murex shell appears on the very earliest Tyrian coins and then reappears again on coins in Imperial Roman times.
1525:
248:
3859:
3360:
3306:
3285:
1883:, and has sacrifice offered to him as an immortal, while in the other the honours paid are such as are due to a hero.
3864:
1625:
Reflecting his dual role as both protector of the world and ruler of the underworld, he was often shown holding an
1727:
1535:
3347:
2918:
937:
243:
2040:
The first occurrence of the name is in the 9th-century BCE the "Ben-Hadad" inscription found in 1939 north of
3839:
3624:
3388:
2271:
A youth of divine beauty appeared to Hannibal in the night. The youth told Hannibal he had been sent by the
233:
3240:
Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield
1931:
Melqart played the central role in the Phoenician spring festival during which he died and was resurrected.
2621:
2175:
2163:
1308:
3126:
2879:. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 80. Belgium: Peeters Leeuven (published 2001). p. 235.
2624:
of Spain, which classical authors believed to have contained the supposed Tomb of Melqart, at modern-day
1670:
from at least the sixth century BCE, and eventually became interchangeable with his Greek counterpart.
3824:
1977:
680:
2456:
48:
2180:
Temples to Melqart are found at at least three Phoenician/Punic sites in Spain: Cádiz, Ibiza in the
2132:). Melqart's head, indistinguishable from a Heracles, appeared on its coins of the 4th century BCE.
1689:, as given by a dedication reciting: "to his lord, Eshmun-Melqart". In Tyre, women, foreigners, and
3869:
3384:
2073:
1925:
1092:
513:
224:
3874:
2260:
1892:
933:
2322:
Melqart that would explain the figure of Ino that is aboriginally inseparable from Melikertes."
3829:
1088:
33:
3008:
2061:
2686:
2374:
2314:
3352:
3090:
2541:
shells, extracted the dye from them, and dyed the first garment of the colour later called
2529:
2264:
2223:
964:
2443:. His Sun-disk is praised as the cause of growth in plants. Then, in a climactic burst of
8:
2678:
For views about whether and how Melqart connects with biblical references to Moloch, see
2577:
2341:
2193:
2148:
2072:
even sent a yearly tribute of 10% of the public treasury to the god in Tyre up until the
1924:
The annual celebration of the revival of Melqart's "awakening" may identify Melqart as a
1897:
1831:
1716:
1595:
1566:
1017:
84:
68:
3404:
3332:
2975:
2617:
2448:
2427:
2216:
2188:) was the westernmost temple of Tyrian Heracles, near the eastern shore of the island (
2100:
1868:
1027:
600:
238:
3337:
2569:
3849:
3302:
3281:
3244:
3183:
3144:
2967:
2914:
2880:
2855:
2685:
For views about whether and how Melqart connects with the names of God in Islam, see
2398:
2329:
2254:
1935:
1758:
1603:
504:
2560:
2060:. The name of Melqart was invoked in oaths sanctioning contracts, according to Dr.
3819:
3796:
3524:
2959:
2900:
2649:
2517:
2297:
2272:
2212:
2181:
2136:
1880:
1640:
As Tyrian trade, colonization and settlement expanded, Melqart became venerated in
1205:
974:
885:
785:
371:
3504:
3749:
3177:
2933:
2908:
2849:
2740:
2657:
2024:
1429:
710:
675:
655:
3649:
2387:
2358:
2280:
2152:
2119:
2008:
1876:
1657:
1591:
2744:
3854:
3813:
2971:
2946:
Ginge, Birgitte; Thurton, Mary; Aubet, Maria Eugenia; Ridgway, David (1996).
2542:
2362:
2349:
2302:
2276:
2208:
2004:
1909:
1871:. Even this was five generations earlier than the time when Heracles, son of
1599:
1340:
1072:
705:
570:
72:
39:
3449:
3259:
2564:
Bronze statuette of Melqart from the historical Temple of Melqart at Cadiz (
1135:
969:
815:
665:
296:
3704:
3644:
3579:
3454:
3204:"Spain: Researchers Believe they Found Fabled Temple of Hercules Gaditanus"
2936:'s translation incorrectly has "first set up the temple of Heracles in ..".
2904:
2764:
2625:
2565:
2406:
1939:
1664:
1630:
1615:
1583:
1320:
1260:
1170:
1062:
830:
820:
810:
730:
720:
715:
530:
426:
306:
171:
2292:
984:
3759:
3694:
3664:
3564:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3114:
2663:
2533:
2423:
2092:
1908:
He also went and cut down materials of timber out of the mountain called
1454:
1345:
1335:
1240:
1160:
1150:
1042:
920:
860:
690:
595:
406:
331:
321:
316:
163:
3322:
3298:
The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Memory of James A. Sauer
3263:
3143:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 124.
2716:
1745:), which means "King of the City". The name is sometimes transcribed as
1479:
3689:
3499:
3484:
2979:
2452:
2444:
2418:
2379:
2365:
also makes Melqart under the name Malcarthos or Melcathros, the son of
2310:
2151:, as the inscriptions on the cippi were written in both Phoenician and
1872:
1836:
1365:
1185:
1165:
865:
740:
670:
660:
351:
336:
134:
94:
3081:(1955) p. 169 note 3 cities the literature disclaiming the connection.
2052:"for his lord Melqart, which he vowed to him and he heard his voice".
1424:
1384:
1037:
755:
3764:
3609:
3549:
3444:
2947:
2584:, who may be Melqart, is sometimes equated with the Mesopotamian god
2522:
2325:
2087:"Lord" as a name-element in Carthaginian names such as Hasdrubal and
1913:
1849:
1787:
1694:
1682:
1641:
1587:
1509:
1484:
1474:
1459:
1330:
1285:
1225:
1130:
959:
915:
905:
875:
825:
451:
391:
291:
183:
167:
76:
2963:
2115:
1606:, as well as the source of several myths concerning the exploits of
1052:
1047:
949:
848:
790:
778:
3529:
2511:
2484:
2435:
2333:
2238:
2088:
2080:
2069:
2049:
1887:
1769:
1667:
1660:
1649:
1607:
1489:
1464:
1389:
1255:
1200:
890:
760:
750:
735:
700:
565:
421:
366:
208:
198:
2629:
2610:
2250:
2215:). The Tyrian god's protection extended to the sacred promontory (
2185:
2065:
1653:
3674:
3589:
3569:
3489:
3439:
3429:
2589:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2440:
2402:
2383:
2227:
2144:
2091:
almost certainly does not refer to Melqart but instead refers to
1901:
1859:
1842:
1811:
1795:
1499:
1494:
1444:
1350:
1270:
1245:
1175:
1125:
1115:
1032:
1022:
1012:
994:
989:
979:
910:
895:
880:
835:
800:
725:
685:
650:
640:
635:
436:
411:
341:
286:
281:
179:
144:
2913:. Vol. 1, part 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
2580:
suggested he was a god of the underworld partly because the god
3774:
3769:
3754:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3699:
3659:
3614:
3604:
3584:
3574:
3559:
3554:
3539:
3514:
3474:
3434:
3414:
3233:(Leuven and Namur) 1988. The standard summary of the evidences.
2679:
2585:
2549:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2464:
2413:
2353:
2345:
2318:
2245:
records the story that just before setting off on his march to
2189:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2041:
1864:
1823:
1799:
1798:
16.31–10.26) whose worship was prominently introduced to
1791:
1678:
1674:
1619:
1611:
1514:
1469:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1414:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1295:
1290:
1265:
1250:
1235:
1230:
1215:
1190:
1155:
1140:
1120:
1100:
1067:
1057:
1006:
944:
855:
645:
605:
585:
575:
540:
525:
461:
456:
431:
416:
401:
396:
381:
356:
326:
301:
266:
257:
175:
3231:
Melqart: Cultes et mythes de l'Héraclès tyrien en Méditerranée
1648:
cultures across the Mediterranean, especially its colonies of
3744:
3734:
3724:
3709:
3684:
3599:
3594:
3544:
3519:
3509:
3494:
3424:
3382:
3018:
2948:"The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade"
2606:
2581:
2537:
2476:
2366:
2246:
2201:
2168:
2140:
2118:, which was known under Carthaginian rule as "Cape Melqart" (
2057:
2045:
2033:
2029:
1943:
1706:
1686:
1645:
1419:
1404:
1370:
1360:
1315:
1280:
1275:
1220:
1195:
1180:
1110:
1002:
998:
900:
870:
805:
795:
765:
695:
630:
610:
560:
550:
446:
441:
386:
361:
346:
276:
80:
2995:
655, noted in James Maxwell Miller and John Haralson Hayes,
3739:
3679:
3639:
3634:
3459:
3419:
3340:
The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade,
3013:
The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade,
2672:
2601:
2460:
2337:
2242:
1807:
1803:
1626:
1399:
1355:
1145:
1105:
954:
745:
580:
555:
535:
520:
311:
271:
159:
138:
108:
29:
1768:
To the Greeks and the Romans, who identified Melqart with
3779:
3669:
3654:
3268:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 877–882
2525:
coin depicting the legend of the dog biting the sea snail
2241:
was a faithful worshiper of Melqart: the Roman historian
2207:
Another Iberian temple to Melqart has been identified at
2095:, chief god of Carthage, a god identified by Greeks with
1634:
1504:
1325:
545:
104:
2945:
2817:
2600:
Herodotus said that the Temple of Melqart at Tyre had a
2401:
used to build for their Heracles, referring here to the
1961:
Bronze statuette of a priest of Melqart, 7th century BC
1577:
2999:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press) 1986 p. 293f.
1622:, he symbolized an annual cycle of death and rebirth.
590:
2422:(40.366–580) the Tyrian Heracles is very much a
2309:
It was suggested by some writers that the Phoenician
2639:
2011:), one foot on a galley prow, next to the god's club
2877:
Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar
2829:
2805:
1916:; and he was the first to celebrate the awakening (
1991:Herakles-Melqart from Cyprus, early 5th century BC
16:Major deity in the Phoenician and Punic pantheons
3811:
2147:offering, provided the key to understanding the
2048:; it had been erected by the son of the king of
1737:
3348:L'iconographie de Melqart (article in PDF eng.)
2447:, Dionysus identifies the Tyrian Heracles with
3257:
3024:
2899:
1602:of various Phoenician colonies throughout the
3368:
3338:Roger Wright, review of María Eugenia Aubet,
2910:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature
2893:
2301:(5th century BC), sometimes interpreted as a
2167:Votive statues from the Temple of Melqart in
1543:
481:
2749:. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 118.
2426:. However, there is a tendency in the later
2397:) who mentions the beautiful pyre which the
3375:
3361:
3236:
2823:
2555:
2434:'Starclad' to Tyrian Heracles and has his
2287:
2200:Another temple to Melqart was at Ebyssus (
2184:and Cartagena. Near Gades/Gádeira (modern
2019:
1550:
1536:
488:
474:
47:
3175:
2847:
2874:
2559:
2516:
2369:, who is normally identified with Zeus.
2291:
2259:
2162:
2023:
3057:
3055:
2620:claimed to have located the historical
2233:
1614:of Melqart at new colonies. Similar to
3812:
3164:Archaeology and the Religion of Israel
3138:
3030:
2714:
2548:From the sixth century BCE. onward in
1705:Melqart was written in the Phoenician
3356:
3294:
3273:
3179:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
2997:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
2851:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
2835:
2811:
2739:
2386:. A similar tradition is recorded by
1963:National Archaeological Museum Madrid
1904:of Tyre (c. 965–935 BCE):
3323:Melqart - World History Encyclopedia
3182:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
3166:(Baltimore, 1953; pp. 81, 196)
3052:
2854:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
2710:
2708:
2706:
2595:
2267:depicting either Hannibal or Melqart
2123:
2028:Stela with Melqart on his lion from
1920:) of Heracles in the month Peritius.
1772:, he was often distinguished as the
1738:
1720:
1570:
57:Barracco Museum of Antique Sculpture
3258:Head, Barclay; et al. (1911),
2536:relate how Tyrian Heracles and the
1794:(the Jewish Bible, specifically in
1730:theorizes that it was derived from
13:
3077:(1916:36-44) p. 43; Edouard Will,
3070:Lewis R. Farnell, "Ino-Leukothea"
2344:(= ‘Ashtart ?) was killed by
1598:. He may have been central to the
1526:Religions of the ancient Near East
53:Phoenician Melqart, 6th century BC
14:
3886:
3316:
2703:
2616:In late 2021, archeologists from
2222:Another temple to Melqart was at
1822:And it came to pass at noon that
2656:
2642:
2103:, or is simply used as a title.
1996:
1984:
1976:Undated bust of Tyrian Melqart,
1969:
1954:
3277:The Oxford Handbook of Heracles
3237:Greenfield, Jonas Carl (1995),
3223:
3196:
3169:
3157:
3132:
3108:
3084:
3072:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
3064:
3002:
2986:
2939:
2927:
2158:
2143:and dedicated to the god as an
1900:the historian, concerning King
1806:and largely eradicated by King
1677:, Melqart was syncretized with
2868:
2841:
2781:
2757:
2733:
2375:Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions
1596:Phoenician and Punic pantheons
1:
2692:
2328:(392d) summarizes a story by
2789:"Melqart | Encyclopedia.com"
2765:"Melqart | Phoenician deity"
2697:
2176:Temple of Hercules Gaditanus
1700:
1578:
7:
3835:Deities in the Hebrew Bible
3280:, Oxford University Press,
2635:
2226:, on the Atlantic coast of
1633:as a symbol of life, and a
10:
3891:
2721:World History Encyclopedia
2173:
1978:National Museum of Denmark
1818:("awakening") of the god:
3845:Hellenistic Asian deities
3792:
3623:
3403:
3396:
2875:Lipiński, Edward (2002).
2332:(c. 355 BCE) telling how
1830:The Phoenician novelist,
1786:Melqart was possibly the
1594:and a major deity in the
204:
194:
189:
154:
127:
122:
114:
100:
90:
64:
46:
26:
21:
3860:History of Tyre, Lebanon
3208:www.thearchaeologist.org
3176:Herodotus (2009-06-02).
2848:Herodotus (2009-06-02).
2249:he made a pilgrimage to
2007:(102 BC) with an eagle (
1926:life-death-rebirth deity
1857:pure gold, the other of
1693:were not allowed in the
225:Ancient Semitic religion
3865:Life-death-rebirth gods
2769:Encyclopedia Britannica
2556:Attempts at a synthesis
2288:Graeco-Roman traditions
2020:Archaeological evidence
1893:Antiquities of the Jews
1781:
1761:, his name was written
3485:Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem
3274:Ogden, Daniel (2021),
3139:Markoe, Glenn (2000).
2573:
2526:
2449:Belus on the Euphrates
2352:. Heracles' companion
2306:
2279:, to guide the son of
2268:
2171:
2106:Melqart protected the
2037:
1922:
1885:
1828:
1637:as a symbol of death.
249:Near Eastern Religions
3025:Head & al. (1911)
2563:
2520:
2295:
2263:
2166:
2027:
1906:
1854:
1820:
1697:of Melqart's temple.
3840:Phoenician mythology
3626:Mesopotamian deities
3091:Gregory of Nazianzus
2793:www.encyclopedia.com
2530:Gregory of Nazianzus
2234:Hannibal and Melqart
2044:in today's northern
965:Hutena and Hutellura
28:God of strength and
3127:English translation
3103:English translation
3038:"Cippus from Malta"
3009:María Eugenia Aubet
2952:The Classical World
2578:William F. Albright
2265:Carthaginian shekel
2194:Pillars of Heracles
2149:Phoenician language
2099:and by Romans with
2062:María Eugenia Aubet
1898:Menander of Ephesus
1832:Heliodorus of Emesa
1018:Ninatta and Kulitta
219:Part of a series on
3295:Sauer, A. (2018),
3040:. Louvre.com. 2009
2746:Lebanon in History
2715:Cartwright, Mark.
2618:Seville University
2574:
2527:
2307:
2269:
2217:Cape Saint Vincent
2172:
2124:𐤓𐤔 𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕
2083:and Bomilcar; but
2074:Hellenistic period
2038:
1934:The Roman Emperor
1896:8.5.3), following
997:dynastic deities (
244:pre-Islamic Arabia
69:Pillars of Melqart
3825:West Semitic gods
3807:
3806:
3788:
3787:
3406:Canaanite deities
3328:Temple of Melqart
3250:978-0-931464-93-5
3229:Bonnet, Corinne,
3189:978-1-4000-3114-6
2901:Easterling, P. E.
2886:978-90-429-0815-4
2861:978-1-4000-3114-6
2622:Temple of Melqart
2596:Historical person
2330:Eudoxus of Cnidus
2298:Mozian Charioteer
1936:Septimius Severus
1852:recorded (2.44):
1576:
1560:
1559:
505:ancient Near East
498:
497:
214:
213:
65:Major cult center
3882:
3798:Mythology portal
3525:Kothar-wa-Khasis
3401:
3400:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3311:
3290:
3269:
3265:Historia Numorum
3253:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3130:
3123:the Latin source
3121:, 1.2.7 (See in
3112:
3106:
3099:the Greek source
3097:, 4.108 (See in
3088:
3082:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
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2845:
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2761:
2755:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2712:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2650:Mythology portal
2647:
2646:
2645:
2502:'Marriage', and
2182:Balearic Islands
2137:Cippi of Melqart
2131:
2130:
2125:
2000:
1988:
1973:
1958:
1938:was a native of
1777:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1581:
1575:romanized:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1206:Kothar-wa-Khasis
514:Ancient Egyptian
500:
499:
490:
483:
476:
372:Kothar-wa-Khasis
216:
215:
205:Roman equivalent
195:Greek equivalent
51:
38:Patron deity of
34:Dying-and-rising
19:
18:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3870:Underworld gods
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3784:
3619:
3392:
3381:
3319:
3309:
3288:
3251:
3243:, Eisenbrauns,
3226:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
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3170:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3137:
3133:
3113:
3109:
3089:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3061:Livy XXI, 21-23
3060:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2987:
2964:10.2307/4351841
2944:
2940:
2934:William Whiston
2932:
2928:
2921:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2824:Greenfield 1995
2822:
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2806:
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2570:Museum of Cádiz
2558:
2290:
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2161:
2128:
2127:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1784:
1775:Tyrian Hercules
1773:
1732:
1731:
1728:Edward Lipinski
1711:
1710:
1703:
1635:fenestrated axe
1556:
1520:
1519:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1077:
940:
926:
925:
851:
841:
840:
781:
771:
770:
626:
616:
615:
516:
503:Deities of the
494:
150:
79:
71:
60:
54:
42:
37:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3875:Books of Kings
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3805:
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3802:
3801:
3793:
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3762:
3757:
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3732:
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3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
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3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
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3597:
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3409:
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3379:
3372:
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3350:
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3318:
3317:External links
3315:
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3307:
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3255:
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3222:
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3168:
3156:
3150:978-0520226135
3149:
3131:
3107:
3083:
3063:
3051:
3029:
3027:, p. 877.
3017:
3015:2nd ed., 2001.
3001:
2985:
2938:
2926:
2919:
2905:Knox, B. M. W.
2892:
2885:
2867:
2860:
2840:
2838:, p. 470.
2828:
2826:, p. 433.
2816:
2814:, p. 140.
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2388:Dio Chrysostom
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2286:
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2232:
2160:
2157:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2003:Melkarth on a
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1875:, was born in
1848:The historian
1841:refers to the
1783:
1780:
1702:
1699:
1685:, and also in
1600:founding-myths
1590:city-state of
1558:
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3833:
3831:
3830:Tutelary gods
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3781:
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3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
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3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Inanna/Ishtar
3698:
3696:
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3686:
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3526:
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3483:
3481:
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3471:
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3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Baʿalat Gebal
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
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3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:2nd ed., 2001
3341:
3336:
3334:
3333:Melqart stele
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3308:9789004369801
3304:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3287:9780190650988
3283:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2998:
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2989:
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2747:
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2741:Hitti, Philip
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2587:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
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2551:
2546:
2544:
2543:Tyrian purple
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
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2515:
2513:
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2400:
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2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:Sanchuniathon
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:supreme deity
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Carthago Nova
2205:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
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2063:
2059:
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2010:
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2005:Tyrian shekel
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1957:
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1937:
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1797:
1793:
1790:found in the
1789:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤒𐤓𐤕
1729:
1725:
1718:
1708:
1698:
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1609:
1605:
1604:Mediterranean
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1199:
1197:
1194:
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1189:
1187:
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1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Baʿalat Gebal
1169:
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328:
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320:
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315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Baʿalat Gebal
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
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288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
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273:
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268:
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210:
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74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
50:
45:
41:
35:
31:
25:
20:
3797:
3625:
3534:
3475:Baʿal Marqod
3470:Baʿal Ḥammon
3405:
3389:Mesopotamian
3339:
3297:
3276:
3264:
3239:
3230:
3224:Bibliography
3211:. Retrieved
3207:
3198:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3140:
3134:
3118:
3110:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3044:February 16,
3042:. Retrieved
3032:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2929:
2909:
2895:
2876:
2870:
2850:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:
2626:Sancti Petri
2615:
2599:
2575:
2566:Sancti Petri
2547:
2528:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2392:
2373:
2371:
2324:
2308:
2296:
2270:
2255:New Carthage
2237:
2221:
2206:
2199:
2179:
2159:Temple sites
2134:
2105:
2093:Ba`al Hammon
2084:
2078:
2054:
2039:
1940:Lepcis Magna
1933:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1891:
1886:
1858:
1855:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1785:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1723:
1704:
1672:
1639:
1624:
1584:tutelary god
1562:
1561:
1309:Mesopotamian
1210:
1156:Baʿal Marqod
1151:Baʿal Ḥammon
681:Dhul Khalasa
376:
327:Baʿal Marqod
322:Baʿal Ḥammon
317:Baʿal Berith
234:Mesopotamian
3780:Utu/Shamash
3760:Ningishzida
3695:Geshtinanna
3480:Baʿal Ṣapon
3465:Baʿal Berit
3260:"Zeugitana"
3141:Phoenicians
3115:Cassiodorus
3079:Korinthiaka
2664:Asia portal
2609:, possibly
2534:Cassiodorus
2432:Astrochiton
2428:Hellenistic
2395: 33.47
2336:the son of
2139:, found on
2036:, c. 550 BC
1505:Utu/Shamash
1455:Ningishzida
1346:Belet Nagar
1316:Adad/Ishkur
1166:Baʿalshamem
1161:Baʿal Ṣapon
861:Inshushinak
337:Baʿalshamem
332:Baʿal Ṣapon
190:Equivalents
3814:Categories
3690:Ereshkigal
3213:2023-08-03
2958:(5): 427.
2920:0521359848
2836:Ogden 2021
2812:Sauer 2018
2798:2020-05-20
2774:2020-04-26
2726:2023-08-03
2693:References
2523:Phoenician
2506:'Healer'.
2475:, Zeus of
2455:in Libya,
2445:syncretism
2419:Dionysiaca
2380:Mount Oeta
2357:colony of
2311:Melicertes
2303:Hellenized
2174:See also:
2114:, such as
1873:Amphitryon
1837:Aethiopica
1721:𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕
1717:Phoenician
1642:Phoenician
1588:Phoenician
1582:) was the
1571:𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕
1567:Phoenician
1366:Ereshkigal
866:Ishmekarab
741:Theandrios
671:Baalshamin
661:Atarsamain
258:The Levant
158:paternal:
95:Underworld
3765:Ninhursag
3750:Nanna/Sin
3635:Abzu/Apsu
3445:Atargatis
3301:, Brill,
2972:0009-8418
2907:(1993) .
2717:"Melqart"
2698:Citations
2326:Athenaeus
2213:Cartagena
2110:areas of
1890:records (
1860:smaragdos
1850:Herodotus
1834:, in his
1743:Mīlk-Qārt
1701:Etymology
1695:sanctuary
1683:Asclepius
1485:Papsukkal
1475:Ninshubur
1460:Ninhursag
1430:Nanna/Sin
1131:Atargatis
1089:Canaanite
1085:Levantine
916:Ruhurater
906:Napirisha
876:Kiririsha
826:Ninkarrak
292:Atargatis
239:Levantine
123:Genealogy
115:Festivals
77:Phoenicia
3850:Heracles
3530:Kotharat
3391:religion
3383:Ancient
2743:(1957).
2636:See also
2512:Poseidon
2485:Phaethon
2469:Assyrian
2467:Cronus,
2436:Dionysus
2403:Cilician
2399:Tarsians
2334:Heracles
2281:Hamilcar
2239:Hannibal
2129:RŠ MLQRT
2089:Hannibal
2081:Hamilcar
2070:Carthage
1914:`Ashtart
1888:Josephus
1881:Olympian
1802:by King
1770:Hercules
1763:Milqartu
1759:Akkadian
1751:Melkarth
1668:Hercules
1663:and the
1661:Heracles
1650:Carthage
1608:Heracles
1490:Sarpanit
1480:Pabilsag
1465:Ninisina
1390:Manungal
1385:Ishtaran
1331:Asarluhi
1256:Shadrafa
1201:Kotharat
1093:Ugaritic
1028:Pirengir
891:Nahhunte
811:Ḫalabatu
761:Yarhibol
701:Malakbel
656:al-‘Uzzá
566:Nephthys
422:Shadrafa
367:Kotharat
209:Hercules
199:Heracles
155:Siblings
147:(mother)
141:(father)
3820:Melqart
3680:Enki/Ea
3675:Dumuzid
3590:Shapshu
3570:Resheph
3535:Melqart
3490:Chemosh
3440:Astarte
3430:Asherah
3397:Deities
3385:Semitic
3125:and in
3101:and in
2980:4351841
2590:sea god
2493:Delphic
2489:Mithras
2473:Serapis
2471:Zeus,
2465:Arabian
2459:by the
2424:Sun-god
2384:Trachis
2342:Asteria
2313:son of
2305:Melqart
2277:Jupiter
2228:Morocco
2145:ex voto
2009:reverse
1918:egersis
1910:Lebanon
1902:Hiram I
1843:dancing
1816:egersis
1812:1 Kings
1796:1 Kings
1755:Melgart
1747:Melkart
1733:MLK QRT
1724:Mīlqārt
1586:of the
1579:Mīlqārt
1563:Melqart
1500:Tishpak
1495:Sebitti
1445:Ninegal
1425:Šumugan
1356:Enki/Ea
1271:Shapshu
1246:Resheph
1211:Melqart
1176:Chemosh
1126:Astarte
1116:Asherah
1063:Tašmišu
1038:Šarruma
1033:Shalash
1023:Nupatik
1013:Nabarbi
995:Mitanni
990:Lelluri
980:Kumarbi
938:Hittite
934:Hurrian
911:Pinikir
896:Narundi
881:Lagamar
849:Elamite
836:Shalash
801:Hadabal
791:Aštabil
779:Eblaite
756:Yaghūth
726:Orotalt
686:Dushara
651:al-Qaum
636:Aglibol
624:Arabian
437:Shapshu
412:Resheph
377:Melqart
342:Chemosh
287:Astarte
282:Asherah
180:Shapash
145:Astarte
128:Parents
118:Egersis
22:Melqart
3775:Tiamat
3770:Ninlil
3755:Nergal
3730:Marduk
3720:Lahamu
3715:Kishar
3660:Anshar
3645:Amurru
3615:Yarikh
3605:Yahweh
3585:Shalim
3580:Shahar
3575:Sakkun
3560:Qedesh
3555:Nikkal
3540:Milcom
3515:Eshmun
3505:Elohim
3450:ʿAṯtar
3435:Ashima
3415:Adonis
3305:
3284:
3247:
3186:
3147:
3119:Variae
3095:Oratio
2978:
2970:
2917:
2883:
2858:
2680:Moloch
2586:Nergal
2550:Cyprus
2496:Apollo
2481:Cronus
2414:Nonnus
2407:Sandon
2359:Thebes
2354:Iolaus
2346:Typhon
2319:Cadmus
2190:Strabo
2116:Cefalù
2112:Sicily
2101:Saturn
2097:Cronus
2042:Aleppo
1877:Hellas
1869:Europa
1865:Thasos
1824:Elijah
1800:Israel
1792:Tanakh
1679:Eshmun
1675:Cyprus
1631:Flower
1620:Adonis
1616:Tammuz
1612:Temple
1515:Zababa
1470:Ninlil
1450:Ningal
1440:Ninazu
1435:Nergal
1415:Nisaba
1410:Nanaya
1395:Marduk
1380:Ishtar
1376:Inanna
1351:Dumuzi
1326:An/Anu
1321:Amurru
1296:Yarikh
1291:Yahweh
1266:Shalim
1261:Shahar
1251:Sakkun
1236:Qedesh
1231:Nikkal
1216:Milcom
1191:Eshmun
1141:Azizos
1136:ʿAṯtar
1121:Ashima
1101:Adonis
1068:Teshub
1058:Takitu
1053:Šuwala
1048:Šimige
1043:Šauška
1007:Varuna
975:Kubaba
970:Išḫara
950:Aštabi
945:Allani
936:&
886:Manzat
856:Humban
831:Saggar
816:Išḫara
786:Adamma
666:ʿAṯtar
646:al-Lat
606:Tefnut
586:Qetesh
576:Osiris
541:Buchis
526:Anubis
462:Yarikh
457:Yahweh
432:Shalim
427:Shahar
417:Sakkun
402:Qedesh
397:Nikkal
382:Milcom
357:Eshmun
302:Azizos
297:ʿAṯtar
267:Adonis
176:Shalim
172:Shahar
101:Symbol
85:Iberia
30:heroes
3745:Nammu
3735:Mummu
3725:Lahmu
3710:Kingu
3685:Enlil
3665:Ashur
3600:Tanit
3595:Sydyk
3545:Misor
3520:Haddu
3510:Elyon
3495:Dagan
3460:Baʿal
3425:Arsay
2976:JSTOR
2752:hero.
2687:Malek
2673:Ba‘al
2630:Cádiz
2611:Cádiz
2607:Spain
2582:Milku
2538:nymph
2504:Paeon
2500:Gamos
2477:Egypt
2453:Ammon
2441:Ocean
2367:Hadad
2350:Libya
2251:Gades
2247:Italy
2224:Lixus
2202:Ibiza
2186:Cádiz
2169:Cadiz
2153:Greek
2141:Malta
2120:Punic
2108:Punic
2066:Cádiz
2058:Sidon
2046:Syria
2034:Syria
2030:Amrit
1944:Liber
1810:. In
1788:Ba‘al
1757:. In
1753:, or
1712:MLQRT
1707:abjad
1687:Ibiza
1665:Roman
1658:Greek
1654:Cádiz
1646:Punic
1420:Shala
1405:Nammu
1371:Gibil
1361:Enlil
1336:Ashur
1281:Tanit
1276:Sydyk
1221:Misor
1196:Haddu
1181:Dagan
1146:Baʿal
1111:Arsay
1073:Tilla
1003:Mitra
999:Indra
985:Kušuḫ
960:Ḫepat
955:Hayya
921:Simut
901:Napir
871:Jabru
806:Hadad
796:Dagan
766:Yatha
751:Ya'uq
736:Suwa'
711:Manāt
706:Manaf
696:Hubal
641:Abgal
631:Allah
611:Thoth
561:Montu
551:Horus
447:Tanit
442:Sydyk
387:Misor
362:Haddu
347:Dagan
312:Baʿal
277:Arsay
164:Attar
91:Abode
81:Gadir
3855:Baal
3740:Nabu
3650:Antu
3640:Adad
3420:Anat
3387:and
3303:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3046:2011
2993:ANET
2968:ISSN
2915:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2602:tomb
2532:and
2461:Nile
2457:Apis
2405:god
2372:The
2338:Zeus
2243:Livy
2135:The
2085:Ba‘l
2050:Aram
1808:Jehu
1804:Ahab
1782:Cult
1691:pork
1681:and
1652:and
1644:and
1627:Ankh
1618:and
1592:Tyre
1400:Nabu
1106:Anat
1091:and
821:Kura
746:Wadd
731:Ruda
721:Nuha
716:Nasr
581:Ptah
556:Isis
536:Atum
531:Apis
521:Amun
272:Anat
160:Anat
139:Baal
109:lion
73:Tyre
40:Tyre
3670:Bes
3655:Anu
3610:Yam
3565:Qos
3550:Mot
2960:doi
2412:In
2393:Or.
2382:in
2348:in
2340:by
2315:Ino
2032:in
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