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159:. In a contact angle measurement, the shape of the menisci is measured with a balance or optically with a digital camera. In a surface tension measurement, the measurement probe has a contact angle of zero and the surface tension can be obtained by measuring the mass of the menisci. This is typically done with a
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Manufacturers of glassware and other tools calibrate their measurement marks to account for the meniscus. This means that any instrument is calibrated for a specific liquid, usually water.
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In general, the shape of the surface of a liquid can be complex. For a sufficiently narrow tube with circular cross-section, the shape of the meniscus will approximate a section of a
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the tube (with zero contact angle), the liquid surface inside the tube forms a concave meniscus, which is a virtually spherical surface having the same radius,
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Conversely, a convex meniscus occurs when the adhesion energy is less than half the cohesion energy. Convex menisci occur, for example, between
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in plants. When a tube of a narrow bore, often called a capillary tube, is dipped into a liquid and the liquid
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A concave meniscus occurs when the attraction between the particles of the liquid and the container (
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When reading a depth scale on the side of an instrument filled with liquid, such as a
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The formation of menisci is commonly used in surface science to measure
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close to the surface of the container or another object, produced by
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of colored water. '20.00 mL' is the correct depth measurement.
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Moore, John W.; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C. (2005).
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306:"Surface and interfacial tension | White Paper"
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