1041:
placed in a reservoir full of water, and the other end placed in a receiving vessel. The reservoir must be higher than the receiving vessel. A related but simplified capillary siphon only consists of two hook-shaped stainless-steel rods, whose surface is hydrophilic, allowing water to wet the narrow grooves between them. Due to capillary action and gravity, water will slowly transfer from the reservoir to the receiving vessel. This simple device can be used to water houseplants when nobody is home. This property is also made use of in the
1102:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
764:, when he reported that "some inquisitive French Men" had observed that when a capillary tube was dipped into water, the water would ascend to "some height in the Pipe". Boyle then reported an experiment in which he dipped a capillary tube into red wine and then subjected the tube to a partial vacuum. He found that the vacuum had no observable influence on the height of the liquid in the capillary, so the behavior of liquids in capillary tubes was due to some phenomenon different from that which governed mercury barometers.
2451:(Thus by assuming that the adhesion of a liquid's molecules has a significant effect only at the surface itself, and in the direction of the surface, it would be easy to determine the curvature of the surfaces of liquids in the vicinity of the walls that contain them; these surfaces would be menisci whose tension, constant in every direction, would be everywhere equal to the adhesion of two molecules; and the phenomena of capillary tubes would have nothing that could not be determined by analysis .)
2449:"En supposant ainsi que l'adhĂ©rence des molĂ©cules d'un liquide n'ait d'effet sensible qu'Ă la surface mĂȘme, & dans le sens de la surface, il seroit facile de dĂ©terminer la courbure des surfaces des liquides dans le voisinage des parois qui les conteinnent; ces surfaces seroient des lintĂ©aires dont la tension, constante dans tous les sens, seroit par-tout Ă©gale Ă l'adhĂ©rence de deux molĂ©cules; & les phĂ©nomĂšnes des tubes capillaires n'auroient plus rein qui ne pĂ»t ĂȘtre dĂ©terminĂ© par l'analyse."
863:
1457:
20:
652:
855:
2241:
2031:
1356:
Thus for a 2 m (6.6 ft) radius glass tube in lab conditions given above, the water would rise an unnoticeable 0.007 mm (0.00028 in). However, for a 2 cm (0.79 in) radius tube, the water would rise 0.7 mm (0.028 in), and for a 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) radius
2406:
In 1740, Christlieb
Ehregott Gellert (1713â1795) observed that like mercury, molten lead would not adhere to glass and therefore the level of molten lead was depressed in a capillary tube. See: C. E. Gellert (1740) "De phenomenis plumbi fusi in tubis capillaribus" (On phenomena of molten lead in
2238:
1464:
When a dry porous medium is brought into contact with a liquid, it will absorb the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. When considering evaporation, liquid penetration will reach a limit dependent on parameters of temperature, humidity and permeability. This process is known as evaporation
890:
to overcome these intermolecular forces. The contact length (around the edge) between the top of the liquid column and the tube is proportional to the radius of the tube, while the weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube's radius. So, a narrow tube will draw a liquid
2447:(History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris), pp. 506â529. Monge proposed that particles of a liquid exert, on each other, a short-range force of attraction, and that this force produces the surface tension of the liquid. From p. 529:
1040:
A practical application of capillary action is the capillary action siphon. Instead of utilizing a hollow tube (as in most siphons), this device consists of a length of cord made of a fibrous material (cotton cord or string works well). After saturating the cord with water, one (weighted) end is
2176:"Alithophilus, Dialogus quartus, in quo nonnulla discutiuntur Ă D. Montanario opposita circa elevationem Humoris in canaliculis, etc." (Alithophilus, Fourth dialogue, in which Dr. Montanari's opposition regarding the elevation of liquids in capillaries is utterly refuted).
2028:
2052:
An attempt for the explication of the
Phenomena observable in an experiment published by the Right Hon. Robert Boyle, in the 35th experiment of his Epistolical Discourse touching the Air, in confirmation of a former conjecture made by R.
1465:
limited capillary penetration and is widely observed in common situations including fluid absorption into paper and rising damp in concrete or masonry walls. For a bar shaped section of material with cross-sectional area
873:
Capillary penetration in porous media shares its dynamic mechanism with flow in hollow tubes, as both processes are resisted by viscous forces. Consequently, a common apparatus used to demonstrate the phenomenon is the
1351:
23:
Capillary water flow up a 225 mm-high porous brick after it was placed in a shallow tray of water. The time elapsed after first contact with water is indicated. From the weight increase, the estimated porosity is
1177:
1874:"Enfin, deux observations capitales, celle de l'action capillaire (7) et celle de la diffraction (8), dont jusqu'à présent on avait méconnu le véritable auteur, sont dues également à ce brillant génie."
1646:
1876:(Finally, two major observations, that of capillary action (7) and that of diffraction (8), the true author of which until now had not been recognized, are also due to this brilliant genius.)
2000:(hidden/secret motion). He proposed that mosquitoes, butterflies, and bees feed via capillary action, and that sap ascends in plants via capillary action. See: Giovambatista Clemente Nelli,
947:
act as small capillaries, causing it to absorb a large amount of fluid. Some textile fabrics are said to use capillary action to "wick" sweat away from the skin. These are often referred to as
1996:(a book of various geometric problems and of speculation and physical experiments, etc.) by Aggiunti. On pages 91â92, he quotes from this book: Aggiunti attributed capillary action to
89:
2158:"Dialogus Quartus. In quo, de libratis suspensisque liquoribus & Mercurio disputatur. (Dialogue four. In which the balance and suspension of liquids and mercury is discussed).
1247:
is in the denominator, the thinner the space in which the liquid can travel, the further up it goes. Likewise, lighter liquid and lower gravity increase the height of the column.
1202:
1568:
1517:
1910:, vol. 3, p. 54) observations of this kind are already to be found in the manuscripts of the great artist Leonardo da Vinci (died 1519), which are preserved in Paris; ... )
1573:
is called the cumulative liquid intake, with the dimension of length. The wetted length of the bar, that is the distance between the wetted end of the bar and the so-called
798:
Although experimental studies continued during the 18th century, a successful quantitative treatment of capillary action was not attained until 1805 by two investigators:
3116:
775:) thought that liquids rose in capillaries because air could not enter capillaries as easily as liquids, so the air pressure was lower inside capillaries. Others (e.g.,
1035:
2314:"An account of an experiment touching the direction of a drop of oil of oranges, between two glass planes, towards any side of them that is nearest press'd together,"
1904:, T. III, p. 54) in den zu Paris aufbewahrten Handschriften des grossen KĂŒnstlers Leonardo da Vinci (gestorben 1519) schon Beobachtungen dieser Art vorfinden; ... "
3192:
2327:
2313:
3426:
814:
had determined the boundary conditions governing capillary action (i.e., the conditions at the liquid-solid interface). In 1871, the
British physicist
1879:
C. Wolf (1857) "Vom
Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Erscheinungen in Haarröhrchen" (On the influence of temperature on phenomena in capillary tubes)
740:
Capillary comes from the Latin word capillaris, meaning "of or resembling hair". The meaning stems from the tiny, hairlike diameter of a capillary.
2478:
1285:
638:
2611:
1967:
2532:
3185:
2169:
2151:
2086:
1932:
2569:
2377:
2355:
2288:
2193:
2070:
1955:
1891:
1865:
2497:
2217:
2122:
2102:
2008:
2641:
1382:
966:, in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action. In this case the pores are gaps between very small particles.
2261:
2801:
1279:
on clean glass, the effective equilibrium contact angle is approximately zero. For these values, the height of the water column is
1122:
2593:
1595:
886:
occurs between the fluid and the solid inner wall pulling the liquid column along until there is a sufficient mass of liquid for
3178:
2432:(1746â1818) investigated the force between panes of glass that were separated by a film of liquid. See: Gaspard Monge (1787)
2419:
2709:
2436:
720:
between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of
3161:
2910:
Ishii D, Horiguchi H, Hirai Y, Yabu H, Matsuo Y, Ijiro K, Tsujii K, Shimozawa T, Hariyama T, Shimomura M (October 23, 2013).
1002:, capillary action describes the attraction of water molecules to soil particles. Capillary action is responsible for moving
891:
column along further than a wider tube will, given that the inner water molecules cohere sufficiently to the outer ones.
3482:
1859:
Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie, depuis la
Renaissance des lettres jusqu'a la fin du dix-septiĂšme siecle
3025:
2462:
In the 18th century, some investigators did attempt a quantitative treatment of capillary action. See, for example,
815:
760:, was said to have investigated capillary action. In 1660, capillary action was still a novelty to the Irish chemist
631:
3047:
2912:"Water transport mechanism through open capillaries analyzed by direct surface modifications on biological surfaces"
2820:
2116:(NĂŒremberg (NorimbergĂŠ), (Germany): Wolfgang Moritz Endter & the heirs of Johann Andreas Endter, 1676). See:
1065:. Water is brought high up in trees by branching; evaporation at the leaves creating depressurization; probably by
3453:
701:
The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube such as a
45:
1042:
3866:
3554:
604:
2328:"An account of an experiment touching the ascent of water between two glass planes, in an hyperbolick figure,"
1069:
added at the roots; and possibly at other locations inside the plant, especially when gathering humidity with
784:
3299:
305:
142:
2237:(Lyon, France: 1670), page 385, Cap. 8 Prop. CLXXXV (Chapter 8, Proposition 185.). Available on-line at:
911:, while in industry and diagnostic medicine this phenomenon is increasingly being harnessed in the field of
3501:
3409:
2214:
624:
345:
231:
2553:
1185:
694:
flowing in a narrow space in opposition to or at least without the assistance of any external forces like
3622:
3333:
3267:
899:
In the built environment, evaporation limited capillary penetration is responsible for the phenomenon of
867:
705:, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as clay and liquefied
300:
209:
92:
2445:
Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des
Sciences de Paris
1832:
1229:
930:; their openings can be seen with the naked eye within the lacrymal sacs when the eyelids are everted.
807:
795:) thought that the particles of liquid were attracted to each other and to the walls of the capillary.
2838:
2416:
1540:
1483:
3350:
2433:
963:
948:
912:
216:
3072:
3037:
Hsai-Yang Fang, john L. Daniels, Introductory
Geotechnical Engineering: An Environmental Perspective
2475:
3920:
3781:
3776:
3659:
3627:
3542:
3282:
3272:
2434:"Mémoire sur quelques effets d'attraction ou de répulsion apparente entre les molécules de matiÚre"
799:
780:
511:
506:
295:
288:
121:
1964:
1862:
3910:
3841:
3522:
3438:
3328:
2668:
2608:
1662:
574:
569:
238:
2529:
1945:
3421:
3294:
1826:
1531:
1013:
126:
3113:
2566:
2443:(Memoir on some effects of the apparent attraction or repulsion between molecules of matter),
2374:
2352:
2285:
2166:
2148:
1929:
1888:
1829: â Equation describing the penetration length of a liquid into a capillary tube with time
3925:
3826:
3404:
2687:
2669:"Tuning capillary penetration in porous media: Combining geometrical and evaporation effects"
2494:
2188:
2117:
2067:
2005:
1749: â Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action
549:
167:
2097:
2080:
3889:
3563:
3467:
3462:
3433:
3399:
3379:
3364:
3345:
3316:
3257:
2976:
2923:
2860:
2742:
1992:
In his book of 1759, Giovani
Batista Clemente Nelli (1725â1793) stated (p. 87) that he had
1050:
988:
922:
fluid from the eye. Two canaliculi of tiny diameter are present in the inner corner of the
811:
803:
725:
717:
387:
204:
184:
172:
116:
2637:
2384:(Explanation of difficult experiments concerning the ascent of water in capillary tubes),
1661:
Sorptivity is a relevant property of building materials, because it affects the amount of
8:
3861:
3713:
3652:
3632:
3448:
3394:
3277:
3236:
3202:
2258:
887:
831:
589:
437:
330:
36:
2980:
2927:
2864:
2798:
2746:
1658:
The above description is for the case where gravity and evaporation do not play a role.
757:
3915:
3532:
3527:
3311:
3000:
2944:
2911:
2892:
2850:
2758:
2691:
2472:
Chapitre X. De l'Ă©levation ou de l'abaissement des
Liqueurs dans les Tuyaux capillaires
1794:
1752:
1076:
Capillary action for uptake of water has been described in some small animals, such as
918:
In physiology, capillary action is essential for the drainage of continuously produced
842:
609:
243:
199:
194:
1994:"un libro di problem vari geometrici ec. e di speculazioni, ed esperienze fisiche ec."
1530:
of the medium, in units of m·s or mm·min. This time dependence relation is similar to
3580:
3517:
3496:
3491:
3416:
3384:
3157:
3095:
3021:
2992:
2949:
2896:
2884:
2876:
2781:
2762:
1764:
984:
927:
900:
879:
878:. When the lower end of a glass tube is placed in a liquid, such as water, a concave
819:
792:
749:
660:
226:
177:
2695:
1101:
933:
Wicking is the absorption of a liquid by a material in the manner of a candle wick.
834:(1798â1895) subsequently determined the interaction between two immiscible liquids.
3816:
3725:
3718:
3708:
3549:
3149:
3087:
3017:
3004:
2984:
2939:
2931:
2868:
2750:
2683:
1746:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1066:
788:
564:
539:
452:
427:
422:
2375:"Explicatio difficilium experimentorum circa ascensum aquae in tubis capillaribus"
2362:(Theoretical essay in which the ascent of water in capillary tubes is explained),
1460:
Capillary flow in a brick, with a sorptivity of 5.0 mm·min and a porosity of 0.25.
866:
Capillary flow experiment to investigate capillary flows and phenomena aboard the
3831:
3766:
3743:
3679:
3664:
3647:
3597:
3585:
3472:
3443:
3360:
3338:
3321:
3287:
3221:
3216:
3120:
3091:
2824:
2805:
2615:
2573:
2536:
2501:
2482:
2463:
2440:
2423:
2381:
2359:
2292:
2265:
2245:
2221:
2197:
2173:
2155:
2126:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2035:
2012:
1971:
1936:
1895:
1869:
1820:
1755: â Pressure between two fluids from forces between the fluids and tube walls
1205:
1084:
1007:
837:
827:
772:
753:
721:
710:
554:
478:
442:
392:
323:
312:
257:
159:
3170:
2967:
Bentley PJ, Blumer WF (1962). "Uptake of water by the lizard, Moloch horridus".
768:
663:(non-polar), in each case with respect to a polar surface such as glass (âĄSiâOH)
3836:
3703:
3617:
3575:
3389:
2872:
2667:
Liu, Mingchao; Wu, Jian; Gan, Yixiang; Hanaor, Dorian A.H.; Chen, C.Q. (2018).
1975:
Bulletin of the Lloyd
Library and Museum of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica
1776:
1758:
1665:. Some values for the sorptivity of building materials are in the table below.
1114:
823:
702:
559:
417:
382:
283:
189:
3153:
3904:
3884:
3851:
3748:
3612:
3477:
2880:
2785:
2474:(Chapter 10. On the elevation or depression of liquids in capillary tubes),
2429:
2027:, ... (Oxford, England: H. Hall, 1660), pp. 265â270. Available on-line at:
1950:
1788:
1770:
1213:
1078:
1062:
944:
940:
776:
599:
432:
1959:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 256â275.
862:
3856:
3846:
3821:
3099:
2996:
2953:
2888:
2129:(Essay 8. Recently noted phenomena of narrow capillaries, ... ), pp. 44â48.
1835: â Describing pressure difference over an interface in fluid mechanics
1782:
974:
761:
706:
584:
579:
544:
276:
3144:
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles; Brochard-Wyart, Françoise; Quéré, David (2004).
3112:
C. Hall, W.D. Hoff, Water transport in brick, stone, and concrete. (2002)
2754:
1928:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Joseph and Edward Parker, 1832), volume 10,
3771:
3020:, 'An Introduction To Fluid Dynamics', Cambridge University Press (1967)
2817:
2119:"Tentamen VIII. Canaliculorum angustiorum recens-notata PhĂŠnomena, ... "
1921:
More detailed histories of research on capillary action can be found in:
1817: â Ice column formed when liquid groundwater rises into freezing air
1808:
1803:
1740:
1731:
1003:
956:
936:
695:
594:
497:
1854:
Manuscripts of LĂ©onardo de Vinci (Paris), vol. N, folios 11, 67, and 74.
1346:{\displaystyle h\approx {{1.48\times 10^{-5}\ {\mbox{m}}^{2}} \over r}.}
1250:
For a water-filled glass tube in air at standard laboratory conditions,
1049:
are used to draw oil from reservoirs into delivery pipes leading to the
992:
3786:
3698:
3537:
3231:
2839:"Disjoining pressure driven transpiration of water in a simulated tree"
2468:
Theorie de la Figure de la Terre tirée des Principes de l'Hydrostatique
2353:"Tentamen theoriae qua ascensus aquae in tubis capillaribus explicatur"
2286:"Several Experiments Touching the Seeming Spontaneous Ascent of Water,"
2239:
Echo (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science; Berlin, Germany)
2029:
Echo (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science; Berlin, Germany)
1944:
1814:
1779: â Equation describing the flow of a fluid through a porous medium
1527:
1456:
516:
412:
19:
2935:
1811: â Measurement and characterization of the porosity of a material
991:
within the liquid exceed those between the solid and the liquid, so a
3808:
3798:
3793:
3735:
3642:
3226:
2988:
1823: â Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
1386:
999:
977:
488:
483:
317:
1761: â Wave on the surface of a fluid, dominated by surface tension
1360:
943:
to be transferred from a surface to the towel. The small pores of a
3758:
3669:
3637:
3262:
2855:
2552:(Göttingen, (Germany): Dieterichs, 1830). Available on-line at:
2550:
Principia generalia Theoriae Figurae Fluidorum in statu Aequilibrii
2082:
Pensieri fisico-matematici sopra alcune esperienze fatte in Bologna
1586:
1070:
904:
883:
729:
467:
372:
352:
338:
3073:"Evaporation limited radial capillary penetration in porous media"
3570:
3510:
2411:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2388:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2366:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2025:
New Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching the Spring of the Air
1767: â Minimised surface of liquid commecting two wetted objects
1276:
1221:
1046:
908:
221:
732:
between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid.
3674:
1534:
for the wicking in capillaries and porous media. The quantity
1237:
952:
923:
691:
362:
1105:
Water height in a capillary plotted against capillary diameter
854:
651:
3876:
3605:
3372:
2567:"On the equilibrium of vapour at a curved surface of liquid,"
2309:... (London, England: (Self-published), 1709), pages 139â169.
1172:{\displaystyle h={{2\gamma \cos {\theta }} \over {\rho gr}},}
1061:
Capillary action is seen in many plants, and plays a part in
1006:
from wet areas of the soil to dry areas. Differences in soil
919:
656:
266:
3143:
2409:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
2386:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
2364:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
1641:{\displaystyle x={\frac {i}{f}}={\frac {S}{f}}{\sqrt {t}}.}
2526:
Supplément au dixiÚme livre du Traité de Mécanique Céleste
2213:(Hague (HagĂŠ Comitis), Netherlands: Adrian Vlacq, 1666),
1096:
748:
The first recorded observation of capillary action was by
3691:
2505:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2331:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2317:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2296:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2066:... (London, England: James Allestry, 1667), pp. 12â22,
2062:... was reprinted (with some changes) in: Robert Hooke,
1773: â Type of moisture control in building construction
1743: â Thin layer of water surrounding mineral surfaces.
970:
402:
2837:
Poudel, Sajag; Zou, An; Maroo, Shalabh C. (2022-06-15).
2733:
Wang, K.; et al. (2022). "Open Capillary Siphons".
1965:"References to capillarity to the end of the year 1900,"
1861:(Paris, France: Jules Renouard et cie., 1840), vol. 3,
810:
of capillary action. By 1830, the German mathematician
2909:
2818:
Water in Redwood and other trees, mostly by evaporation
2808:
at "Neat, Plausible And" scientific discussion website.
1799:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1736:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3048:"Capillary Tubes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2165:... ((Lyon (Lugdunum), France: Antoine Molin, 1669),
2002:
Saggio di Storia Letteraria Fiorentina del Secolo XVII
1322:
1189:
995:
meniscus forms and capillary action works in reverse.
2780:. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. p. 26.
2710:"Capillary Action and Water | U.S. Geological Survey"
1598:
1543:
1486:
1357:
tube, the water would rise 70 mm (2.8 in).
1288:
1188:
1125:
1016:
48:
2638:"List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein"
2109:(Rotterdam, Netherlands: Arnold Leers, Jr., 1669).
1943:Maxwell, James Clerk; Strutt, John William (1911).
1451:
939:absorb liquid through capillary action, allowing a
2307:Physico-mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects
1898:by editor Johann C. Poggendorff. From page 551:
1640:
1562:
1511:
1385:. The surface of the liquid between the planes is
1345:
1196:
1171:
1029:
83:
3200:
2235:De motionibus naturalibus a gravitate pendentibus
2200:(Amsterdam, Netherlands: Hendrik Wetsten, 1683).
2004:... (Lucca, (Italy): Vincenzo Giuntini, 1759),
1469:that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume
1361:Capillary rise of liquid between two glass plates
818:(later Lord Kelvin) determined the effect of the
3902:
2609:"Folgerungen aus den CapillaritÀtserscheinungen"
1791: â Upwards swelling of soil during freezing
2676:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
1785: â Thin layer of ice extruded from a plant
1381: = constant), the two quantities are
767:Others soon followed Boyle's lead. Some (e.g.,
3125:
2836:
2666:
2635:
2524:, volume 4, (Paris, France: Courcier, 1805),
1734: â Dimensionless number in fluid dynamics
980:from a reservoir or cartridge inside the pen.
3186:
2966:
2595:Vorlesungen ĂŒber die Theorie der CapillaritĂ€t
1942:
1908:History of the mathematical sciences in Italy
1581:of the volume occupied by voids. This number
632:
16:Ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
1669:Sorptivity of selected materials (source:)
84:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
3193:
3179:
2415: : 243â251. Available on-line at:
2270:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
639:
625:
3106:
2943:
2854:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2618:(Conclusions from capillary phenomena),
2598:(Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1894).
2099:Ars Nova et Magna Gravitatis et Levitatis
1589:of the medium; the wetted length is then
3011:
2843:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
2688:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.101
2259:"Experiences sur les tuyaux Capillaires"
1455:
1100:
1056:
861:
858:Moderate rising damp on an internal wall
853:
849:
650:
18:
2147:... ((Lyon (Lugdunum), France: 1665),
1097:Capillary rise of liquid in a capillary
1091:
840:'s first paper, which was submitted to
3903:
2775:
2655:
1887:(177) : 550â576; see footnote on
1797: â 1995 alleged miracle incidents
983:With some pairs of materials, such as
3174:
2592:Franz Neumann with A. Wangerin, ed.,
2495:"An essay on the cohesion of fluids,"
2114:Collegium Experimentale sive Curiosum
2732:
2470:(Paris, France: David fils, 1743),
2068:"Observ. IV. Of small Glass Canes."
1197:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \gamma }
951:, after the capillary properties of
3070:
2211:De Nili et Aliorum Fluminum Origine
13:
3137:
2268:(Experiments on capillary tubes),
1902:Hist. des sciences math. en Italie
1037:) drive capillary action in soil.
1018:
14:
3937:
3146:Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena
2520:Pierre Simon marquis de Laplace,
2190:Dissertatio de Gravitate Ătheris
1563:{\displaystyle i={\frac {V}{A}}}
1512:{\displaystyle V=AS{\sqrt {t}},}
1473:of absorbed liquid after a time
1452:Liquid transport in porous media
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1365:The product of layer thickness (
1043:lubrication of steam locomotives
962:Capillary action is observed in
3064:
3040:
3031:
2960:
2903:
2830:
2827:article at wonderquest website.
2811:
2792:
2776:Ahrons, Ernest Leopold (1922).
2769:
2726:
2702:
2644:from the original on 2013-05-08
2629:
2601:
2586:
2559:
2542:
2514:
2493:Thomas Young (January 1, 1805)
2487:
2456:
2397:
2342:
2275:
2251:
1577:, is dependent on the fraction
1113:of a liquid column is given by
2741:. Cambridge University Press.
2227:
2203:
2181:
2134:
2060:An attempt for the explication
2041:
2017:
1986:
1915:
1845:
1651:Some authors use the quantity
1393:Water between two glass plates
1:
3071:Liu, M.; et al. (2016).
1881:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1839:
1232:(length/square of time), and
846:in 1900, was on capillarity.
3092:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02404
806:of France. They derived the
735:
7:
2522:Traité de Mécanique Céleste
1725:
1230:acceleration due to gravity
894:
868:International Space Station
10:
3942:
2873:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.108
2778:Lubrication of Locomotives
2735:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2233:Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso
2112:Johannes Christoph Sturm,
2093:(Bologna, (Italy): 1667).
1906:( ... according to Libri (
802:of the United Kingdom and
743:
3875:
3807:
3757:
3734:
3596:
3359:
3245:
3209:
3154:10.1007/978-0-387-21656-0
2373:Josias Weitbrecht (1737)
1224:of liquid (mass/volume),
1030:{\displaystyle \Psi _{m}}
964:thin layer chromatography
913:paper-based microfluidics
826:âa relation known as the
3543:Compact tension specimen
3263:Conservation of momentum
3114:page 131 on Google books
2975:(4829): 699â670 (1962).
2351:Josia Weitbrecht (1736)
2326:Francis Hauksbee (1712)
2312:Francis Hauksbee (1711)
2284:Francis Hauksbee (1708)
1946:"Capillary Action"
1369:) and elevation height (
781:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
143:ClausiusâDuhem (entropy)
93:Fick's laws of diffusion
3623:NavierâStokes equations
3523:Material failure theory
3511:Material failure theory
2640:. Einstein-website.de.
2607:Albert Einstein (1901)
2565:William Thomson (1871)
1956:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1926:Edinburgh Encyclopaedia
969:Capillary action draws
728:within the liquid) and
301:NavierâStokes equations
239:Material failure theory
3295:Conservation of energy
2577:Philosophical Magazine
2548:Carl Friedrich Gauss,
2464:Alexis Claude Clairaut
1963:John Uri Lloyd (1902)
1833:YoungâLaplace equation
1642:
1564:
1513:
1461:
1383:inversely proportional
1347:
1198:
1173:
1106:
1031:
870:
859:
808:YoungâLaplace equation
752:. A former student of
690:) is the process of a
664:
85:
25:
3660:Archimedes' principle
3628:Bernoulli's principle
3148:. Springer New York.
3131:Hall and Hoff, p. 122
3052:www.sciencedirect.com
2755:10.1017/jfm.2021.1056
2583:(282) : 448â452.
2079:Geminiano Montanari,
1924:David Brewster, ed.,
1643:
1565:
1514:
1459:
1348:
1208:(force/unit length),
1199:
1174:
1104:
1057:In plants and animals
1032:
989:intermolecular forces
865:
857:
850:Phenomena and physics
718:intermolecular forces
716:It occurs because of
654:
296:Bernoulli's principle
289:Archimedes' principle
86:
22:
3890:William Prager Medal
3468:Rock mass plasticity
3365:Structural mechanics
3258:Conservation of mass
3246:Laws and Definitions
2636:Hans-Josef Kuepper.
2050:Robert Hooke (1661)
1596:
1541:
1484:
1286:
1186:
1123:
1092:Height of a meniscus
1014:
888:gravitational forces
812:Carl Friedrich Gauss
804:Pierre-Simon Laplace
724:(which is caused by
659:(polar) compared to
655:Capillary action of
388:Cohesion (chemistry)
210:Infinitesimal strain
46:
3633:Poiseuille equation
3410:Membrane elasticity
3395:Transverse isotropy
3237:Rigid body dynamics
3203:continuum mechanics
2981:1962Natur.194..699B
2928:2013NatSR...3E3024I
2865:2022JCIS..616..895P
2747:2022JFM...932R...1W
2626:(3) : 513â523.
1827:Washburn's equation
1670:
1655:as the sorptivity.
1532:Washburn's equation
832:Franz Ernst Neumann
830:. German physicist
816:Sir William Thomson
306:Poiseuille equation
37:Continuum mechanics
31:Part of a series on
3782:Electrorheological
3777:Magnetorheological
3533:Fracture mechanics
3300:Entropy inequality
3119:2014-02-20 at the
2916:Scientific Reports
2823:2012-01-29 at the
2804:2013-11-28 at the
2620:Annalen der Physik
2614:2017-10-25 at the
2572:2014-10-26 at the
2535:2016-12-24 at the
2500:2014-06-30 at the
2481:2016-04-09 at the
2439:2016-03-16 at the
2422:2016-03-17 at the
2380:2014-11-05 at the
2358:2014-06-29 at the
2305:Francis Hauksbee,
2291:2014-06-29 at the
2264:2017-04-07 at the
2244:2016-12-23 at the
2220:2017-04-07 at the
2196:2017-04-07 at the
2172:2017-04-07 at the
2154:2016-12-24 at the
2125:2014-06-29 at the
2105:2017-11-03 at the
2089:2016-12-29 at the
2073:2016-12-24 at the
2047:See, for example:
2034:2014-03-05 at the
2011:2014-07-27 at the
1981:(4) : 99â204.
1970:2014-12-14 at the
1935:2016-12-24 at the
1900:" ... nach Libri (
1894:2014-06-29 at the
1872:. From page 54:
1868:2016-12-24 at the
1795:Hindu milk miracle
1753:Capillary pressure
1668:
1638:
1560:
1509:
1462:
1343:
1326:
1204:is the liquid-air
1194:
1193:
1169:
1107:
1027:
926:, also called the
871:
860:
843:Annalen der Physik
670:(sometimes called
665:
512:Magnetorheological
507:Electrorheological
244:Fracture mechanics
81:
26:
3898:
3897:
3581:Bending of plates
3555:Johnson-Holmquist
3518:Drucker stability
3492:Contact mechanics
3439:Cauchy elasticity
3417:Equation of state
3163:978-1-4419-1833-8
3086:(38): 9899â9904.
2936:10.1038/srep03024
2407:capillary tubes)
2392: : 275â309.
2370: : 261â309.
2302: : 258â266.
2187:Jacob Bernoulli,
2096:George Sinclair,
1857:Guillaume Libri,
1765:Capillary bridges
1723:
1722:
1633:
1626:
1613:
1558:
1504:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1164:
750:Leonardo da Vinci
649:
648:
524:
523:
458:
457:
227:Contact mechanics
150:
149:
79:
3933:
3719:Combined gas law
3714:Gay-Lussac's law
3685:Capillary action
3550:Damage mechanics
3195:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2989:10.1038/194699a0
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2673:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2633:
2627:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2563:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2518:
2512:
2491:
2485:
2460:
2454:
2401:
2395:
2346:
2340:
2337: : 539â540.
2323: : 374â375.
2279:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2231:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2185:
2179:
2161:Honorato Fabri,
2143:Honorato Fabri,
2138:
2132:
2045:
2039:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1984:
1960:
1948:
1919:
1913:
1849:
1800:
1747:Capillary fringe
1737:
1684:Aerated concrete
1671:
1667:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1296:
1275:. Because water
1274:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1133:
1067:osmotic pressure
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1025:
793:Josia Weitbrecht
789:Francis Hauksbee
758:NiccolĂČ Aggiunti
684:capillary effect
676:capillary motion
668:Capillary action
641:
634:
627:
473:
472:
438:Gay-Lussac's law
428:Combined gas law
378:Capillary action
263:
262:
106:
105:
90:
88:
87:
82:
80:
78:
70:
62:
28:
27:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3921:Surface science
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3871:
3803:
3767:Viscoelasticity
3753:
3744:Acoustic theory
3730:
3680:Surface tension
3598:Fluid mechanics
3592:
3586:Sandwich theory
3478:Yield criterion
3473:Viscoplasticity
3444:Viscoelasticity
3405:hyperelasticity
3355:
3339:Antiplane shear
3322:Stress measures
3241:
3222:Fluid mechanics
3217:Solid mechanics
3205:
3199:
3164:
3140:
3138:Further reading
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:Wayback Machine
3111:
3107:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3016:
3012:
2965:
2961:
2908:
2904:
2835:
2831:
2825:Wayback Machine
2816:
2812:
2806:Wayback Machine
2797:
2793:
2774:
2770:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2616:Wayback Machine
2606:
2602:
2591:
2587:
2574:Wayback Machine
2564:
2560:
2547:
2543:
2537:Wayback Machine
2519:
2515:
2511: : 65â87.
2502:Wayback Machine
2492:
2488:
2483:Wayback Machine
2461:
2457:
2441:Wayback Machine
2424:Wayback Machine
2402:
2398:
2382:Wayback Machine
2360:Wayback Machine
2347:
2343:
2293:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2266:Wayback Machine
2256:
2252:
2246:Wayback Machine
2232:
2228:
2222:Wayback Machine
2209:Isaac Vossius,
2208:
2204:
2198:Wayback Machine
2186:
2182:
2174:Wayback Machine
2163:Dialogi physici
2156:Wayback Machine
2145:Dialogi physici
2139:
2135:
2127:Wayback Machine
2107:Wayback Machine
2091:Wayback Machine
2075:Wayback Machine
2046:
2042:
2036:Wayback Machine
2022:
2018:
2013:Wayback Machine
1991:
1987:
1972:Wayback Machine
1937:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1896:Wayback Machine
1870:Wayback Machine
1850:
1846:
1842:
1821:Surface tension
1798:
1735:
1728:
1678:
1663:rising dampness
1628:
1618:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1499:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1373:) is constant (
1363:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1273:= 9.81 m/s
1269:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1206:surface tension
1187:
1184:
1183:
1153:
1147:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1099:
1094:
1085:Moloch horridus
1059:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
987:and glass, the
973:to the tips of
949:wicking fabrics
897:
852:
838:Albert Einstein
828:Kelvin equation
773:Jacob Bernoulli
746:
738:
730:adhesive forces
722:surface tension
711:biological cell
645:
616:
615:
614:
534:
526:
525:
479:Viscoelasticity
470:
460:
459:
447:
397:
393:Surface tension
357:
260:
258:Fluid mechanics
250:
249:
248:
162:
160:Solid mechanics
152:
151:
103:
95:
71:
63:
61:
47:
44:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Fluid dynamics
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Fluid dynamics
3615:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Bending moment
3567:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:Bresler-Pister
3475:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:Concrete creep
3451:
3441:
3436:
3434:hypoelasticity
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
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3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3105:
3063:
3039:
3030:
3018:G.K. Batchelor
3010:
2959:
2902:
2829:
2810:
2791:
2768:
2725:
2701:
2654:
2628:
2600:
2585:
2558:
2541:
2513:
2486:
2476:pages 105â128.
2455:
2453:
2452:
2427:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2371:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2303:
2274:
2272:, pp. 241â254.
2250:
2226:
2202:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2110:
2094:
2077:
2056:
2040:
2023:Robert Boyle,
2016:
1998:"moto occulto"
1985:
1983:
1982:
1961:
1951:Chisholm, Hugh
1940:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1877:
1855:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1759:Capillary wave
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:Concrete brick
1713:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:Gypsum plaster
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1058:
1055:
1024:
1020:
928:lacrimal ducts
896:
893:
876:capillary tube
851:
848:
824:vapor pressure
822:on a liquid's
745:
742:
737:
734:
680:capillary rise
647:
646:
644:
643:
636:
629:
621:
618:
617:
613:
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607:
602:
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582:
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494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
471:
466:
465:
462:
461:
456:
455:
449:
448:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
409:
406:
405:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:Chromatography
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
336:
335:
334:
315:
303:
298:
286:
273:
270:
269:
261:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
224:
219:
214:
213:
212:
207:
197:
192:
187:
182:
181:
180:
170:
164:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
147:
146:
145:
137:
136:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
111:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
77:
74:
69:
66:
60:
57:
54:
51:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3938:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Eringen Medal
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3749:Aeroacoustics
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Charles's law
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:Non-Newtonian
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Fluid statics
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3351:Compatibility
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Cauchy stress
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Navier-Stokes
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3027:
3026:0-521-66396-2
3023:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:Gaspard Monge
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:For example:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:Carré (1705)
2254:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:Frost heaving
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:Damp proofing
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:is the local
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:contact angle
1211:
1207:
1190:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:Ligia exotica
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:transpiration
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
864:
856:
847:
845:
844:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Isaac Vossius
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
658:
653:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
622:
620:
619:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
530:
529:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
463:
454:
451:
450:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Charles's law
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
408:
407:
404:
401:
400:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
332:
331:non-Newtonian
329:
325:
321:
320:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
253:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Compatibility
215:
211:
208:
206:
205:Finite strain
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
156:
155:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:Conservations
108:
107:
99:
98:
94:
75:
72:
67:
64:
58:
55:
52:
49:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:
21:
3926:Porous media
3772:Smart fluids
3684:
3665:Pascal's law
3497:Frictionless
3346:Large strain
3334:Small strain
3145:
3127:
3108:
3083:
3079:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3033:
3013:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2813:
2799:Tree physics
2794:
2777:
2771:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2717:. Retrieved
2714:www.usgs.gov
2713:
2704:
2679:
2675:
2646:. Retrieved
2631:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2579:, series 4,
2576:
2561:
2549:
2544:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2489:
2471:
2467:
2466:(1713â1765)
2458:
2448:
2444:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2367:
2363:
2344:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2277:
2269:
2253:
2234:
2229:
2224:(chapter 2).
2210:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2167:pages 267 ff
2162:
2149:pages 157 ff
2144:
2136:
2118:
2113:
2098:
2081:
2064:Micrographia
2063:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2024:
2019:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1954:
1925:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1847:
1783:Frost flower
1660:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1523:
1521:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1270:
1263:
1255:= 0.0728 N/m
1252:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1181:
1110:
1108:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1047:worsted wool
1039:
997:
982:
975:fountain pen
968:
961:
937:Paper towels
935:
932:
917:
898:
875:
872:
841:
836:
800:Thomas Young
797:
769:Honoré Fabri
766:
762:Robert Boyle
747:
739:
715:
707:carbon fiber
700:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
498:Smart fluids
443:Graham's law
377:
349:
342:
327:
313:Pascal's law
309:
292:
280:
135:Inequalities
3787:Ferrofluids
3704:Boyle's law
3390:Hooke's law
3329:Deformation
3306:Definitions
2849:: 895â902.
2682:: 239â250.
2554:Hathi Trust
2417:Archive.org
1930:pp. 805â823
1809:Porosimetry
1804:Krogh model
1777:Darcy's law
1741:Bound water
1732:Bond number
1677:Sorptivity
1266:= 1000 kg/m
1115:Jurin's law
1109:The height
1045:: wicks of
1004:groundwater
901:rising damp
785:Louis Carré
672:capillarity
517:Ferrofluids
418:Boyle's law
190:Hooke's law
168:Deformation
3905:Categories
3842:Gay-Lussac
3809:Scientists
3699:Atmosphere
3564:Structures
3538:J-integral
3502:Frictional
3463:Plasticity
3400:Orthotropy
3380:Elasticity
3283:Archimedes
3278:Poiseuille
3232:Vibrations
3201:Topics in
3057:2021-10-29
2856:2111.10927
2719:2024-04-29
2648:2013-06-18
2530:pages 1â79
2006:pp. 91â92.
1840:References
1815:Needle ice
1700:Clay brick
1528:sorptivity
709:, or in a
570:Gay-Lussac
533:Scientists
433:Fick's law
413:Atmosphere
232:frictional
185:Plasticity
173:Elasticity
3916:Hydrology
3817:Bernoulli
3799:Rheometer
3794:Rheometry
3736:Acoustics
3648:Newtonian
3643:Viscosity
3273:Bernoulli
3227:Acoustics
3210:Divisions
2897:244478643
2881:0021-9797
2786:795781750
2763:244957617
2215:pages 3â7
1679:(mm·min)
1575:wet front
1387:hyperbola
1310:−
1302:×
1293:≈
1240:of tube.
1191:γ
1155:ρ
1149:θ
1145:
1139:γ
1071:air roots
1019:Ψ
1008:potential
1000:hydrology
955:and lamp
736:Etymology
610:Truesdell
540:Bernoulli
489:Rheometer
484:Rheometry
324:Newtonian
318:Viscosity
68:φ
56:−
3759:Rheology
3670:Pressure
3638:Buoyancy
3422:Hugoniot
3117:Archived
3100:27583455
3080:Langmuir
2997:13867381
2954:24149467
2922:: 3024.
2889:35259719
2821:Archived
2802:Archived
2696:51914846
2642:Archived
2612:Archived
2570:Archived
2533:Archived
2498:Archived
2479:Archived
2437:Archived
2420:Archived
2378:Archived
2356:Archived
2289:Archived
2262:Archived
2242:Archived
2218:Archived
2194:Archived
2170:Archived
2152:Archived
2123:Archived
2103:Archived
2087:Archived
2071:Archived
2058:Hooke's
2032:Archived
2009:Archived
1968:Archived
1933:Archived
1892:Archived
1889:page 551
1866:Archived
1726:See also
1674:Material
1587:porosity
1051:bearings
905:concrete
895:Examples
884:Adhesion
880:meniscus
820:meniscus
726:cohesion
468:Rheology
373:Adhesion
353:Pressure
339:Buoyancy
284:Dynamics
122:Momentum
3832:Charles
3675:Liquids
3571:Bending
3528:Fatigue
3005:4289732
2977:Bibcode
2945:3805968
2924:Bibcode
2861:Bibcode
2743:Bibcode
1953:(ed.).
1863:page 54
1585:is the
1526:is the
1277:spreads
1236:is the
1222:density
1220:is the
1212:is the
985:mercury
909:masonry
882:forms.
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