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neglect, has been identified as a risk factor for early initiation of sexual intercourse ... In families where child maltreatment had occurred, children were more likely to experience heightened emotional distress and subsequently to engage in sexual intercourse by age 14. It is possible that maltreated youth feel disconnected from families that did not protect them and subsequently seek sexual relationships to gain support, seek companionship, or enhance their standing with peers." It is apparent that psychological abuse sustained during childhood is a predictor of the onset of sexual conduct occurring earlier in life, as opposed to later.
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abuse patterns in situations involving female abusers. According to Walsh and
Shluman, "The higher rates of female initiated aggression may result, in part, from adolescents' attitudes about the unacceptability of male aggression and the relatively less negative attitudes toward female aggression". This concept that females are raised with fewer restrictions on aggressive behaviors (possibly due to the anxiety over aggression being focused on males) is a possible explanation for women who utilize aggression when being mentally abusive.
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actions of the abuser. Victims may try continually to alter their behavior and circumstances in order to please their abuser. Often, this results in further dependence of the individual on their abuser, as they may often change certain aspects of their lives that limit their resources. A 2002 study concluded that emotional abusers frequently aim to exercise total control of different aspects of family life. This behavior is only supported when the victim of the abuse aims to please their abuser.
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Coker et al. found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. A 1998 study of male college students by
Simonelli & Ingram found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of after effects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
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concluded that the majority of men who commit spousal abuse agree that their behavior was inappropriate. A 1970 study concluded that a minority of men approve of spousal abuse under even limited circumstances. Studies from the 1970 and 1980s concluded that the majority of men are non-abusive towards girlfriends or wives for the duration of relationships, contrary to predictions that aggression or abuse towards women is an innate element of masculine culture.
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conclusions were "confusing and contradictory". Smith (1990) estimated that patriarchal beliefs were a causative factor for only 20% of wife abuse. Campbell (1993) writes that "there is not a simple linear correlation between female status and rates of wife assault." Other studies had similar findings. Additionally, a 1994 study of
Hispanic Americans revealed that traditionalist men exhibited lower rates of abuse towards women.
300:) is so pervasive in dating relationships that it can be regarded as a normalized element of dating, and that women are substantially more likely to exhibit psychological aggression. Similar findings have been reported in other studies. Strauss et al. found that female intimate partners in heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to use psychological aggression, including threats to hit or throw an object.
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345:(causing harm or distress to an older person), with results showing that 10.5% of the participants were victims of "emotional/psychological abuse", which was most often perpetrated by a son or other relative of the victim. Of 1288 cases in 2002–2004, 1201 individuals, 42 couples, and 45 groups were found to have been abused. Of these, 70% were female. Psychological abuse (59%) and
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self-esteem." Glaser also informs that the abuse impacts the child in a number of ways, especially on their behavior, including: "insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, angry acts (such as fire setting and animal cruelty), withdrawal, poor development of basic skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide, difficulty forming relationships and unstable job histories."
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from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al. report that, in a survey of female patients, 24% suffered emotional abuse, and that this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner or parent, Hines and Malley-Morrison report that victims exhibit high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and
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a woman's leaving her husband, ever", and 26% agreed with the statement that "a wife should submit to her husband and trust that God would honor her action by either stopping the abuse or giving her the strength to endure it." A 2016 report by the Muslim Women's
Network UK cited several barriers for Muslim women in abusive marriages who seek divorce through
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emotional rather than physical. It can include anything from verbal abuse and constant criticism to more subtle tactics such as intimidation, manipulation, and refusal to ever be pleased. This abuse occurs when someone uses words or actions to try and control the other person, to keep someone afraid or isolated, or try to break someone's self-esteem.
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explain in terms of male domination." Additionally, Dutton said that "patriarchy must interact with psychological variables in order to account for the great variation in power-violence data. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology."
734:(1979) said that "Men who assault their wives are living up to cultural prescriptions that are cherished in Western society--aggressiveness, male dominance and female subordination--and they are using physical force as a means to enforce that dominance," while Walker claims that men exhibit a "socialized androcentric need for power".
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emotional abuse in marriage/dating; this report does not address boys or men suffering emotional abuse from families or intimate partners. A BBC radio documentary on domestic abuse, including emotional maltreatment, reports that 20% of men and 30% of women have been abused by a spouse or other intimate partner.
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bruising or malnutrition, it can be very hard to diagnose." Some researchers have, however, begun to develop methods to diagnose and treat such abuse, including the ability to: identify risk factors, provide resources to victims and their families, and ask appropriate questions to help identify the abuse.
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Some studies say that fundamentalist religious prohibitions against divorce may make it more difficult for religious men or women to leave an abusive marriage. A 1985 survey of
Protestant clergy in the United States by Jim M Alsdurf found that 21% of them agreed that "no amount of abuse would justify
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In 1994, a researcher said that the numerous studies establishing that heterosexual and gay male relationships have lower rates of abuse than lesbian relationships, and the fact that women who have been involved with both men and women were more likely to have been abused by a woman "are difficult to
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A researcher in 1988 said that wife abuse stems from "normal psychological and behavioral patterns of most men ... feminists seek to understand why men, in general, use physical force against their partners and what functions this serves for a society in a given historical context". Dobash and Dobash
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Oberlander et al. performed a study which discovered that among the youth, those with a history of maltreatment showed that emotional distress is a predictor of early initiation of sexual intercourse. Oberlander et al. state, "A childhood history of maltreatment, including... psychological abuse, and
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Psychological abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behavior by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a child's cognitive, emotional, psychological, or social development. According to the DSM-5, Child
Psychological Abuse is defined as verbal or symbolic acts given by
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One source said that legal systems have in the past endorsed these traditions of male domination, and it is only in recent years that abusers have begun to be punished for their behavior. In 1879, a
Harvard University law scholar wrote, "The cases in the American courts are uniform against the right
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and Taylor randomly surveyed a group of Los
Angeles, California residents for their opinions of hypothetical vignettes of abuse in heterosexual relationships. Their study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was
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department, in which to report cases of psychological/emotional abuse. Also, many managers are required to participate in conflict management programs, in order to ensure the workplace maintains an "open and respectful atmosphere, with tolerance for diversity and where the existence of interpersonal
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Elderly who have suffered psychological abuse have been found to experience similar outcomes as other population groups such as depression, anxiety, feelings of isolation and neglect, and powerlessness. One study examined 355 Chinese elderly participants (60 and older) and found that 75% of reported
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tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." In a 2008 study on relationship dissatisfaction in adolescents Walsh and
Shulman explain, "The more psychologically aggressive females were, the less satisfied were both partners. The unique importance of males' behavior was found in
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In 1996, the
National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, for Health Canada, reported that 39% of married women or common-law wives suffered emotional abuse by husbands/partners; and a 1995 survey of women 15 and over 36–43% reported emotional abuse during childhood or adolescence, and 39% experienced
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typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators.
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in how people tend to view emotional abuse by men versus emotional abuse by women. Follingstad et al. found that, when rating hypothetical vignettes of psychological abuse in marriages, professional psychologists tend to rate male abuse of females as more serious than identical scenarios describing
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There are many different responses to psychological abuse. Jacobson et al. found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires.
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The victim may experience severe psychological effects. This would involve the tactics of brainwashing, which can fall under psychological abuse as well, but emotional abuse consists of the manipulation of the victim's emotions. The victim may feel their emotions are being affected by the abuser to
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When considering the emotional state of psychological abusers, psychologists have focused on aggression as a contributing factor. While it is typical for people to consider males to be the more aggressive of the two sexes, researchers have studied female aggression to help understand psychological
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in the US, is often the only method of intervention, and the institute "must have demonstrable evidence that harm to a child has been done before they can intervene. Due to this a lot of victims may stay in the care of their abuser. Since emotional abuse doesn't result in physical evidence such as
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Pai and Lee found that the incidence of workplace violence typically occurs more often in younger workers. "Younger age may be a reflection of lack of job experience, resulting in to identify or prevent potentially abusive situations... Another finding showed that lower education is a risk factor
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Attempts to define and describe violence and abuse in hetero-normative intimate relationships can become contentious as different studies present different conclusions about whether men or women are the primary instigators. For instance, a 2005 study by Hamel reports that "men and women physically
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A 2012 review by Capaldi et al., which evaluated risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV), noted that psychological abuse has been shown to be both associated with and common in IPV. High levels of verbal aggression and relationship conflict, "practically akin to psychological aggression",
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figures. While the categories of crime and domestic abuse may cross-over, many instances of domestic abuse are either not regarded as crimes or reported to police—critics thus argue that it is inaccurate to regard the DOJ study as a comprehensive statement on domestic abuse.) A 2002 study reports
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English et al. report that children specifically whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit these disorders. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly"
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A study of young adults by Giordano et al. found that females in intimate heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to threaten to use a knife or gun against their partner. While studies allege that women use violence in intimate relationships as often or more often than men, women's
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A 1992 study challenge the concept that male abuse or control of women is culturally sanctioned, and concluded that abusive men are widely viewed as unsuitable partners for dating or marriage. A 1988 study concluded that a minority of abusive men qualify as pervasively misogynistic. A 1986 study
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Many abusers are able to control their victims in a manipulative manner, utilizing methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the abuser, rather than to force them to do something they do not wish to do. Simon argues that because aggression in abusive relationships can be carried out
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Dutton found that men who are emotionally or physically abused often encounter victim blaming that erroneously presumes the man either provoked or deserved the mistreatment by their female partners. Similarly, domestic violence victims will often blame their own behavior, rather than the violent
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Most victims of psychological abuse within intimate relationships often experience changes to their psyche and actions. This varies throughout the various types and lengths of emotional abuse. Long-term emotional abuse has long term debilitating effects on a person's sense of self and integrity.
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Rates of reported emotional abuse in the workplace vary, with studies showing 10%, 24%, and 36% of respondents indicating persistent and substantial emotional abuse from coworkers. Keashly and Jagatic found that males and females commit "emotionally abusive behaviors" in the workplace at roughly
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Some parents may emotionally and psychologically harm their children because of stress, poor parenting skills, social isolation, and lack of available resources or inappropriate expectations of their children. Straus and Field report that psychological aggression is a pervasive trait of American
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Glaser reports, "An infant who is severely deprived of basic emotional nurturance, even though physically well cared for, can fail to thrive and can eventually die. Babies with less severe emotional deprivation can grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who have low
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English, Diana J.; Graham, J. Christopher; Newton, Rae R.; Lewis, Terri L.; Richard, Thompson; Kotch, Jonathan B.; Weisbart, Cindy (May 2009). "At-risk and maltreated children exposed to intimate partner aggression/violence: what the conflict looks like and its relationship to child outcomes".
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The effects of psychological abuse on children can involve a variety of mental health concerns such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, personality disorders, low self-esteem, aggression, anxiety, and emotional unresponsiveness. These effects can be exemplified by the
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Marital or relationship dissatisfaction can be caused by psychological abuse or aggression. In a 2007 study, Laurent et al. report that psychological aggression in young couples is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to
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Peer-reviewed studies have produced inconsistent results when directly examining patriarchal beliefs and wife abuse. Yllo and Straus (1990) said that "low status" women in the United States suffered higher rates of spousal abuse; however, a rejoinder argued that Yllo and Straus's interpretive
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Emotional abuse can take several forms. Three general patterns of abusive behavior include aggressing, denying, and minimizing; "Withholding is another form of denying. Withholding includes refusing to listen, to communicate, and emotionally withdrawing as punishment." Even though there is no
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Domestic abuse—defined as chronic mistreatment in marriage, families, dating, and other intimate relationships—can include emotionally abusive behavior. Although psychological abuse does not always lead to physical abuse, physical abuse in domestic relationships is nearly always preceded and
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and researchers have offered different definitions of psychological abuse. According to current research the terms "psychological abuse" and "emotional abuse" can be used interchangeably, unless associated with psychological violence. More specifically, "emotional abuse" is any abuse that is
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When discussing the different types of psychological abuse in terms of domestically violent relationships, it is important to recognize the 4 different types; Denigrating Damage to Partner's Self-Image or Esteem, Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support, Threatening Behavior, and
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seek help, research has shown that people who participate in an intimate partner violence prevention program report less psychological aggression toward their targets of psychological abuse, and reported victimization from psychological abuse decreased over time for the treatment group.
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In today's world, various forms of abuse are increasingly being recognized in all parts of the world. The level of awareness regarding abuse varies from one country to another. Both victims and perpetrators around the world are being acknowledged more readily compared to past eras.
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where only one incident is necessary to label it as abuse. Tomison and Tucci write, "emotional abuse is characterized by a climate or pattern of behavior(s) occurring over time ... Thus, 'sustained' and 'repetitive' are the crucial components of any definition of emotional abuse."
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as abuse. A study of college students by Goldsmith and Freyd report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of
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God specifically punishes women after Adam and Eve disobey Him: "in sorrow, thou shalt bring forth children: and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee"; God also condemns Adam to a lifetime of work, for the sin of listening to his wife.
709:" led to a systematic reluctance to study women who psychologically and physically abuse their male partners. These findings state that existing cultural norms show males as more dominant and are therefore more likely to begin abusing their significant partners.
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A 1989 study concluded that many variables (racial, ethnic, cultural and subcultural, nationality, religion, family dynamics, and mental illness) make it very difficult or impossible to define male and female roles in any meaningful way that apply to the entire
1596:...male and female defendants, who were the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally abusive in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression.
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While some women are aggressive and dominating to male partners, a 2003 report concluded that the majority of abuse in heterosexual partnerships, at about 80% in the US, is perpetrated by men. (Critics stress that this Department of Justice study examines
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Schechter, Daniel S.; Myers, Michael M.; Brunelli, Susan A.; Coates, Susan W.; Zeanah, Jr., Charles H.; Davies, Mark; Grienenberger, John F.; Marshall, Randall D.; McCaw, Jaime E.; Trabka, Kimberly A.; Liebowitz, Michael R. (September–October 2006).
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argued that emotional abuse is "based on power and control", and defines emotional abuse as including rejecting, degrading, terrorizing, isolating, corrupting/exploiting and "denying emotional responsiveness" as characteristic of emotional abuse.
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that ten percent of violence in the UK, overall, is by females against males. However, more recent data specifically regarding domestic abuse (including emotional abuse) report that 3 in 10 women, and 1 in 5 men, have experienced domestic abuse.
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men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners or their own children.
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families: "verbal attacks on children, like physical attacks, are so prevalent as to be just about universal." A 2008 study by English, et al. found that fathers and mothers were equally likely to be verbally aggressive towards their children.
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views of religions tend to reinforce emotional abuse, and that "Gender inequity is usually translated into a power imbalance with women being more vulnerable. This vulnerability is more precarious in traditional patriarchal societies."
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Often, research shows that emotional abuse is a precursor to physical abuse when three particular forms of emotional abuse are present in the relationship: threats, restriction of the abused party and damage to the victim's property.
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It has been reported that at least 80% of women who have entered the criminal justice system due to partner violence have also experienced psychological abuse from their partner. This partner violence is also known as domestic abuse.
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Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, and even the victim's family to their side, while
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Several studies have argued that an isolated incident of verbal aggression, dominant conduct or jealous behaviors does not constitute the term "psychological abuse". Rather, it is defined by a pattern of such behaviors, unlike
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While recognizing that researchers have done valuable work and highlighted neglected topics critics suggest that the male cultural domination hypothesis for abuse is untenable as a generalized explanation for numerous reasons:
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parent or caregiver which can result in significant psychological harm. Examples are yelling, comparing to others, name-calling, blaming, gaslighting, manipulating, and normalizing abuse due to the status of being underage.
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Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M.; Waltz, Jennifer; Rushe, Regina; Babcock, Julia; Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy (October 1994). "Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband".
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Loss of trust in the types of people that occupy similar positions as the harasser or their colleagues, especially in cases where they are not supportive, difficulties or stress on peer relationships, or relationships with
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Threatening Behavior refers to an individual making verbal threats towards their partner that could imply eliciting physical harm, threats of divorce, lying, and threats of reckless behavior that could put their safety at
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Dutton, Mary Ann; Goodman, Lisa A.; Bennett, Lauren (2000), "Court-involved battered women's responses to violence: the role of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse", in Maiuro, Roland D.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (eds.),
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Coker, Ann L.; Davis, Keith E.; Arias, Ileana; Desai, Sujata; Sanderson, Maureen; Brandt, Heather M.; Smith, Paige H. (November 2002). "Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women".
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are a few verbally abusive behaviors that can affect a victim emotionally. The victim's self-worth and emotional well-being are altered and even diminished by the verbal abuse, resulting in an emotionally abused victim.
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abuse (42%) were the most frequently identified types of abuse. One study found that the overall prevalence rate of abused elderly in Hong Kong was 21.4%. Out of this percentage, 20.8% reported being verbally abused.
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and emotionally abuse each other at equal rates." Basile found that psychological aggression was effectively bidirectional in cases where heterosexual and homosexual couples went to court for domestic disturbances.
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such an extent that the victim may no longer recognize their own feelings regarding the issues the abuser is trying to control. The result is the victim's self-concept and independence are systematically taken away.
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411:(a longitudinal birth cohort study) Moffitt et al. report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, sex is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression.
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Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support refers to an individual intentionally avoiding and withdrawing themselves from their partner in an attempt to be neglectful and emotionally abandoning.
461:(difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). This is often the case when referring to victims of abuse within intimate relationships, as non-recognition of the actions as abuse may be a
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Restricting Personal Territory and Freedom refers to the isolation of social support from family and friends. This could include taking away partner's autonomy and having a lack of personal boundaries.
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Johnson, J.K.; John, R.; Humera, A.; Kukreja, S.; Found, M.; Lindow, S.W. (July 2007). "The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms".
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abusers were grown-up children of the elderly. Within this study, these individuals suffered outcomes from the abuse, specifically verbal abuse which contributed to their psychological distress.
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constant criticism, regular living with threats, or being rejected, that can be exemplified by withholding love and support as well as not having any guidance from the guardians of the children.
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Oberlander, Sarah E.; Wang, Yan; Thompson, Richard; Lewis, Terri; Proctor, Laura J.; Isbell, Patricia; English, Diana J.; Dubowitz, Howard; Litrownik, Alan J.; Black, Maureen M. (December 2011).
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Mega, Lesly Tamarin; Mega, Jessica Lee; Mega, Benjamin Tamarin; Harris, Beverly Moore (September–October 2000). "Brainwashing and battering fatigue: psychological abuse in domestic violence".
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Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles (friends, colleagues, or family may distance themselves from the victim, or shun him or her altogether).
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Studies from the 1980s showed that treatment programs based on the patriarchal privilege model are flawed due to a weak connection between abusiveness and one's cultural or social attitudes.
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investigator, defines emotional abuse as "the systematic diminishment of another. It may be intentional or subconscious (or both), but it is always a course of conduct, not a single event."
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Straus, Murray A. (1999), "The controversy over domestic violence by women: a methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis", in Arriaga, Ximena B.; Oskamp, Stuart (eds.),
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Giordano, Peggy C.; Millhollin, Toni J.; Cernkovich, Stephen A.; Pugh, M.D.; Rudolph, Jennifer L. (February 1999). "Deliquency, identity, and women's involvement in relationship violence".
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Elder abuse and neglect prevention challenges for the future: including an analysis of referrals to Age Concern elder abuse and neglect prevention services from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2006
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similar rates. In a web-based survey, Namie found that women were more likely to engage in workplace bullying, such as name calling, and that the average length of abuse was 16.5 months.
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1404:
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Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer; Turner, Lisa A. (August 2012). "The efficacy of an intimate partner violence prevention program with high-risk adolescent girls: a preliminary test".
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Criminal Law Reports: Being Reports of Cases Determined in the Federal and State Courts of the United States, and in the Courts of England, Ireland, Canada, Etc. with Notes, Volume 2
2020:
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Yllö, Kersti A.; Straus, Murray A. (1990), "Patriarchy and violence against wives: the impact of structural and normative factors", in Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J. (eds.),
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Follingstad, Diane R.; DeHart, Dana D.; Green, Eric P. (August 2004). "Psychologists' judgments of psychologically aggressive actions when perpetrated by a husband versus a wife".
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Follingstad, Diane R.; Rutledge, Larry L.; Berg, Barbara J.; Hause, Elizabeth S.; Polek, Darlene S. (June 1990). "The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive relationships".
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Straus, Murray A.; Hamby, Sherry L.; Boney-McCoy, Sue; Sugarman, David B. (May 1996). "The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data".
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policies for professional verbal abuse. Education and coaching are needed to help employees to improve their skills when responding to professional-to-professional verbal abuse.
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Simonelli, Catherine J.; Ingram, Kathleen M. (December 1998). "Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships".
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study of workplace emotional abuse found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace emotional abuse exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (
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Dutton, Donald G.; Browning, James J. (1988), "Power struggles and intimacy anxieties as causative factors of violence in intimate relationships", in Russell, Gordon W. (ed.),
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Keashly, Loraleigh; Jagatic, Karen (2010), "By any other name: American perspectives on workplace bullying", in Einarsen, StĂĄle; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, Dieter; et al. (eds.),
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The DARVO study found that no matter what gender a person is, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic
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Burnazi, Laurela; Keashly, Loraleigh; Neuman, Joel H. (10 August 2005), "Aggression revisited: Prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes", in Dunn (chair), Jennifer R. (ed.),
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for violence." This study also reports that 51.4% of the workers surveyed have already experienced verbal abuse, and 29.8% of them have encountered workplace bullying and
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services. These barriers include: selectively quoting religious text to discourage divorce; blaming the woman for the failed marriage; placing greater weight on the
3439:"Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions"
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female abuse of males: "the stereotypical association between physical aggression and males appears to extend to an association of psychological abuse and males".
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Some researchers have become interested in discovering exactly why women are usually not considered to be abusive. Hamel's 2007 study found that a "prevailing
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Child abuse in the sole form of emotional/psychological maltreatment is often the most difficult to identify and prevent, as government organizations, such as
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Straus, Murray A.; Field, Carolyn J. (November 2003). "Psychological aggression by American parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, and severity".
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Recognition of abuse is the first step to prevention. It is often difficult for abuse victims to acknowledge their situation and to seek help. For those who
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Piotrkowski, Chaya S. (1998), "34.28: Psychosocial and organizational factors: Interpersonal factors: sexual harassment", in Mager Stellman, Jeanne (ed.),
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Coleman, Diane H.; Straus, Murray A. (Summer 1986). "Marital power, conflict, and violence in a nationally representative sample of American couples".
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Basile, Steve (February 2004). "Comparison of abuse alleged by same- and opposite-gender litigants as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders".
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Kantor, Glenda K.; Jasinski, Jana L.; Aldarondo, Etiony (Fall 1994). "Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families".
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3602:; Taylor, Catherine A. (March 2005). "Female aggression toward male intimate partners: an examination of social norms in a community-based sample".
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A 1995 study concluded that disagreements about power-sharing in relationships are more strongly associated with abuse than are imbalances of power.
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Dutton, Donald G.; Hemphill, Kenneth J. (Spring 1992). "Patterns of socially desirable responding among perpetrators and victims of wife assault".
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the form of withdrawal, a less mature conflict negotiation strategy. Males' withdrawal during joint discussions predicted increased satisfaction."
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Denigrating Damage refers to an individual using verbal aggression like yelling towards their partner that is delivered as profane and derogatory.
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established definition for emotional abuse, emotional abuse can possess a definition beyond verbal and psychological abuse. Blaming, shaming, and
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2656:"Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal"
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Effects on sexual life and relationships: can put extreme stress upon relationships with significant others, sometimes resulting in divorce.
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Having to drop courses, change academic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition) in fear of harassment repetition or as a result of stress.
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Sofield, Laura; Salmond, Susan W. (July–August 2003). "Workplace violence: a focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization".
3095:"Childhood maltreatment, emotional distress, and early adolescent sexual intercourse: multi-informant perspectives on parental monitoring"
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Hines, Denise A.; Malley-Morrison, Kathleen (July 2001). "Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: a neglected research area".
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4685:. Edmonton area series report, no. 53. Edmonton, Alta: Population Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta.
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Bograd, Michele Louise (1988), "Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: an introduction", in Yllö, Kersti; Bograd, Michele Louise (eds.),
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Murphy, Christopher M.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (October 1989). "Psychological aggression predicts physical aggression in early marriage".
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543:). The most common psychological, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation are as follows:
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815:; and pressuring women into mediation or reconciliation rather than granting a divorce, even when domestic violence is present.
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Choi, Namkee G.; Mayer, James (August 2000). "Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: risk factors and prevention strategies".
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6656:
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1234:
202:
that previous abusive incidents occurred). Modern technology has led to new forms of abuse, by text messaging and online
4869:
122:, amongst other behaviors that may cause an individual to feel unsafe. It also may be perpetrated by persons conducting
7985:
7652:
7221:
6979:
6310:
5498:
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Sex differences in antisocial behaviour conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study
1735:
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3286:
8417:
7978:
7616:
7175:
7105:
5508:
3031:
1224:
7657:
7180:
7035:
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6873:
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6566:
6179:
5986:
4996:
4666:
4185:
4045:
1405:"Prevalence and Characteristics of Psychological Abuse Reported by Court-Involved Battered Women | EndNote Click"
725:
tactics, victims often do not perceive the true nature of the relationship until conditions worsen considerably.
423:
4783:
3641:"Toward a gender-inclusive conception of intimate partner violence research and theory: part 2 – new directions"
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5641:
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3715:
3604:
3144:
1069:
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859:
2231:
Paper presented at the New England Conference on Workplace Bullying, Suffolk University Law School, Boston.
296:
A 2007 study of Spanish college students aged 18–27 found that psychological aggression (as measured by the
8412:
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8011:
7609:
7150:
7115:
7065:
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3249:
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National Domestic Violence Hotline; National Center for Victims of Crime; WomensLaw.org (23 July 2014).
8316:
7581:
7433:
7345:
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6559:
6106:
6088:
6082:
6046:
5825:
5285:
3310:
3282:
2943:
884:
718:
422:; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression. Moffitt et al. also argue that
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107:
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1911:
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6016:
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3785:(2010), "Epilogue: aggression and covert-aggression in a permissive and undisciplined society", in
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strongly predicted IPV; male jealousy in particular was associated with female injuries from IPV.
8197:
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7683:
7678:
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3275:"Gender issues: articles from the ILO encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety, volume II"
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characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another person to a behavior that may result in
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8284:
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7973:
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7535:
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6611:
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6158:
6070:
6064:
6022:
5787:
5366:
3853:
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1906:
1782:
1649:"Directly observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we learned?"
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2434:
2422:. Helen Marx (translator, from French); Thomas Moore (afterword). New York: Helen Marx Books.
1610:"Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students"
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There are non-profit organizations that provide support and prevention services such as the
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5767:
5752:
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frustration and friction is accepted but also properly managed." Organizations must adopt
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4989:
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2519:
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2008:
1973:
1924:
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536:
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131:
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6469:
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4807:
4764:
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4126:
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Decreased work or school performance as a result of stressful conditions; increased
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8103:
7820:
7289:
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7254:
6826:
6776:
6510:
6443:
5875:
5830:
5711:
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5451:
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5187:
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5073:
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4797:
4710:
4616:
4611:
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4522:
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4347:
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4242:
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4035:
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3921:
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3727:
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3520:
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3349:
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3108:
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3059:
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2977:
2915:
2865:
2818:
2781:
2715:
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2667:
2548:
2511:
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2335:
2269:
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2000:
1957:
1916:
1799:
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1762:
1707:
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6540:
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5591:
5581:
5535:
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5466:
5255:
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4425:
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3814:
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Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
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6423:
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5736:
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5636:
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752:
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600:(weight loss or gain), alcoholism, and feeling powerless or out of control.
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Psychological stress and health impairment, loss of motivation.
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Psychological abuse is often not recognized by survivors of
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Behind closed doors: violence in the American family
4661:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
3002:
2768:
2739:
2737:
2132:
1647:
Welsh, Deborah P.; Shulman, Shmuel (December 2008).
1274:
989:
7724:
3486:Kinder, Andrew; Hughes, Rick; Cooper, Cary (2008).
2748:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
2151:Jagatic, Karen; Burnazi, Laurela (September 2000).
1940:
1938:
403:), a man gazing obsessively into his own reflection
4781:
4118:
4089:
3878:
3708:Tjaden, Patricia G.; Thoennes, Nancy (July 2000).
3485:
2653:
2630:Handbook of coping: theory, research, applications
2251:
2249:
2247:
2045:, Wellington: Age Concern New Zealand, p. 6,
1820:
1313:"Emotional abuse: the hidden form of maltreatment"
1287:Recognizing child abuse: a guide for the concerned
1194:
1017:
1015:
928:
4782:Mobaraki, A.E.H.; Söderfeldt, B. (January 2010).
4734:. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
3683:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3381:
3379:
2734:
2220:
2218:
1456:
1379:Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations
1115:Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations
993:Psychological abuse in violent domestic relations
8404:
4632:Change: readings in society & human behavior
3823:Character disturbance: the phenomenon of our age
3488:Employee well-being support a workplace resource
2627:Zeidner, Moshe; Endler, Norman S., eds. (1996).
1935:
1246:
1244:
7395:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
5773:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
4634:, Del Mar, California: CRM Books, p. 272,
4300:
4125:. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
3185:. Psychology, Science and Health. 30 April 2015
2894:Iram Rizvi, Syeda Fariha; Najam, Najma (2014).
2893:
2806:
2244:
1317:National Child Protection Clearing House (NCPC)
1311:Tomison, Adam M.; Tucci, Joe (September 1997).
1169:Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne (December 2014).
1060:
1012:
7603:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
4833:
4681:Kennedy, Leslie W.; Dutton, Donald G. (1987).
4657:Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J. (1990).
4560:, Great Neck, New York: PMA Publishing Corp.,
4555:
4510:
4458:
4058:
3745:Intimate partner violence in the United States
3707:
3598:
3510:
3376:
2536:
2321:
2215:
2193:
2181:Paper presented at the Academy of Management.
2150:
1066:
1021:
146:such as where perpetrated by state and media.
27:Mental or emotional harm inflicted on a person
7710:
6567:
6332:
6318:
5367:
4990:
4698:
4680:
4462:Spouse abuse: a treatment program for couples
4430:. Ottawa, Canada: Health and Welfare Canada.
4145:
4121:Family violence in cross-cultural perspective
4046:Office for National Statistics (ONS) website.
2847:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2707:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2626:
2170:
1460:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1241:
443:
376:
258:Restricting Personal Territory and Freedom:
134:, particularly without legal redress such as
7648:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
4656:
4335:
3877:Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell (1979).
3876:
3661:(inactive 12 September 2024). Archived from
3385:
3254:Official Journal of the European Communities
3246:Commission of the European Communities (EEC)
1646:
1310:
618:
4875:. Muslim Women's Network UK. pp. 40–46
4629:
4609:
4044:For the most recent figures visit the UK's
3302:
3216:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1894:
1375:
1111:
742:figures, and does not specifically address
8361:
7717:
7703:
6574:
6560:
6325:
6311:
5374:
5360:
4997:
4983:
4465:. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press Co.
4199:
3720:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3266:
3223:Stop violence against women (9 May 2007).
2322:Rakovec-Felser, Zlatka (22 October 2014).
1168:
106:It is often associated with situations of
4801:
4459:Neidig, Peter; Friedman, Dale H. (1984).
3742:
3462:
3160:
3120:
2919:
2859:
2679:
2417:
2355:
2273:
2256:Pai, Hsiang-Chu; Lee, Sheuan (May 2011).
1990:
1910:
1803:
1672:
1521:
985:
983:
981:
522:
242:
6940:Effects of domestic violence on children
4683:The incidence of wife assault in Alberta
4669:, San Diego, California, November, 1985.
4275:
4116:
3947:Rennison, Callie Marie (February 2003).
3946:
3179:"Sexual Harassment: Myths and Realities"
2383:
2372:
1779:
1283:
1162:
386:
330:
311:
108:power imbalance in abusive relationships
4702:Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
4610:Stark, R.; McEvoy, J. (November 1970).
4584:Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
4019:Simmons, Jon; et al. (July 2002).
4018:
3743:Cantalano, Shannan (28 December 2006).
3272:
3198:
2773:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2470:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1402:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1144:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
604:
590:, difficulty concentrating, headaches,
14:
8405:
7222:Domestic violence in Christian culture
5957:International Stand Up to Bullying Day
5241:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
4847:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
4665:Initially presented as a paper to the
4580:
4485:
4087:
3994:
3909:
3845:
3049:
2743:
2601:
2570:
2479:. Springtide Resources. Archived from
2255:
1569:
1403:Klesges, K. Henning and L. M. (2003).
1348:"You carry the cure in your own heart"
1345:
978:
939:
676:
103:amongst other psychological problems.
7876:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
7698:
6581:
6555:
6306:
5798:Society Against Violence in Education
5355:
4978:
4867:
4230:
4092:The batterer: a psychological profile
3817:(2011), "The aggressive pattern", in
3813:
3781:
3646:International Journal of Men's Health
3638:
3145:"Common effects of sexual harassment"
2606:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2229:. Workplace Bullying Institute (WBI).
2224:
1993:Journal of Gerontological Social Work
1544:
149:
8349:
7227:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
6677:Sexual violence by intimate partners
4789:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
4022:Crime in England and Wales 2001/2002
3950:Intimate partner violence, 1993-2001
2900:Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
2074:
1360:
717:subtly and covertly through various
493:
341:Choi and Mayer performed a study on
8193:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
7881:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
6657:Genital modification and mutilation
5562:Bullying and emotional intelligence
3849:Feminist perspectives on wife abuse
3006:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
2604:Coping the psychology of what works
1105:
659:
24:
7653:National Domestic Violence Hotline
4558:Violence in intimate relationships
3997:Violence in intimate relationships
3205:American Psychological Association
3163:Women's Crisis Support publication
2227:U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey 2000
2029:
1984:
1767:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.x
1584:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000011583.75406.6a
728:
633:National Domestic Violence Hotline
230:, an author, attorney, and former
25:
8429:
7596:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
6232:Machiavellianism in the workplace
4891:
2810:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2672:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.001
2092:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1665:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.001
1409:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1346:Vachss, Andrew (28 August 1994).
1070:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1025:The British Journal of Psychiatry
811:; requiring the woman to present
554:in fear of harassment repetition.
407:In their review of data from the
142:, false convictions, and extreme
8384:
8372:
8360:
8348:
8337:
8336:
7979:Inner ear decompression sickness
4962:
4861:
4827:
4818:
4775:
4748:
4723:
4674:
4650:
3885:. New York: Free Press. p.
3618:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00170.x
3525:10.1097/00006416-200307000-00008
3231:. The Advocates for Human Rights
3201:APA Public Information Home Page
2418:Hirigoyen, Marie-France (2004).
2275:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03650.x
1921:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00795.x
646:
8373:
6990:Management of domestic violence
6874:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6705:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6185:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
4868:Gohir, Shaista (January 2016).
4667:American Society of Criminology
4603:
4574:
4549:
4504:
4479:
4452:
4419:
4374:
4329:
4294:
4269:
4224:
4193:
4186:American Society of Criminology
4139:
4110:
4081:
4066:. New York: Hurd and Houghton.
4052:
4012:
3988:
3940:
3903:
3870:
3839:
3807:
3775:
3736:
3701:
3632:
3592:
3547:
3504:
3479:
3429:
3333:
3171:
3137:
3086:
3043:
2996:
2961:
2936:
2887:
2837:
2800:
2762:
2696:
2647:
2620:
2595:
2530:
2495:
2464:
2439:
2411:
2315:
2290:
2187:
2183:Pdf of conference presentation.
2164:
2144:
2126:
1888:
1856:
1773:
1744:
1689:
1601:
1563:
1538:
1487:
1450:
1396:
1382:. Springer Publishing Company.
1339:
1304:
1118:. Springer Publishing Company.
4188:, San Diego, California, 1985.
3225:"Effects of sexual harassment"
1898:Journal of Marriage and Family
1256:Public Health Agency of Canada
1218:
1197:North Carolina Medical Journal
1188:
1132:
101:post-traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
8213:environmental skin conditions
8006:High-altitude pulmonary edema
7610:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
7518:What's Love Got to Do with It
6950:Parental bullying of children
6930:Adverse childhood experiences
6869:Domestic violence against men
6227:List of LGBT-related suicides
6128:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
5442:Parental bullying of children
5022:Adverse childhood experiences
3716:National Institute of Justice
3605:Psychology of Women Quarterly
3064:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00342-3
2786:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7
1284:Besharov, Douglas J. (1990).
1258:. 4 July 2011. Archived from
921:
860:Isolation to facilitate abuse
613:
397:
237:
8203:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
8012:High-altitude cerebral edema
6914:Social emotional development
6272:Social dominance orientation
6257:Psychopathy in the workplace
5381:
3955:Bureau of Justice Statistics
3749:Bureau of Justice Statistics
3443:Infant Mental Health Journal
3100:Journal of Family Psychology
2982:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.04.035
2746:Rethinking domestic violence
2471:Packota, Valerie J. (2000).
2447:"Mental Abuse And Addiction"
2225:Namie, Gary (October 2000).
433:shifting blame to the victim
353:
7:
8225:frictional/traumatic/sports
7851:Chronic radiation keratosis
7568:Contemporary Family Therapy
6817:Passive-aggressive behavior
6730:Situational couple violence
6499:Related manipulation topics
6237:Narcissism in the workplace
4490:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
3570:10.1891/vivi.19.4.435.64165
3394:American Humane Association
2602:Snyder, C. R., ed. (1999).
2262:Journal of Clinical Nursing
1376:O'Leary, K. Daniel (2004).
1112:O'Leary, K. Daniel (2004).
822:
10:
8434:
8317:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
6980:Domestic violence hotlines
6904:Parental abuse by children
4761:U.S. Department of Justice
4486:Dutton, Donald G. (1988).
4352:10.1891/088667007781553964
4303:Journal of Family Violence
4088:Dutton, Donald G. (2004).
3959:U.S. Department of Justice
3926:10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.695
3753:U.S. Department of Justice
3311:International Labor Office
3283:International Labor Office
2870:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.528
2823:10.1177/088626098013006001
2744:Dutton, Donald G. (2006).
2720:10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.982
2540:Journal of Emotional Abuse
2504:Journal of Family Violence
2328:Health Psychology Research
2104:10.1177/088626001016011004
1712:10.1177/019251396017003001
1572:Journal of Family Violence
1473:10.1037/0022-006X.57.5.579
1252:"What is Emotional Abuse?"
1235:U.S. Department of Justice
885:Psychological manipulation
751:of the husband to use any
444:Abuse of intimate partners
438:
380:
377:Characteristics of abusers
357:
334:
315:
246:
176:U.S. Department of Justice
8332:
8169:
8141:
8096:
8088:Space adaptation syndrome
8065:
8039:
8023:
7996:Chronic mountain sickness
7939:
7914:
7901:Radiation recall reaction
7891:Radiation-induced morphea
7843:
7794:Warm water immersion foot
7766:
7740:
7733:
7671:
7630:
7559:
7527:
7418:
7381:The Conspiracy of Silence
7365:
7358:
7298:
7242:
7235:
7214:
7008:
6972:
6960:Stress in early childhood
6922:
6884:Intimate partner violence
6856:
6849:
6797:Major depressive disorder
6738:
6685:
6647:
6640:
6607:Abusive power and control
6589:
6498:
6452:
6401:
6340:
6334:Manipulation (psychology)
6209:
6116:
5970:
5952:International Day of Pink
5947:Anti-bullying legislation
5929:
5884:
5813:
5806:
5745:
5544:
5389:
5231:Abusive power and control
5213:
5012:
5004:
4899:
4397:10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.207
4247:10.1891/0886-6708.5.4.257
4162:10.1891/0886-6708.1.2.141
3398:Annie E. Casey Foundation
3354:10.1007/s11121-011-0240-7
3052:Child Abuse & Neglect
1514:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
956:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167
707:intimate partner violence
653:Child Protective Services
619:In intimate relationships
50:
42:
37:
8270:Weathering nodule of ear
7886:Radiation-induced keloid
7871:Radiation-induced cancer
7801:Non-freezing cold injury
7779:Immersion foot syndromes
7589:Journal of Family Issues
6720:Murder of pregnant women
6277:Suicide among LGBT youth
5306:Psychological projection
5168:Referee and umpire abuse
4527:10.1891/0886-6708.7.1.29
4117:Levinson, David (1989).
4060:St. John Green, Nicholas
3695:19 November 2015 at the
3019:10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.75
2384:Bancroft, Lundy (2002).
2238:27 December 2011 at the
1962:10.1177/1077559508326287
1853:A BBC radio documentary.
1699:Journal of Family Issues
1421:10.1177/0886260503253878
8418:Harassment and bullying
8198:Sclerosing lymphangitis
7789:Tropical immersion foot
7684:Domestic violence court
7504:Sleeping with the Enemy
6414:Character assassination
5572:Character assassination
4612:"Middle class violence"
4276:Campbell, J.C. (1993).
3309:, Geneva, Switzerland:
3161:Dervin Flower, Hilary.
2477:springtideresources.org
1796:10.1177/107780102237964
1738:25 October 2017 at the
786:A 2010 study said that
182:, threatening physical
136:detention without trial
8285:Painful fat herniation
8265:Vibration white finger
7974:Decompression sickness
7831:Erythrocyanosis crurum
7679:Battered woman defense
7617:Violence Against Women
7000:Prevention initiatives
6909:Same-sex relationships
6667:Birth control sabotage
6612:Conflict tactics scale
5962:Think Before You Speak
5856:James O'Higgins Norman
5788:It Gets Better Project
5499:Information technology
4803:10.26719/2010.16.1.113
4514:Violence & Victims
4384:Violence & Victims
4339:Violence & Victims
4234:Violence & Victims
4149:Violence & Victims
3557:Violence & Victims
3273:Piotrkowski, Chaya S.
2660:Journal of Adolescence
2390:. New York, New York:
1783:Violence Against Women
1653:Journal of Adolescence
1146:. 2007. Archived from
943:Violence & Victims
681:Several studies found
523:Abuse in the workplace
404:
298:Conflict Tactics Scale
253:Intimate relationships
243:Intimate relationships
120:abuse in the workplace
77:psychological violence
8240:Fissure of the nipple
8208:UV-sensitive syndrome
8133:Adverse drug reaction
7962:Middle ear barotrauma
7952:Arterial gas embolism
6672:Reproductive coercion
6516:Internet manipulation
6402:Negative manipulation
6341:Positive manipulation
6247:Personality disorders
6222:Just-world hypothesis
5462:Relational aggression
5276:Just-world hypothesis
5027:Anti-social behaviour
3913:American Psychologist
3402:Casey Family Programs
2553:10.1300/J135v05n01_04
2340:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821
2177:Academy of Management
2157:Academy of Management
2139:Academy of Management
2005:10.1300/J083v33n02_02
1142:. Counseling Center,
1083:10.1192/bjp.168.2.143
1038:10.1192/bjp.168.2.143
390:
331:Elder emotional abuse
312:Child emotional abuse
130:, acute or prolonged
8235:Equestrian perniosis
7476:Looking for Angelina
5987:William Arthur Gibbs
5871:Christina Salmivalli
5821:Anna Costanza Baldry
5768:Bystander Revolution
5753:Act Against Bullying
5732:Workplace incivility
5657:Moving the goalposts
5484:Workplace harassment
5412:Displaced aggression
5311:Psychological trauma
4971:at Wikimedia Commons
3639:Hamel, John (2009).
3423:4 March 2016 at the
3248:(24 February 1992).
3210:https://www.apa.org/
2948:www.childwelfare.gov
2175:. Denver, Colorado:
2137:, Honolulu, Hawaii:
2023:4 March 2016 at the
1545:Hamel, John (2014).
1356:. Athlon Publishing.
890:Psychological trauma
870:Moving the goalposts
840:Dysfunctional family
605:Abuse of the elderly
85:psychological trauma
8413:Psychological abuse
8322:Narcotic dermopathy
8230:Black heel and palm
8183:Dermatosis neglecta
8057:Psychological abuse
7896:Radiation poisoning
7388:Defending Our Lives
7275:Nicola Graham-Kevan
6945:Narcissistic parent
6772:Emotional blackmail
6521:Market manipulation
6242:Personal boundaries
6217:Emotional blackmail
5897:Louise Burfitt-Dons
5836:David P. Farrington
5682:Psychological abuse
5407:Disability bullying
5397:Abusive supervision
5221:Abusive supervision
5148:Psychological abuse
5123:Institutional abuse
4969:Psychological abuse
4697:Also published as:
4628:Also available as:
4033:on 1 December 2008.
3819:Simon, George K. Jr
3815:Simon, George K. Jr
3659:10.3149/jmh.0801.41
3513:Orthopaedic Nursing
3289:on 20 December 2008
3260:(L 049): 0001–0008.
3243:From the original:
3037:16 May 2023 at the
2633:. New York: Wiley.
2268:(9–10): 1405–1412.
2155:. Toronto, Canada:
1227:"Domestic violence"
1150:on 20 November 2014
875:Parental alienation
850:Emotional blackmail
809:husband's testimony
677:Popular perceptions
541:avoidance behaviors
223:sexual maltreatment
97:clinical depression
69:Psychological abuse
61:clinical psychology
38:Psychological abuse
8292:Uranium dermatosis
8245:Pulling boat hands
8154:Lightning injuries
7643:ManKind Initiative
7490:One Minute to Nine
7483:Once Were Warriors
7250:Jacquelyn Campbell
6822:Setting up to fail
6812:Narcissistic abuse
6526:Media manipulation
6506:Crowd manipulation
6480:Influence-for-hire
6453:Other manipulation
6383:Predatory marriage
6252:Playing the victim
6180:Matti Juhani Saari
6172:Jokela High School
6167:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
6011:Nicola Ann Raphael
5942:Anti-Bullying Week
5717:Social undermining
5489:Workplace bullying
5447:Peer victimization
5301:Playing the victim
5193:Surveillance abuse
5143:Professional abuse
5064:Cruelty to animals
4759:. Washington, DC:
4315:10.1007/BF02333338
3665:on 12 January 2018
3600:Sorenson, Susan B.
3455:10.1002/imhj.20101
3342:Prevention Science
2516:10.1007/BF00978514
2062:on 27 January 2023
1949:Child Maltreatment
1843:. 27 February 2009
895:Setting up to fail
880:Poisonous pedagogy
813:two male witnesses
637:The Salvation Army
405:
360:Workplace bullying
347:material/financial
150:General definition
132:human rights abuse
110:, and may include
93:chronic depression
8400:
8399:
8149:Electrical injury
7991:Altitude sickness
7839:
7838:
7692:
7691:
7626:
7625:
7354:
7353:
6968:
6967:
6845:
6844:
6632:Traumatic bonding
6622:Cycle of violence
6583:Domestic violence
6549:
6548:
6490:Spin (propaganda)
6470:Good cop, bad cop
6300:
6299:
6005:Dawn-Marie Wesley
5937:Anti-Bullying Day
5925:
5924:
5647:Kiss up kick down
5432:Military bullying
5349:
5348:
5326:Traumatic bonding
4967:Media related to
4958:
4957:
4854:978-0-06-016306-8
4741:978-0-385-14259-5
4641:978-0-87665-133-9
4567:978-0-89335-231-8
4497:978-0-205-11323-1
4472:978-0-87822-234-6
4437:978-0-7748-5987-5
4217:978-0-88738-263-5
4132:978-0-8039-3076-6
4103:978-0-465-03388-1
4006:978-1-4522-0465-9
3896:978-0-02-907810-5
3863:978-0-8039-3053-7
3832:978-1-935166-32-0
3800:978-1-935166-30-6
3497:978-0-470-06001-8
3408:on 6 October 2011
3324:978-92-2-109203-2
2755:978-1-282-74107-2
2640:978-0-471-59946-3
2613:978-0-19-802803-1
2588:978-0-495-55339-7
2429:978-1-885586-99-5
2401:978-0-425-19165-1
2308:978-0-521-01066-5
2205:978-0-415-25359-8
2098:(11): 1158–1174.
2052:978-0-473-12814-2
1873:978-0-89042-554-1
1790:(12): 1424–1448.
1556:978-0-8261-9677-4
1389:978-0-8261-1146-3
1297:978-0-02-903081-3
1140:"Emotional abuse"
1125:978-0-8261-1146-3
1002:978-0-8261-1146-3
586:Sleeplessness or
537:intrusive imagery
494:Abuse of children
467:defense mechanism
454:domestic violence
249:Domestic violence
140:false accusations
71:, often known as
66:
65:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8425:
8388:
8376:
8375:
8364:
8363:
8352:
8351:
8340:
8339:
8176:physical factors
8172:skin conditions
8104:Hypersensitivity
7821:Cold intolerance
7738:
7737:
7725:Consequences of
7719:
7712:
7705:
7696:
7695:
7582:Family Relations
7550:The War on Women
7427:American Tragedy
7363:
7362:
7240:
7239:
6854:
6853:
6827:Silent treatment
6777:False accusation
6645:
6644:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6511:Confidence trick
6444:Social rejection
6327:
6320:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6059:Kenneth Weishuhn
6029:Sladjana Vidovic
5917:Lizzie Velásquez
5876:Kenneth Westhues
5831:Dorothy Espelage
5811:
5810:
5712:Social exclusion
5672:Personal attacks
5607:False accusation
5509:Legal profession
5472:Higher education
5376:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5188:Structural abuse
5163:Police brutality
5069:Disability abuse
4999:
4992:
4985:
4976:
4975:
4966:
4897:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4839:Schechter, Susan
4831:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4715:10.1037/h0079792
4694:
4678:
4672:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4625:
4617:Psychology Today
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:10.1037/h0079964
4578:
4572:
4571:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4197:
4191:
4181:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4095:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4056:
4050:
4034:
4029:. Archived from
4016:
4010:
4009:
3992:
3986:
3962:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3787:Simon, George Jr
3783:Simon, George Jr
3779:
3773:
3756:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3433:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3404:, archived from
3383:
3374:
3373:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:. Archived from
3270:
3264:
3261:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3113:10.1037/a0025423
3090:
3084:
3083:
3058:(6–7): 697–714.
3047:
3041:
3030:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2863:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2451:Addiction Center
2443:
2437:
2433:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2381:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2253:
2242:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2055:, archived from
2044:
2033:
2027:
2016:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1831:"Boys don't cry"
1827:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1748:
1742:
1724:Short form from
1723:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1308:
1302:
1301:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1019:
1010:
1006:
987:
976:
975:
937:
900:Silent treatment
683:double standards
660:In the workplace
598:Eating disorders
402:
399:
35:
34:
21:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8328:
8218:Electrical burn
8175:
8174:resulting from
8173:
8171:
8165:
8137:
8124:Arthus reaction
8092:
8073:Motion sickness
8061:
8035:
8019:
7935:
7931:Oxygen toxicity
7910:
7835:
7762:
7729:
7727:external causes
7723:
7693:
7688:
7667:
7622:
7555:
7536:Life with Billy
7523:
7455:The Burning Bed
7414:
7350:
7294:
7270:David Finkelhor
7231:
7210:
7004:
6995:Women's shelter
6964:
6918:
6841:
6734:
6681:
6636:
6585:
6580:
6550:
6545:
6541:Undue influence
6494:
6448:
6397:
6336:
6331:
6301:
6296:
6205:
6120:
6118:Murder–suicides
6112:
6107:Tyrone Unsworth
6089:Rebecca Sedwick
6083:Rehtaeh Parsons
6047:Jamey Rodemeyer
5975:
5966:
5921:
5880:
5802:
5778:Ditch the Label
5741:
5592:Destabilisation
5582:Culture of fear
5540:
5536:Toxic workplace
5479:Sexual bullying
5467:School bullying
5452:Prison bullying
5385:
5380:
5350:
5345:
5321:Rationalization
5256:Destabilisation
5209:
5173:Religious abuse
5008:
5003:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4908:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4832:
4828:
4824:Genesis 3:16-17
4823:
4819:
4780:
4776:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4728:
4724:
4679:
4675:
4655:
4651:
4642:
4608:
4604:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4554:
4550:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4438:
4424:
4420:
4379:
4375:
4334:
4330:
4299:
4295:
4274:
4270:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4194:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4086:
4082:
4057:
4053:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3993:
3989:
3970:
3945:
3941:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3780:
3776:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3706:
3702:
3697:Wayback Machine
3676:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3637:
3633:
3597:
3593:
3552:
3548:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3484:
3480:
3434:
3430:
3425:Wayback Machine
3411:
3409:
3384:
3377:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3301:Print version:
3292:
3290:
3271:
3267:
3234:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3155:on 9 July 2007.
3143:
3142:
3138:
3091:
3087:
3048:
3044:
3039:Wayback Machine
3001:
2997:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2892:
2888:
2861:10.1.1.519.8059
2842:
2838:
2805:
2801:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2742:
2735:
2701:
2697:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2571:
2535:
2531:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2382:
2373:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2254:
2245:
2240:Wayback Machine
2223:
2216:
2206:
2192:
2188:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2127:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:Wayback Machine
1989:
1985:
1943:
1936:
1912:10.1.1.360.7774
1893:
1889:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1844:
1836:BBC Radio 1Xtra
1829:
1828:
1821:
1778:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1740:Wayback Machine
1694:
1690:
1645:
1636:
1606:
1602:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1543:
1539:
1492:
1488:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1361:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1327:on 10 July 2014
1309:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1262:on 7 April 2005
1250:
1249:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1065:
1061:
1020:
1013:
1003:
988:
979:
938:
929:
924:
919:
835:Destabilisation
825:
796:Book of Genesis
731:
729:Cultural causes
679:
666:human resources
662:
649:
621:
616:
607:
525:
496:
446:
441:
400:
385:
379:
362:
356:
339:
333:
320:
314:
255:
247:Main articles:
245:
240:
152:
79:, is a form of
73:emotional abuse
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8431:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8382:
8370:
8358:
8346:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8275:Wrestler's ear
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8255:Surfer's knots
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8100:
8098:
8097:Adverse effect
8094:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8047:Physical abuse
8043:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7866:Radiation burn
7863:
7861:Radiation acne
7858:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7575:Family Process
7571:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7546:
7543:Mommie Dearest
7539:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7434:Black and Blue
7430:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7409:Sin by Silence
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7367:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7346:Deborah Tucker
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Elizabeth Celi
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Ruahine Albert
7302:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7285:Linda Saltzman
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7244:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7201:United Kingdom
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6860:
6858:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6760:
6758:Economic abuse
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Cycle of abuse
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6475:Indoctrination
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6439:Smear campaign
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Disinformation
6365:
6363:Child grooming
6360:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Victim blaming
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6210:Related topics
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6124:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6041:Tyler Clementi
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5983:
5981:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:Smear campaign
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5677:Physical abuse
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5567:Cancel culture
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Victim blaming
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Discrimination
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Dehumanization
5243:
5238:
5236:Child grooming
5233:
5228:
5226:Abuse of power
5223:
5217:
5215:
5214:Related topics
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5153:Physical abuse
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5083:
5081:Domestic abuse
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:military draft
5066:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4925:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:Classification
4893:
4892:External links
4890:
4887:
4886:
4860:
4853:
4826:
4817:
4796:(1): 113–118.
4774:
4747:
4740:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4602:
4591:(4): 381–390.
4573:
4566:
4548:
4503:
4496:
4478:
4471:
4451:
4436:
4418:
4391:(3): 207–222.
4373:
4346:(4): 387–407.
4328:
4293:
4268:
4241:(4): 257–273.
4223:
4216:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4156:(2): 141–157.
4138:
4131:
4109:
4102:
4080:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4011:
4005:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3939:
3920:(4): 695–702.
3902:
3895:
3869:
3862:
3838:
3831:
3806:
3799:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3735:
3700:
3631:
3591:
3564:(4): 435–452.
3546:
3519:(4): 274–283.
3503:
3496:
3478:
3449:(5): 429–447.
3428:
3375:
3348:(4): 384–394.
3332:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3136:
3107:(6): 885–894.
3085:
3042:
2995:
2960:
2935:
2906:(2): 256–260.
2886:
2854:(3): 528–539.
2836:
2817:(6): 667–681.
2799:
2780:(4): 260–268.
2761:
2754:
2733:
2714:(5): 982–988.
2695:
2666:(6): 815–835.
2646:
2639:
2619:
2612:
2594:
2587:
2569:
2529:
2510:(2): 107–120.
2494:
2483:on 5 July 2022
2463:
2438:
2428:
2410:
2400:
2371:
2314:
2307:
2289:
2243:
2214:
2204:
2186:
2163:
2143:
2125:
2073:
2051:
2028:
1983:
1956:(2): 157–171.
1934:
1905:(4): 795–808.
1887:
1872:
1855:
1819:
1772:
1743:
1706:(3): 283–316.
1688:
1659:(6): 877–891.
1634:
1620:(1): 102–107.
1600:
1562:
1555:
1537:
1508:(2): 231–280.
1486:
1467:(5): 579–582.
1449:
1415:(8): 857–871.
1395:
1388:
1359:
1338:
1303:
1296:
1273:
1240:
1217:
1203:(5): 260–265.
1187:
1161:
1131:
1124:
1104:
1077:(2): 143–148.
1059:
1032:(2): 143–148.
1011:
1001:
977:
950:(2): 167–182.
926:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:
912:
910:Victim playing
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Economic abuse
842:
837:
832:
826:
824:
821:
805:Sharia Council
788:fundamentalist
784:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
744:domestic abuse
730:
727:
705:conception of
678:
675:
671:zero-tolerance
661:
658:
648:
645:
620:
617:
615:
612:
606:
603:
602:
601:
595:
584:
574:
571:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
548:
533:hypervigilance
524:
521:
505:drug addiction
495:
492:
445:
442:
440:
437:
401: 1597–99
378:
375:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
335:Main article:
332:
329:
313:
310:
274:
273:
270:
266:
263:
244:
241:
239:
236:
204:cyber-bullying
151:
148:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8430:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8335:
8334:
8331:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8302:Skin pop scar
8300:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8250:Runner's rump
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8168:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7986:High altitude
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:Aerosinusitis
7955:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:Organizations
7629:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7402:Silent Voices
7399:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:Documentaries
7364:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:Donna Ferrato
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7311:Angela Barker
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7290:Murray Straus
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7265:Mary Ellsberg
7263:
7261:
7260:Emily Douglas
7258:
7256:
7255:Kenneth Dodge
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7206:United States
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6955:Sibling abuse
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6763:Embarrassment
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6740:Psychological
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:Honor killing
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6700:Bride burning
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Interrogation
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6287:Victimisation
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6193:Elliot Rodger
6191:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6160:
6159:Virginia Tech
6157:
6156:
6155:
6154:Seung-Hui Cho
6152:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6095:Leelah Alcorn
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6035:Phoebe Prince
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6017:Ryan Halligan
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5993:Kelly Yeomans
5991:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:SuEllen Fried
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Heinz Leymann
5844:
5842:
5841:Shelley Hymel
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5783:GRIN Campaign
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:Organizations
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Embarrassment
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Legal aspects
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:LGBT bullying
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Cyberbullying
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Victimisation
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4653:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:(6): 107–112.
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:(1): 95–123.
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:Berkley Books
2389:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1805:2027.42/90019
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:Partner Abuse
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1175:helpguide.org
1172:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
986:
984:
982:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
936:
934:
932:
927:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
800:
797:
792:
789:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
761:
760:
756:
754:
748:
745:
741:
735:
726:
724:
720:
714:
710:
708:
704:
699:
695:
692:
687:
684:
674:
672:
667:
657:
654:
647:In the family
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
611:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:panic attacks
579:, anxiety or
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
545:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
516:
512:
510:
506:
500:
491:
487:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
450:
436:
434:
428:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
395:
394:
389:
384:
374:
372:
366:
361:
351:
348:
344:
338:
328:
324:
319:
309:
305:
301:
299:
294:
290:
286:
284:
278:
271:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:
235:
233:
229:
228:Andrew Vachss
224:
220:
214:
211:
210:Health Canada
206:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
165:
159:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8341:
8296:
8224:
8212:
8056:
8052:Sexual abuse
8040:Maltreatment
7967:Pneumothorax
7826:Acrocyanosis
7816:Aerosol burn
7758:Heat syncope
7753:Hyperthermia
7615:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7374:A Better Man
7372:
7280:Denise Hines
7171:South Africa
7166:Saudi Arabia
6985:Duluth model
6864:Bride-buying
6837:Verbal abuse
6787:Intimidation
6739:
6662:Marital rape
6627:Epidemiology
6531:Nudge theory
6424:Intimidation
6378:Love bombing
6353:Brainwashing
6262:Scapegoating
6053:Jamie Hubley
5999:Hamed Nastoh
5912:Liam Hackett
5892:Andrea Adams
5866:Debra Pepler
5737:Verbal abuse
5681:
5667:Name calling
5637:Intimidation
5597:Discrediting
5557:Blacklisting
5529:Toxic leader
5291:Minimisation
5286:Manipulation
5266:Exaggeration
5202:
5198:Verbal abuse
5178:Sexual abuse
5158:Social abuse
5147:
5128:Intimidation
4942:
4927:
4912:
4877:. Retrieved
4863:
4843:
4829:
4820:
4793:
4787:
4777:
4756:
4750:
4731:
4725:
4709:(1): 40–54.
4706:
4700:
4682:
4676:
4658:
4652:
4631:
4621:
4615:
4605:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4557:
4551:
4521:(1): 29–39.
4518:
4512:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4461:
4454:
4427:
4421:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4309:(1): 13–40.
4306:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4271:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4202:
4195:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4120:
4112:
4091:
4083:
4063:
4054:
4031:the original
4021:
4014:
3996:
3990:
3975:BJS website.
3949:
3942:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3880:
3872:
3848:
3841:
3822:
3809:
3790:
3777:
3762:BJS website.
3744:
3738:
3710:
3703:
3679:cite journal
3667:. Retrieved
3663:the original
3653:(1): 41–59.
3650:
3644:
3634:
3612:(1): 78–96.
3609:
3603:
3594:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3410:, retrieved
3406:the original
3388:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3305:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3278:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3233:. Retrieved
3229:stopvaw.org/
3228:
3218:
3200:
3197:Taken from:
3187:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3162:
3159:Taken from:
3153:the original
3148:
3139:
3104:
3098:
3088:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3013:(2): 75–85.
3010:
3004:
2998:
2976:(1): 95–99.
2973:
2969:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:
2938:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2745:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2476:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2419:
2413:
2386:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2265:
2261:
2226:
2195:
2189:
2172:
2166:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2095:
2091:
2064:, retrieved
2057:the original
2038:
2031:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1953:
1947:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1863:
1858:
1845:. Retrieved
1834:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1761:(1): 17–40.
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