1611:, although scholarship is divided as to whether this is usually before puberty or later in adolescence. Meta-analyses have not supported some studies' conclusion that self-harm rates are increasing among adolescents. It is generally thought that self-harm rates increase over the course of adolescence, although this has not been studied thoroughly. The earliest reported incidents of self-harm are in children between 5 and 7 years old. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm in college students than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they had purposefully cut or burned themselves on at least one occasion in the past. When the definition of self-harm was expanded to include head-banging, scratching oneself, and hitting oneself along with cutting and burning, 32% of the sample said they had done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of hospital-treated self-harm were much higher in city and urban districts, than in rural settings. The CASE (Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe) study suggests that the life-time risk of self-injury is ~1:7 for women and ~1:25 for men.
1627:/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicide, established in 1989, demonstrated that, for each age group, the female rate of self-harm exceeded that of the males, with the highest rate among females in the 13–24 age group and the highest rate among males in the 12–34 age group. However, this discrepancy has been known to vary significantly depending upon population and methodological criteria, consistent with wide-ranging uncertainties in gathering and interpreting data regarding rates of self-harm in general. Such problems have sometimes been the focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretation. For example, feminist author Barbara Brickman has speculated that reported gender differences in rates of self-harm are due to deliberate socially biased methodological and sampling errors, directly blaming medical discourse for pathologising the female.
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439:
427:
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1504:
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significant physical illness. Under 10% of the patients gave a history of earlier self-harm, while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low, which could be explained by the absence of factors known to be associated with repetition, such as personality disorder and alcohol abuse. However, NICE Guidance on Self-harm in the UK suggests that older people who self-harm are at a greater risk of completing suicide, with 1 in 5 older people who self-harm going on to end their life. A study completed in
Ireland showed that older Irish adults have high rates of deliberate self-harm, but comparatively low rates of suicide.
3058:, p. 178: "Some authors differentiate self harm from self injury .... Self harm may be defined as any act that causes psychological or physical harm to the self without a suicide intention, and which is either intentional, accidental, committed through ignorance, apathy or poor judgement. By far the most common form of self harm is drug overdose which requires standard medical management in the first instance. Self injury, on the other hand, is a kind of self harm which leads to visible, direct, bodily injury. Self injury includes cutting, burning, scalding and injurious insertion of objects into the body"
1999:, p. 1040: "ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."
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sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys. A 2015 meta-analysis of reported self-harm among 600,000 adolescents found a lifetime prevalence of 11.4% for suicidal or non-suicidal self-harm (i.e. excluding self-poisoning) and 22.9% for non-suicidal self-injury (i.e. excluding suicidal acts), for an overall prevalence of 16.9%. The difference in SH and NSSI rates, compared to figures of 16.1% and 18.0% found in a 2012 review, may be attributable to differences in methodology among the studies analyzed.
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person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. Some providers may recommend harm-reduction techniques such as snapping of a rubber band on the wrist, but there is no consensus as to the efficacy of this approach.
482:
differentiation may have been important to both safeguard the reputations of asylums against accusations of medical neglect and to protect patients and their families from the legal or religious consequences of a suicide attempt. In 1896, the
American ophthalmologists George Gould and Walter Pyle categorized self-mutilation cases into three groups: those resulting from "temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia; with suicidal intent; and in a religious frenzy or emotion".
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suicide. In older adults, influenced by a combination of interconnected individual, societal, and healthcare factors, including financial and interpersonal problems and comorbid physical conditions and pain, with increased loneliness, perceived burdensome of ageing, and loss of control reported as particular motivations. There is a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling
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individuals who do self-harm, both genders are just as equally likely to use the method of skin-cutting. However, females who self-cut are more likely than males to explain their self-harm episode by saying that they had wanted to punish themselves. In New
Zealand, more females are hospitalized for intentional self-harm than males. Females more commonly choose methods such as self-poisoning that generally are not fatal, but still serious enough to require hospitalization.
1604:. However, studies based only on hospital admissions may hide the larger group of self-harmers who do not need or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many adolescents who present to general hospitals with deliberate self-harm report previous episodes for which they did not receive medical attention. In the United States up to 4% of adults self-harm with approximately 1% of the population engaging in chronic or severe self-harm.
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care at the emergency department. Both people who self-harm and staff in the study highlighted the failure of the healthcare system to support, the lack of specialist care. People who self-harm in the study often felt shame or being judged due to their condition, and said that being listened to and validated gave them hope. At the same time staff experienced frustration from being powerless to help and were afraid of being blamed if someone died by suicide.
1108:, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. Two studies have indicated that self-harm correlates more with
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27:
119:
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1691:, and prisoners who wish to avoid physical confrontations may resort to self-harm as a ruse, either to convince other prisoners that they are dangerously insane and resilient to pain or to obtain protection from the prison authorities. Prisoners are sometimes placed in cells with no furniture or objects to prevent them from harming themselves. Self-harm also occurs frequently in inmates who are placed in
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1386:(DBT) can be successful for those individuals exhibiting a personality disorder, and could potentially be used for those with other mental disorders who exhibit self-harming behavior. Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm. In adolescents multisystem therapy shows promise. According to the classification of Walsh and Rosen
345:. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage.
964:. The disorder is defined as intentional self-inflicted injury without the intent of dying by suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-inflicted harm over the course of one year without suicidal intent, and the individual must have been motivated by seeking relief from a negative state, resolving an interpersonal difficulty, or achieving a positive state.
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homeless and runaway youths (aged 16–19) with 72% of males and 66% of females reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young females, and 22% of young males admitting to self-harm. Studies also indicate that males who self-harm may also be at
2228:
1084:, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a Münchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in self-harm.
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self-harming. Studies of clinical and non-clinical populations suggest that people who engage in self-harm have higher pain thresholds and tolerance in general, although a 2016 review characterized the evidence base as "greatly limited". There is no consensus as to the reason for this apparent phenomenon.
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There are also difficulties in meeting the need of patients that self-harm in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that staff found the care for people who self-harm emotionally challenging and they experienced an overwhelming responsibility in preventing the patients from self-harming and the care
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are often the first point of contact with healthcare for people who self-harm. As such they are crucial in supporting them and can play a role in preventing suicide. At the same time, according to a study conducted in
England, people who self-harm often experience that they do not receive meaningful
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Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the
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because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables them to deal with intense stress in the current moment. The patterns sometimes created by it, such as specific time intervals between acts of self-harm, can also create a behavioral pattern that can result in a wanting or craving to fulfill thoughts
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This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self-harm are inordinately high, which may have implications on the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self-harm among 428
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A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical
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Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of harming themselves while at the same time obtaining relief from this act. It may even be hard for some to actually initiate cutting, but they often do because they know the relief that will follow. For some self-harmers this relief is
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Aggregated research has found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This is in contrast to past research which indicated that up to four times as many females as males have direct experience of self-harm, which many had argued was rather the result of data collection
1409:
In individuals with developmental disabilities, occurrence of self-harm is often demonstrated to be related to its effects on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired materials or escaping demands. As developmentally disabled individuals often have communication or social deficits,
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controls physical processes that are automatic (e.g., saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (e.g., is physically connected to and regulates) many parts of the body involved in stress responses. Studies of adolescents have shown that adolescents who self-injure have greater
1140:, and lips) and head-banging. Genetics may contribute to the risk of developing other psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which could in turn lead to self-harming behavior. However, the link between genetics and self-harm in otherwise healthy patients is largely inconclusive.
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behavior; however, in many cases, this is inaccurate. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or
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Only recently have attempts to improve health in the developing world concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health. Deliberate self-harm is common in the developing world. Research into self-harm in the developing world is however still very limited although an important case
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It is difficult to gain an accurate picture of incidence and prevalence of self-harm. Even with sufficient monitoring resources, self-harm is usually unreported, with instances taking place in private and wounds being treated by the self-harming individual. Recorded figures can be based on three
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Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) is a well-established treatment for self-injurious behavior in youth and is probably useful for decreasing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury. Several other treatments including integrated CBT (I-CBT), attachment-based family therapy (ABFT),
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and harsh discipline by parents. The coping mechanisms are being spread in local communities as people are surrounded by others who have previously deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide. One way of reducing self-harm would be to limit access to poisons; however many cases involve
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In a study of a district general hospital in the UK, 5.4% of all the hospital's self-harm cases were aged over 65. The male to female ratio was 2:3 although the self-harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical. Over 90% had depressive conditions, and 63% had
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While the motivations for self harm vary, the most commonly endorsed reason for self harm given by adolescents is "to get relief from a terrible state of mind". Young people with a history of repeated episodes of self harm are more likely to self-harm into adulthood, and are at higher risk of
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study reported only two motives: "to draw attention" and "because of anger". For some people, harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way
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There does not appear to be a difference in motivation for self-harm in adolescent males and females. Triggering factors such as low self-esteem and having friends and family members who self-harm are also common between both males and females. One limited study found that, among those young
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released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that are released in response to physical injury, acting as natural painkillers and inducing pleasant feelings, and in response to self-harm would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Many people do not feel physical pain when
878:(SIB) are different terms to describe tissue damage that is performed intentionally and usually without suicidal intent. The adjective "deliberate" is sometimes used, although this has become less common, as some view it as presumptuous or judgmental. Less common or more dated terms include
1164:
use and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Norway and
England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with both non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempts in adolescents, although the nature of the
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is often credited with the initial clinical characterization of self-harm, self-harm is not a new phenomenon. There is frequent reference in 19th-century clinical literature and asylum records which make a clear clinical distinction between self-harm with and without suicidal intent. This
1112:, particularly the end of puberty (peaking around 15 for girls), rather than with age. Adolescents may be more vulnerable neurodevelopmentally in this time, and more vulnerable to social pressures, with depression, alcohol abuse, and sexual activity as independent contributing factors.
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self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things which they are otherwise unable to obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach for treating self-harm thus is to teach an alternative, appropriate response which obtains the same result as the self-harm.
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Zoo or laboratory rearing and isolation are important factors leading to increased susceptibility to self-harm in higher mammals, e.g., macaque monkeys. Non-primate mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs. For example,
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Assessment of motives in a medical setting is usually based on precursors to the incident, circumstances, and information from the patient. However, limited studies show that professional assessments tend to suggest more manipulative or punitive motives than personal assessments.
959:
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". While NSSI is not a separate mental disorder, the DSM-5-TR adds a diagnostic code for the condition in-line with the
6937:
Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, Featherston OJ, Rapti I, Garcia-Anguita A, Villasis-Keever M, Reebye P, Christou E, Al Kabir N, Christou PA (October 2018). "Prevalence and
Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990–2015".
6059:
Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, de Wilde EJ, Corcoran P, Fekete S, et al. (June 2008). "Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study".
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were young and few expressed a desire to die, but death was relatively common in the young in these cases. The improvement of medical management of acute poisoning in the developing world is poor and improvements are required in order to reduce mortality.
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function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis.
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Emotional pain activates the same regions of the brain as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a significantly intolerable state for some people. Some of this is environmental and some of this is due to physiological differences in responding. The
245:
Although self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal.
1236:, separating the mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the
1599:
The World Health
Organization estimates that, as of 2010, 880,000 deaths occur as a result of self-harm (including suicides). About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, the majority of which are
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seeds, and the reduction of access to these agents would be difficult. Great potential for the reduction of self-harm lies in education and prevention, but limited resources in the developing world make these methods challenging.
352:. Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm.
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resourceful adolescent parent program (RAP-P), intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A-IN), mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A), and integrated family therapy are probably efficacious.
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in general to include suicidal acts. (This article principally discusses non-suicidal acts of self-inflicted skin damage or self-poisoning.) The inconsistent definitions used for self-harm have made research more difficult.
1703:
There are many movements among the general self-harm community to make self-harm itself and treatment better known to mental health professionals, as well as the general public. For example, March 1 is designated as
3455:, p. 1040: "Indeed, it has become apparent that self-injury occurs even in nonclinical and high-functioning populations such as secondary school students, college students, and active-duty military personnel".
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1072:. As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm. An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking,
3631:
Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA (March 2010). "Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character".
1044:
Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is for example associated with eating disorders,
1720:
Self-harm in non-human mammals is a well-established but not widely known phenomenon. Its study under zoo or laboratory conditions could lead to a better understanding of self-harm in human patients.
4318:
Escelsior A, Belvederi Murri M, Corsini GP, Serafini G, Aguglia A, Zampogna D, et al. (January 2021). "Cannabinoid use and self-injurious behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
6871:
Claassen CA, Trivedi MH, Shimizu I, Stewart S, Larkin GL, Litovitz T (April 2006). "Epidemiology of
Nonfatal Deliberate Self-Harm in the United States as Described in Three Medical Databases".
2844:
1007:
The most common form of self-harm for adolescents, according to studies conducted in six countries, is stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. For adults ages 60 and over, self-
595:("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid naming their friends, the girls said they had cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas described the episode as significant in the history of
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1318:
are common in individuals who self-harm and as a result self-harm may be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. As of 2021, there is little or no evidence that
210:
have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or scratching with the fingernails,
5470:
Ougrin D, Tranah T, Stahl D, Moran P, Asarnow JR (February 2015). "Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2945:
1755:, causing damage to feathers that can range from feather shredding to the removal of most or all feathers within the bird's reach, or even the mutilation of skin or muscle tissue.
4743:
Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, McCauley E, Smith CJ, Stevens AL, Sylvers P (2005). "Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicide among adolescent girls".
4232:
Bell M, O'Doherty E, O'Carroll A, McAnaney B, Graber S, McGale B, Hutchinson D, Moran P, Bonner B, O'Hagan D, Arensman E, Reulbach U, Corcoran P, Hawton K (21 January 2010),
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therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation.
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is associated with self-harming behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study which analyzed self-harm presentations to emergency rooms in
7092:
Jacobson CM, Gould M (21 March 2007). "The
Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature".
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provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. It is often seen as only a symptom of an underlying disorder, though many people who self-harm would like this to be addressed.
588:
569:
during March 1909 to mutilate her body. Her plan was to carve 'Votes for Women' from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the
1209:
Self-injury may result in serious injury and scarring. While non-suicidal self-injury by definition lacks suicidal intent, it may nonetheless result in accidental death.
3596:
Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment".
3104:
8138:
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focuses mainly on maintaining the safety for the patients, for example by removing dangerous items or physical restraint, even if it is believed to be ineffective.
1076:, hand-biting, and head-banging. According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with
6782:
Bowen AC, John AM (2001). "Gender differences in presentation and conceptualization of adolescent self-injurious behavior: implications for therapeutic practice".
4982:; OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.58; N=53; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 20).
4959:; OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.50; N=30; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 19).
7168:
Knipe D, John A, Padmanathan P, Eyles E, Dekel D, Higgins JP, Bantjes J, Dandona R, Macleod-Hall C, McGuinness LA, Schmidt L, Webb RT, Gunnell D (1 June 2022).
5581:
Sigafoos J, Meikle B (January 1996). "Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism".
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of objects, and hair-pulling. The locations of self-harm are often areas of the body that are easily hidden and concealed from the sight of others. Neither the
4887:"Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage"
5824:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
5413:"Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials"
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Rossow I, Hawton K, Ystgaard M (2009). "Cannabis use and deliberate self-harm in adolescence: a comparative analysis of associations in
England and Norway".
1768:
7341:
Patton GC, Hemphill SA, Beyers JM, Bond L, Toumbourou JW, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF (April 2007). "Pubertal Stage and Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents".
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Thomas LM (November 1996). ""Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)": the gender and generational politics of the 1956 ban on clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya".
3675:
Hawton K, Kingsbury S, Steinhardt K, James A, Fagg J (June 1999). "Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors".
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have noticed similar behaviors. One known as "barbering" involves a mouse obsessively grooming the whiskers and facial fur off themselves and cage-mates.
947:, and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. Others explicitly exclude these. Some sources, particularly in the United Kingdom, define
1708:(SIAD) around the world. On this day, some people choose to be more open about their own self-harm, and awareness organizations make special efforts to
5505:
Bird F, Dores PA, Moniz D, Robinson J (July 1989). "Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training".
4786:
Nock MK, Mendes WB (February 2008). "Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers".
37:
4614:
Nixon MK, Cloutier PF, Aggarwal S (November 2002). "Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents".
1399:
2853:
1841:
Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA (2005). "Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm".
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656:(high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline
7256:
7020:
Haw C, Hawton K, Sutton L, Sinclair J, Deeks J (February 2005). "Schizophrenia and Deliberate Self-Harm: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors".
4189:
4092:
4005:
Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ, Johnson CC, Joseph CL (November 2016). "The Mental Health of Transgender Youth: Advances in Understanding".
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behavior. People who self-harm are not usually seeking to end their own life; it has been suggested instead that they are using self-harm as a
380:
4246:
995:) have shown self-harm being dependent on environmental factors such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Some individuals may have
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8131:
6601:
Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Shah ZH, Tuohimaa P (January 2006). "Hair barbering in mice: implications for neurobehavioural research".
504:"cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under
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found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harm presentations. A 2009 study in the relation between
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adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by
8161:
3991:, p. 11 ("the incidence of suicidal behaviours varies seasonally and increases rapidly at this age (e.g. puberty effects)"), citing
3889:
4193:
2009:
Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E (2007). "Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation".
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diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups:
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Doyle L, Sheridan A, Treacy MP (2017-01-25). "Motivations for adolescent self-harm and the implications for mental health nurses".
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is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin
8321:
6272:
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use and self-injurious behaviors has defined the extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional (
3569:
6811:
Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ (March 2006). "Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model".
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5961:
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5663:"Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition"
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Hawton K, Cole D, O'Grady J, Osborn M (September 1982). "Motivational aspects of deliberate self-poisoning in adolescents".
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3849:
Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning
388:
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David JA, Rifkin WJ, Chiu ES (December 2018). "Current Management of Self-Inflicted Wounds in Surgery: A Critical Review".
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study is that of Sri Lanka, which is a country exhibiting a high incidence of suicide and self-poisoning with agricultural
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emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully.
5748:, p. 193: "ational rates of self-harm have not been well established in most countries, including the United States."
3467:"Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3357:
450:
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4541:
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1217:, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life over which they had no control (e.g., through abuse).
843:
are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect the traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p. 226).
6006:
Corcoran P, Reulbach U, Perry IJ, Arensman E (December 2010). "Suicide and deliberate self harm in older Irish adults".
3155:
736:
Ear-piercing, nail-biting, small tattoos, cosmetic surgery (not considered self-harm by the majority of the population)
98:
8295:
5624:
Muehlenkamp JJ (2006). "Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury".
5008:"Experiences of care for self-harm in the emergency department: the perspectives of patients, carers and practitioners"
4939:"Flupenthixol may reduce repetition of SH compared with placebo by post‐intervention based on evidence from one trial (
1511:, which is a measure of each country's disease burden, for self-inflicted injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
1185:) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of
7833:
7051:
6546:
Kies SD, Devine DP (December 2004). "Self-injurious behaviour: a comparison of caffeine and pemoline models in rats".
4962:"There was no evidence of an effect on repetition of SH by post‐intervention for low‐dose fluphenazine in this trial (
4234:"Northern Ireland Registry of Deliberate Self-Harm Western Area, Two year report. January 1st 2007 – 31 December 2008"
1786:
70:
7372:"The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature"
1394:
represent class I and II self-mutilation behavior (see classification section in this article); for these conditions
413:
1687:
Deliberate self-harm is especially prevalent in prison populations. A proposed explanation for this is that prisons
56:
8171:
5202:"'There is no progression in prevention' – The experiences of mental health nurses working with repeated self-harm"
1342:
found no difference between low and ultra-low doses. As of 2012, no clinical trials have evaluated the effects of
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8147:
5376:
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2262:
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1049:
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3575:
1294:
1225:
426:
278:
7965:"Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11 583 patients"
7170:"Suicide and self-harm in low- and middle- income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review"
6133:
Brickman BJ (2004). "'Delicate' Cutters: Gendered Self-mutilation and Attractive Flesh in Medical Discourse".
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4200:
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8265:
8217:
1383:
1367:
1311:
823:
Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories:
555:
in European society. Sometimes, students who did not fence would scar themselves with razors in imitation.
84:
6355:
Ministry of Health. Annual health bulletin, Sri Lanka, 1995. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Health (1997)
3465:
Cucchi A, Ryan D, Konstantakopoulos G, Stroumpa S, Kaçar Aş, Renshaw S, Landau S, Kravariti E (May 2016).
610:
considered self-mutilation as a non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term
2852:(Ph.D. thesis). The Florida State University College of Social Work. pp. 8–10, 77–88. Archived from
1427:
7485:
Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K (10 January 2021a).
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2670:"'Ngaitana (I Will Circumcise Myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya."
8022:
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6503:
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5976:
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6385:
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Porges SW (October 2001). "The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system".
2808:
1747:
In dogs, canine obsessive-compulsive disorder can lead to self-inflicted injuries, for example canine
1247:, even if the sensation is unpleasant and painful. Those who self-harm sometimes describe feelings of
66:
8192:
7450:
Troya MI, Babatunde O, Polidano K, Bartlam B, McCloskey E, Dikomitis L, Chew-Graham CA (April 2019).
5775:
Rodham K, Hawton K, Evans E (2005). "Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents: the Importance of Gender".
1806:
1705:
1503:
1298:
physiological reactivity (e.g., skin conductance) to stress than adolescents who do not self-injure.
1233:
1153:
1149:
1097:
1061:
1012:
996:
847:
are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male
258:
142:
Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting
45:
5638:
4838:"Evidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth"
4800:
3807:
Humphries SR (March 1988). "Munchausen syndrome. Motives and the relation to deliberate self-harm".
3562:
8232:
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8064:
5265:
Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K (March 2021b).
2745:
1661:
or natural poisons. Many people admitted for deliberate self-poisoning during a study by Eddleston
1406:
behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).
1290:
1282:
1129:
1045:
5106:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
5057:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
3061:
8202:
7129:
Kirtley OJ, O'Carroll RE, O'Connor RC (October 2016). "Pain and self-harm: A systematic review".
1395:
992:
384:
41:
2358:
2352:
8242:
5633:
5155:"Hospital staff experiences of their relationships with adults who self-harm: A meta-synthesis"
4795:
1883:
Klonsky ED (March 2007a). "The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence".
1053:
917:
326:
286:
222:
are imprecise, but generally exclude tissue damage that occurs as an unintended side-effect of
5661:
Hawton K, Arensman E, Townsend E, Bremner S, Feldman E, Goldney R, et al. (August 1998).
5104:
Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (22 September 2021).
3893:
2669:
1081:
4370:
4354:
3426:
Hodgson S (2004). "Cutting Through the Silence: A Sociological Construction of Self-Injury".
2424:
1965:
931:
Different sources draw various distinctions between some of these terms. Some sources define
4520:
972:
conceal their scars with clothing. Self-harm in such individuals may not be associated with
781:
Wrist- or body-cutting, self-inflicted cigarette burns and tattoos, major wound-excoriation
8336:
4662:
2586:
1692:
1349:
1315:
1268:
908:
657:
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by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to the priests of
334:
322:
250:
7298:"International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm"
6112:
5822:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
3728:
3711:
587:
girls cut each other's vulvas in the 1950s as a symbol of defiance, in the context of the
8:
8341:
8331:
8326:
5729:
5154:
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1182:
1178:
981:
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Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining
290:
7196:
7169:
6185:
5858:
5647:
5201:
4666:
3224:
3191:
2600:
1929:
Muehlenkamp JJ (April 2005). "Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome".
8365:
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7819:
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Kaba F, Lewis A, Glowa-Kollisch S, Hadler J, Lee D, Alper H, et al. (March 2014).
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5533:
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5081:
5056:
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Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (2022-03-07).
5032:
5007:
4911:
4886:
4862:
4837:
4768:
4685:
4650:
4494:
4343:
4288:
4069:
4045:"Self-harm prevalence and ideation in a community sample of cis, trans and other youth"
4044:
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3657:
3554:
3504:
3333:
3308:
3280:
2882:
2785:
2720:
2651:"Victoria's Sisters by Simon Schama, Lady Lytton's self mutilation gesture for 'Votes'"
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2198:
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178:
91:
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6723:(Clinical guidelines). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines.
6516:
5839:
4721:
4164:
3712:"Deliberate self harm and the Probation Service; an overlooked public health problem?"
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2186:
2052:
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is uncontrollable self-harm and self-mutilation, and may include biting (particularly
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as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness.
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4116:
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Butler C, Joiner R, Bradley R, Bowles M, Bowes A, Russell C, Roberts V (2019-10-02).
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3255:
3229:
3211:
3207:
3161:
2951:
2926:
2889:
2814:
2789:
2743:
Menninger K (1935). "A psychoanalytic study of the significance of self-mutilation".
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1946:
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and is a significant predictor of suicide. There are parallels between self-harm and
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458:
330:
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231:
165:
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7823:
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Moran P, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, Olsson C, Borschmann R, Carlin JB, Patton GC (2012).
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is accepted as a primary social factor increasing the incidence of self-harm, as is
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7931:
7920:"Pubertal timing and self-harm: a prospective cohort analysis of males and females"
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2018:
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Some of the causes of deliberate self-poisoning in Sri Lankan adolescents included
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762:
558:
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294:
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52:
8116:
7580:"Non-suicidal self-injury v. attempted suicide: new diagnosis or false dichotomy?"
7541:"Attempted suicide v. non-suicidal self-injury: behaviour, syndrome or diagnosis?"
6309:"Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world"
4853:
4448:
4060:
3558:
2909:
Favazza AR, Rosenthal RJ (February 1993). "Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation".
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8069:
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6614:
5912:
5895:
3944:
3134:
3105:"Addition of Diagnostic Codes for Suicidal Behavior and Nonsuicidal Self- Injury"
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274:
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227:
223:
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7894:
7875:
7754:
7615:
Connors R (1996). "Self-injury in trauma survivors: 1. Functions and meanings".
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6951:
6884:
6824:
5483:
4655:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2022:
1942:
1792:
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1319:
1259:
primarily psychological while for others this feeling of relief comes from the
1109:
1020:
985:
754:
631:
psychotic – eye or ear removal, genital self-mutilation, and extreme amputation
607:
577:, and her plan was aborted by the authorities. She wrote of this in her memoir
478:
353:
7936:
7596:
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7557:
7540:
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7142:
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refers to a broader range of circumstances, including wounds that result from
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3190:
Burke TA, Ammerman BA, Hamilton JL, Stange JP, Piccirillo M (November 2020).
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1601:
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1331:
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1019:, head-banging, biting, scratching, hitting, preventing wounds from healing,
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as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations.
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552:
534:
430:
The results of self-flagellation, as part of an annual Shia mourning ritual (
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270:
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New survey reveals almost one in three young females have tried to self-harm
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4409:
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442:
Mural of the Mourning of the Buddha, with various figures in ethnic costumes
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2728:
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1950:
1904:
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1307:
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Substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with self-harm.
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758:
635:
544:
342:
7873:
7737:
Haris AM, Pitman A, Mughal F, Bakanaite E, Morant N, Rowe SL (June 2022).
7636:
6655:
Klonsky ED (November 2007b). "Non-suicidal self-injury: an introduction".
6524:
6342:
5989:
5696:
5602:
5567:
5518:
5121:
4651:"Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain"
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4482:
4376:
4299:
3828:
3820:
3737:
3527:"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders"
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1335:
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1113:
1101:
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831:. Favazza also created two subcategories of sanctioned self-mutilations;
619:
562:
526:
508:. It occurred in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in the
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349:
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Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T (2000).
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298:
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55:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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7003:
6028:
5534:"Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training"
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3571:
New AAP Reports Help Pediatricians Identify and Manage Autism Earlier
1729:
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1260:
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1024:
497:
7343:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
7251:
6940:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6459:
1232:
Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to "go away" or
6233:"Repetitive skin-cutting: Parental bonding, personality and gender"
4194:"Drug misuse and dependence – UK guidelines on clinical management"
3595:
3464:
3192:"Nonsuicidal self-injury scar concealment from the self and others"
2354:
Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice
1737:
1725:
1338:
found a possible reduction in repetition, while one small trial of
700:
644:
conventional – nail-clipping, trimming of hair, and shaving beards.
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puberty rites – hymen removal, circumcision, or clitoral alteration
599:
because it made clear that its victims were also its perpetrators.
551:
at certain traditional German universities are an early example of
516:
195:
6062:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
5472:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
5378:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
5316:
4616:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1128:
The most distinctive characteristic of the rare genetic condition
1015:) is by far the most common form. Other self-harm methods include
7296:
Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL (December 2012).
6647:
2700:
Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya
2674:
Female "circumcision" in Africa: culture, controversy, and change
1608:
973:
622:, pickers, extreme hair removal, and unnecessary cosmetic surgery
314:
211:
174:
7128:
4885:
Singhal A, Ross J, Seminog O, Hawton K, Goldacre MJ (May 2014).
4649:
Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD (April 2011).
4601:
4583:
3383:
999:
harboring a desire to feel real or to fit into society's rules.
991:
Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as
573:
on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid
356:, such as birds and monkeys, are also known to harm themselves.
8053:
7295:
6936:
6412:"Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates"
5809:
5805:
5793:
3413:
3087:
3083:
3071:
2772:
Pao PN (August 1969). "The syndrome of delicate self-cutting".
2173:
Suyemoto KL (August 1998). "The functions of self-mutilation".
1966:"The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review"
1402:
have been found effective according to meta-analytic evidence.
1065:
1028:
1008:
486:
465:
235:
148:
7874:
Rasmussen S, Hawton K, Philpott-Morgan S, O'Connor RC (2016).
7369:
6481:
4742:
3892:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-12-06. Archived from
3674:
3307:
Iwata BA, Dorsey MF, Slifer KJ, Bauman KE, Richman GS (1994).
3037:
2980:
1201:
446:
7449:
6870:
6582:
6409:
6005:
5751:
5745:
5660:
4391:
3862:
A Bright Red Scream: Self-Mutilation and the Language of Pain
3401:
1670:
1189:
as factors that might increase the risk of self-injury among
1105:
790:
Accepted by some subgroups but not by the general population
521:
4215:
4213:
2902:
1267:
As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically
589:
campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya
395:
7917:
7701:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
6237:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
5159:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
4835:
4468:
4421:
4004:
3992:
3189:
2702:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 89–91.
2226:
1237:
1214:
1016:
537:, the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, with
501:
215:
157:
7918:
Roberts E, Joinson C, Gunnell D, Fraser A, Mars B (2020).
7736:
7048:
6686:
Nonsuicidal Self-injury: Advances in Research and Practice
6600:
5709:
4993:
4305:
3976:
3964:
2602:
Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy
1840:
1255:), and physical pain may be a relief from these feelings.
7779:
7484:
7376:
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
7370:
Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC (2015).
7167:
6088:
6058:
5319:"Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents"
5267:"Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents"
5264:
4933:
4415:
4210:
4042:
3988:
3025:
2875:
2873:
2426:
National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm
1624:
1330:
reduce repetition of self-harm. In limited research into
596:
7340:
7212:
6854:
Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century
6719:
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2012).
6277:, New Zealand Health Information Service, archived from
6167:
5103:
5054:
4884:
4360:
4093:"Transgender youths who self-harm: perspectives from..."
3984:
2385:
Pierce D (1987). "Deliberate self-harm in the elderly".
2008:
988:
or discomfort or as an attempt to communicate distress.
313:
to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as
7531:
7487:"Pharmacological interventions for self-harm in adults"
7019:
5821:
5375:
4648:
4564:
4562:
3791:
3709:
3630:
3359:
Understanding Children and Young People's Mental Health
3306:
2676:. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 129–131.
2230:
Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74
6306:
5504:
5469:
5067:(1). National Institute for Health and Care Research.
4836:
Glenn CR, Esposito EC, Porter AC, Robinson DJ (2019).
4199:. United Kingdom: Department of Health. Archived from
3362:. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 75.
3252:
Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide
3013:
2870:
2736:
1092:
Self-harm is frequently described as an experience of
7578:
Kapur N, Cooper J, O'Connor RC, Hawton K (May 2013).
5893:
4613:
2800:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2493:
967:
A common belief regarding self-harm is that it is an
309:
The motivations for self-harm vary; some use it as a
8031:
6737:
5410:
4559:
4262:
3941:"The deportation machine: unmonitored and unimpeded"
3634:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2999:
2997:
2084:
1289:
controls arousal and physical activation (e.g., the
699:
After the 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from
485:
Self-harm was, and in some cases continues to be, a
249:
The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some
8146:
7643:
7252:"Multiple meanings of self harm: A critical review"
6168:Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Johnson KD (2003).
4842:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
4403:
4117:"Self-mutilation behaviour in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome"
3710:Wessely S, Akhurst R, Brown I, Moss L (June 1996).
2423:National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004).
1744:are known to precipitate self-harm in lab animals.
1243:Alternatively, self-harm may be a means of feeling
753:Piercings, saber scars, ritualistic clan scarring,
7832:
7050:
5152:
3279:
2881:
2505:
2350:
333:. Self-harm is often associated with a history of
7302:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
6977:"Deliberate Self-harm and Suicide in Adolescents"
6810:
5774:
4589:
3355:
3282:Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience
2261:
1751:. Captive birds are sometimes known to engage in
1431:Deaths from self-harm per million people in 2012
1169:on literature concerning the association between
858:
614:. He began a classification system of six types:
8357:
7646:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
7049:Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC (June 2012).
6001:
5999:
5949:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFDixonFeatherston (
5900:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
5411:Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24).
5199:
4442:
3802:
3800:
2908:
2620:
2618:
2543:. Produccion Editorial Dante. pp. 207–208.
2456:
634:organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive
8177:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder
6899:
6307:Eddleston M, Sheriff MH, Hawton K (July 1998).
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
5938:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGilliesChristou (
4510:
4508:
3753:"[Self-harm and personality disorders]"
3043:
2884:Self Mutilation: Theory, Research and Treatment
2846:Indicators of Self-Mutilation: Youth in Custody
2838:
2836:
2344:
2080:
2078:
1924:
1922:
7452:"Self-harm in older adults: systematic review"
7257:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
6648:Medical books, chapters, and overview articles
5975:
5617:
5580:
5206:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
5005:
4190:National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse
4114:
2937:
1310:treatments can be used in self-harm including
51:Please review the contents of the article and
8132:
7091:
6974:
5996:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4788:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
4219:
3943:. Institute of Race Relations. Archived from
3797:
3389:
3309:"Toward a functional analysis of self-injury"
3132:
3067:
2988:
2615:
2387:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
2168:
2166:
2164:
1607:The onset of self-harm tends to occur around
7975:(1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 70–75.
7538:
6502:
6291:
6109:"Women and Parasuicide: a Literature Review"
5945:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5770:
5768:
5766:
4505:
4438:
4436:
3524:
3091:
2984:
2842:
2833:
2643:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2085:Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R (June 2003).
2075:
1963:
1919:
1181:) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95%
301:. Studies also provide strong support for a
8162:Dimensional models of personality disorders
7830:
7699:Gill JH (May 2001). "Avian Skin Diseases".
6683:
6207:, Affinity Healthcare, 2008, archived from
6192:
5934:
5894:Kerr PL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Turner JM (2010).
5623:
5323:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5200:Murphy C, Keogh B, Doyle L (October 2019).
4364:
4115:Cauwels RG, Martens LC (1 September 2005).
4049:The International Journal of Transgenderism
3980:
3591:
3589:
3273:
3271:
3245:
3243:
2629:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237.
2380:
2378:
1928:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1275:
8139:
8125:
7962:
7249:
6545:
6474:
5531:
4824:
4785:
4445:"Self-Injury: Types, Causes and Treatment"
4427:
4242:Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland
3520:
3518:
3055:
3031:
2976:
2879:
2765:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2161:
147:
7980:
7945:
7935:
7797:
7762:
7727:
7665:
7595:
7556:
7512:
7502:
7467:
7432:
7397:
7387:
7323:
7313:
7195:
7185:
7150:
7002:
6992:
6861:
6781:
6747:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
6744:
6435:
6403:
6332:
6274:Hospitalisation for intentional self-harm
6248:
6230:
6094:
6027:
5911:
5882:
5857:
5847:
5763:
5757:
5741:
5686:
5654:
5637:
5574:
5557:
5446:
5428:
5352:
5342:
5290:
5225:
5129:
5080:
5031:
4910:
4861:
4799:
4710:International Journal of Psychophysiology
4684:
4674:
4433:
4132:
4068:
3806:
3768:
3727:
3482:
3332:
3223:
2806:
2774:The British Journal of Medical Psychology
2742:
2538:
2526:
2499:
2418:
2416:
2327:
2290:
2142:
2119:
2102:
2034:
2032:
1817:Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System
1205:A flow chart of two theories of self-harm
489:practice in many cultures and religions.
414:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:may also self-harm, including those with
7889:(3). Hogrefe Publishing Group: 176–183.
7414:
6654:
6548:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
6505:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
6132:
6111:. Women's Health Council. Archived from
5815:
5721:
4891:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4245:, Northern Ireland: CAWT, archived from
3586:
3452:
3277:
3268:
3249:
3240:
2672:. In Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y (eds.).
2375:
2236:. Great Britain: The Stationery office.
2172:
1996:
1882:
1869:
1502:
1426:
1200:
1087:
464:
445:
437:
425:
394:Relevant discussion may be found on the
230:, as well as more societally acceptable
7614:
7491:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6975:Greydanus DE, Shek D (September 2009).
6106:
5153:O'Connor S, Glover L (September 2017).
4607:
3938:
3757:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
3515:
3425:
3135:"A Guide to DSM-5: Section 3 Disorders"
3019:
2943:
2688:(131 for the girls as "central actors")
2624:
2443:
2308:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
2209:
1931:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
1834:
1413:
625:religious – self-flagellants and others
477:Although the 20th-century psychiatrist
8358:
7052:"Self-harm and suicide in adolescents"
6847:
5507:American Journal of Mental Retardation
5312:
5310:
4707:
4602:Kirtley, O'Carroll & O'Connor 2016
4121:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
3915:"Third World faces self-harm epidemic"
3884:
3882:
3858:
3852:
3668:
3598:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3525:Johnson CP, Myers SM (November 2007).
3150:
3148:
2697:
2667:
2514:
2413:
2384:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2029:
1370:may also be used to assist those with
703:psycho-sexual drives of the patients.
469:A ritual flagellation tool known as a
8120:
7924:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
7730:Anomalies and curiosities of medicine
7022:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
6873:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
6718:
5725:
5525:
5498:
4038:
4036:
3750:
3729:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024471
3300:
3185:
3183:
3133:Stetka BS, Correll CU (21 May 2013).
3003:
2351:Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P (1997).
2038:
1614:
1002:
825:culturally sanctioned self-mutilation
638:, hand-biting, finger-fracturing, or
8271:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
7698:
7532:Other medical and scientific sources
6588:
5960:sfnm error: no target: CITEREF2018 (
5538:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
5417:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
4994:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
4519:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from
4361:Lofthouse & Yager-Schweller 2009
4306:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
4171:. U. S. National Library of Medicine
3977:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
3965:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
3313:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
2357:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.
1633:a greater risk of completing suicide
1143:
363:
20:
7617:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
6186:10.1046/j.1532-7795.2003.01304003.x
5648:10.17744/mehc.28.2.6w61cut2lxjdg3m7
5626:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
5307:
5006:Robinson J, Bailey E (March 2022).
4443:Cutter D, Jaffe J, Segal J (2008).
3879:
3145:
2911:Hospital & Community Psychiatry
2771:
2432:. The British Psychological Society
2302:Klonsky ED, Glenn CR (March 2008).
2250:
2145:Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence
1651:
1285:is composed of two components: the
591:. The movement came to be known as
473:, used in Shia Muharram observances
160:on the forearm from prior self-harm
13:
8296:Transference focused psychotherapy
6174:Journal of Research on Adolescence
4514:
4033:
3180:
3160:. Mental Health Foundation. 2006.
3097:
2950:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
2786:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1969.tb02071.x
2721:10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x
2598:
2471:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x
1196:
1039:
648:Pao (1969) differentiated between
533:. Some branches of Islam mark the
14:
8377:
8016:
7831:Patton GC, Viner R (March 2007).
6738:Medical reviews and meta-analyses
6721:Self-harm: Longer-term Management
6416:American Journal of Public Health
4471:The British Journal of Psychiatry
4404:Doyle, Sheridan & Treacy 2017
3809:The British Journal of Psychiatry
3716:Journal of Public Health Medicine
3286:. Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out.
2091:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1736:, and very high (toxic) doses of
1682:
602:
8172:Trauma model of mental disorders
7834:"Pubertal transitions in health"
7539:Butler AM, Malone K (May 2013).
7270:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00287.x
6784:Counselling Psychology Quarterly
6594:
6539:
6496:
6452:
6378:
6358:
6349:
6265:
6224:
6161:
6126:
6100:
6074:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x
6052:
5969:
5956:
5799:
5735:
5730:§ 7.3.5 Narrative synthesis
5715:
5463:
5404:
5390:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x
5369:
5258:
5193:
5146:
5097:
5048:
4999:
4927:
4878:
4779:
4736:
4628:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015
4134:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00330.x
4019:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012
4007:The Journal of Adolescent Health
3440:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00085.x
3356:Claveirole A, Gaughan M (2011).
3208:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.040
3112:American Psychiatric Association
2304:"Resisting Urges to Self-Injure"
1843:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
1785:
1767:
1715:
1165:relationship is unclear. A 2021
368:
117:
25:
16:Intentional injury to one's body
8148:Borderline personality disorder
7876:"Why Do Adolescents Self-Harm?"
7732:. New York: Bell Publishing Co.
7250:McAllister M (September 2003).
6688:. New York, London: Routledge.
6231:Marchetto MJ (September 2006).
4745:Development and Psychopathology
4701:
4642:
4590:Chapman, Gratz & Brown 2006
4534:
4517:"Pain and deliberate self-harm"
4462:
4447:. HELPGUIDE.org. Archived from
4311:
4256:
4225:
4182:
4157:
4108:
4085:
3998:
3970:
3932:
3907:
3843:
3744:
3703:
3624:
3458:
3446:
3419:
3349:
3196:Journal of Psychiatric Research
3126:
3049:
2691:
2661:
2592:
2568:
2557:
2532:
1422:
1374:diagnoses, such as depression,
1050:borderline personality disorder
547:such as those acquired through
198:intention. Other terms such as
8027:Royal College of Psychiatrists
7792:(9812). Elsevier BV: 236–243.
7504:10.1002/14651858.CD013669.pub2
7131:Journal of Affective Disorders
6813:Behaviour Research and Therapy
6657:Journal of Clinical Psychology
6008:International Psychogeriatrics
5283:10.1002/14651858.cd013667.pub2
4320:Journal of Affective Disorders
3576:American Academy of Pediatrics
2759:10.1080/21674086.1935.11925248
2627:Encyclopedia of body adornment
2459:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
2002:
1990:
1957:
1346:on adolescents who self-harm.
1295:parasympathetic nervous system
1226:Office for National Statistics
859:Classification and terminology
279:post-traumatic stress disorder
53:add the appropriate references
1:
8281:Mentalization-based treatment
7969:British Journal of Psychiatry
7851:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3
7799:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61141-0
7713:10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30040-3
7584:British Journal of Psychiatry
7545:British Journal of Psychiatry
7456:British Journal of Psychiatry
7215:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
7069:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
6517:10.1016/S0091-3057(83)80011-2
5840:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
4854:10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281
4722:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3
4061:10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130
3044:David, Rifkin & Chiu 2018
2541:An Overview of the Maya World
2276:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0
2187:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0
2053:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3
2039:Skegg K (2005). "Self-harm".
1822:
1509:disability-adjusted life year
539:a ritual of self-flagellation
8266:Dialectical behavior therapy
8218:Idealization and devaluation
7421:Evidence Based Mental Health
7415:Townsend E (November 2014).
7355:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7
7227:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283306825
7187:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000282
7094:Archives of Suicide Research
6981:The Keio Journal of Medicine
6914:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001706
6759:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000243
6615:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.09.004
5978:Journal of Threat Assessment
5913:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090110
4265:Archives of Suicide Research
3578:, 2007-10-29, archived from
2147:. London: Jessica Kingsley.
1827:
1698:
1384:Dialectical behavior therapy
1368:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1312:dialectical behavior therapy
1301:
855:is equivalent to self-harm.
348:Self-harm tends to begin in
7:
8023:Information about self-harm
7755:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056199
7417:"Self-harm in young people"
5532:Carr EG, Durand VM (1985).
4570:"Precursors to Self Injury"
3254:. Manchester: 42nd Street.
2880:Walsh BW, Rosen PM (1988).
1800:
1123:
761:, minor wound-excoriation,
541:, using chains and swords.
38:reliable medical references
10:
8382:
7963:Zahl DL, Hawton K (2004).
7728:Gould GM, Pyle WL (1896).
7034:10.1521/suli.35.1.50.59260
6952:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018
6885:10.1521/suli.2006.36.2.192
6825:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
6641:
5484:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009
3610:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003
2947:Bodies Under Siege, 2nd ed
2807:Ross RR, McKay HB (1979).
2175:Clinical Psychology Review
2023:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289
1943:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324
1885:Clinical Psychology Review
1642:
1360:
1287:sympathetic nervous system
722:Degree of Physical Damage
531:mortification of the flesh
515:Self-harm is practised in
359:
8312:BPDFamily (support group)
8304:
8256:
8185:
8167:Impulse-control disorders
8154:
8090:
8035:
7937:10.1017/S2045796020000839
7895:10.1027/0227-5910/a000369
7597:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116111
7558:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113506
7389:10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3
7174:PLOS Global Public Health
7143:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.068
7106:10.1080/13811110701247602
6902:Annals of Plastic Surgery
6796:10.1080/09515070110100956
6560:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.010
6461:Self injury awareness day
6020:10.1017/S1041610210001377
5595:10.1177/01454455960201003
5335:10.1002/14651858.CD012013
5063:(Plain English summary).
4810:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.28
4757:10.1017/s0954579405050522
4332:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.020
4277:10.1080/13811110903266475
4220:Greydanus & Shek 2009
3646:10.3109/00048670903487159
3484:10.1017/S0033291716000027
3390:Greydanus & Shek 2009
3278:Pembroke LR, ed. (1994).
3068:Jacobson & Gould 2007
2989:Jacobson & Gould 2007
2888:. Guilford. of N..Y, NY.
2320:10.1017/S1352465808004128
2011:Psychoanalytic Psychology
1964:Groschwitz RC, Plener P.
1897:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
1855:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z
1807:Self-destructive behavior
1706:Self-injury Awareness Day
1154:benzodiazepine withdrawal
1150:Benzodiazepine dependence
1046:autism spectrum disorders
1034:
1013:intentional drug overdose
888:self-destructive behavior
814:Psychotic decompensation
519:by the ascetics known as
181:if serious injuries occur
164:
155:
146:
138:
133:
44:or relies too heavily on
6591:, pp. 474–475, 482.
6428:10.2105/ajph.2013.301742
6325:10.1136/bmj.317.7151.133
6147:10.1177/1357034X04047857
5679:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.441
5550:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111
5430:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079
4903:10.1177/0141076814522033
3325:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197
3092:Butler & Malone 2013
3008:§ 2.1.1 Terminology
2985:Butler & Malone 2013
2843:Roe-Sepowitz DE (2005).
2746:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
2143:Fox C, Hawton K (2004).
1689:are often violent places
1291:fight-or-flight response
1283:autonomic nervous system
1276:Autonomic nervous system
902:. Others use the phrase
710:as rows II, III and IV.
8203:Emotional dysregulation
7652:(2–3). Wiley: 134–142.
6694:10.4324/9781315164182-8
6366:Codes of the Underworld
6250:10.1348/147608305X69795
5946:Dixon & Featherston
5810:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012
4676:10.1073/pnas.1102693108
4542:"Myths about self harm"
4365:Lengel & Styer 2019
4169:Genetics Home Reference
3983:, p. 1133, citing
3981:Patton & Viner 2007
3770:10.4045/tidsskr.08.0140
3567:For a lay summary, see
3088:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012
1396:habit reversal training
993:intellectual disability
918:organic brain syndromes
896:self-injurious behavior
892:self-inflicted violence
876:self-injurious behavior
872:nonsuicidal self-injury
853:deviant self-mutilation
829:deviant self-mutilation
451:One of the consequences
8186:Symptoms and behaviors
7434:10.1136/eb-2014-101840
7315:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
5935:Gillies & Christou
4428:Zahl & Hawton 2004
4165:"Lesch-Nyhan syndrome"
3751:Urnes O (April 2009).
3689:10.1006/jado.1999.0228
3677:Journal of Adolescence
3543:10.1542/peds.2007-2361
3471:Psychological Medicine
2580:Hilchot Khovel u-Mazik
1795:from excessive licking
1592:
1507:World-map showing the
1500:
1206:
1102:Abuse during childhood
1054:dissociative disorders
773:Subculture acceptance
474:
462:
443:
435:
287:dissociative disorders
218:. The exact bounds of
8208:Feelings of emptiness
6603:Behavioural Processes
6095:Bowen & John 2001
5990:10.1300/J177v01n01_07
5849:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
5758:Bowen & John 2001
5742:Bowen & John 2001
5724:, p. 98, citing
5583:Behavior Modification
5122:10.1192/bjo.2021.1006
5110:Pulmonary Circulation
5061:Pulmonary Circulation
4936:, pp. 2, 19–20:
4483:10.1192/bjp.141.3.286
4377:Rasmussen et al. 2016
3821:10.1192/bjp.152.3.416
2527:Gould & Pyle 1896
2399:10.1002/gps.930020208
2264:Women's Health Issues
2104:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537
1674:pesticides or yellow
1506:
1430:
1350:Emergency departments
1334:, one small trial of
1316:personality disorders
1204:
1088:Psychological factors
939:, such as to include
914:self-inflicted injury
880:parasuicidal behavior
728:Social Acceptability
719:Examples of behavior
686:ingesting or inhaling
579:Prisons and Prisoners
468:
449:
441:
429:
381:synthesis of material
251:personality disorders
8337:Sibling estrangement
7982:10.1192/bjp.185.1.70
6386:"Walling up madness"
5808:, p. 6, citing
5746:Claassen et al. 2006
5744:, pp. 360–361.
3428:Sociological Inquiry
2709:Gender & History
2587:Damages (Jewish law)
2539:Gualberto A (1991).
1693:solitary confinement
1414:Avoidance techniques
1130:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
949:deliberate self-harm
909:Self-inflicted wound
739:Superficial to mild
725:Psychological State
658:personality disorder
652:(low lethality) and
253:. People with other
8342:Personal boundaries
8332:Family estrangement
8327:Emotional blackmail
7845:(9567): 1130–1139.
7469:10.1192/bjp.2019.11
7063:(9834): 2373–2382.
6483:LifeSIGNS web pages
6281:on October 15, 2008
5834:(9859): 2095–2128.
5806:Gillies et al. 2018
5794:Gillies et al. 2018
5760:, pp. 360–361.
5073:10.3310/alert_49221
5024:10.1192/bjo.2022.35
4667:2011PNAS..108.6270K
4418:, pp. 236–243.
4406:, pp. 134–142.
4394:, pp. 186–200.
4379:, pp. 176–183.
4367:, pp. 130–131.
3993:Roberts et al. 2020
3979:, p. 2374 and
3414:Gillies et al. 2018
3404:, pp. 189–190.
3392:, pp. 145–146.
3250:Spandler H (1996).
3084:Gillies et al. 2018
3072:Gillies et al. 2018
2944:Favazza AR (1996).
2923:10.1176/ps.44.2.134
2813:. Lexington Books.
2047:(9495): 1471–1483.
1589: more than 850
1328:dietary supplements
1183:confidence interval
1179:confidence interval
1082:Münchausen syndrome
770:Benign to agitated
291:psychotic disorders
8091:External resources
6994:10.2302/kjm.58.144
6669:10.1002/jclp.20411
6243:(3): 445–459(15).
5171:10.1111/papt.12113
3985:Patton et al. 2007
3939:Fikette L (2005).
3157:Truth Hurts Report
2981:Plener et al. 2015
2668:Thomas LM (2000).
2625:DeMello M (2007).
1973:Suicidology Online
1615:Gender differences
1593:
1523: less than 80
1501:
1314:. Psychiatric and
1207:
1003:Signs and symptoms
935:more broadly than
565:, used a stint in
475:
463:
444:
436:
391:to the main topic.
385:verifiably mention
379:possibly contains
327:emotional numbness
194:, usually without
179:emergency medicine
8350:
8349:
8305:Family challenges
8291:Social psychiatry
8248:Suicidal ideation
8114:
8113:
7658:10.1111/jpm.12360
6848:Chaney S (2012).
6703:978-1-315-16418-2
6663:(11): 1039–1043.
6374:978-0-691-11937-3
6319:(7151): 133–135.
6115:on April 28, 2008
5777:Psychiatric Times
5710:Haris et al. 2022
5673:(7156): 441–447.
5218:10.1111/inm.12626
4934:Witt et al. 2021a
4661:(15): 6270–6275.
4622:(11): 1333–1341.
4430:, pp. 70–75.
4416:Moran et al. 2012
4392:Troya et al. 2019
3989:Knipe et al. 2022
3872:978-0-14-028053-1
3859:Strong M (1999).
3794:, pp. 50–51.
3402:Troya et al. 2019
3369:978-0-470-72345-6
3293:978-1-904697-04-6
3261:978-1-900782-00-5
3167:978-1-903645-81-9
2957:978-0-8018-5300-5
2895:978-0-89862-731-2
2820:978-0-669-02116-5
2698:Thomas L (2003).
2683:978-1-55587-995-2
2636:978-0-313-33695-9
2550:978-968-7232-19-5
2368:978-0-7234-2590-8
2243:978-0-11-621548-2
2154:978-1-84310-237-3
1779:Moluccan cockatoo
1712:about self-harm.
1306:Several forms of
1144:Drugs and alcohol
1094:depersonalization
1070:conduct disorders
969:attention-seeking
821:
820:
784:Mild to moderate
767:Mild to moderate
529:, it is known as
424:
423:
416:
263:anxiety disorders
232:body modification
185:
184:
128:Medical condition
126:
125:
102:
8373:
8198:Eating disorders
8141:
8134:
8127:
8118:
8117:
8033:
8032:
8010:
7984:
7959:
7949:
7939:
7914:
7880:
7870:
7836:
7827:
7801:
7776:
7766:
7733:
7724:
7695:
7669:
7640:
7629:10.1037/h0080171
7609:
7599:
7570:
7560:
7526:
7516:
7506:
7481:
7471:
7446:
7436:
7411:
7401:
7391:
7366:
7337:
7327:
7317:
7292:
7286:
7284:
7246:
7209:
7199:
7189:
7164:
7154:
7125:
7088:
7054:
7045:
7016:
7006:
6996:
6971:
6933:
6896:
6867:
6865:
6863:10.16995/ntn.646
6844:
6807:
6778:
6732:
6715:
6680:
6635:
6634:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6382:
6376:
6364:Diego Gambetta.
6362:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6304:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6206:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6135:Body and Society
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6031:
6014:(8): 1327–1336.
6003:
5994:
5993:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5954:
5943:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5891:
5880:
5879:
5861:
5851:
5819:
5813:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5739:
5733:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5561:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5478:(2): 97–107.e2.
5467:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5432:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5346:
5329:(12): CD012013.
5314:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5229:
5212:(5): 1145–1154.
5197:
5191:
5190:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4833:
4822:
4821:
4803:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4751:(4): 1105–1127.
4740:
4734:
4733:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4544:. Archived from
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4440:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4238:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4136:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4002:
3996:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3566:
3561:. Archived from
3537:(5): 1183–1215.
3522:
3513:
3512:
3486:
3477:(7): 1345–1358.
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3090:, pp. 1–2;
3081:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2224:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1789:
1775:Feather-plucking
1771:
1753:feather-plucking
1652:Developing world
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1388:trichotillomania
1380:bipolar disorder
1324:mood stabilizers
1187:mental disorders
1158:Northern Ireland
1118:gender dysphoria
1058:bipolar disorder
982:coping mechanism
945:eating disorders
803:self-enucleation
763:trichotillomania
745:Mostly accepted
713:
712:
559:Constance Lytton
549:academic fencing
419:
412:
408:
405:
399:
372:
371:
364:
331:sense of failure
311:coping mechanism
295:gender dysphoria
275:eating disorders
255:mental disorders
224:eating disorders
151:
131:
130:
121:
120:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
29:
28:
21:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8300:
8276:McLean Hospital
8252:
8181:
8150:
8145:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8086:
8085:
8044:
8019:
8014:
8013:
7878:
7577:
7534:
7529:
7497:(3): CD013669.
7282:
7280:
7180:(6): e0000282.
6946:(10): 733–741.
6908:(6S): S79–S88.
6740:
6735:
6704:
6650:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6599:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6544:
6540:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6465:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6408:
6404:
6395:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6305:
6292:
6284:
6282:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6166:
6162:
6131:
6127:
6118:
6116:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6057:
6053:
6004:
5997:
5974:
5970:
5959:
5948:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5892:
5883:
5820:
5816:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5773:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5740:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5708:
5704:
5659:
5655:
5639:10.1.1.666.6159
5622:
5618:
5579:
5575:
5530:
5526:
5503:
5499:
5468:
5464:
5409:
5405:
5374:
5370:
5344:1854/LU-8573483
5315:
5308:
5277:(3): CD013667.
5263:
5259:
5198:
5194:
5151:
5147:
5102:
5098:
5053:
5049:
5004:
5000:
4996:, p. 2380.
4992:
4988:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4883:
4879:
4834:
4825:
4801:10.1.1.506.4280
4784:
4780:
4741:
4737:
4706:
4702:
4647:
4643:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4513:
4506:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4452:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:, p. 644;
4359:
4355:
4316:
4312:
4308:, p. 2376.
4304:
4300:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4113:
4109:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4041:
4034:
4003:
3999:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3805:
3798:
3792:Haw et al. 2005
3790:
3786:
3749:
3745:
3708:
3704:
3673:
3669:
3629:
3625:
3594:
3587:
3568:
3523:
3516:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3424:
3420:
3416:, pp. 4–5.
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3248:
3241:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3074:, pp. 4–5.
3070:, p. 131;
3066:
3062:
3056:McAllister 2003
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3032:McAllister 2003
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3002:
2995:
2979:, p. 178;
2977:McAllister 2003
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2810:Self-Mutilation
2805:
2801:
2770:
2766:
2741:
2737:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2605:, Jafariya news
2597:
2593:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2455:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2345:
2300:
2291:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2233:
2225:
2210:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2120:
2083:
2076:
2037:
2030:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1927:
1920:
1881:
1870:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1718:
1710:raise awareness
1701:
1685:
1654:
1645:
1617:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1363:
1344:pharmacotherapy
1320:antidepressants
1304:
1278:
1261:beta endorphins
1199:
1197:Pathophysiology
1146:
1126:
1090:
1042:
1040:Mental disorder
1037:
1005:
922:substance abuse
884:self-mutilation
861:
799:Auto-castration
787:Psychic crisis
716:Classification
708:Self-mutilation
612:partial suicide
605:
575:blood poisoning
567:Holloway Prison
496:performed auto-
494:Maya priesthood
420:
409:
403:
400:
393:
383:which does not
373:
369:
362:
354:Captive animals
303:self-punishment
267:substance abuse
228:substance abuse
208:self-mutilation
129:
122:
118:
113:
107:
104:
61:
50:
46:primary sources
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8379:
8369:
8368:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8286:Schema therapy
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8213:Hypersexuality
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8144:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8121:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8072:
8061:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:Classification
8030:
8029:
8018:
8017:External links
8015:
8012:
8011:
7960:
7915:
7871:
7828:
7777:
7749:(6): e056199.
7734:
7725:
7707:(2): 463–492.
7696:
7641:
7623:(2): 197–206.
7612:
7611:
7610:
7590:(5): 326–328.
7551:(5): 324–325.
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7482:
7462:(4): 186–200.
7447:
7412:
7367:
7349:(4): 508–514.
7338:
7293:
7264:(3): 177–185.
7247:
7221:(5): 641–645.
7210:
7165:
7126:
7100:(2): 129–147.
7089:
7046:
7017:
6987:(3): 144–151.
6972:
6934:
6897:
6879:(2): 192–212.
6868:
6845:
6819:(3): 371–394.
6808:
6790:(4): 357–379.
6779:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6716:
6702:
6681:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6593:
6581:
6554:(4): 587–598.
6538:
6511:(6): 891–894.
6495:
6473:
6451:
6422:(3): 442–447.
6402:
6390:Prison Insider
6377:
6357:
6348:
6290:
6264:
6223:
6191:
6180:(4): 457–474.
6160:
6125:
6099:
6097:, p. 361.
6087:
6068:(6): 667–677.
6051:
5995:
5968:
5927:
5906:(2): 240–259.
5881:
5814:
5798:
5786:
5762:
5750:
5734:
5714:
5702:
5653:
5632:(2): 166–185.
5616:
5573:
5544:(2): 111–126.
5524:
5497:
5462:
5403:
5384:(4): 337–350.
5368:
5306:
5257:
5192:
5165:(3): 480–501.
5145:
5096:
5047:
4998:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4960:
4926:
4897:(5): 194–204.
4877:
4848:(3): 357–392.
4823:
4778:
4735:
4716:(2): 123–146.
4700:
4641:
4606:
4604:, p. 361.
4594:
4592:, p. 383.
4582:
4558:
4533:
4504:
4477:(3): 286–291.
4461:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4369:
4353:
4310:
4298:
4271:(4): 340–348.
4255:
4252:on 8 July 2011
4224:
4209:
4206:on 2012-10-11.
4181:
4156:
4127:(9): 573–575.
4107:
4084:
4055:(4): 447–458.
4032:
4013:(5): 489–495.
3997:
3969:
3957:
3931:
3906:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3842:
3815:(3): 416–417.
3796:
3784:
3763:(9): 872–876.
3743:
3722:(2): 129–132.
3702:
3683:(3): 369–378.
3667:
3640:(3): 250–257.
3623:
3604:(2): 145–162.
3585:
3565:on 2009-02-08.
3514:
3457:
3445:
3434:(2): 162–179.
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3368:
3348:
3319:(2): 197–209.
3299:
3292:
3267:
3260:
3239:
3179:
3166:
3144:
3125:
3096:
3094:, p. 325.
3076:
3060:
3048:
3046:, p. S82.
3036:
3034:, p. 178.
3024:
3022:, p. 198.
3012:
2993:
2991:, p. 131.
2969:
2956:
2936:
2917:(2): 134–140.
2901:
2894:
2869:
2832:
2819:
2799:
2780:(3): 195–206.
2764:
2753:(3): 408–466.
2735:
2715:(3): 338–363.
2690:
2682:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2614:
2591:
2567:
2556:
2549:
2531:
2519:
2504:
2500:Angelotta 2015
2492:
2442:
2412:
2393:(2): 105–110.
2374:
2367:
2343:
2314:(2): 211–220.
2289:
2270:(2): 121–125.
2249:
2242:
2208:
2181:(5): 531–554.
2160:
2153:
2118:
2097:(6): 537–542.
2074:
2028:
2017:(2): 289–305.
2001:
1989:
1956:
1937:(2): 324–333.
1918:
1891:(2): 226–239.
1868:
1849:(5): 447–457.
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1793:Lick granuloma
1791:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1749:lick granuloma
1717:
1714:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1683:Prison inmates
1681:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1616:
1613:
1602:drug overdoses
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1362:
1359:
1332:antipsychotics
1303:
1300:
1277:
1274:
1272:of self-harm.
1198:
1195:
1145:
1142:
1125:
1122:
1110:pubertal phase
1089:
1086:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1021:self-embedding
1004:
1001:
986:emotional pain
860:
857:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
755:sailor tattoos
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
646:
645:
642:
632:
629:
626:
623:
608:Karl Menninger
604:
603:Classification
601:
561:, a prominent
479:Karl Menninger
457:was practiced
422:
421:
376:
374:
367:
361:
358:
271:mood disorders
183:
182:
168:
162:
161:
153:
152:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
127:
124:
123:
116:
114:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8378:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8354:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8137:
8135:
8130:
8128:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7586:(Editorial).
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7547:(Editorial).
7546:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7524:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6485:
6484:
6477:
6463:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6368:. Princeton.
6367:
6361:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6214:on 2008-12-01
6210:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6141:(4): 87–111.
6140:
6136:
6129:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5754:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:Townsend 2014
5718:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4961:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4548:on 2019-11-02
4547:
4543:
4537:
4523:on 2008-09-16
4522:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4451:on 2008-05-11
4450:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4202:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3947:on 2008-03-03
3946:
3942:
3935:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3896:on 2009-03-19
3895:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3582:on 2011-03-24
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3453:Klonsky 2007b
3449:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3086:, p. 6;
3085:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2983:, p. 1;
2982:
2978:
2973:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2859:on 2012-02-25
2855:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:Mishneh Torah
2571:
2565:
2564:1 Kings 18:28
2560:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1997:Klonsky 2007b
1993:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1716:Other animals
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1583: 800–850
1577: 720–800
1571: 640–720
1565: 560–640
1559: 480–560
1553: 400–480
1547: 320–400
1541: 240–320
1535: 160–240
1517: no data
1510:
1505:
1497: 194–395
1491: 147–193
1485: 122–146
1437: no data
1429:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:schizophrenia
1373:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1251:or numbness (
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1238:physical pain
1235:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:= 1.569, 95%
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:meta-analysis
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:schizophrenia
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:para-suicidal
975:
970:
965:
963:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:drug overdose
938:
934:
929:
927:
926:autoeroticism
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
904:self-soothing
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:Unacceptable
816:
813:
810:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
615:
613:
609:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:
553:scarification
550:
546:
545:Dueling scars
542:
540:
536:
535:Day of Ashura
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
483:
480:
472:
467:
460:
459:self-flogging
456:
452:
448:
440:
433:
428:
418:
415:
407:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:This section
375:
366:
365:
357:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
296:
293:, as well as
292:
288:
284:
283:schizophrenia
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
180:
176:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
132:
115:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
8352:
8322:Complex PTSD
8317:Codependency
8237:
8193:Dissociation
8098:
8074:
8063:
8048:
7972:
7968:
7927:
7923:
7886:
7882:
7842:
7838:
7789:
7785:
7746:
7742:
7729:
7704:
7700:
7649:
7645:
7620:
7616:
7587:
7583:
7573:
7548:
7544:
7494:
7490:
7459:
7455:
7427:(4): 97–99.
7424:
7420:
7379:
7375:
7346:
7342:
7305:
7301:
7289:Academia.edu
7287:– via
7281:. Retrieved
7261:
7255:
7218:
7214:
7177:
7173:
7134:
7130:
7097:
7093:
7060:
7056:
7028:(1): 50–62.
7025:
7021:
6984:
6980:
6943:
6939:
6905:
6901:
6876:
6872:
6853:
6816:
6812:
6787:
6783:
6753:(2): 75–80.
6750:
6746:
6720:
6685:
6660:
6656:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6584:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6488:, retrieved
6482:
6476:
6466:, retrieved
6460:
6454:
6419:
6415:
6405:
6394:. Retrieved
6392:. 2022-04-14
6389:
6380:
6365:
6360:
6351:
6316:
6312:
6283:, retrieved
6279:the original
6273:
6267:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6216:, retrieved
6209:the original
6200:
6194:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6117:. Retrieved
6113:the original
6102:
6090:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6011:
6007:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5930:
5903:
5899:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5801:
5796:, p. 4.
5789:
5780:
5776:
5753:
5737:
5717:
5712:, p. 3.
5705:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5589:(1): 60–84.
5586:
5582:
5576:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5513:(1): 37–48.
5510:
5506:
5500:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5326:
5322:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5015:
5012:BJPsych Open
5011:
5001:
4989:
4929:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4845:
4841:
4794:(1): 28–38.
4791:
4787:
4781:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4574:. Retrieved
4550:. Retrieved
4546:the original
4536:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:the original
4474:
4470:
4464:
4453:. Retrieved
4449:the original
4423:
4411:
4399:
4372:
4356:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4301:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4247:the original
4240:
4227:
4201:the original
4184:
4173:. Retrieved
4168:
4159:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4099:. Retrieved
4095:
4087:
4052:
4048:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3972:
3960:
3949:. Retrieved
3945:the original
3934:
3923:. Retrieved
3921:. 1998-07-10
3918:
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3861:
3854:
3845:
3812:
3808:
3787:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3580:the original
3570:
3563:the original
3534:
3530:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3448:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3358:
3351:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3281:
3251:
3199:
3195:
3171:. Retrieved
3156:
3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3111:
3099:
3079:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3020:Connors 1996
3015:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2946:
2939:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2883:
2861:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2845:
2824:. Retrieved
2809:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2673:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2626:
2607:, retrieved
2601:
2594:
2583:
2582:ch. 5, etc.
2579:
2574:Maimonides,
2570:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2522:
2495:
2465:(1): 40–47.
2462:
2458:
2434:. Retrieved
2425:
2390:
2386:
2353:
2346:
2311:
2307:
2267:
2263:
2229:
2178:
2174:
2144:
2094:
2090:
2044:
2040:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1976:
1972:
1959:
1934:
1930:
1888:
1884:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1758:Breeders of
1757:
1746:
1742:theophylline
1722:
1719:
1702:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1529: 80–160
1479: 96–121
1423:Epidemiology
1417:
1408:
1404:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1340:fluphenazine
1308:psychosocial
1305:
1279:
1266:
1257:
1244:
1242:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1147:
1127:
1098:dissociative
1091:
1074:skin-picking
1043:
1006:
997:dissociation
990:
966:
958:
952:
948:
936:
932:
930:
913:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
852:
849:circumcision
844:
840:
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832:
828:
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822:
759:gang tattoos
707:
705:
698:
694:constricting
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
649:
647:
636:head-banging
611:
606:
592:
583:
578:
570:
557:
543:
520:
514:
491:
484:
476:
470:
410:
401:
378:
347:
343:sexual abuse
337:, including
308:
248:
244:
219:
207:
203:
199:
187:
186:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
42:verification
35:
18:
8228:Mood swings
8223:Impulsivity
7137:: 347–363.
6609:(1): 8–15.
6486:, LifeSIGNS
6464:, LifeSIGNS
6107:O'Brien A.
5116:(1): e175.
4572:. LifeSIGNS
3890:"Self-harm"
3865:. Penguin.
3202:: 313–320.
2515:Chaney 2012
1812:Self-hatred
1734:amphetamine
1671:bereavement
1473: 77–95
1467: 62–76
1461: 50–61
1455: 33–49
1449: 24–32
1392:nail biting
1336:flupentixol
1152:as well as
1134:of the skin
1114:Transgender
1106:bereavement
1011:(including
984:to relieve
937:self-injury
874:(NSSI) and
868:self-injury
640:eye removal
620:nail-biters
618:neurotic –
563:suffragette
527:Catholicism
455:Black Death
404:August 2023
350:adolescence
204:self-injury
139:Other names
108:August 2023
67:"Self-harm"
36:needs more
8258:Management
8233:Projection
8100:Patient UK
8076:DiseasesDB
7839:The Lancet
7786:The Lancet
7667:2262/92183
7152:1893/23261
7004:10397/4495
6490:2012-05-10
6468:2012-05-10
6396:2024-05-14
6285:2008-05-03
6218:2009-12-13
6119:2008-05-26
6029:10468/2916
5984:: 91–109.
5726:NCCMH 2012
5227:2262/89600
5018:(2): e66.
4576:2012-10-05
4552:2022-01-19
4527:2008-05-26
4515:Swales M.
4455:2008-05-26
4175:2010-01-13
4101:2021-12-26
3951:2008-04-26
3925:2008-05-26
3900:2010-01-04
3531:Pediatrics
3375:9 February
3173:2024-03-27
3004:NCCMH 2012
2963:2009-06-22
2863:2009-06-15
2826:2024-03-27
2609:2011-09-04
2599:Zabeeh I,
2436:2009-12-13
1983:2018-03-07
1823:References
1659:pesticides
1443: 3–23
1400:decoupling
1293:) and the
1234:dissociate
1175:odds ratio
1062:depression
900:self-abuse
807:amputation
510:Ras Shamra
506:Mosaic law
319:depression
299:dysmorphia
259:depression
171:Psychiatry
78:newspapers
8366:Self-harm
8243:Splitting
8238:Self-harm
8105:Self-harm
8025:from the
7991:0007-1250
7903:0227-5910
7808:0140-6736
7676:1351-0126
7308:(1): 10.
7283:2 January
7085:151486181
6804:145405708
6712:188571167
6589:Gill 2001
6155:145191075
5634:CiteSeerX
5439:1662-5153
5252:195658429
5236:1445-8330
4796:CiteSeerX
4348:221842572
4326:: 85–98.
4143:0904-2512
3509:206255649
3493:0033-2917
3216:0022-3956
2705:Also see
2407:145408278
2069:208794175
1863:145689088
1828:Citations
1760:show mice
1730:clonidine
1699:Awareness
1302:Treatment
1269:addictive
1253:anhedonia
1249:emptiness
1245:something
1025:DSM-IV-TR
1009:poisoning
953:self-harm
933:self-harm
864:Self-harm
845:Practices
837:practices
678:inserting
512:tablets.
498:sacrifice
396:talk page
339:emotional
240:piercings
220:self-harm
188:Self-harm
166:Specialty
134:Self-harm
8360:Category
8007:16329045
7999:15231558
7956:33021194
7930:: e170.
7911:26831210
7867:12367153
7859:17398312
7824:14680279
7816:22100201
7773:35980724
7743:BMJ Open
7721:11480362
7692:20406171
7684:28124465
7606:23637107
7574:Response
7567:23637106
7523:35608866
7478:30789112
7443:25114299
7408:26401305
7382:(2): 2.
7363:17420686
7334:22462815
7278:17393644
7243:42707908
7235:19623077
7206:36962383
7197:10021274
7161:27323296
7122:25482728
7114:17453692
7077:22726518
7042:15843323
7013:19826208
6968:52902235
6960:30274648
6930:53281359
6922:30383582
6893:16704324
6833:16446150
6767:25594789
6729:23534084
6677:17932979
6623:16236465
6576:11695905
6568:15582667
6533:43743590
6446:24521238
6259:16945201
6082:18341543
6046:21390675
6038:20716390
5922:20207935
5868:23245604
5859:10790329
5611:36780321
5492:25617250
5457:31105537
5398:22329807
5363:26688129
5301:33677832
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5179:28035740
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4499:38556782
4340:32956965
4285:19813111
4192:(2007).
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4079:32999629
4027:27544457
3919:BBC News
3837:11881655
3779:19415088
3697:10462427
3662:12374927
3654:20180727
3618:16581226
3551:17967920
3501:26954514
3234:32871456
3225:10266527
3139:Medscape
2729:12322506
2584:See also
2487:24737213
2338:29527120
2203:15468889
2113:12777346
2061:16243093
1951:15839768
1905:17014942
1801:See also
1738:caffeine
1726:pemoline
1676:oleander
1620:biases.
1191:cannabis
1171:cannabis
1162:cannabis
1124:Genetics
1027:nor the
974:suicidal
701:Freudian
674:severing
670:abrading
650:delicate
593:Ngaitana
517:Hinduism
432:Muharram
234:such as
196:suicidal
8155:General
8070:D016728
8059:X60-X84
7947:7576520
7764:9171231
7637:9173798
7514:8094615
7399:4579518
7325:3348041
6841:1918485
6775:8869537
6642:Sources
6631:9132709
6525:6684300
6437:3953781
6343:9657795
6334:1113497
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5697:9703526
5603:8561770
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5519:2751890
5448:6491945
5354:8786270
5292:8094399
5131:8485342
5082:7052475
5033:8935906
4977:⁄
4972:versus
4967:⁄
4954:⁄
4949:versus
4944:⁄
4912:4023515
4863:6534465
4686:3076808
4663:Bibcode
4491:7139213
4293:2409791
4070:6913646
3829:3167380
3738:8816309
3343:8063622
3334:1297798
3118:May 23,
2931:8432496
2794:5808710
2329:5841247
2284:9071885
2195:9740977
1979:: 24–32
1913:1321836
1643:Elderly
1609:puberty
1361:Therapy
1193:users.
1100:state.
1066:phobias
1017:burning
841:rituals
833:rituals
811:Severe
742:Benign
690:hitting
682:burning
662:cutting
453:of the
360:History
329:, or a
315:anxiety
236:tattoos
216:burning
212:hitting
200:cutting
192:tissues
175:surgery
156:Healed
92:scholar
57:removed
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7883:Crisis
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1378:, and
1372:Axis I
1068:, and
1035:Causes
1029:ICD-10
924:, and
898:, and
870:(SI),
866:(SH),
851:while
839:. The
692:, and
666:biting
654:coarse
585:Kikuyu
525:s. In
487:ritual
471:zanjir
389:relate
335:trauma
323:stress
206:, and
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8003:S2CID
7879:(PDF)
7863:S2CID
7820:S2CID
7688:S2CID
7239:S2CID
7118:S2CID
7081:S2CID
6964:S2CID
6926:S2CID
6837:S2CID
6800:S2CID
6771:S2CID
6708:S2CID
6627:S2CID
6572:S2CID
6529:S2CID
6212:(PDF)
6205:(PDF)
6151:S2CID
6042:S2CID
5872:S2CID
5688:28637
5607:S2CID
5248:S2CID
5183:S2CID
4769:S2CID
4495:S2CID
4344:S2CID
4289:S2CID
4250:(PDF)
4237:(PDF)
4204:(PDF)
4197:(PDF)
3833:S2CID
3658:S2CID
3555:S2CID
3505:S2CID
3108:(PDF)
2857:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2483:S2CID
2479:99981
2430:(PDF)
2403:S2CID
2234:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2065:S2CID
1969:(PDF)
1909:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1777:in a
1326:, or
1224:A UK
1138:nails
1096:or a
522:sadhu
214:, or
177:, or
158:scars
99:JSTOR
85:books
8065:MeSH
7995:PMID
7987:ISSN
7952:PMID
7907:PMID
7899:ISSN
7855:PMID
7812:PMID
7804:ISSN
7769:PMID
7717:PMID
7680:PMID
7672:ISSN
7633:PMID
7602:PMID
7563:PMID
7519:PMID
7495:2021
7474:PMID
7439:PMID
7404:PMID
7359:PMID
7330:PMID
7285:2023
7274:PMID
7231:PMID
7202:PMID
7157:PMID
7110:PMID
7073:PMID
7038:PMID
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6956:PMID
6918:PMID
6889:PMID
6829:PMID
6763:PMID
6725:PMID
6698:ISBN
6673:PMID
6619:PMID
6564:PMID
6521:PMID
6442:PMID
6370:ISBN
6339:PMID
6255:PMID
6078:PMID
6034:PMID
5962:help
5957:2018
5951:help
5940:help
5918:PMID
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5599:PMID
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5327:2021
5297:PMID
5275:2021
5240:PMID
5232:ISSN
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5136:PMID
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4868:PMID
4814:PMID
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4726:PMID
4691:PMID
4632:PMID
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4336:PMID
4281:PMID
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4023:PMID
3867:ISBN
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3377:2011
3364:ISBN
3339:PMID
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3256:ISBN
3230:PMID
3212:ISSN
3162:ISBN
3120:2022
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2927:PMID
2890:ISBN
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2725:PMID
2678:ISBN
2631:ISBN
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2280:PMID
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2191:PMID
2149:ISBN
2109:PMID
2057:PMID
1947:PMID
1901:PMID
1623:The
1398:and
1390:and
1215:pain
835:and
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778:III
502:Baal
492:The
341:and
238:and
71:news
40:for
8050:ICD
7977:doi
7973:185
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7932:doi
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7662:hdl
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7588:202
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6420:104
6329:PMC
6321:doi
6317:317
6313:BMJ
6245:doi
6182:doi
6143:doi
6070:doi
6024:hdl
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5986:doi
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5844:hdl
5836:doi
5832:380
5683:PMC
5675:doi
5671:317
5667:BMJ
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5554:PMC
5546:doi
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5425:doi
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5349:PMC
5339:hdl
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5287:PMC
5279:doi
5222:hdl
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5126:PMC
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5077:PMC
5069:doi
5028:PMC
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2655:BBC
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2324:PMC
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2049:doi
2045:366
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