Merlin - Knowledge

2522:, Viviane (Niviene) is introduced as a young teenage princess. She is about to depart from Arthur's court following her initial episode but, with some encouragement from Merlin, Arthur asks her to stay in his castle with the queen. During her stay, Merlin falls in love with her and desires her. Viviane, frightened that Merlin might take advantage of her with his spells, swears that she will never love him unless he swears to teach her all of his magic. Merlin consents, unaware that throughout the course of her lessons, Viviane will use Merlin's own powers against him, forcing him to do her bidding. When Viviane finally goes back to her country, Merlin escorts her. However, along the way, Merlin receives a vision that Arthur is in need of assistance. Viviane and Merlin rush back to Arthur's castle, but have to stop for the night in a stone chamber once inhabited by two lovers (a king's son Anasteu and a peasant woman in their forbidden affair). Merlin relates that when the lovers died, they were placed in a magic tomb within a room in the chamber. That night, while Merlin is asleep, Viviane, still disgusted with Merlin's desire for her, as well as his demonic heritage, casts a spell over him and places him in the magic tomb so that he can never escape, thus causing his slow death. 1943: 1320: 2447:(here Arthur's contemporary) and tells the emperor that only the wild man of the woods can interpret the dream that has been troubling him. Later, he returns in the form of a black, shaggy man, barefoot, with a torn coat. In another episode, he decides to do something that will be spoken of forever. Going into the forest of Brocéliande, he transforms himself into a herdsman carrying a club and wearing a wolf-skin and leggings. He is large, bent, black, lean, hairy and old, and his ears hang down to his waist. His head is as big as a buffalo's, his hair is down to his waist, he has a hump on his back, his feet and hands are backwards, he is hideous, and is over 18 feet tall. By his arts, he calls a herd of deer to come and graze around him. 1178: 773: 1418:, while either removing or altering many other episodes. Merlin's magical interventions in the Post-Vulgate versions of his story are relatively limited and markedly less spectacular, even compared to the magical feats of his own students, and his character becomes less moral. In addition, Merlin's prophecies also include sets of alternative possibilities (meaning future can be changed) instead of only certain outcomes. The Post-Vulgate Cycle has Merlin warn Arthur of how the birth of his other son will bring great misfortune and ruin to his kingdom, which then becomes a 1782: 939: 2092:

appeal, but also from significant, often irresolvable tensions or polarities between beast and human (Wild Man), natural and supernatural (Wonder Child), physical and metaphysical (Poet), secular and sacred (Prophet), active and passive (Counselor), magic and science (Wizard), and male and female (Lover). Interwoven with these primary tensions are additional polarities that apply to all of Merlin's roles, such as those between madness and sanity, pagan and Christian, demonic and heavenly, mortality and immortality, and impotency and potency.

797: 73: 2487:, Merlin (Merlino) first appears as a knight to foretell the death of Meliodas' wife Eliabella, who will search for her husband without success while pregnant with Tristan. He then gathers and leads a group of the knights of the realm Leonis to the Wise Damsel's magically hidden and otherwise unnaccessible tower or castle deep in the wilderness of the forest Dirlantes (the same Darnantes that Merlin sometimes meets his end) so they can kill her, which Merlin explicitly orders them to do, and free Meliodas. Years later, 1800: 1256:(the story's narrator and perhaps Merlin's divine twin in a hypothetical now-lost oral tradition) is contacted by the child's mother; Blaise immediately baptizes the boy at birth, thus freeing him from the power of Satan and his intended destiny. The demonic legacy invests Merlin (already able to speak fluently even as a newborn) with a preternatural knowledge of the past and present, which is supplemented by God, who gives the boy prophetic knowledge of the future. The text lays great emphasis on Merlin's power to 2097: 1300: 1077: 1720: 1150: 923:(City of Emrys). More than once, the tower collapsed before completion. Vortigen's wise men advised him that the only solution was to sprinkle the foundation with the blood of a child born without a father. Ambrosius was rumoured to be such a child. When he was brought before the king, Ambrosius revealed that below the foundation of the tower was a lake containing two dragons battling into each other, representing the struggle between the invading 7999: 7987: 6750: 6762: 1480: 1535:(c. 1276) contains long prophecies of Merlin (mostly concerned with 11th to 13th-century Italian history and contemporary politics), some by his ghost after his death, interspersed with episodes relating Merlin's deeds and with assorted Arthurian adventures in which Merlin does not appear at all. It pictures Merlin as a righteous seer chastising people for their sins, as does the 13th-14th Italian story collection 6774: 310:. Merlin matures to an ascendant sagehood and engineers the birth of Arthur through magic and intrigue. Later stories have Merlin as an advisor and mentor to the young king until he disappears from the tale, leaving behind a series of prophecies foretelling events to come. A popular version from the French prose cycles tells of Merlin being bewitched and forever sealed up or killed by his student, the 2204: 1226:. The work presents itself as the story of Merlin's life as told by Merlin himself to be written down by the "real" author while the actual author claimed merely to translate the story into French. Only a few lines of what is believed to be the original text have survived, but a more popular prose version had a great influence on the emerging genre of Arthurian-themed 2543:), does describe what happened next. Merlin informs Bagdemagus that only Tristan could have opened the iron door sealing the cave in which Merlin is trapped in, but Tristan is by that time still just a baby. Merlin than gives the story's eponymous great cry in a demonic voice, calling for his father to come and take him, and dies amidst a terrific supernatural event. 323: 2353:, the Old Breton word for wolf, may have originally been a wolf-man double figure of Merlin in pagan-influenced tales before he was thoroughly Christianized and turned into Merlin's scribe and confidant. This association would explain Merlin's animal-like appearance at birth and the name Lailoken, 'the twin'. 517:, 'the maritime' or 'born of the sea'. There is no obvious connection between Merlin and the sea in the texts about him, but Claude Sterckx has suggested that Merlin's father in the Welsh texts, Morfryn, might have been a sea spirit. Philippe Walter connected it with the figure of the insular Celtic sea god 2083:(attributing positive values to one's links to forest and wild animals), thus "dechristianizing" Merlin to present him as a champion for the idea of return to nature. Diverging from his traditional role in medieval romances, Merlin is also sometimes portrayed as a villain. As Peter H. Goodrich wrote in 2401:

In one example of Merlin's interventions, the Vulgate version has him conjure a magical mist that causes the forces of Arthur's enemy King Amant to clash with the Saxon army at Carmelide. On another occasion, Merlin comes to aid Arthur a dragon banner that comes to life and throws fire and flames out

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makes a similar argument based on the fact that early references to Merlin describe him as possessing characteristics which modern scholarship would recognize as druidical (but that sources of the time would not have recognized), the inference being that those characteristics were not invented by the

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Merlin is born all hairy and already able to speak like an adult, as well as possessing supernatural knowledge that he uses to save his mother. The story of Vortigern's tower is the same; the underground dragons, one white and one red, represent the Saxons and the Britons, and their final battle is a

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Merlin's primary characteristics continue to be recalled, refined, and expanded today, continually encompassing new ideas and technologies as well as old ones. The ability of this complex figure to endure for more than fourteen centuries results not only from his manifold roles and their imaginative

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Peter H. Goodrich wrote, "According to authorial and cultural interests, assumes seven primary roles: Wild Man, Wonder Child, Prophet, Poet, Counselor, Wizard, and Lover. Most literature about the mage is selective, emphasizing and elaborating on one or more of these features and de-emphasizing or

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to the present day, especially since the renewed interest in the legend of Arthur in modern times. As noted by Arthurian scholar Alan Lupack, "numerous novels, poems and plays center around Merlin. In American literature and popular culture, Merlin is perhaps the most frequently portrayed Arthurian

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archetype. Contrary to many modern works in which they are archenemies, Merlin and Morgan are never opposed to each other in any medieval tradition, other than Morgan forcibly rejecting him in some texts. In fact, his love for Morgan is so great that he even lies to the king to save her in the Huth

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and an advisor to the young Arthur, sometimes in the struggle between good and evil sides of his character, and living in deep forests connected with nature. Through his ability to change his shape, he may appear as a "wild man" figure, evoking his prototype Myrddin Wyllt, as a civilized man of any

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However, Merlin's fate of either demise or eternal imprisonment, along with his destroyer or captor's motivation (from her fear of Merlin and protecting her own virginity, to her jealousy of his relationship with Morgan), is recounted differently in variants of this motif. The exact form of his

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cycle, after having been inserted into the legend of Merlin by either de Boron or his continuator. There are many different versions of their story. Common themes in most of them include Merlin actually having the prior prophetic knowledge of her plot against him (one exception is the Spanish

1291:, the mage both predicts and, wielding elemental magic, influences the course of battles, in addition to helping the young Arthur in other ways. Eventually, he arranges the reconciliation between Arthur and his rivals, and the surrender of the defeated Saxons and their departure from Britain. 2366:

by a follower of Uther disguised as an ugly man and tending a great herd of beasts. He then appears first as a handsome man and then as a beautiful boy. Years later, he approaches Arthur disguised as a peasant wearing leather boots, a wool coat, a hood, and a belt of knotted sheepskin. He is

1939:, this particular variant of their story also mirrors episodes found in some other texts, wherein Merlin either is an object of one-sided desire by a different amorous sorceress who too (unsuccessfully) plots to trap him or it is Merlin himself who traps an unwilling lover with his magic. 1114:(in the "A-text", written c. 1100), as well as a later copy (the "C-text", written towards the end of the 13th century) do not mention Myrddin. Myrddin furthermore shares similarities with the shamanic bard figure of Taliesin, alongside whom he appears in the Welsh Triads and in 2071:, Merlin embodies a conflict between knowledge and power: beginning as a symbol of wisdom in the first Welsh stories, he became an advisor to kings in the Middle Ages, and eventually a mentor and teacher to Arthur and others in the works around the world since the 19th century. 540:(and his disciple Saint Hilaire) in hagiography and folklore are similar to these of Merlin. If a relationship between the two figures does exist, however, it may rather be a reverse one in which the Merlin tradition inspired the later accounts of the saint's miracles and life. 2852: 1920:, his tomb is unsuccessfully searched for by various parties, including Morgan and her enchantresses, but the tomb cannot be accessed due to the deadly magic traps around it, while the Lady of the Lake comes to taunt Merlin, asking if he has rotted yet. 872:("Prophecies of Merlin", c. 1130), which he claimed were the actual words of the legendary poet (including some distinctively apocalyptic prophecies for Geoffrey's contemporary 12th century); however, the work reveals little about Merlin's background. 2078:

movements instead see Merlin as a druid who accesses all the mysteries of the world. Francophone artistic productions since the end of the 20th century have tended to avoid the Christian aspects of the character in favor of the pagan aspects and the

1931:, where Niniane peacefully confines him in Brocéliande with walls of air, visible only as a mist to others but as a beautiful yet unbreakable crystal tower to him (only Merlin's disembodied voice can escape his prison one last time when he speaks to 1379:), Merlin "possessed all the wisdom that can come from demons, which is why he was so feared by the Bretons and so revered that everyone called him a holy prophet and the ordinary people all called him their god." In the Vulgate Cycle's version of 1459:

which described Merlin as "treacherous and disloyal by nature, like his father before him"), Malory limited the extent of the negative association of Merlin and his powers. He is relatively rarely condemned as demonic by other characters such as

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Merlin is credited with predicting this: "Today I will perish, overwhelmed by stones and cudgels. / Today by body will be pierced through by a sharp stake / of wood, and so my life will expire. / Today I shall end my present life engulfed in the

1773:, the ancestry of both Merlin and the Lady of the Lake is descended from the ancient fairy Morgane (unrelated to Arthur's sister), who cursed their bloodline when she wrongly believed that her daughter was raped by her daughter's human lover. 1662:

in his fight against the English rule. The vagueness of Merlin's prophecies enabled British monarchs and historians to continue using them even in the early modern period. Notably, the King of Scotland and later also of England and Ireland,

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described as tall, black and bristly, and as seeming cruel and fierce. Finally, he appears as an old man with a long beard, short and hunchbacked, in an old torn woolen coat, who carries a club and drives a multitude of beasts before him.

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translated and retold in modern English prose, the story from Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland MS Advocates 19.2.1 (the Auchinleck MS) (from the Middle English of the Early English Text Society edition: O D McCrae-Gibson, 1973,

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and usually also attributed to Robert), where Merlin is the initiator of the Grail Quest and cannot die until the end of days, he eventually retires after Arthur's downfall by turning himself into a bird and entering the mysterious

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tells of Morgan's reaction to the news of his entombment by the Lady of the Lake, saying she was "at the same time glad and sorry" and "sorry and worried, because if she were to have need of Merlin, she would be ruined for want of

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is largely based on Geoffrey's familiar tale of Vortigern's Tower, Uther's war against the Saxons, and Arthur's conception. New in this retelling is the episode of young Arthur (who had been secreted away by Merlin) drawing the

973:'s brother Aurelius Ambrosius. Geoffrey added his own embellishments to the tale, which he set in Carmarthen, Wales (Welsh: Caerfyrddin). While Nennius' "fatherless" Ambrosius eventually reveals himself to be the son of a Roman 295:. Later chronicle and romance writers in France and elsewhere expanded the account to produce a more full, multifaceted character, creating one of the most important figures in the imagination and literature of the Middle Ages. 1908:) manages to find the rock under which Merlin is entombed alive by Niviene, as she is named there. He communicates with Merlin, but is unable to lift the stone; what follows next is supposedly narrated in the mysterious text 1896:, she (aged just 12 at the time) makes Merlin sleep forever in a pit in the forest of Darnantes, "and that is where he remained, for never again did anyone see or hear of him or have news to tell of him." In the Post-Vulgate 2044:, came about when a spate of the Tweed and Pausayl occurred during the reign of the Scottish James VI and I on the English throne: "When Tweed and Pausayl meet at Merlin's grave, / Scotland and England one king shall have." 1888:, is mentioned as having broken his heart before his later second relationship with Morgan, but here the text does not tell how exactly Merlin did vanish, other than relating his farewell meeting with Blaise. In the Vulgate 5636: 1840:

where his foresight ability is explicitly dampened by sexual desire) but lacking either ability or will to counteract it in any way, along with her using one of his own spells to get rid of him. Usually (including in

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Instead, Merlin's eventual undoing comes from his lusting after another of his female students: the one often named Viviane, among various other names and spellings (including Malory's own Nyneve that his editor

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During the 15th century, Welsh works predicting the Celtic revenge and victory over the Saxons were recast as Merlin's (Myrddin's) prophecies and used along with Geoffrey by the propaganda of the Welsh-descended

2560:, falls in love with Merlin and plans to trap him for herself in her purpose-built Palace of Great Desire, but Merlin foils this plot and banishes her to Avalon. Conversely, Gaucher de Dourdan's continuation of 5897:

by Philippe Walter, Christine Bord, Jean-Charles Berthet and Nathalie Stalmans. Moyen Âge européen, 1999. Earliest Merlin texts and studies on them, available to read for free at OpenEdition Books (in French)

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presents the titular redeemed half-demon as Merlin's half-brother. In Britain, Merlin remained as much as a prophet as a magician up to and including the 16th century, when political content in the style of

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Blaise also figures within the text as its supposed original author, decades later writing down Merlin's own words in a third-person narration. According to Philippe Walter, Blaise, whose name resembles

1873:(where he also asserts that it "seems almost certain that Morgan le Fay and the Lady of the Lake were originally the same person" in the legend) has Merlin trapped by his mistress inside a tree on the 1471:, where he was born as the "fatherless child" from not a supernatural rape of a virgin but a consensual union between a lustful demon and an unmarried beautiful young lady and was never baptized. 1037:(1150). He based it on stories of the original 6th-century Myrddin, set long after his time frame for the life of Merlin Ambrosius. Nevertheless, Geoffrey asserts that the characters and events of 264:, with several other main roles. The familiar depiction of Merlin, based on an amalgamation of historical and legendary figures, was introduced by the 12th-century British pseudo-historical author 528:

proposed that the name of Merlin is of French origin and means 'little blackbird', an allusion to the mocking and provocative personality usually attributed to him in medieval stories. The Welsh

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As noted by Alan Lupack, "Merlin plays many roles in Arthurian literature, including bard, prophet, magician, advisor, and warrior. Though usually a figure who supports Arthur and his vision of

5531:"Gaëlle Zussa, Merlin. Rémanences contemporaines d'un personnage littéraire médiéval dans la production culturelle francophone (fin xxe siècle et début xxie siècle) : origines et pouvoirs" 905:(c. 1136), he supplemented his characterisation of Merlin by attributing stories of Ambrosius to Merlin. These stories were taken from one of Geoffrey's primary sources, the early 9th-century 2040:: stoned and beaten by the shepherds, he falls over a cliff and is impaled on a stake, his head falls forward into the water, and he drowns. The fulfillment of another prophecy, ascribed to 1557:, which sympathizes with Mordred as usual in Scottish chronicle tradition, particularly attributes Merlin's supernatural evil influence on Arthur to its very negative portrayal of his rule. 1283:

for fifty members, following his own act of creating the table itself. The text ends with the coronation of Arthur. The prose version of Robert's poem was then continued in the 13th-century

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age (including as a very young child), or even as a talking animal. His guises can be highly deformed and animalistic even when Merlin is presenting as a human or humanoid being. In the

1383:, his acts include arranging the consummation of Arthur's desire for "the most beautiful maiden ever born," Lady Lisanor of Cardigan, resulting in the birth of Arthur's illegitimate son 2298:

eliminating others. Merlin was not always all of these things. Instead, his figure developed by gradually accreting varied capabilities, each suggesting further capabilities and roles."

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by at least half century while telling a different version of the same story. According to Villemarqué, the origin of the legend of Merlin lies with the Roman story of Marsus, a son of

5869: 1823:"How by her subtle working she made Merlin to go under the stone to let wit of the marvels there and she wrought so there for him that he came never out for all the craft he could do." 2910: 3882: 5614: 4280:

Saunders, Corinne (9 November 2018). "Lifting the Veil: Voices, Visions, and Destiny in Malory's Morte Darthur". In Archibald, Elizabeth; Leitch, Megan; Saunders, Corinne (eds.).

2192:, is also named after Merlin; the name is given in memory of a Welsh legend in which the broken tail parts of trilobites were identified as butterflies turned to stone by Merlin. 1437:

and its continuations have been adapted in verse and prose, translated into several languages, and further modified to various degrees by other authors. Notably, the Post-Vulgate

3385: 3552: 5640: 1845:), having learned everything she could from him, Viviane will then also replace the eliminated Merlin within the story, taking up his role as Arthur's adviser and court mage. 444: 1410:, the so-called "romantic" rewrite (as opposed to the so-called "historical" original of the Vulgate). It added some content such as Merlin providing Arthur with the sword 3975: 1246: 1016:

as a burial place for Aurelius Ambrosius, bringing the stones from Ireland. In the second, Merlin's magic enables the new British king, Uther Pendragon, to enter into

935:, adding new episodes that tie Merlin with King Arthur and his predecessors. Geoffrey stated that this Ambrosius was also called "Merlin", hence Ambrosius Merlinus. 2464:(downfall). Or Morgue may appear as an ambitious and unscrupulous bitch ready to seduce an old tottering Merlin in order to gain the wisdom he alone can dispense." 4451:

Le Saint Graal, ou le Joseph d'Arimathie, première branche des romans de la Table ronde. T1 / Publié d'après des textes et des documents inédits par Eugène Hucher

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early chroniclers but belonged to a real person. If so, the hypothetical proto-Merlin would have lived about a century after the hypothetical historical Arthur.

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Miller, Barbara D. (2000). "The Spanish 'Viviens' of "El baladro del sabio Merlín" and "Benjamín Jarnés's Viviana y Merlín": From Femme Fatale to Femme Vitale".

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referred to in the story is an unknown, supposedly separate text that might have been just fictitious. However, the Spanish Post-Vulgate manuscript known as the

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themes in the legend by either riding on it or transforming himself into one in an apparent association with old Celtic pagan beliefs and their Christianisation

5665: 5697: 3530: 501:. This contrasts with the popular folk etymology that the town was named after the bard. The name Carmarthen is derived from the town's previous Roman name 4854: 2168: 1584:, presents Merlin as Uter's father, effectively making Merlin's grandson Arthur a part-devil too. Bauduin (Baudouin) Butor's 1294 romance known as either 1110:, between the sons of Eliffer and Gwenddolau son of Ceidio; in which battle Gwenddolau fell; Myrddin went mad." The earliest version of the same entry in 8050: 3925: 2362:

Merlin appears as a woodcutter with an axe about his neck, big shoes, a torn coat, bristly hair, and a large beard. He is later found in the forest of

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in 2011, and one of the three Arthurian figures (along with Arthur and Morgan) commemorated on the gold and silver British pound coins issued by the

2419:," actual descriptions of Merlin's father tend to talk of an airborne spirit, sometimes taking material shape of a handsome man. One version of the 710: 2384:, a related work also attributed to Robert de Boron. This may be thus an invention of the prose author. Furthermore, the Modena manuscript of the 4057: 2605: 6811: 4031: 2477:

tradition identifies the Wise Damsel (Savia Donzella / Savia Damigella) as the usually unnamed fairy enchantress who abducted Tristan's father

2339:" motif become increasingly Christianised, monastic writers of Arthurian prose romances would even directly equate it with the Christ himself. 6865: 5864: 1049:. Merlin spends a part of his life as a madman in the woods and marries a woman named Guendoloena (a character inspired by the historic king 2902: 2460:, depending on the version of the narrative, "it may be that a lustful Merlin seduces an (almost) innocent Morgue , thus pushing her to her 1965:), outside Carmarthen. Carmarthen is also associated with Merlin more generally, including through the 13th-century manuscript known as the 1740:

In the prose chivalric romance tradition, Merlin has a major weakness that leads him to his relatively early doom: young beautiful women of

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names Merlin's usually unspecified mother as Optima, daughter of King Melias of Demetia (Dyfed), while Paolino Pieri's 14th-century Italian

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in later texts influenced by Geoffrey). Myrddin's legend has parallels with a northern Welsh and southern Scottish story of the mad prophet

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TEAMS Middle English text series) edited by John Conlea, 1998. A selection of many passages of the prose Middle English translation of the

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In Welsh poetry, Myrddin was a bard who was driven mad after witnessing the horrors of war and subsequently fled civilization to become a

8125: 5637:"United Kingdom: Last gold and silver Proof coins in "Mythical Legends" series concludes with sorceress Morgan le Fay | Coin Update" 5096: 5057: 4798: 4771: 4640: 4547: 4259: 4095: 3852: 3775: 3736: 3488: 3449: 3122: 2670: 2644: 1992: 5606: 5341: 3814: 3251: 3200: 3161: 2709: 1279:, an event orchestrated by Merlin in the role of kingmaker. Earlier, Merlin also instructs Uther to establish the original order of the 7945: 6551: 5922: 4601: 4455: 3672: 3377: 1935:

on the knight's quest to find him), where they then spend almost every night together as lovers. Besides evoking the final scenes from

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As noted by Miranda Griffin, "while demons are often portrayed with quite extraordinary bodies in illuminations in manuscripts of the

1166: 5843: 1367:. There, while not identifying his mother, it is stated that Merlin was named after his grandfather on her side. The Vulgate's Prose 5018: 1957:

Unrelated to the legend of the Lady of the Lake, other purported sites of Merlin's burial include a cave deep inside Merlin's Hill (

1942: 6671: 2380:(it is not included in the surviving fragment of the poem), absent of any Biblical connections, contradicts the plot and themes of 86: 5832: 1106:(dubbed the "B-text", written at the end of the 13th century) and influenced by Geoffrey, records that in the year 573 after "the 7170: 5584: 3619: 2999:

Merlin in German Literature: A Study of the Merlin Legend in German Literature from Medieval Beginnings to the End of Romanticism

1650:, which traced its lineage directly to Arthur. Later, the Tudors' Welsh supporters, including bards, interpreted the prophecy of 1615:

of the late 13th century, which drew from the chronicles and the Vulgate Cycle. In English-language medieval texts that conflate

1705:. His various apprentices gain or expand their magical powers through Merlin, however his prophetic powers cannot be passed on. 8120: 8115: 6828: 5858:

with connecting summary. The sections from "The Birth of Merlin to "Arthur and the Sword in the Stone" cover Robert de Boron's

5765: 3967: 5374: 8055: 5889: 5746: 5724: 5317: 5191: 5159: 4765: 4726: 4672: 4541: 4487: 4385: 4358: 4227: 4200: 4089: 4007: 3846: 3808: 3562: 3482: 3194: 2980: 2885: 2823: 2703: 1136:, which eventually influenced the Breton and Welsh tales of a supernaturally-born bard or enchanter named Marzin or Marddin. 5782: 4732: 3013: 2566:

has Merlin magically abducting a maiden who did not want to love him and then building a house for them to live in together.

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Another site associated with Merlin's burial, in his 'Merlin Silvestris' aspect, is the confluence of the Pausalyl Burn and

7900: 7160: 5011:"Echoes of Legend: Magic as the Bridge Between a Pagan Past and a Christian Future in Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur" 1319: 5814: 1008:

portent of things to come. At this point Geoffrey inserted a long section of Merlin's prophecies, taken from his earlier

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Merlin's connections with stags within his stories may be a shadow of the belief in avatars of the Celtic "horned god",

306:, from whom he inherits his supernatural powers and abilities. His most notable abilities commonly include prophecy and 7895: 6804: 5794: 3703: 5118: 1498:" aspects were sometimes de-emphasized (or even seemingly vanish entirely, as in the fragmentary and more fantastical 1251: 6719: 5406: 5090: 5051: 4981: 4699: 4634: 4595: 4514: 4253: 4173: 3769: 3730: 3651: 3587: 3443: 3417: 3297: 3245: 3155: 3116: 3092: 3007: 2960: 2784: 2744: 2638: 2443:, for instance, Merlin enters Rome in the form of a huge stag with a white fore-foot. He bursts into the presence of 1767:) like Morgan and described as a Lady of the Lake, or the "chief Lady of the Lake" in the case of Malory's Nimue. In 1651: 1464:, instead he is presented as an ambiguous trickster. Conversely, Merlin seems to be inherently evil in the so-called 1270:

was originally part of a cycle of Robert's poems telling the story of the Grail over the centuries. The narrative of

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The Novellino or One Hundred Ancient Tales: An Edition and Translation based on the 1525 Gualteruzzi editio princeps

3303: 2247:, Merlin is, because of the stories in which he is said to be the son of a devil, sometimes presented as a villain." 1857:), or an invisible tower made of magic with no physical walls. The scene is often placed in the enchanted forest of 8110: 8080: 5508: 5466: 4326: 2562: 1598: 1548: 1028:

notes, Merlin subsequently disappears from the narrative. He does not tutor or advise Arthur as in later versions.

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as having been fulfilled after their ascent to the throne of England that they sought to legitimize following the

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Origins of Arthurian Romances: Early Sources for the Legends of Tristan, the Grail and the Abduction of the Queen

1177: 17: 6106: 1950: 1118:, as well as in the poem "Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin" ("The Conversation between Myrddin and Taliesin") from 393:) for feces. 'Merlin' may also be an adjective, in which case he should be called "The Merlin", from the French 314:

after he fell in love with her. Other texts variously describe his retirement, at times supernatural, or death.

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Merlin also otherwise protects Morgan and continues to aid her when she requests help in some other texts. The

2138:, who also use some of his other traits. Things named in honour of the legendary figure have included asteroid 2108: 1849:

prison or grave can be also variably a cave, a tree, or hole either within or under a large rock (according to

1686:(Dama di Isola do Vallone). Others who have learned sorcery from Merlin include the Wise Damsel in the Italian 1553: 5211:

The Romance of the Grail: A Study of the Structure and Genesis of a Thirteenth-century Arthurian Prose Romance

4846: 8130: 8030: 6797: 5235: 3917: 1455:

which formed a now-iconic version of the legend. Compared to some of his French sources (such as the Vulgate

1204: 1159: 1057:. There, he is often visited by Taliesin and by his own sister Ganieda (a Latinized name of Myrddin's sister 993:). Usually, the name of Merlin's mother is not stated, but it is given as Adhan in the oldest version of the 651: 581: 1088:

Mark Chorvinsky hypothesized that Merlin is based on a historical person, probably a 5th and/or 6th-century

8105: 8065: 6196: 6161: 5431:"'A land shining with goodness': Magic and Religion in Stephen R. Lawhead's "Taliesin, Merlin, and Arthur"" 1120: 7825: 2122:

with a long white beard, creating a modern wizard archetype reflected in many fantasy characters, such as

1623:, the Anglo-Saxon enemies against whom Merlin aids first Uther and then Arthur tend to be replaced by the 1602:, a young daughter of Merlin himself, called the Lady of the High Peak of Mont Dolorous, appears to guide 8070: 7960: 7260: 6666: 2074:

While some modern authors write about Merlin positively through an explicitly Christian world-view, some

1674:, who is sometimes depicted as Merlin's lover and sometimes as just his unrequited love interest. In the 3510: 8085: 7950: 6714: 6324: 6061: 2152: 1905: 1351:, a vast cyclical series of Old French prose works also known as the Vulgate Cycle, in the form of the 1053:). He eventually retires to observing stars from his house with seventy windows in the remote woods of 762: 705: 4053: 2597: 969:. At the same time, however, Geoffrey also turned Ambrosius Aurelianus into the separate character of 8040: 6845: 5908: 5803: 2847: 2809: 1577: 1427: 958: 901: 566: 5263: 4023: 7940: 2402:

of its mouth. Merlin's part in these wars is depicted in more detail in the recently-found Bristol

2053: 1967: 1611: 1561: 1419: 292: 8075: 7075: 6985: 5943: 5851: 5773: 2695:

The Manuscript and Meaning of Malory's Morte Darthur: Rubrication, Commemoration, Memorialization

1724: 1287:, telling of King Arthur's early wars and Merlin's role in them. In this text, also known as the 42: 35: 4820: 1635: 7884: 7675: 7670: 5043:

George Eliot's Originals and Contemporaries: Essays in Victorian Literary History and Biography

4971: 2392:, sometimes also attributed to Robert, features only 13 seats at the Round Table instead of 50. 1667:, claimed his 1603 unification of Britain into the United Kingdom had been foretold by Merlin. 772: 502: 5181: 5080: 5041: 4794: 4755: 4662: 4624: 4531: 4375: 4243: 4217: 4190: 4079: 3997: 3836: 3759: 3720: 3641: 3472: 3433: 3351: 3106: 2759:

Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen. "Narratives and Non-Narrtives: Aspects of Welsh Arthurian Tradition."

2666: 2628: 1759:

changed to Nymue which in turn eventually became the now-popular Nimue). She is also called a

7715: 7620: 7165: 6676: 5333: 5250: 5216: 5149: 4504: 4477: 4348: 4163: 3798: 3407: 3235: 3184: 3145: 2772: 2693: 2143: 2068: 1237:, Merlin is created as a demon spawn, but in Robert's account he is explicitly to become the 666: 378: 7830: 7820: 4689: 4585: 4570: 4449: 3668: 2734: 1183:

Emil Johann Lauffer's painting of Merlin taking the newborn Arthur to be secretly raised by

411:) into which he could metamorphose through his shamanic powers, as was notably the case for 7625: 7450: 7375: 7250: 7175: 7045: 7020: 6945: 6820: 6429: 6414: 6389: 6339: 6214: 6036: 5961: 2801: 2777:

An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures

2598:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends | Robbins Library Digital Projects" 1866: 1643: 1451: 1331: 1050: 888: 718: 354: 280: 265: 125: 111: 7998: 5840: 8: 8090: 7851: 7730: 7430: 7315: 7185: 7180: 7070: 3554:

Arthur in the Celtic Languages: The Arthurian Legend in Celtic Literatures and Traditions

2157: 1781: 1527: 1107: 916: 670: 431:(man), to mean 'madman'. It may also mean ' many names' if it was derived from the Welsh 333: 6903: 5900: 5291: 5232:"The Enchantress, the Knight and the Cleric: Authorial Surrogates in Arthurian Romance'" 5010: 4054:"September: Bristol Merlin update | News and features | University of Bristol" 3999:

The Arthur of the French: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval French and Occitan Literature

3220:

Jean-Charles Berthet, "Merlin et saint Martin ou les chemins qui ne mènent pas à Rome".

518: 7810: 7750: 7655: 7605: 7340: 7230: 7035: 6837: 6734: 6729: 6329: 6289: 6219: 5829: 5535:

Perspectives médiévales. Revue d'épistémologie des langues et littératures du Moyen Âge

5500: 5458: 5450: 4939: 4931: 4893: 4431: 4318: 4144: 4136: 2488: 1729: 1620: 1503: 1399: 938: 907: 868: 847:, an Irish tale of the wandering insane king Suibihne mac Colmáin (often Anglicised to 784: 691: 599: 261: 154: 100: 5580: 4573:. Society for the study of mediæval languages and literature – via Google Books. 3669:"Merlin; Or, The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (about 1450-1460 A.D.)" 3616: 1165:, elaborating on the brief mention by Geoffrey. This was the first popular account of 1012:. Geoffrey also told two further tales of the character. In the first, Merlin creates 7910: 7872: 7866: 7861: 7725: 7690: 7560: 7510: 7400: 6935: 6889: 6880: 6699: 6344: 6279: 5935: 5779: 5742: 5720: 5462: 5402: 5313: 5209: 5187: 5155: 5086: 5047: 4977: 4943: 4885: 4761: 4722: 4695: 4668: 4630: 4591: 4537: 4510: 4483: 4381: 4354: 4287: 4283:

Romance Rewritten: The Evolution of Middle English Romance. A Tribute to Helen Cooper

4249: 4223: 4196: 4169: 4148: 4085: 4003: 3842: 3804: 3765: 3726: 3699: 3647: 3583: 3558: 3478: 3439: 3413: 3357: 3293: 3241: 3190: 3151: 3112: 3088: 3003: 2976: 2956: 2881: 2819: 2780: 2740: 2699: 2634: 2332: 2312: 2100: 2041: 2012: 2000: 1817: 1655: 1616: 1306: 1242: 1227: 859: 796: 61: 5762: 3222:

Mémoire de maîtrise de littérature du Moyen Âge sous la direction de Philippe Walter

1732:(1874). The depicted episode in its various tellings became a major inspiration for 1569: 7972: 7710: 7685: 7445: 7390: 7365: 6990: 6613: 6419: 6399: 6354: 5538: 5442: 5366: 4923: 4423: 4414:

Griffin, Miranda (2011). "The Space of Transformation: Merlin Between Two Deaths".

4128: 3527:"WHEN I INTERVIEWED MARK CHORVINSKY - REMEMBERING A MUCH-MISSED FORTEAN AND FRIEND" 3039: 2491:

will take refuge in her now abandoned but still enchanted castle while hiding from

2223: 2209: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2057: 1714: 1540: 1518: 1415: 1102: 1001: 990: 982: 803: 740: 342: 311: 287:

prophets with no connection to Arthur, to form the composite figure that he called

241: 220: 190: 72: 5886: 1659: 1371:

further relates that after growing up in the borderlands between 'Scotland' (i.e.

595:

seeks a "fatherless child" for a blood sacrifice to strengthen his castle's tower

8095: 8035: 8025: 7856: 7780: 7640: 7630: 7530: 7520: 7515: 7495: 7440: 7385: 7310: 7085: 6704: 6694: 6648: 6623: 6603: 6581: 6569: 6379: 6284: 6041: 5976: 5893: 5873: 5847: 5836: 5818: 5798: 5786: 5769: 5396: 4716: 3953: 3623: 2997: 2096: 2033: 1972: 1862: 1799: 1691: 1199: 1125: 1093: 1017: 970: 621: 537: 269: 249: 1658:. Prophecies attributed to Merlin were also used by the 14th-century Welsh hero 1158:'s circa 1480 illumination of the story of Merlin's unholy birth as told in the 322: 7915: 7720: 7695: 7535: 7410: 7155: 7110: 7080: 7050: 7040: 6778: 6766: 6541: 6495: 4281: 2483: 2457: 2427: 2363: 2028: 1980: 1958: 1805: 1756: 1664: 1647: 1465: 1347: 1054: 994: 928: 884: 843: 779: 746: 487: 451:, which he considered the original form of Merlin's name, from the Breton word 412: 284: 233: 6896: 6576: 3617:

Annales Cambriae, from Saint Patrick to AD 682: Texts A, B & C in Parallel

2376:

Merlin's apparently own creation of the Round Table as described in the Prose

1874: 1858: 1638:

continued to be written using Merlin's name to guarantee their authenticity.

1525:

Among other medieval works dealing with the Merlin legend is the 13th-century

866:. Geoffrey had Myrddin in mind when he wrote his earliest surviving work, the 8019: 7745: 7600: 7455: 7245: 6874: 6454: 6239: 6026: 5530: 4889: 4192:

The Fall of Kings and Princes: Structure and Destruction in Arthurian Tragedy

2815: 2444: 2420: 2308: 2131: 1699: 1671: 1446: 1326: 1218: 1024:). These episodes appear in many later adaptations of Geoffrey's account. As 952: 818: 533: 307: 276: 194: 121: 31: 5791: 5398:

Merlin: Knowledge and Power through the Ages - Stephen Knight - Google Books

4286:. Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters. Boydell & Brewer. 1045:. Here, Merlin survives the reign of Arthur, whose fall he is told about by 536:

and some of the powers and other attributes of the 4th-century French Saint

7935: 7740: 7610: 7545: 7540: 7415: 6853: 6754: 6709: 6500: 6319: 6249: 5734: 4291: 2805: 2426:

also makes Merlin essentially a "half-brother" of the monster known as the

2119: 1742: 1422:. Eventually, long after Merlin is gone, his advice to dispose of the baby 1155: 1033: 1025: 525: 510: 470: 460: 364: 291:. His rendering of the character became immediately popular, especially in 5809: 5446: 4927: 4132: 3435:

The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature

1923:

One notably alternate version that has a happier ending for Merlin is the

1751:, which is the only instance of him ever intentionally misleading Arthur. 7955: 7805: 7760: 7735: 7555: 7330: 7210: 6970: 6925: 6618: 6536: 6364: 6334: 6304: 5931: 5183:

Transforming Tales: Rewriting Metamorphosis in Medieval French Literature

4081:

Transforming Tales: Rewriting Metamorphosis in Medieval French Literature

2217: 2167:. He was one of eight British magical figures who were commemorated on a 2139: 2115: 2063: 2019: 1976: 1769: 1733: 1670:

Merlin's apprentice in chivalric romances is often Arthur's half-sister,

1629: 1487: 1280: 965:

Geoffrey's account of Merlin's early life is based on the story from the

920: 883:), a character based in part on the 5th-century historical figure of the 863: 646: 629: 257: 81: 5504: 5454: 4935: 4897: 4435: 4322: 4306: 4140: 3287: 1479: 1076: 7565: 7370: 7360: 7220: 7215: 7200: 7195: 7000: 6975: 6950: 6930: 6789: 6521: 6490: 6434: 6151: 6071: 5488: 5430: 2336: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2161: 2062:

Merlin and stories involving him have continued to be popular from the

2023: 1901: 1495: 1305:

The conception of Merlin as depicted in a circa 1494 manuscript of the

1299: 1261: 1257: 1238: 1209: 1013: 943: 814: 701: 609: 576: 498: 5543: 4664:

Saracens and the Making of English Identity: The Auchinleck Manuscript

1719: 7930: 7878: 7795: 7790: 7680: 7665: 7650: 7635: 7380: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7295: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7135: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7065: 7005: 6960: 6955: 6724: 6516: 6485: 6459: 6394: 6369: 6259: 6229: 6181: 6171: 6006: 6001: 5971: 5078: 4427: 3034: 2492: 2328: 2189: 2015:

wrote in 1215: "Merlin's tumulus gave you your name, Merlebergia").

2004: 1539:

which draws heavily from it. An even more political Italian text was

1411: 1388: 1276: 1184: 1149: 1062: 1058: 876: 662: 592: 209: 177: 6091: 4757:

Propaganda and the Tudor State: Political Culture in the Westcountry

3841:. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. 3515:. Boston Public Library. New York, N.Y. : D. Appleton & Co. 469:

is an early name for Great Britain as stated in the third series of

7890: 7800: 7755: 7660: 7595: 7590: 7570: 7550: 7505: 7500: 7475: 7470: 7325: 7305: 7265: 7235: 7225: 7190: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7030: 6995: 6980: 6965: 6940: 6643: 6633: 6608: 6598: 6588: 6449: 6404: 6374: 6299: 6269: 6234: 6209: 6176: 6141: 6121: 6076: 6031: 5951: 2478: 2181: 1880:

Niniane, as the Lady of the Lake student of Merlin is known in the

1854: 1603: 1461: 1046: 855: 830: 575:

Blaise's intervention redeems Merlin from his intended role of the

5231: 3292:. Senefiance. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 51–64. 2667:"The Dublin University Magazine: A Literary and Political Journal" 2220:, also said to have been conceived by a nun without a human father 1073:

seems to have little influence on the later portrayals of Merlin.

1065:

and is also endowed with prophetic powers. Compared to Geoffrey's

476:

Celticist Alfred Owen Hughes Jarman suggested that the Welsh name

7925: 7920: 7785: 7775: 7765: 7705: 7645: 7585: 7485: 7480: 7465: 7460: 7435: 7425: 7420: 7395: 7335: 7320: 7025: 7010: 6593: 6559: 6531: 6526: 6359: 6314: 6274: 6224: 6204: 6186: 6166: 6156: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6116: 6111: 6101: 6096: 6021: 6016: 6011: 5986: 5966: 3186:

Le devin maudit: Merlin, Lailoken, Suibhne : Textes et étude

2557: 2556:, a fairy enchantress named Escorducarla, the mother of the evil 2474: 2244: 2127: 2075: 2037: 1624: 1423: 1394:

A further reworking and an alternative continuation of the Prose

1021: 986: 978: 912: 684: 633: 625: 348: 303: 299: 166: 162: 150: 140: 3409:

Magic in Merlin's Realm: A History of Occult Politics in Britain

2318:, Geoffrey's Merlin actually does not use magic in this episode. 1831:

Viviane's character in relation to Merlin is first found in the

1020:

in disguise and to father Arthur with his enemy's wife, Igerna (

7905: 7846: 7770: 7700: 7580: 7525: 7300: 7290: 7240: 7205: 7150: 7125: 7090: 7015: 6920: 6638: 6628: 6564: 6480: 6444: 6439: 6384: 6349: 6264: 6146: 6086: 5996: 5991: 3694:

Lawrence-Mathers, A. (2020) . "Chapter 6: A Demonic Heritage".

2160:, and more than a dozen different British warships each called 1932: 1683: 1679: 1376: 974: 924: 198: 1627:

or simply just invading pagans. The 15th-century English poem

862:

until he was cured of his madness by Kentigern, also known as

399:

meaning blackbird. According to Martin Aurell, the Latin form

7815: 7615: 7270: 7255: 7060: 7055: 6464: 6424: 6309: 6294: 6051: 6046: 5956: 4876:

Berthelot, Anne (2000). "Merlin and the Ladies of the Lake".

4119:

Berthelot, Anne (2000). "Merlin and the Ladies of the Lake".

3286:

Berthelot, Anne (17 January 2014). "Merlin magicien ?".

1760: 1384: 1372: 1133: 1089: 256:) is a mythical figure prominently featured in the legend of 5887:

LE DEVIN MAUDIT Merlin, Lailoken, Suibhne — Textes et études

2107:

on a 1948 stamp for the 150th anniversary of the victorious

7490: 7405: 6254: 6081: 5981: 2931:

Brian Frykenberg (2006). "Myrddin". In John T. Koch (ed.).

1861:, a legendary location today identified with the real-life 1213: 1188: 947: 158: 5930: 4718:

Prophecy, Politics and the People in Early Modern England

3643:

Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain

788:(British Library MS Cotton Claudius B VII f.224, c. 1250) 298:

Merlin's traditional biography casts him as an often-mad

4028:

University of Rochester Robbins Library Digital Projects

3972:

University of Rochester Robbins Library Digital Projects

3922:

University of Rochester Robbins Library Digital Projects

2311:

in south-west Wales. Unlike in the later accounts since

1609:

The earliest English verse romance concerning Merlin is

1494:

As the Arthurian myths were retold, Merlin's prophetic "

5079:

University of California, Los Angeles (15 March 1970).

4533:

Premodern Scotland: Literature and Governance 1420-1587

1791:, the title using the Lady's name popularized by Caxton 946:

in an illustration for a circa 1325—1350 manuscript of

275:

Geoffrey seems to have combined earlier Welsh tales of

5489:"The New Age Mage: Merlin as Contemporary Occult Icon" 5294:. Boston, Ginn & Co. – via Internet Archive. 4847:"Arthur and Gawain - Robbins Library Digital Projects" 1682:, two other witch queens, and the Lady of the Isle of 1325:"Merlin", an illustration in the 1894 Dent edition of 5292:"Studies in the fairy mythology of Arthurian romance" 3224:, Université Stendhal, Bibliothèque de Lettres, 1992. 3087:. Bruxelles, Société belge d'études celtiques, 1996 ( 2256:

Alternate forms of Merlin's name include the English

645:

Merlin chooses the fifty original knights of Uther's

3903:

Philippe Walter, "Merlin, le loup et saint Blaise".

2800: 2199: 1853:, this happens somewhere in Benwick, the kingdom of 1260:, his joking personality, and his connection to the 1245:. The infernal plot is thwarted when a priest named 1222:, an Anglo-Norman creative adaptation of Geoffrey's 1031:

Geoffrey dealt with Merlin again in his third work,

915:. In this source, Ambrosius was discovered when the 5111: 3803:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 96. 3237:

Merlin and the Discovery of Avalon in the New World

2036:, at the hands of some shepherds of the under-king 931:(the red dragon). Geoffrey retold the story in his 899:). When Geoffrey included Merlin in his next work, 813:Geoffrey's composite Merlin is based mostly on the 5208: 1596:calls her Marinaia. In the Second Continuation of 497:, the Welsh name for the town known in English as 382: 5607:"Gallery: Royal Mail: Stamps from magical realms" 5581:"The Story of Merlin and the Demons who made him" 4571:"Ulrich Füetrer's Parzival: Material and Sources" 4530:Martin, Joanna; Wingfield, Emily (16 June 2017). 3550: 3338:Bibliographical Bulletin of the Arthurian Society 2481:to be her lover. In some versions, including the 1445:) was the main source for the opening section of 532:could be also phonetically connected to the name 8017: 5428: 3693: 2118:period, Merlin has been typically depicted as a 1646:(who fought under the red dragon banner) of the 1560:The earliest Merlin text written in Germany was 1551:whom the author regarded as the Antichrist. The 1430:leads to the deaths of many, among them Arthur. 837:), probably the same as Myrddin son of Morfryn ( 5486: 4529: 4118: 1000:, the text also naming his grandfather as King 346: 4245:The Holy Grail: History, Legend, and Symbolism 3438:. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2020. 2669:. W. Curry, jun., and Company. 15 March 1864. 1987:), where he lives in a house of glass (Welsh: 1128:as "certainly" before 1100, that is predating 806:'s compilation of texts of astronomy (c. 1400) 782:in an illustration for Geoffrey of Monmouth's 6805: 5916: 5687:"How trilobites conquered prehistoric oceans" 5401:. Cornell University Press. 18 October 2018. 4688:Brinkley, Roberta Florence (13 August 2014). 3551:Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen; Poppe, Erich (2019). 3085:Dieux d'eau : Apollons celtes et gaulois 2903:"Excalibur et les mystères de la table ronde" 505:, in turn, derived from the Celtic Brittonic 41:"Merlyn" redirects here. For other uses, see 3687: 3071:Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne 1736:authors and artists of the late 19th century 1441:(along with an earlier version of the Prose 687:'s birth and the coming fall of his kingdom 665:pulling contest to prove the young Arthur's 452: 438: 407:to bring him closer to the blackbird (Latin 394: 5881:, 2 vols, EETS and Oxford University Press) 5367:"Merlin | Robbins Library Digital Projects" 4691:Arthurian Legend in the Seventeenth Century 3069: 2272:. Thomas Malory's Winchester Manuscript of 1993:Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain 1264:, the quest for which he later foretells. 919:, Vortigern, attempted to erect a tower at 778:The young Merlin reading his prophecies to 756: 492: 477: 458: 432: 426: 388: 368: 358: 326: 8051:Fictional characters with mental disorders 7946:Locations associated with Arthurian legend 6812: 6798: 5923: 5909: 5776:. Numerous texts and art concerning Merlin 5303: 5301: 4969: 4797:. Printed at the "Welsh gazette" offices. 4377:Heroes and Anti-heroes in Medieval Romance 3667:Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (15 March 1865). 3051: 3049: 2876:Markale, J (1995). Belle N. Burke (trans) 841:) mentioned in the Welsh Triads, and with 272:and prose successors in the 13th century. 71: 5739:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 5542: 4875: 4373: 4307:"Malory's Merlin: An Ambiguous Magician?" 3947: 3945: 3943: 3285: 2933:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 2796: 2794: 2792: 1865:in Brittany. A Breton tradition cited by 6819: 5780:Timeless Myths: The Many Faces of Merlin 5763:Merlin: Texts, Images, Basic Information 5714: 5334:"Merlin's Mount, Marlborough, Wiltshire" 5206: 5082:Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4793:Davies, Jonathan Ceredig (8 June 1911). 4714: 4687: 4476:Sauer, Michelle M. (24 September 2015). 4279: 4084:. Oxford University Press. p. 185. 3718: 3666: 3639: 3508: 3470: 3349: 3233: 2953:Merlin and Wales: A Magician's Landscape 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2732: 2626: 2307:The stones, in actuality, came from the 2095: 1941: 1718: 1708: 1478: 1345:was incorporated as a foundation of the 1202:retold and expanded on this material in 1139: 1080:An illustration of Merlin as a druid in 1075: 937: 875:Geoffrey was further inspired by Emrys ( 321: 87:The Story of King Arthur and His Knights 7171:Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor) 5298: 5215:. Manchester University Press. p. 5179: 4587:Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail 4502: 4413: 4350:A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle 4077: 3796: 3757: 3696:The True History of Merlin the Magician 3577: 3571: 3182: 3143: 3046: 2996:Weiss, Adelaide Marie (16 March 1970). 2691: 956:, an expanded adaptation of Geoffrey's 728:Blaise writes down the story of Merlin 628:though a spell by Merlin and conceives 14: 8018: 7986: 5587:from the original on 23 September 2023 5361: 5359: 5229: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5039: 5008: 4913: 4792: 4753: 4660: 4622: 4304: 4188: 3940: 3875:"Vision de Galaad, Perceval et Bohort" 3108:Dictionnaire de mythologie arthurienne 3104: 2872: 2870: 2837: 2835: 2789: 2032:tells that Merlin himself underwent a 1999:). One site of his tomb is said to be 1426:through an event evoking the Biblical 1241:intended to reverse the effect of the 977:, Geoffrey's Merlin is fathered by an 367:suggests that Geoffrey chose the form 6793: 5904: 5700:from the original on 13 October 2023. 5559:– via journals.openedition.org. 5528: 5290:Paton, Lucy Allen (9 November 1903). 5289: 5129:from the original on 11 November 2012 4909: 4907: 4857:from the original on 19 November 2017 4475: 4346: 4248:. Courier Corporation. January 2006. 4114: 4112: 3640:Bromwich, Rachel (15 November 2014). 3405: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3147:Lancelot et la chevalerie arthurienne 2995: 2938: 2728: 2726: 2608:from the original on 28 November 2020 1474: 1449:'s English-language compilation work 1198:Around the turn of the 13th century, 1169:motif in Western Christian literature 981:demon through a nun, daughter of the 821:, that is Myrddin the Wild (known as 486: 268:and then built on by the French poet 7901:List of legendary rulers of Cornwall 7161:Constans II (son of Constantine III) 5821:, a Chronicle documentary on YouTube 5733: 5617:from the original on 11 October 2018 5493:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 5307: 5147: 5021:from the original on 8 February 2023 4970:Roussineau, Gilles (15 March 1987). 4827:from the original on 1 November 2023 4583: 4568: 4550:from the original on 15 January 2023 4215: 4161: 3834: 3340:Vol. LIX (2007). Page 108, item 302. 3234:Phillips, Graham (12 October 2005). 3125:from the original on 5 November 2023 2975:. Collins Gem. HarperCollins. 2009. 1398:were included within the subsequent 341:The name Merlin is derived from the 5356: 5310:Merlin, the Prophet and his History 5168: 4219:Lancelot-Grail: The Story of Merlin 4002:. University of Wales Press. 2020. 3968:"Arthur and the Sword in the Stone" 3719:Goodrich, Peter H. (22 June 2004). 3105:Walter, Philippe (1 January 2015). 2965: 2935:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. p. 1326. 2867: 2832: 2811:The History of the Kings of Britain 2779:, p.440. New York: Pantheon Books. 2627:Goodrich, Peter H. (15 June 2004). 1892:, which predates the later Vulgate 942:Giants help the young Merlin build 549:Stories and earliest known sources 24: 8126:People whose existence is disputed 7896:List of legendary kings of Britain 5099:from the original on 15 March 2023 5085:. University of California Press. 5060:from the original on 15 March 2023 5040:Haight, Gordon S. (18 June 1992). 4990:from the original on 15 March 2023 4904: 4754:Cooper, John P. D. (8 June 2003). 4503:Consoli, Joseph P. (4 July 2013). 4109: 3675:from the original on 16 March 2023 3452:from the original on 16 March 2023 3266: 3254:from the original on 16 March 2023 3016:from the original on 16 March 2023 2723: 2673:from the original on 15 March 2023 2647:from the original on 15 March 2023 2226:, a location under Tintagel Castle 1502:) in favor of portraying him as a 927:(the white dragon) and the native 858:in the 6th century. He roamed the 700:Merlin sets up the search for the 169:, others (depending on the source) 25: 8142: 5756: 5344:from the original on 1 March 2020 4795:"Folk-lore of West and Mid-Wales" 4584:Nutt, Alfred (13 February 2019). 4034:from the original on 19 June 2019 3978:from the original on 19 June 2019 3954:Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance 3928:from the original on 19 June 2019 2855:from the original on 29 June 2011 2047: 1871:Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance 7997: 7985: 6772: 6760: 6748: 5679: 5654: 5629: 5599: 5573: 5563: 5551:from the original on 2 June 2023 5522: 5480: 5422: 5389: 5377:from the original on 4 July 2019 5326: 5283: 5270: 5223: 5200: 5141: 5072: 4801:from the original on 3 June 2023 4774:from the original on 3 June 2023 4735:from the original on 5 June 2023 4604:from the original on 1 June 2023 3885:from the original on 4 June 2023 3855:from the original on 4 June 2023 3778:from the original on 21 May 2023 3739:from the original on 21 May 2023 3471:Goodrich, Peter H. (June 2004). 3350:Goodrich, Peter H. (June 2004). 3306:from the original on 2 June 2023 3164:from the original on 2 June 2023 3144:Markale, Jean (1 January 1985). 2913:from the original on 2 June 2023 2733:Goodrich, Peter H. (June 2004). 2569: 2563:Perceval, the Story of the Grail 2546: 2525: 2512: 2202: 1798: 1780: 1599:Perceval, the Story of the Grail 1549:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 1341:The extended prose rendering of 1318: 1298: 1176: 1148: 802:An older Merlin as portrayed in 795: 771: 562:Birth from a virgin and a demon 440:Myrdhinn, ou l'Enchanteur Merlin 403:is a euphony of the Celtic form 302:, born of a mortal woman and an 5708: 5668:from the original on 2023-12-21 5511:from the original on 2023-06-02 5469:from the original on 2023-06-05 5238:from the original on 2021-08-13 5151:Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot, pt. I 5033: 5002: 4963: 4950: 4869: 4839: 4821:"What are Merlin's Prophecies?" 4813: 4786: 4747: 4708: 4681: 4654: 4643:from the original on 2023-11-05 4616: 4577: 4562: 4523: 4496: 4469: 4458:from the original on 2022-04-14 4442: 4407: 4394: 4367: 4340: 4329:from the original on 2023-03-28 4305:Greene, Wendy Tibbetts (1987). 4298: 4273: 4262:from the original on 2023-11-05 4236: 4209: 4182: 4165:Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot, pt. I 4155: 4098:from the original on 2023-06-05 4071: 4060:from the original on 2021-09-10 4046: 4016: 3990: 3960: 3910: 3897: 3867: 3828: 3817:from the original on 2023-06-04 3790: 3751: 3712: 3660: 3633: 3609: 3596: 3544: 3533:from the original on 2023-11-05 3519: 3502: 3491:from the original on 2023-07-07 3464: 3426: 3406:Young, Francis (3 March 2022). 3399: 3388:from the original on 2020-03-31 3370: 3343: 3331: 3318: 3227: 3214: 3203:from the original on 2024-04-04 3176: 3137: 3098: 3077: 3062: 3028: 2989: 2925: 2895: 2766: 2712:from the original on 2024-04-04 2498: 2467: 2450: 2433: 2409: 2395: 2370: 2356: 2342: 2321: 2301: 1061:), who has become queen of the 624:takes on the appearance of the 491:) was derived from the toponym 457:(wonder) to mean 'wonder man'. 7967:Vera historia de morte Arthuri 6720:King Arthur's messianic return 4612:– via Project Gutenberg. 3951:Loomis, Roger Sherman (1927). 3671:. Early English Text Society. 3412:. Cambridge University Press. 3314:– via OpenEdition Books. 3289:Magie et illusion au Moyen Âge 3183:Berthet, Jean-Charles (1999). 2753: 2685: 2659: 2620: 2590: 2291: 2250: 2237: 1997:Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain 1554:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland 513:proposed a similar etymology: 377:to avoid a resemblance to the 13: 1: 8121:Male characters in television 8116:Male characters in literature 5529:Zussa, Gaëlle (1 June 2009). 4661:Calkin, Siobhain Bly (2013). 4569:Boyd, James (15 April 1936). 4195:. Stanford University Press. 3758:Markale, Jean (1 June 1995). 3646:. University of Wales Press. 3615:Gough-Cooper, Henry (2012). " 3606:, Cengage Gale, 1994, p. 115. 3557:. University of Wales Press. 3512:The Rose, or Affection's Gift 3074:, Errance, Paris (in French). 2955:, 2004. Thames & Hudson. 2583: 2541:The Shriek of the Sage Merlin 2026:, Scotland. The 15th-century 2007:, known in medieval times as 1979:tradition, Merlin retires to 1545:Expositio Sybillae et Merlini 1359:), also known as the Vulgate 1092:living in southern Scotland. 8056:Fiction about the Antichrist 5154:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4222:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4189:Guerin, M. Victoria (1995). 3957:. Columbia University Press. 2692:Whetter, Kevin Sean (2017). 1951:Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard 1387:from before the marriage to 1187:. Merlin is often linked to 1121:The Black Book of Carmarthen 1041:are the same as told in the 739:Entrapment of Merlin by the 7: 7961:Trojan genealogy of Nennius 7261:Eldol, Consul of Gloucester 5801:of the "Merlin" episode of 5715:Goodrich, Peter H. (2004). 5186:. Oxford University Press. 5009:Mangle, Josh (1 May 2018). 4536:. Oxford University Press. 2195: 2169:series of UK postage stamps 2109:Battle of St. George's Caye 1947:Bradamante at Merlin's Tomb 1606:towards the Grail Castle. 1375:lands) and 'Ireland' (i.e. 345:name of the legendary bard 10: 8147: 7951:Treason of the Long Knives 6715:Historicity of King Arthur 4479:Gender in Medieval Culture 3630:, Issue 15 (October 2012). 3068:Delamarre, Xavier (2021), 2051: 1906:Knights of the Round Table 1712: 1576:, in the section based on 1522:, never to be seen again. 763:Historicity of King Arthur 760: 706:Knights of the Round Table 413:Merlin's Irish counterpart 363:in his works. Medievalist 40: 30:For the bird species, see 29: 7981: 7839: 7826:Æthelfrith of Northumbria 6913: 6864: 6846:Historia Regum Britanniae 6827: 6743: 6687: 6659: 6550: 6509: 6473: 6195: 6060: 5942: 5772:, Camelot Project at the 5429:Doherty, John J. (1999). 5180:Griffin, Miranda (2015). 5107:– via Google Books. 5068:– via Google Books. 4998:– via Google Books. 4809:– via Google Books. 4782:– via Google Books. 4704:– via Google Books. 4590:. The Folk-Lore Society. 4519:– via Google Books. 4482:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4311:Arthurian Interpretations 3786:– via Google Books. 3747:– via Google Books. 3698:. Yale University Press. 3683:– via Google Books. 3656:– via Google Books. 3578:Tolstoy, Nikolai (1985). 3460:– via Google Books. 3262:– via Google Books. 3172:– via Google Books. 3133:– via Google Books. 3024:– via Google Books. 2848:Oxford English Dictionary 2681:– via Google Books. 2655:– via Google Books. 2067:character." According to 1787:Edward Burne-Jones' 1861 1578:Albrecht von Scharfenberg 1511:(also known as the Didot 1428:Massacre of the Innocents 1043:Historia Regum Britanniae 959:Historia Regum Britanniae 902:Historia Regum Britanniae 639:Historia Regum Britanniae 615:Historia Regum Britanniae 567:Historia Regum Britanniae 543: 459: 421:may be a combination of * 373:rather than the expected 327: 215: 205: 183: 173: 146: 136: 131: 117: 107: 95: 70: 58: 53: 7941:Siege of Exeter (c. 630) 5879:Of Arthour and of Merlin 5866:Of Arthour and of Merlin 5487:Goodrich, Peter (1992). 5338:The Northern Antiquarian 5207:Bogdanow, Fanni (1966). 5148:Lacy, Norris J. (2010). 4629:. Boydell & Brewer. 4374:Cartlidge, Neil (2012). 4216:Lacy, Norris J. (2010). 4168:. Boydell & Brewer. 4162:Lacy, Norris J. (2010). 3761:Merlin: Priest of Nature 3509:Marshall, Emily (1848). 2878:Merlin: Priest of Nature 2698:. Boydell & Brewer. 2537:Baladro del sabio Merlin 2230: 2150:, the literary magazine 2054:Fiction featuring Merlin 1612:Of Arthour and of Merlin 1586:Les Fils du Roi Constant 1562:Caesarius of Heisterbach 1420:self-fulfilling prophecy 933:Historia Regum Britanniæ 757:Geoffrey and his sources 554:Selected Merlin episodes 8111:Male characters in film 8081:Fictional shapeshifters 7076:Camber (legendary king) 6986:Augustine of Canterbury 6355:Lady/Ladies of the Lake 5852:University of Rochester 5774:University of Rochester 5692:National History Museum 5308:Ashe, Geoffrey (2008). 4973:Le roman de Perceforest 4626:The Legend of the Grail 3838:Celtic Culture: A-Celti 3326:The Discovery of Arthur 2552:In the Italian romance 2335:-associated "enchanted 2146:, the handheld console 1725:The Beguiling of Merlin 557:Earliest known sources 383: 347: 317: 132:In-universe information 43:Merlyn (disambiguation) 36:Merlin (disambiguation) 8101:Legendary Welsh people 7885:Gesta Regum Britanniae 7676:Quintus Laberius Durus 7671:Publius Septimius Geta 6624:Land/Castle of Maidens 5884:Phillip Walter (ed.), 5258:Cite journal requires 5230:Larrington, Carolyne. 4623:Bryant, Nigel (2004). 3797:Johnson, F.F. (2012). 3764:. Simon and Schuster. 3240:. Simon and Schuster. 3070: 2763:. 21. (2004): 115–136. 2142:, the British company 2111: 2094: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1971:and the local lore of 1962: 1954: 1810:Romance of King Arthur 1737: 1690:, and the male wizard 1491: 1212:epic poem inspired by 1100:A late version of the 1085: 962: 493: 478: 453: 439: 433: 427: 395: 389: 369: 359: 338: 253: 245: 237: 34:. For other uses, see 27:Legendary Welsh wizard 8061:Fictional half-demons 8046:Fictional astronomers 7621:Oswald of Northumbria 7166:Constantine the Great 5447:10.1353/art.1999.0063 5123:Sydney Morning Herald 4928:10.1353/art.2000.0035 4715:Thornton, T. (2006). 4347:Dover, Carol (2003). 4133:10.1353/art.2000.0029 3918:"The Birth of Merlin" 3378:"Building Stonehenge" 2773:Katharine Mary Briggs 2276:used, in addition to 2144:Merlin Entertainments 2099: 2089: 2069:Stephen Thomas Knight 2052:Further information: 1945: 1812:(1917) abridged from 1722: 1709:Tales of Merlin's end 1484:Merlin, the Enchanter 1482: 1140:Romance reimagination 1124:, which was dated by 1079: 941: 823:Merlinus Caledonensis 325: 8131:Supernatural legends 8031:Arthurian characters 7626:Oswiu of Northumbria 7451:Julius Asclepiodotus 7376:Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio 7251:Edwin of Northumbria 7176:Constantine (Briton) 7046:Budic II of Brittany 7021:Bledric ap Custennin 6946:Ambrosius Aurelianus 6821:Geoffrey of Monmouth 6390:Lynette and Lyonesse 6215:Angharad Golden-Hand 6037:Ambrosius Aurelianus 5119:"The enchanted wood" 4078:Griffin, M. (2015). 3604:Geoffrey of Monmouth 3580:The Quest for Merlin 2880:. Inner Traditions. 2814:. Penguin Classics. 2802:Geoffrey of Monmouth 2761:Arthurian Literature 2518:In the Post-Vulgate 2506:Prophéties de Merlin 1918:Prophéties de Merlin 1867:Roger Sherman Loomis 1808:'s illustration for 1694:in the Post-Vulgate 1676:Prophéties de Merlin 1652:King Arthur's return 1644:Henry VII of England 1594:La Storia di Merlino 1590:Pandragus et Libanor 1566:Dialogus Miraculorum 1533:Prophéties de Merlin 1402:as the Post-Vulgate 1277:sword from the stone 1051:Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio 889:Ambrosius Aurelianus 856:wild man of the wood 683:Arthur is warned of 484:Welsh pronunciation: 425:(mad) and the Welsh 355:Geoffrey of Monmouth 266:Geoffrey of Monmouth 260:and best known as a 126:Ambrosius Aurelianus 112:Geoffrey of Monmouth 84:'s illustration for 78:The Enchanter Merlin 8106:Literary archetypes 8066:Fictional humanoids 7852:Battle of Arfderydd 7731:Silvius (mythology) 7431:Ingenius of Britain 7316:Gogmagog (folklore) 7186:Cordelia of Britain 7181:Constantius Chlorus 7071:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 5811:Merlin — The Legend 5371:d.lib.rochester.edu 4760:. Clarendon Press. 4294:– via PubMed. 3835:Koch, J.T. (2006). 3582:. Hamish Hamilton. 3529:. 17 October 2020. 2890:Merlin L'Enchanteur 2602:d.lib.rochester.edu 2382:Joseph d'Arathmetia 2081:tradition sylvestre 1696:Merlin Continuation 1688:Historia di Merlino 1547:, directed against 1528:Le Roman de Silence 1285:Merlin Continuation 1108:battle of Arfderydd 917:King of the Britons 839:Myrddin map Morfryn 671:King of the Britons 550: 334:Nuremberg Chronicle 201:(romance tradition) 48:Fictional character 8071:Fictional prophets 7831:Œthelwald of Deira 7821:Æthelberht of Kent 7811:Wulfhere of Mercia 7751:Son of Gorbonianus 7656:Pir of the Britons 7606:Nennius of Britain 7341:Gracianus Municeps 7231:Dunvallo Molmutius 7036:Brutus Greenshield 6838:Prophetiae Merlini 6779:History portal 6767:England portal 6735:Tristan and Iseult 6730:Knight of the Swan 6330:Guiron le Courtois 6290:Elaine of Corbenic 6220:Anguish of Ireland 5892:2023-10-07 at the 5872:2021-11-06 at the 5846:2004-04-06 at the 5835:2004-03-04 at the 5817:2023-05-20 at the 5797:2018-11-09 at the 5785:2011-01-09 at the 5768:2010-08-27 at the 5717:Merlin: A Casebook 5583:. 4 October 2020. 5518:– via JSTOR. 5476:– via JSTOR. 5278:Merlin: A Casebook 4976:. Librairie Droz. 4958:Merlin: A Casebook 3722:Merlin: A Casebook 3622:2013-05-15 at the 3474:Merlin: A Casebook 3353:Merlin: A Casebook 3328:, Owl Books, 1987. 3150:. Editions Imago. 3111:. Editions Imago. 2736:Merlin: A Casebook 2630:Merlin: A Casebook 2489:Tristan and Iseult 2112: 2085:Merlin: A Casebook 1955: 1904:(one of the early 1738: 1730:Edward Burne-Jones 1621:Kingdom of England 1574:Buch der Abenteuer 1492: 1475:Later developments 1400:Post-Vulgate Cycle 1086: 1010:Prophetiae Merlini 967:Historia Brittonum 963: 908:Historia Brittonum 869:Prophetiae Merlini 785:Prophetiae Merlini 692:Post-Vulgate Cycle 600:Historia Brittonum 548: 467:Merlin's Enclosure 339: 289:Merlinus Ambrosius 101:Prophetiae Merlini 8086:Fictional wizards 8013: 8012: 7911:Matter of Britain 7873:Brut y Tywysogion 7867:Battle of Guoloph 7862:Battle of Camlann 7726:Septimius Severus 7691:Regan (King Lear) 7561:Marius of Britain 7511:Lucius of Britain 7401:Hengist and Horsa 6936:Alhfrith of Deira 6890:Brut y Brenhinedd 6787: 6786: 6700:Battle of Camlann 6474:Animal characters 6430:Percival's sister 6280:Elaine of Astolat 5936:Matter of Britain 5748:978-1-85109-440-0 5726:978-1-135-58340-8 5544:10.4000/peme.2803 5499:(1 (17)): 42–73. 5319:978-0-7509-4149-5 5193:978-0-19-968698-8 5161:978-1-84384-226-2 5125:. 26 March 2005. 4767:978-0-19-926387-5 4728:978-1-84383-259-1 4674:978-1-135-47171-2 4543:978-0-19-109148-3 4489:978-1-4411-8694-2 4387:978-1-84384-304-7 4360:978-0-85991-783-4 4229:978-1-84384-234-7 4202:978-0-8047-2290-2 4091:978-0-19-968698-8 4009:978-1-78683-743-1 3848:978-1-85109-440-0 3810:978-0-7864-9234-3 3602:Curley, Michael, 3564:978-1-78683-344-0 3484:978-1-135-58340-8 3196:978-2-84310-018-5 2982:978-0-00-728959-2 2886:978-0-89281-517-3 2825:978-0-14-044170-3 2705:978-1-84384-453-2 2456:As summarized by 2333:Celtic Otherworld 2280:, also the forms 2274:Le Morte d'Arthur 2268:, and the Breton 2156:, the metal band 2042:Thomas the Rhymer 2001:Marlborough Mound 1900:, the young King 1855:Lancelot's father 1851:Le Morte d'Arthur 1843:Le Morte d'Arthur 1824: 1818:Alfred W. Pollard 1814:Le Morte d'Arthur 1678:, he also tutors 1656:Wars of the Roses 1636:Agrippa d'Aubigné 1509:Perceval en prose 1452:Le Morte d'Arthur 1353:Estoire de Merlin 1332:Le Morte d'Arthur 1243:Harrowing of Hell 1233:As in Geoffrey's 1228:chivalric romance 1167:demonic parentage 860:Caledonian Forest 827:Merlin Sylvestris 754: 753: 669:to the throne of 488:[ˈmərðin] 437:, myriad. In his 227: 226: 62:Matter of Britain 16:(Redirected from 8138: 8041:English folklore 8004:Wikisource texts 8001: 7989: 7988: 7973:Walter of Oxford 7711:Rud Hud Hudibras 7686:Redon of Britain 7446:Julius and Aaron 7391:Helena (empress) 7366:Gurguit Barbtruc 6991:Aurelius Conanus 6814: 6807: 6800: 6791: 6790: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6755:Wales portal 6753: 6752: 6751: 6614:Esplumoir Merlin 6420:Nine sorceresses 6400:Mark of Cornwall 6285:Elaine of Benoic 6197:Other characters 6082:Bors the Younger 5977:Elaine of Garlot 5925: 5918: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5752: 5730: 5702: 5701: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5639:. Archived from 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5546: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5340:. 10 June 2010. 5330: 5324: 5323: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5177: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4428:10.2307/43632466 4411: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3949: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3637: 3631: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3382:English Heritage 3374: 3368: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3324:Ashe, Geoffrey. 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3283: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3102: 3096: 3083:Claude Sterckx, 3081: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3040:Hibbert Lectures 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2973:Welsh Dictionary 2969: 2963: 2951:Dames, Michael. 2949: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2909:. 6 April 2011. 2899: 2893: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2798: 2787: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2594: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2550: 2544: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2471: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2413: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2388:continuation of 2374: 2368: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2340: 2325: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2212: 2210:Mythology portal 2207: 2206: 2205: 2124:J. R. R. Tolkien 2058:Merlin in comics 1884:continuation of 1822: 1802: 1789:Merlin and Nimue 1784: 1715:Lady of the Lake 1572:'s 15th-century 1541:Joachim of Fiore 1416:Lady of the Lake 1322: 1302: 1255: 1180: 1152: 1112:Annales Cambriae 1103:Annales Cambriae 991:South West Wales 895:, also known as 804:Alfonso the Wise 799: 775: 722: 626:Duke of Cornwall 608:Construction of 551: 547: 496: 490: 485: 481: 464: 463: 456: 442: 436: 430: 398: 392: 386: 372: 362: 352: 331:(Merlin) in the 330: 329: 312:Lady of the Lake 283:, two legendary 223:", British woods 221:Esplumoir Merlin 191:Lady of the Lake 187: 96:First appearance 75: 64: 51: 50: 21: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8009: 7977: 7857:Battle of Badon 7835: 7781:Uther Pendragon 7641:Penda of Mercia 7631:Owain mab Urien 7531:Maelgwn Gwynedd 7521:Lud son of Heli 7516:Lucius Tiberius 7496:Leir of Britain 7441:Jago of Britain 7386:Queen Gwendolen 7311:Goffar the Pict 7086:Capetus Silvius 6909: 6860: 6823: 6818: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6705:Dolorous Stroke 6695:Battle of Badon 6683: 6655: 6649:Tintagel Castle 6604:Chapel perilous 6582:Val sans retour 6570:Glastonbury Tor 6546: 6505: 6469: 6320:Green Knight(s) 6245:Black Knight(s) 6230:Balin and Balan 6191: 6063: 6056: 6042:Uther Pendragon 5938: 5929: 5894:Wayback Machine 5874:Wayback Machine 5848:Wayback Machine 5837:Wayback Machine 5819:Wayback Machine 5799:Wayback Machine 5787:Wayback Machine 5770:Wayback Machine 5759: 5749: 5727: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5306: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5271: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5228: 5224: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5015:Graduate Theses 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4912: 4905: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4823:. 9 June 2021. 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4303: 4299: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4117: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3950: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3624:Wayback Machine 3614: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3446: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3300: 3284: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3047: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2950: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2799: 2790: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2551: 2547: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2499: 2472: 2468: 2455: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2326: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2060: 2050: 1927:section of the 1914:Tale of the Cry 1910:Conte del Brait 1898:Suite de Merlin 1863:Paimpont forest 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1717: 1711: 1477: 1404:Suite du Merlin 1357:Story of Merlin 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1289:Suite du Merlin 1249: 1200:Robert de Boron 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1153: 1142: 1126:Rachel Bromwich 1094:Nikolai Tolstoy 1018:Tintagel Castle 971:Uther Pendragon 815:North Brythonic 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 800: 791: 790: 789: 776: 765: 759: 716: 622:Uther Pendragon 546: 538:Martin of Tours 483: 320: 270:Robert de Boron 185: 91: 60: 49: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Merlin (wizard) 15: 12: 11: 5: 8144: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8076:Fictional owls 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 7995: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7916:Molmutine Laws 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Sawyl Penuchel 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Rhydderch Hael 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Magnus Maximus 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7411:Humber the Hun 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7156:Conan Meriadoc 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Cassivellaunus 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7081:Cap of Britain 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Cadfan ap Iago 7048: 7043: 7041:Brutus of Troy 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6878: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6542:Siege Perilous 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6496:Questing Beast 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6305:Fisher King(s) 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Bors the Elder 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6062:Knights of the 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5882: 5862: 5856:Vulgate Merlin 5822: 5807: 5792:BBC audio file 5789: 5777: 5758: 5757:External links 5755: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5731: 5725: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5678: 5653: 5628: 5598: 5572: 5562: 5521: 5479: 5421: 5407: 5388: 5355: 5325: 5318: 5297: 5282: 5269: 5260:|journal= 5222: 5199: 5192: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5110: 5091: 5071: 5052: 5032: 5001: 4982: 4962: 4949: 4903: 4868: 4838: 4812: 4785: 4766: 4746: 4727: 4707: 4700: 4680: 4673: 4653: 4635: 4615: 4596: 4576: 4561: 4542: 4522: 4515: 4495: 4488: 4468: 4441: 4406: 4402:Celtic Culture 4393: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4339: 4297: 4272: 4254: 4235: 4228: 4208: 4201: 4181: 4174: 4154: 4108: 4090: 4070: 4045: 4024:"Prose Merlin" 4015: 4008: 3989: 3959: 3939: 3909: 3896: 3879:BnF Essentiels 3866: 3847: 3827: 3809: 3789: 3770: 3750: 3731: 3711: 3705:978-0300253085 3704: 3686: 3659: 3652: 3632: 3628:The Heroic Age 3608: 3595: 3588: 3570: 3563: 3543: 3518: 3501: 3483: 3463: 3444: 3425: 3418: 3398: 3369: 3362: 3342: 3330: 3317: 3298: 3265: 3246: 3226: 3213: 3195: 3175: 3156: 3136: 3117: 3097: 3076: 3061: 3057:Celtic Culture 3045: 3027: 3008: 2988: 2981: 2964: 2937: 2924: 2894: 2888:. (Originally 2866: 2831: 2824: 2788: 2765: 2752: 2745: 2722: 2704: 2684: 2658: 2639: 2619: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2554:Tavola Ritonda 2545: 2524: 2511: 2497: 2484:Tavola Ritonda 2466: 2458:Anne Berthelot 2449: 2432: 2428:Questing Beast 2408: 2394: 2386:Didot-Perceval 2369: 2364:Northumberland 2355: 2341: 2320: 2300: 2290: 2249: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2213: 2197: 2194: 2171:issued by the 2049: 2048:Modern culture 2046: 2029:Scotichronicon 2011:(the Abbot of 1981:Bardsey Island 1929:Livre du Graal 1925:Premiers Faits 1833:Lancelot-Grail 1806:Arthur Rackham 1804: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1757:William Caxton 1710: 1707: 1665:James VI and I 1648:House of Tudor 1570:Ulrich Füetrer 1476: 1473: 1348:Lancelot-Grail 1324: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1182: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1154: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1138: 929:Celtic Britons 911:attributed to 885:Romano-British 844:Buile Shuibhne 817:poet and seer 801: 794: 793: 792: 780:King Vortigern 777: 770: 769: 768: 767: 766: 758: 755: 752: 751: 750:(before 1235) 747:Lancelot-Grail 743: 736: 735: 729: 725: 724: 708: 697: 696: 688: 680: 679: 673: 659: 658: 649: 642: 641: 636: 618: 617: 612: 605: 604: 596: 589: 588: 579: 572: 571: 563: 559: 558: 555: 545: 542: 509:, 'sea fort'. 445:La Villemarqué 319: 316: 225: 224: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 188: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 129: 128: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 97: 93: 92: 76: 68: 67: 56: 55: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8143: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 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7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6875:Roman de Brut 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6672:List of works 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Tegau Eurfron 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:Red Knight(s) 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6240:Lady Bertilak 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Morgan le Fay 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5823: 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Routledge. 5718: 5713: 5712: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5643:on 2023-09-27 5642: 5638: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5410: 5408:9781501732928 5404: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5265: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5092:9780520031364 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5053:9781349126507 5049: 5045: 5044: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4983:9782600026116 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4960:, p. 149–150. 4959: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4851:rochester.edu 4848: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4701:9781317656890 4697: 4694:. Routledge. 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4667:. Routledge. 4666: 4665: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4636:9781843840060 4632: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4597:9783749406272 4593: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4516:9781136511059 4512: 4509:. Routledge. 4508: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422:(1): 85–103. 4421: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4380:. DS Brewer. 4379: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4353:. DS Brewer. 4352: 4351: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4261: 4257: 4255:9780486452791 4251: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4175:9781843842262 4171: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3884: 3881:(in French). 3880: 3876: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3771:9781620554500 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3732:9781135583408 3728: 3725:. Routledge. 3724: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3653:9781783161461 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3589:0-241-11356-3 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477:. Routledge. 3476: 3475: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3445:9781786837349 3441: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3419:9781316512401 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3356:. Routledge. 3355: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3299:9782821836143 3295: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3249: 3247:9781591439011 3243: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3157:9782849522790 3153: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3124: 3120: 3118:9782849528501 3114: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3094: 3093:2-87285-050-3 3090: 3086: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3015: 3011: 3009:9780404502232 3005: 3002:. AMS Press. 3001: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961:0-500-28496-2 2958: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2816:Penguin Books 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2786: 2785:0-394-73467-X 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2746:9781135583408 2742: 2739:. Routledge. 2738: 2737: 2729: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2640:9781135583408 2636: 2633:. Routledge. 2632: 2631: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2445:Julius Caesar 2442: 2441:Livre d'Artus 2436: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2309:Preseli Hills 2304: 2294: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2225: 2224:Merlin's Cave 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:J. K. Rowling 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Livre d'Artus 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1836:Post-Vulgate 1834: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:Morgan le Fay 1668: 1666: 1661: 1660:Owain Glyndŵr 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1500:Livre d'Artus 1497: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447:Thomas Malory 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363:or the Prose 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327:Thomas Malory 1321: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1219:Roman de Brut 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 998: 992: 988: 984: 983:King of Dyfed 980: 976: 972: 968: 961: 960: 955: 954: 953:Roman de Brut 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 903: 898: 897:Myrddin Emrys 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 870: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:Myrddin Wyllt 816: 805: 798: 787: 786: 781: 774: 764: 749: 748: 744: 742: 741:fairy Viviane 738: 737: 734: 730: 727: 726: 723:(after 1200) 720: 715: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 698: 694: 693: 689: 686: 682: 681: 678: 674: 672: 668: 664: 661: 660: 657:(after 1200) 656: 655: 650: 648: 644: 643: 640: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 619: 616: 613: 611: 607: 606: 602: 601: 597: 594: 591: 590: 586: 585: 580: 578: 574: 573: 569: 568: 564: 561: 560: 556: 553: 552: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 489: 480: 474: 472: 468: 462: 455: 450: 446: 441: 435: 429: 424: 420: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 391: 385: 380: 376: 371: 366: 361: 357:Latinised to 356: 351: 350: 344: 336: 335: 324: 315: 313: 309: 308:shapeshifting 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 222: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:Morgan le Fay 192: 189: 182: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 130: 127: 123: 122:Myrddin Wyllt 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 98: 94: 89: 88: 83: 79: 74: 69: 65: 63: 57: 52: 44: 37: 33: 32:Merlin (bird) 19: 8003: 7991: 7965: 7936:River Malvam 7883: 7871: 7741:Sisillius II 7611:Octa of Kent 7575: 7546:Queen Marcia 7541:Mandubracius 7416:Iago ap Beli 6902: 6895: 6888: 6882: 6873: 6866:Translations 6854:Vita Merlini 6852: 6844: 6836: 6710:Loathly lady 6667:Bibliography 6501:Twrch Trwyth 6409: 6250:Blanchefleur 5885: 5878: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5830:Introduction 5825: 5810: 5802: 5741:. ABC-CLIO. 5738: 5716: 5709:Bibliography 5690: 5681: 5670:. Retrieved 5662:"Trilobites" 5656: 5645:. Retrieved 5641:the original 5631: 5621:22 September 5619:. Retrieved 5611:The Guardian 5610: 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5575: 5565: 5553:. Retrieved 5534: 5524: 5513:. Retrieved 5496: 5492: 5482: 5471:. Retrieved 5441:(1): 57–66. 5438: 5434: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5397: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5370: 5346:. Retrieved 5337: 5328: 5309: 5285: 5277: 5272: 5251:cite journal 5240:. Retrieved 5225: 5210: 5202: 5182: 5150: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5122: 5113: 5101:. Retrieved 5081: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5046:. Springer. 5042: 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 5014: 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4972: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4922:(1): 82–93. 4919: 4915: 4884:(1): 55–81. 4881: 4877: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4831:17 September 4829:. Retrieved 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4756: 4749: 4737:. Retrieved 4717: 4710: 4690: 4683: 4663: 4656: 4645:. Retrieved 4625: 4618: 4606:. 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Retrieved 2601: 2592: 2571: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2505: 2500: 2482: 2473:The Italian 2469: 2461: 2452: 2440: 2435: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2323: 2314: 2303: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:, the Welsh 2257: 2252: 2239: 2180: 2163: 2151: 2120:wise old man 2113: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2061: 2034:triple-death 2027: 2017: 2008: 1973:Merlin's Oak 1966: 1963:Bryn Myrddin 1956: 1946: 1937:Vita Merlini 1936: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1813: 1809: 1788: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1748: 1743:femme fatale 1741: 1739: 1723: 1701: 1695: 1687: 1675: 1669: 1640: 1628: 1610: 1608: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1537:Il Novellino 1536: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1407: 1406:or the Huth 1403: 1395: 1393: 1380: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1330: 1308: 1288: 1284: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1234: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1203: 1197: 1161: 1156:Jean Colombe 1130:Vita Merlini 1129: 1119: 1116:Vita Merlini 1115: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1087: 1081: 1070: 1066: 1042: 1039:Vita Merlini 1038: 1034:Vita Merlini 1032: 1030: 1026:Lewis Thorpe 1009: 1006: 996: 966: 964: 957: 951: 932: 906: 900: 896: 893:Emrys Wledig 892: 891:(Welsh name 880: 874: 867: 853: 848: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 812: 783: 745: 732: 712: 704:by Arthur's 690: 676: 667:divine right 653: 638: 614: 598: 583: 565: 529: 526:Jean Markale 523: 514: 511:Eric P. Hamp 506: 475: 471:Welsh Triads 466: 461:Clas Myrddin 448: 422: 418: 417: 408: 404: 400: 387:(from Latin 379:Anglo-Norman 374: 365:Gaston Paris 340: 332: 297: 288: 274: 229: 228: 184:Significant 99: 85: 77: 59: 7956:Trinovantum 7806:Vortiporius 7761:Tasciovanus 7736:Sisillius I 7556:Marganus II 7331:Gorbonianus 7211:Saint David 6971:King Arthur 6926:Saint Alban 6904:Merlínússpá 6897:Breta sögur 6619:Joyous Gard 6577:Brocéliande 6537:Round Table 6365:Leodegrance 6335:Gwenhwyfach 6064:Round Table 5962:Constantine 5932:King Arthur 5804:In Our Time 4721:. Boydell. 4416:Medium Ævum 2218:Garab Dorje 2140:2598 Merlin 2064:Renaissance 2020:River Tweed 2013:Cirencester 2009:Merlebergia 1991:) with the 1977:North Welsh 1875:Île de Sein 1859:Brocéliande 1770:Perceforest 1630:Sir Gowther 1488:Louis Rhead 1466:non-cyclic 1281:Round Table 1250: [ 921:Dinas Emrys 887:war leader 864:Saint Mungo 717: [ 647:Round Table 524:Folklorist 494:Caerfyrddin 258:King Arthur 82:Howard Pyle 8091:Holy Grail 8020:Categories 7566:Mempricius 7371:Gurgustius 7361:Gurgintius 7221:Diocletian 7216:Digueillus 7201:Cunobeline 7196:Cunedagius 7001:Beldgabred 6976:Arvirargus 6951:Amphibalus 6931:Albanactus 6914:Characters 6881:Layamon's 6522:Holy Grail 6491:Petitcrieu 6072:Bagdemagus 5672:2023-10-22 5647:2023-09-27 5515:2023-06-02 5473:2023-06-08 5435:Arthuriana 5312:. Sutton. 5276:Goodrich, 5242:2018-07-03 4956:Goodrich, 4916:Arthuriana 4878:Arthuriana 4647:2023-06-27 4554:16 January 4462:2022-04-14 4404:, p. 1325. 4333:2023-03-28 4266:2023-04-08 4121:Arthuriana 4102:2023-06-05 4064:2021-09-11 3907:11 (1998). 3821:2023-06-04 3537:2023-10-11 3495:2023-07-07 3392:2020-01-12 3363:1135583390 3207:2024-04-04 3035:Rhys, John 2716:2024-04-04 2584:References 2337:white stag 2313:Layamon's 2187:Ordovician 2177:Royal Mint 2173:Royal Mail 2136:Dumbledore 2114:Since the 2024:Drumelzier 1985:Ynys Enlli 1968:Black Book 1902:Bagdemagus 1713:See also: 1414:through a 1262:Holy Grail 1258:shapeshift 1239:Antichrist 1210:Old French 1014:Stonehenge 989:, today's 944:Stonehenge 761:See also: 702:Holy Grail 695:(c. 1235) 610:Stonehenge 587:(c. 1200) 577:Antichrist 570:(c. 1136) 499:Carmarthen 147:Occupation 108:Created by 7992:Wikiquote 7931:Riothamus 7879:Excalibur 7796:Vortigern 7791:Vespasian 7681:Redechius 7666:Porrex II 7651:Peredurus 7636:Pandrasus 7381:Gwenddydd 7356:Guithelin 7351:Guinevere 7346:Guiderius 7296:Fulgenius 7286:Eudaf Hen 7281:Estrildis 7276:Enniaunus 7136:Cledaucus 7106:Carausius 7101:Caradocus 7096:Caracalla 7066:Cadwaladr 7006:Beli Mawr 6961:Archgallo 6956:Andragius 6857:(c. 1150) 6849:(c. 1136) 6841:(c. 1135) 6725:Pendragon 6517:Excalibur 6486:Gringolet 6460:Vortigern 6395:Maleagant 6370:Lohengrin 6265:Brunor(s) 6260:Brangaine 6182:Sagramore 6172:Pellinore 6162:Palamedes 6007:Guinevere 6002:Gingalain 5463:161452366 5280:, p. 168. 4944:162352301 4890:1078-6279 4149:161777117 3189:. ELLUG. 3095:), p. 44. 3059:, p. 321. 3043:. p. 168. 2892:, 1981.l) 2493:King Mark 2462:déchéance 2406:fragment. 2331:. 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