1100:
860:
34:
1156:
1274:
1224:
737:
661:
583:
527:
206:
1151:... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryre, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh, Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children—leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire.'
1321:
The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merneptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper
1209:: "Israel has been wiped out ... its seed is no more." This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel—"not as a country or city, but as a tribe" or people. A newly discovered massive layer of fiery destruction confirms Merneptah's boast about his Canaanite campaign.
1040:
Ramesses II lived well into his nineties and was one of the oldest pharaohs in
Egyptian history. He outlived many of his heirs; eventually, Merneptah would be the son to succeed him. Merneptah would have been prepared to be pharaoh through the responsibility of his government roles. By year 40 of
1177:
threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the
1680:, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), Vol. III: Egypt, Africa, and Arabia, trans. W. K. Flinders Petrie, pp. 47–55, scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Department of History, California State Fullerton; Professor Arkenberg has modernized the text and it is available via
1547:
Already a man in his sixties, Merneptah had helped to manage state affairs for his father in the city of Pi-Ramesse and in the Delta and he now took on new responsibilities, ruling as prince regent for the elderly king throughout the last twelve years of his
1322:
lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of
Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his father, Seti the Great.
1167:
An inscription on the
Athribis Stele, now in the garden of Cairo Museum, declares "His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court, and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed that he saw
1099:
1172:
handing him a sword and saying "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee." When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "Amun was with them as a shield." After six hours the surviving
1598:
944:. According to contemporary historical records, he ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 until his death on 2 May 1203. He was the first royal-born pharaoh since
1063:
According to one reading of contemporary historical records, Merneptah ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC.
5264:
5170:
1103:
Limestone block showing a pair of unfinished cartouches of
Merenptah (Merneptah) I, 19th dynasty of Egypt, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
33:
225:
979:
1387:
1018:. When Seti II became pharaoh, his sister Tausret became his Great Royal Wife. She became pharaoh in her own right after the death of pharaoh
1648:
469:
5185:
5180:
1331:
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714:
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365:
328:
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5145:
712:
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548:
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284:
166:
137:
103:
5175:
5150:
859:
1452:
1: Building
Bridges of Time, Places and People: Volume I: Tombs, Temples & Cities of Egypt, Israel, Greece & Italy
1257:
during the middle of the reign of Seti II. Only after he overcame
Amenmesse, was Seti able to reassert his authority over
5140:
2920:
2708:
5129:
3890:
3606:
2474:
1734:
1708:
1460:
1450:
1301:
was not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb of
5269:
5259:
5279:
5274:
5195:
1123:
against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the
5249:
4382:
1477:
1347:
602:
94:
4432:
4159:
4015:
1505:
1327:
1201:, which mentions the suppression of revolts in Canaan and makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of
4728:
4518:
4450:
4315:
4182:
4092:
3905:
2023:
1249:, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control of
4300:
4237:
3520:
1289:
and died as an old man after a reign that lasted for nearly a decade. He was originally buried within tomb
1041:
Ramesses II, Merneptah had been promoted to
Overseer of the Army. In year 55, he was officially proclaimed
4661:
3770:
3682:
3167:
2944:
2935:
949:
937:
851:
4490:
3823:
3560:
3387:
3319:
1901:
1335:
5284:
5011:
2782:
1234:
Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s, if not early 70s, when he assumed the throne.
2856:
2627:
2489:
1128:
966:
He was around seventy years old when he ascended to the throne. He is arguably best known for the
626:
493:
5254:
4696:
4611:
4588:
2905:
2767:
2704:
2493:
2293:
2109:
1584:
1580:
1218:
1088:
1403:
5200:
5190:
4738:
4717:
4636:
3550:
3410:
3020:
2654:
2614:
2408:
2350:
2234:
2038:
1701:
1261:
in his fifth year. It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt, Amenmesse had been known as
1366:
1010:
when he was named pharaoh. They had at least two sons, Merenptah, named after his father, and
959:, only coming to power because all of his older brothers had died, including his full brother
5210:
4686:
4651:
4631:
4621:
4583:
3183:
3087:
2441:
5205:
4711:
4666:
4039:
3667:
3602:
3455:
3450:
3157:
3152:
3005:
2431:
2219:
2098:
1314:
8:
4701:
4676:
4641:
4578:
3953:
3928:
3132:
3127:
2551:
1982:
1294:
58:
1421:
Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and
Conquest During Ancient Egypt's Late Eighteenth Dynasty
5244:
4991:
4978:
4555:
3565:
3137:
3112:
2179:
1954:
784:
1245:. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king named
5046:
5025:
4919:
4886:
4598:
3933:
3555:
3435:
3057:
2985:
2643:
2446:
2436:
2368:
1694:
1681:
1599:"First Discovery of Bodies in Biblical Gezer, From Fiery Destruction 3,200 Years Ago"
1456:
1108:
1532:
5225:
5052:
4880:
4646:
4400:
3983:
3280:
3176:
3117:
2541:
2521:
1120:
1007:
998:
and
Ramesses II, and his thirteenth son. He was the first royal-born pharaoh since
873:
4997:
4967:
4926:
4862:
4606:
4536:
4406:
3745:
3400:
3122:
2516:
2154:
2122:
1961:
1612:
1286:
1254:
1194:
1143:-I, Ekwesh, Teresh, Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands.
967:
39:
2703:
5093:
4891:
4852:
4570:
4526:
4395:
3479:
3405:
3235:
3107:
3067:
2815:
2667:
2632:
2622:
2556:
2511:
2393:
2388:
1968:
1947:
1913:
1649:"22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'"
1076:
5238:
4772:
4671:
4503:
4473:
4149:
4004:
3861:
3730:
3570:
3545:
3495:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
2889:
2820:
2810:
2672:
2426:
2174:
2117:
2070:
1907:
1866:
1620:
1382:
1258:
1242:
1112:
1003:
941:
765:
1045:. At that point, he gained additional responsibilities by serving as Prince
1032:, may have been a secondary queen, though scholars are yet to confirm this.
4857:
4691:
4681:
4656:
4508:
4458:
4417:
4143:
4055:
3943:
3856:
3836:
3755:
3720:
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3601:
3540:
3250:
3072:
3062:
3025:
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2874:
2790:
2506:
2383:
2192:
2133:
1993:
1940:
1845:
1559:
1310:
1302:
1193:
There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from the
1187:
1042:
936:(reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of the
1520:
Merenptah was the 13th son and eventual successor of the famous Ramses II.
1155:
655:
521:
387:
247:
125:
4961:
4906:
4757:
4706:
4626:
4498:
4390:
4372:
4330:
4241:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4076:
4060:
4033:
3998:
3988:
3923:
3876:
3866:
3851:
3841:
3788:
3750:
3725:
3705:
3695:
3461:
3445:
3420:
3415:
3215:
3142:
3052:
3035:
2990:
2965:
2899:
2879:
2864:
2846:
2576:
2571:
2378:
2205:
2185:
1999:
1933:
1924:
1808:
1250:
1179:
1116:
1084:
1072:
999:
956:
945:
795:
71:
5078:
5032:
4985:
4940:
4912:
4733:
4616:
4541:
4468:
4357:
4172:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4082:
4070:
4050:
4023:
3993:
3973:
3918:
3871:
3846:
3778:
3740:
3710:
3700:
3440:
3240:
3230:
3000:
2995:
2960:
2869:
2841:
2662:
2566:
2561:
2546:
2531:
2339:
2333:
2247:
1975:
1793:
1730:
1334:
along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the
1273:
1202:
1124:
1111:
during his reign. In the fifth year of his rule, he fought against the
995:
971:
960:
805:
5018:
4933:
4896:
4822:
4816:
4743:
4723:
4440:
4422:
4367:
4347:
4210:
4045:
4028:
3978:
3831:
3798:
3735:
3534:
3355:
3308:
3260:
3220:
3197:
2970:
2836:
2805:
2459:
2373:
2199:
2080:
1817:
1282:
1246:
1174:
1029:
85:
5088:
5083:
5072:
5039:
4954:
4947:
4901:
4873:
4867:
4832:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4412:
4352:
4195:
4167:
3760:
3690:
3502:
3488:
3468:
3430:
3342:
3287:
3245:
3077:
3047:
3010:
2955:
2800:
2677:
2582:
2526:
2421:
2328:
2322:
2311:
2277:
2161:
2147:
2140:
2127:
2091:
1831:
1575:
Jacobus Van Dijk, "The Amarna Period and the Later New
Kingdom" in
5065:
5004:
4847:
4531:
4342:
4336:
4324:
4205:
4200:
4137:
4116:
3961:
3913:
3813:
3803:
3528:
3425:
3395:
3377:
3366:
3349:
3301:
3294:
3225:
3147:
2795:
2603:
2589:
2501:
2452:
2358:
2301:
2252:
2085:
2075:
2055:
1988:
1838:
1717:
1678:
The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art
1238:
1147:
Later in the inscription, Merneptah receives news of the attack:
1015:
1011:
780:
81:
51:
1729:
4972:
4842:
4479:
4362:
3967:
3938:
3808:
3783:
3575:
3509:
3335:
3328:
3255:
3210:
3204:
3030:
2950:
2536:
2363:
2316:
2270:
2242:
2168:
2046:
2005:
1887:
1852:
1824:
1262:
1223:
1206:
1183:
1136:
1046:
1025:
1019:
769:
1186:
were circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt that they were
906:
882:
5058:
4837:
4827:
4805:
4463:
3372:
3360:
3273:
3190:
3041:
2975:
2637:
2306:
2264:
2258:
2050:
2009:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1298:
924:
897:
43:
1079:, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of
1006:, who was likely his full sister or niece, who would become
4810:
4800:
4190:
4065:
3266:
2596:
2416:
2398:
2283:
2065:
2060:
1894:
1686:
1313:. His mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped by
1306:
1169:
1160:
1132:
1080:
915:
888:
840:
666:
618:
532:
410:
270:
150:
1135:
is described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon at
3015:
1290:
1228:
836:
4236:
1373:, University College London (2001). Accessed 2007-09-29.
1119:—were threatening Egypt from the west. Merneptah led a
983:
485:
912:
885:
1399:
1397:
921:
918:
894:
891:
1071:Merneptah moved Egypt's administrative center from
909:
903:
879:
876:
1394:
1049:for the last twelve years of Ramesses II's life.
5236:
970:, featuring the first known mention of the name
1611:
994:Merneptah was likely the fourth child born to
1702:
1437:The Eye Of Horus: A History of Ancient Egypt
1388:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
5265:Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1326:In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the
16:Fourth pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt
1709:
1695:
1419:Darnell, J. C., & Manassa, C. (2007).
1205:in a campaign prior to his fifth year, in
32:
5119:
1596:
1566:, Princeton University Press, 1993. p.49
1493:Merneptah was the 13th son of Ramses II.
1332:National Museum of Egyptian Civilization
1272:
1222:
1154:
1098:
858:
1646:
1640:
1537:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
1448:
1059:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
147:
5237:
4266:
3631:
2733:
1759:
1506:"Penn Museum - Egypt (Sphinx) Gallery"
5118:
4235:
3600:
2702:
1728:
1690:
1408:Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten
1182:, from which history learns that the
1035:
4771:
1431:
1429:
955:Merneptah was the thirteenth son of
1682:Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
1577:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1317:on July 8, 1907. Smith notes that:
1107:Merneptah had to carry out several
13:
1670:
1647:Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021).
1617:Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh
1227:Stone sarcophagus of Merneptah in
14:
5296:
1426:
1115:, who—with the assistance of the
1091:, excavated this palace in 1915.
1475:
1439:, Longman Cheshire (1993), p.263
1075:, his father's capital, back to
872:
735:
659:
581:
525:
204:
38:Granodiorite bust of Merneptah,
1627:
1605:
1590:
1569:
1553:
1449:Merrill, J. Marc (2012-05-02).
1348:List of children of Ramesses II
1159:Merneptah makes an offering to
1525:
1498:
1469:
1442:
1413:
1376:
1360:
1328:Museum of Egyptian Antiquities
1265:and had been viceroy of Kush.
1:
4729:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1353:
1212:
1052:
863:Portrait of Pharaoh Merneptah
815:
609:
476:
372:
232:
110:
1716:
1455:. AuthorHouse. p. 213.
1131:against the Sea Peoples and
1094:
7:
4662:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1597:Bohstrom, Philippe (2017).
1341:
950:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
10:
5301:
3561:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2945:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2709:Second Intermediate Period
1216:
1121:victorious six-hour battle
1056:
726:
674:
669:
630:
572:
540:
535:
497:
470:Prenomen (Praenomen)
444:
416:
413:
391:
340:
276:
273:
251:
195:
158:
153:
129:
5223:
5125:
5114:
5012:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4756:
4702:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4597:
4569:
4554:
4517:
4489:
4449:
4431:
4381:
4314:
4299:
4257:
4253:
4231:
4181:
4158:
4091:
4014:
3952:
3904:
3889:
3822:
3769:
3681:
3666:
3622:
3618:
3607:Third Intermediate Period
3596:
3519:
3478:
3386:
3318:
3166:
2934:
2919:
2855:
2829:
2781:
2766:
2724:
2720:
2698:
2653:
2613:
2488:
2473:
2407:
2349:
2292:
2233:
2218:
2108:
2037:
2022:
1923:
1807:
1792:
1750:
1746:
1735:First Intermediate Period
1724:
1637:, Cairo (1912), pp. 65-70
1564:The End of the Bronze Age
989:
847:
832:
824:
811:
801:
791:
776:
761:
673:
608:
601:
539:
475:
468:
415:
371:
364:
275:
231:
224:
157:
109:
102:
91:
77:
67:
57:
50:
31:
26:
21:
5270:Ancient Egyptian mummies
5260:13th-century BC pharaohs
4724:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2981:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1739: (<3150–2040 BC)
1484:. Saint Louis University
1423:. John Wiley & Sons.
1281:Merneptah suffered from
1268:
1129:account of this campaign
1066:
986:, Beloved of the Gods".
787:, Khaemwaset, Isetnofret
63:1213–1203 BC (ten years)
5280:13th-century BC regents
5275:Children of Ramesses II
4697:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4612:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2906:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1676:Eva March Tappan, ed.,
1585:Oxford University Press
1410:, Mainz, (1997), pp.190
1336:Pharaohs' Golden Parade
1237:Merneptah's successor,
1219:End of the 19th Dynasty
1089:Clarence Stanley Fisher
828:2 May 1203 BC (aged 80)
5250:13th-century BC births
4739:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4718:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4712:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4667:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4637:Arsinoe III Philopator
3551:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3021:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
2961:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2552:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1633:Grafton Elliot Smith,
1324:
1278:
1231:
1164:
1104:
974:. His throne name was
864:
614:Merneptah Hotephermaat
4687:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4652:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4632:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4627:Berenice II Euergetes
4622:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4584:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3093:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3088:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2442:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
1319:
1276:
1241:, was a son of Queen
1226:
1158:
1102:
976:Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru
862:
839:; Mummy found in the
488:, Beloved of the Gods
5120:Dynastic genealogies
4744:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4040:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
3954:High Priests of Amun
3456:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3158:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3153:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3006:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2713: (2040–1550 BC)
2432:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1404:Jürgen von Beckerath
1197:, also known as the
4642:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4579:Alexander the Great
3611: (1550–664 BC)
3133:Mershepsesre Ini II
3128:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2522:Neferkare IV Khendu
1295:Valley of the Kings
843:(Theban Necropolis)
4979:Trebonianus Gallus
3566:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3184:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3138:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3113:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2542:Neferkare V Tereru
2512:Neferkare III Neby
2180:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1279:
1277:Mummy of Merneptah
1232:
1165:
1109:military campaigns
1105:
1036:Prior to accession
1014:, and a daughter,
938:Nineteenth Dynasty
865:
852:Nineteenth Dynasty
481:Baenre Merynetjeru
237:Iribauertaentjemhu
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5026:Claudius Gothicus
4920:Severus Alexander
4887:Septimius Severus
4752:
4751:
4550:
4549:
4295:
4294:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
3934:Osorkon the Elder
3885:
3884:
3662:
3661:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3556:Nubkheperre Intef
3436:Sekhemre Shedwast
3058:Sehetepkare Intef
2986:Semenkare Nebnuni
2915:
2914:
2762:
2761:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2469:
2468:
2447:Netjerkare Siptah
2369:Neferirkare Kakai
2214:
2213:
2018:
2017:
1788:
1787:
1635:The Royal Mummies
1178:hands of all the
857:
856:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
730:
729:
722:
721:
718:
717:
650:
649:
646:
645:
621:, Joyous is Truth
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
576:
575:
568:
567:
564:
563:
516:
515:
512:
511:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
448:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
407:
406:
403:
402:
377:Nebsenedjaashefit
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
344:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
267:
266:
263:
262:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
199:
198:
191:
190:
187:
186:
145:
144:
141:
140:
115:Kanakht Haiemmaat
5292:
5285:Regents of Egypt
5226:List of pharaohs
5116:
5115:
4881:Pescennius Niger
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4677:Ptolemy IX Soter
4647:Cleopatra I Syra
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4233:
4232:
3984:Djedkhonsuefankh
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3649:
3644:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3191:Qareh Khawoserre
3177:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3118:Mersekhemre Ined
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1726:
1725:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1367:"King Merenptah"
1364:
1315:G. Elliott Smith
1139:, which states:
1028:, the mother of
1008:Great Royal Wife
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
841:KV35 royal cache
820:
817:
739:
738:
679:
678:
675:
667:
663:
662:
656:
635:
634:
631:
627:
610:
585:
584:
545:
544:
541:
533:
529:
528:
522:
502:
501:
498:
494:
477:
421:
420:
417:
411:
396:
395:
392:
388:
384:
383:
373:
281:
280:
277:
271:
256:
255:
252:
248:
244:
243:
233:
208:
207:
163:
162:
159:
151:
134:
133:
130:
126:
122:
121:
111:
100:
99:
36:
19:
18:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5215:
5121:
5098:
4998:Macrianus Minor
4927:Maximinus Thrax
4863:Marcus Aurelius
4762:
4761:
4760:
4748:
4607:Ptolemy I Soter
4593:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4513:
4485:
4445:
4427:
4407:Psammetichus IV
4377:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4269:
4260:
4249:
4246:(664 BC–313 AD)
4245:
4244:
4215:
4177:
4154:
4150:Menkheperre Ini
4087:
4010:
3948:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3881:
3818:
3765:
3746:Neferneferuaten
3672:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3641:Pharaohs
3634:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3580:
3515:
3474:
3401:Sobekhotep VIII
3382:
3314:
3162:
3123:Sewadjkare Hori
2925:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2851:
2825:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2736:
2727:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2682:
2649:
2609:
2517:Djedkare Shemai
2479:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2403:
2345:
2288:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2104:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2014:
1919:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1762:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1715:
1673:
1671:Further reading
1668:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1613:Joyce Tyldesley
1610:
1606:
1595:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1435:Gae Callender,
1434:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1395:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1344:
1287:atherosclerosis
1271:
1221:
1215:
1195:Merneptah Stele
1097:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1038:
992:
978:, which means "
968:Merneptah Stele
902:
875:
871:
818:
757:
756:
736:
713:
708:
699:
694:
686:
660:
642:
616:
582:
557:
552:
526:
483:
430:
425:
329:
296:
294:
205:
167:
97:
46:
40:Egyptian Museum
17:
12:
11:
5:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:1203 BC deaths
5252:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5094:Maximinus Daza
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4853:Antoninus Pius
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4763:(30 BC–313 AD)
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Artaxerxes III
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4396:Petubastis III
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3891:3 Intermediate
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3673:(1550–1070 BC)
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Neferhotep III
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Sewadjkare III
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3205:Maaibre Sheshi
3201:
3198:'Ammu Ahotepre
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Merhotepre Ini
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Sobekhotep III
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2926:(1802–1550 BC)
2921:2 Intermediate
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:Mentuhotep III
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2773:(2040–1802 BC)
2768:Middle Kingdom
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2705:Middle Kingdom
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Neferkare VIII
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:Nebkaure Khety
2630:
2625:
2623:Meryibre Khety
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Neferkamin Anu
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2480:(2181–2040 BC)
2475:1 Intermediate
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:Djedkare Isesi
2391:
2389:Menkauhor Kaiu
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2225:(2686–2181 BC)
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2029:(3150–2686 BC)
2024:Early Dynastic
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1639:
1626:
1623:. p. 185.
1604:
1589:
1568:
1552:
1524:
1497:
1476:Bart, Anneke.
1468:
1462:978-1468573695
1461:
1441:
1425:
1412:
1393:
1375:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1270:
1267:
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1096:
1093:
1068:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1037:
1034:
991:
988:
855:
854:
849:
845:
844:
834:
830:
829:
826:
822:
821:
819: 1283 BC
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
788:
778:
774:
773:
763:
759:
758:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
702:
696:
691:
688:
683:
671:
670:
664:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
639:
623:
622:
606:
605:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
554:
549:
537:
536:
530:
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
490:
489:
473:
472:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
451:
449:
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
380:
379:
369:
368:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
291:
288:
285:
274:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
240:
239:
229:
228:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
155:
154:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
118:
117:
107:
106:
98:
95:Royal titulary
93:
92:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
48:
47:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5297:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5117:
5113:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4672:Cleopatra III
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:Nepherites II
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4005:Psusennes III
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:(1069–664 BC)
3892:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Ramesses VIII
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Amenhotep III
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Seqenenre Tao
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Sobekemsaf II
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:Wepwawetemsaf
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Merneferre Ay
3101:
3099:
3098:Wahibre Ibiau
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Sobekhotep IV
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Amenemhat III
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:Mentuhotep IV
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Mentuhotep II
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Wahkare Khety
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Neferkare VII
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Seth-Peribsen
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Hotepsekhemwy
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:Double Falcon
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:(pre-3150 BC)
1795:
1794:Protodynastic
1791:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1731:Protodynastic
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1621:Penguin Books
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1587:(2000), p.302
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1371:Digital Egypt
1368:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Isetnofret II
1002:. He married
1001:
997:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:Ancient Egypt
939:
935:
929:
869:
861:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
814:
810:
807:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Isetnofret II
764:
760:
734:
732:
725:
711:
706:
703:
697:
692:
689:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
668:
665:
658:
657:
654:
652:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
600:
580:
578:
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555:
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531:
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428:
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292:
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258:
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182:
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66:
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4984:
4977:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4879:
4872:
4858:Lucius Verus
4815:
4716:
4692:Berenice III
4682:Cleopatra IV
4657:Cleopatra II
4589:Alexander IV
4509:Nectanebo II
4478:
4459:Nepherites I
4418:Artaxerxes I
4405:
4335:
4323:
4306:(664–332 BC)
4286:
4242:Roman Period
4144:Shoshenq VII
4142:
4115:
4075:
4056:Shoshenq III
4038:
4003:
3966:
3944:Psusennes II
3857:Ramesses VII
3837:Ramesses III
3793:
3721:Amenhotep II
3716:Thutmose III
3652:
3541:Sobekemsaf I
3533:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3467:
3460:
3365:
3348:
3343:'Aper-'Anati
3341:
3334:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3251:Sekheperenre
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3073:Neferhotep I
3063:Seth Meribre
3040:
3026:Djedkheperew
2943:
2904:
2895:Amenemhat IV
2885:Senusret III
2875:Amenemhat II
2791:Mentuhotep I
2753:
2642:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2507:Neferkare II
2458:
2451:
2384:Nyuserre Ini
2338:
2321:
2276:
2269:
2257:
2198:
2193:Neferkasokar
2191:
2184:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2097:
2090:
1998:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1941:Finger Snail
1939:
1932:
1912:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1779:
1677:
1656:. Retrieved
1653:ScienceAlert
1652:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1616:
1607:
1592:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1560:Robert Drews
1555:
1546:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1519:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1492:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1471:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1325:
1320:
1311:Victor Loret
1303:Amenhotep II
1280:
1236:
1233:
1199:Israel Stele
1198:
1192:
1188:Greek people
1166:
1146:
1106:
1070:
1062:
1043:crown prince
1039:
1024:
993:
975:
965:
954:
933:
867:
866:
613:
484:The Soul of
480:
376:
366:Golden Horus
236:
114:
4962:Gordian III
4907:Diadumenian
4707:Cleopatra V
4561:(332–30 BC)
4556:Hellenistic
4499:Nectanebo I
4391:Cambyses II
4373:Psamtik III
4331:Tefnakht II
4133:Takelot III
4128:Osorkon III
4123:Shoshenq VI
4077:Pedubast II
4061:Shoshenq IV
4034:Shoshenq II
3999:Pinedjem II
3989:Menkheperre
3924:Psusennes I
3877:Ramesses XI
3867:Ramesses IX
3852:Ramesses VI
3842:Ramesses IV
3789:Ramesses II
3751:Tutankhamun
3726:Thutmose IV
3706:Thutmose II
3696:Amenhotep I
3668:New Kingdom
3603:New Kingdom
3462:Senusret IV
3446:Dedumose II
3421:Nebiriau II
3416:Nebiryraw I
3411:Mentuhotepi
3216:Khakherewre
3143:Merkheperre
3053:Imyremeshaw
3036:Sedjefakare
2991:Sehetepibre
2966:Ameny Qemau
2900:Sobekneferu
2880:Senusret II
2865:Amenemhat I
2847:Iyibkhentre
2577:Neferirkare
2572:Neferkauhor
2379:Shepseskare
2220:Old Kingdom
2206:Khasekhemwy
2186:Neferkara I
2155:Weneg-Nebty
2000:Scorpion II
1533:"Merneptah"
1510:Penn Museum
1478:"Merneptah"
1383:"Merneptah"
1251:Upper Egypt
1180:circumcised
1163:on a column
1117:Sea Peoples
1085:Penn Museum
1073:Pi-Ramesses
1000:Tutankhamun
957:Ramesses II
946:Tutankhamun
796:Ramesses II
617:Beloved of
72:Ramesses II
68:Predecessor
5239:Categories
5079:Diocletian
5033:Quintillus
4986:Aemilianus
4941:Gordian II
4913:Elagabalus
4734:Arsinoe IV
4617:Arsinoe II
4542:Darius III
4469:Psammuthes
4358:Psamtik II
4173:Bakenranef
4111:Pedubast I
4106:Takelot II
4101:Harsiese A
4083:Osorkon IV
4071:Shoshenq V
4051:Osorkon II
4024:Shoshenq I
3994:Smendes II
3974:Pinedjem I
3919:Amenemnisu
3872:Ramesses X
3847:Ramesses V
3799:Amenmesses
3779:Ramesses I
3741:Smenkhkare
3711:Hatshepsut
3701:Thutmose I
3451:Montuemsaf
3441:Dedumose I
3241:Nebdjefare
3231:Merdjefare
3001:Nedjemibre
2996:Sewadjkare
2870:Senusret I
2842:Qakare Ini
2663:Meryhathor
2567:Neferkaure
2562:Qakare Iby
2547:Neferkahor
2532:Neferkamin
2340:Thamphthis
2334:Shepseskaf
2248:Sekhemkhet
2099:Horus Bird
1976:Scorpion I
1542:2017-12-21
1515:2017-12-21
1488:2017-12-21
1354:References
1297:, but his
1243:Isetnofret
1213:Succession
1125:Nile delta
1057:See also:
1053:Chronology
996:Isetnofret
961:Khaemweset
806:Isetnofret
226:Nebty name
104:Horus name
5245:Merneptah
5211:Ptolemaic
5019:Gallienus
4934:Gordian I
4897:Caracalla
4823:Vespasian
4817:Vitellius
4599:Ptolemaic
4441:Amyrtaeus
4423:Darius II
4368:Ahmose II
4348:Psamtik I
4287:uncertain
4275:Pharaohs
4211:Tanutamun
4046:Takelot I
4029:Osorkon I
3979:Masaharta
3929:Amenemope
3832:Setnakhte
3794:Merneptah
3736:Akhenaten
3653:uncertain
3535:Nebmaatre
3356:Sakir-Har
3309:Yaqub-Har
3221:Nebefawre
2971:Hotepibre
2837:Segerseni
2806:Intef III
2754:uncertain
2742:Pharaohs
2374:Neferefre
2200:Hudjefa I
2081:Semerkhet
1818:Hedju Hor
1780:uncertain
1768:Pharaohs
1283:arthritis
1247:Amenmesse
1175:Nine Bows
1095:Campaigns
1087:, led by
1030:Amenmesse
934:Merenptah
868:Merneptah
785:Merenptah
86:Amenmesse
78:Successor
27:Merenptah
22:Merneptah
5171:21 to 23
5089:Galerius
5084:Maximian
5073:Numerian
5040:Aurelian
4992:Valerian
4955:Balbinus
4948:Pupienus
4902:Macrinus
4874:Pertinax
4868:Commodus
4833:Domitian
4796:Claudius
4791:Caligula
4786:Tiberius
4781:Augustus
4401:Darius I
4353:Necho II
4196:Shebitku
4168:Tefnakht
3761:Horemheb
3691:Ahmose I
3503:Pantjeny
3489:Senebkay
3469:Pepi III
3431:Bebiankh
3288:Shenshek
3246:Nebsenre
3078:Sihathor
3048:Khendjer
3011:Renseneb
2956:Nerikare
2801:Intef II
2678:Merykare
2583:Wadjkare
2527:Merenhor
2422:Userkare
2329:Menkaure
2323:Bikheris
2312:Djedefre
2278:Qahedjet
2162:Wadjenes
2148:Horus Sa
2141:Nubnefer
2128:Nynetjer
2092:Sneferka
1832:Ni-Neith
1718:Pharaohs
1615:(2001).
1581:Ian Shaw
1342:See also
777:Children
5066:Carinus
5047:Tacitus
5005:Quietus
4848:Hadrian
4532:Khabash
4363:Wahibre
4343:Necho I
4337:Nekauba
4325:Ammeris
4268:Dynasty
4206:Taharqa
4201:Shabaka
4138:Rudamun
4117:Iuput I
3962:Herihor
3914:Smendes
3814:Twosret
3804:Seti II
3648:female)
3633:Dynasty
3529:Rahotep
3426:Semenre
3396:Djehuti
3378:Khamudi
3367:Yanassi
3350:Salitis
3302:Yakareb
3295:Khamure
3226:Sehebre
3148:Merkare
2796:Intef I
2735:Dynasty
2644:Imhotep
2604:Iytjenu
2590:Khuiqer
2502:Menkare
2453:Neferka
2437:Pepi II
2359:Userkaf
2253:Sanakht
2076:Anedjib
2056:Hor-Aha
1989:Iry-Hor
1983:Shendjw
1955:Pen-Abu
1839:Hat-Hor
1761:Dynasty
1658:5 April
1482:slu.edu
1330:to the
1293:in the
1239:Seti II
1113:Libyans
1077:Memphis
1016:Tausret
1012:Seti II
948:of the
848:Dynasty
781:Seti II
762:Consort
82:Seti II
52:Pharaoh
5206:Argead
5053:Probus
4973:Decius
4968:Philip
4843:Trajan
4571:Argead
4480:Muthis
4433:XXVIII
4413:Xerxes
4281:female
4259:Period
3968:Piankh
3939:Siamun
3809:Siptah
3784:Seti I
3624:Period
3576:Kamose
3510:Snaaib
3480:Abydos
3336:Semqen
3329:Sharek
3281:Sheneh
3261:'Apepi
3256:Bebnum
3211:Nehesy
3031:Sebkay
2951:Sonbef
2748:female
2726:Period
2537:Nikare
2427:Pepi I
2364:Sahure
2317:Khafre
2302:Snefru
2271:Sedjes
2243:Djoser
2169:Senedj
2047:Narmer
2006:Narmer
1888:Wazner
1853:Hsekiu
1825:Ny-Hor
1774:female
1752:Period
1579:, ed.
1548:reign.
1459:
1263:Messuy
1259:Thebes
1207:Canaan
1203:Israel
1184:Ekwesh
1137:Karnak
1127:. His
1083:. The
1047:Regent
1026:Takhat
1020:Siptah
990:Family
972:Israel
833:Burial
802:Mother
792:Father
770:Takhat
5059:Carus
4838:Nerva
4828:Titus
4806:Galba
4773:XXXIV
4758:Roman
4537:Arses
4464:Hakor
4383:XXVII
4093:XXIII
3683:XVIII
3643:(male
3373:Apepi
3361:Khyan
3274:Wazad
3042:Wegaf
2976:Iufni
2830:Nubia
2638:Setut
2460:Nefer
2307:Khufu
2265:Khaba
2259:Nebka
2123:Nebra
2051:Menes
2010:Menes
1962:Stork
1925:Upper
1881:Neheb
1874:Thesh
1860:Khayu
1809:Lower
1309:) by
1299:mummy
1269:Mummy
1067:Reign
932:) or
603:Nomen
59:Reign
44:Cairo
4892:Geta
4811:Otho
4801:Nero
4519:XXXI
4504:Teos
4451:XXIX
4316:XXVI
4301:Late
4278:male
4238:Late
4191:Piye
4160:XXIV
4066:Pami
4016:XXII
3605:and
3521:XVII
3267:Nuya
2936:XIII
2745:male
2707:and
2597:Khui
2494:VIII
2417:Teti
2399:Unas
2284:Huni
2086:Qa'a
2066:Djet
2061:Djer
1969:Bull
1948:Fish
1914:Wash
1895:Mekh
1771:male
1660:2021
1457:ISBN
1307:KV35
1285:and
1255:Kush
1253:and
1170:Ptah
1161:Ptah
1133:Libu
1081:Ptah
980:Soul
825:Died
812:Born
619:Ptah
4491:XXX
4240:to
4183:XXV
3906:XXI
3771:XIX
3388:XVI
3168:XIV
3016:Hor
2857:XII
2490:VII
2235:III
2071:Den
1867:Tiu
1733:to
1291:KV8
1229:KV8
982:of
940:of
837:KV8
5241::
5201:31
5196:30
5191:27
5186:26
5181:25
5176:24
5166:20
5161:19
5156:18
5151:12
5146:11
3824:XX
3756:Ay
3320:XV
2783:XI
2615:IX
2409:VI
2294:IV
2134:Ba
2110:II
2049:/
2008:/
1994:Ka
1846:Pu
1651:.
1619:.
1583:,
1562:,
1545:.
1535:.
1518:.
1508:.
1491:.
1480:.
1428:^
1406:,
1396:^
1385:.
1369:,
1338:.
1190:.
1022:.
984:Ra
963:.
952:.
925:ɑː
907:ər
898:ɑː
883:ɛr
816:c.
783:,
768:,
486:Ra
42:,
5141:4
5137:3
5134:2
5130:1
2655:X
2492:/
2351:V
2039:I
1934:A
1902:A
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1662:.
1601:.
1465:.
1391:.
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928:/
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910:ˈ
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901:,
895:t
892:p
889:ɛ
886:n
880:m
877:ˈ
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