2793:
604:
45:
33:
589:
348:
556:
638:
540:
618:
574:
460:
When the layers do mix for whatever reason, the consequences can be devastating for organisms that normally live in the mixolimnion. This layer is usually much smaller in volume than the monimolimnion. When the layers mix, the oxygen concentration at the surface will decrease dramatically. This can
433:
and denser than the upper layers of water. However, human influence can lead to cultural meromixis occurring. The increased use of road salt as a deicing strategy, particularly in northern latitude regions, can disturb the natural mixing cycles in lakes by inhibiting mixing. As salt is flushed into
397:
The lack of mixing between layers creates radically different environments for life: the stratification, or stable layering, of lake waters means that the bottom layer receives little oxygen from the atmosphere, hence becomes depleted of oxygen. While the surface layer may have 10 mg/L or more
444:
or ectogenic. Endogenic means the patterns seen in the lake are caused by internal events, such as organic matter accumulating in the sediments and decaying, whereas ectogenic means the patterns seen are caused by external causes, like an intrusion of saltwater settling in the
652:
There are meromictic lakes all over the world. The distribution appears to be clustered, but this may be due to incomplete investigations. Depending on the exact definition of "meromictic", the ratio between meromictic and holomictic lakes worldwide is around 1:1000.
512:
is another lake that poses a potentially fatal threat to the community. Some management strategies have suggested taking a different approach, moving gases from the monimolimnion to the mixolimnion, rather than degassing to the atmosphere through organ pipes.
496:, causing nearly 1,800 deaths. In the following decades after this disaster, active research and management has been done to mitigate gas buildup in the future through the Nyos Organ Pipes Program (NOPP). The NOPP program placed large organ pipes into
426:. These factors combine to create an ideal environment for bacterial growth. The mixolimnion can have similar qualities. However, the types of bacteria that can grow at the surface are determined by the amount of light received at the surface.
2776:
452:
The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there is little physical mixing and few living organisms to agitate them. There is also little chemical decomposition. For this reason,
2771:
520:. The deep waters below 50 m (160 ft) do not mix with the upper layers that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is
457:
of the sediment at the bottom of meromictic lakes are important in tracing past changes in climate at the lake, by examining trapped pollen grains and the types of sediments .
1123:
398:
dissolved oxygen in summer, the depths of a meromictic lake can have less than 1 mg/L. Very few organisms can live in such an oxygen-poor environment. One exception is
500:, to reach the monimolimnion where harmful dissolved gases built up, that allow for gas release to the atmosphere, effectively degassing the monimolimnion. Since 2019,
429:
A meromictic lake may form because the basin is unusually deep and steep-sided compared to the lake's surface area, or because the lower layer of the lake is highly
1200:
1278:
902:
334:
2083:
864:
2108:
Gibson, John AE. (1999). "The meromictic lakes and stratified marine basins of the
Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11.2, 175–192.
83:
1081:
2343:
Smol, John P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. N. (1983). "Cultural disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada".
2177:
2759:
434:
aquatic systems at high concentrations in late winter/early spring, it accumulates in the deepest layer of lakes leading to incomplete mixing.
1272:
1209:
1132:
1059:
476:
can build up relatively undisturbed in the lower layers of a meromictic lake. When the stratification is disturbed, as could happen from an
1449:
Findenegg, Ingo (1935). "Limnologische
Untersuchungen im Kärntner Seengebiete. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Stoffhaushaltes in Alpenseen".
2012:"Final step of the 32-year Lake Nyos degassing adventure: Natural CO2 recharge is to be balanced by discharge through the degassing pipes"
919:
375:, the mixing occurs several times a year. In meromictic lakes, the layers of water can remain unmixed for years, decades, or centuries.
1375:
1027:
418:. These compounds are produced by decomposition of organic sediments in oxygen-poor environments. The monimolimnion is often rich in
1023:
852:
532:
is persistently stratified, with dense, highly saline water comprising the bottom layer, and large areas of hypoxic sediments (see
327:
1561:
Fry, Brian (January 1986). "Sources of Carbon and Sulfur
Nutrition for Consumers in Three Meromictic Lakes of New York State".
2739:"Limnological studies in southeastern Alaska and water quality measurements along the TAPS route during pipeline construction"
2308:
Sanderson, B.; Perry, K. & Pedersen, T. (15 June 1986). "Vertical
Diffusion in Meromictic Powell Lake, British Columbia".
2360:
2129:
1643:
1545:
1358:
1236:
1968:"An overview of the structure, hazards, and methods of investigation of Nyos-type lakes from the geochemical perspective"
320:
90:. The concepts and terminology used in describing meromictic lakes were essentially complete following some additions by
2249:"Hyperpycnal flows control the persistence and flushing of hypoxic high conductivity bottom water in a High Arctic lake"
1417:"Meromixis as a part of lake evolution – observations and a revised classification of true meromictic lakes in Finland"
1706:"The influence of road salt on seasonal mixing, redox stratification and methane concentrations in urban kettle lakes"
2093:
1213:
683:
1925:
Boehrer, Bertram; Saiki, Kazuto; Ohba, Takeshi; Tanyileke, Greg; Rouwet, Dmitri; Kusakabe, Minoru (28 July 2021).
2085:
Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies on the sediments of Lake Vähä-Pitkusta and observations of meromixis
1108:
2390:"Sedimentologic and palynologic records of the last deglaciation and Holocene from Ballston Lake, New York"
1136:
1623:
1253:
1085:
37:
2150:
1967:
2783:
1127:
941:, Kilevann, Tronstadvatn, Birkelandsvatn, Rørholtfjorden, Botnvatn, Rørhopvatn and Strandvatn lakes in
17:
1705:
2818:
2539:
Lambrecht, Nicholas; Wittkop, Chad; Katsev, Sergei; Fakhraee, Mojtaba; Swanner, Elizabeth D. (2018).
2389:
2378:, Heart Lake Conservation Area Master Plan Advisory Committee, Conservation Land Planning Group, TRCA
2222:
2201:
1583:
1292:
2498:
Lambrecht, Nicholas; Wittkop, Chad; Katsev, Sergei; Fakhraee, Mojtaba; Swanner, Elizabeth (2018).
1269:, is also considered meromictic; use of road salt has been cited as the main reason for its change
2044:
1667:"Cultural meromixis: Effects of road salt on the chemical stratification of an urban kettle lake"
1666:
1282:
817:
383:
2738:
2813:
2196:
1927:"Carbon Dioxide in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, Estimated Quantitatively From Sound Speed Measurements"
1578:
1296:
1240:
1114:
848:
592:
399:
378:
Meromictic lakes can usually be divided into three sections or layers. The bottom layer is the
2119:
118:
1249:
1232:
907:
895:
756:
577:
504:
has successfully been degassed to a nonhazardous concentration of dissolved gas. Paralleling
2541:"Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA"
2500:"Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA"
1879:
1704:
Dupuis, Danielle; Sprague, Emily; Docherty, Kathryn M.; Koretsky, Carla M. (15 April 2019).
2701:
2660:
2619:
2552:
2511:
2462:
2404:
2317:
2056:
1803:
1717:
1678:
1570:
1498:
1398:
1144:
877:
769:
91:
56:
2580:
1841:"Cultural disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada"
516:
While it is mainly lakes that are meromictic, the world's largest meromictic basin is the
75:, at least once each year, there is a physical mixing of the surface and the deep waters.
8:
1266:
948:
437:
208:
160:
2705:
2664:
2623:
2556:
2515:
2466:
2408:
2321:
2060:
1807:
1721:
1682:
1574:
1502:
871:
2719:
2480:
2420:
2214:
1596:
1534:
1514:
1489:
Walker, K. F. (March 1974). "The
Stability of Meromictic Lakes in Central Washington".
1326:
1257:
1244:
1217:
1091:
1063:
626:
581:
533:
485:
2416:
2424:
2356:
2125:
2089:
2068:
2028:
2011:
1987:
1948:
1907:
1899:
1860:
1821:
1741:
1733:
1639:
1635:
1604:
1541:
1431:
1354:
1118:
596:
303:
2218:
1729:
603:
2709:
2668:
2627:
2560:
2519:
2470:
2412:
2348:
2325:
2266:
2256:
2206:
2064:
2023:
1979:
1938:
1891:
1852:
1811:
1772:
1760:
1725:
1686:
1631:
1588:
1506:
1416:
1390:
1180:
1076:
1031:
799:
795:
521:
1895:
1690:
2446:
2352:
2285:
2247:
Lewis, Ted; Lamoureux, Scott F.; Normandeau, Alexandre; Dugan, Hilary A. (2017).
1469:
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn (1937). "A contribution to the limnology of arid regions".
1262:
1222:
1158:
1072:
1054:
1044:
962:
730:
688:
481:
263:
241:
230:
72:
2296:
1154:
1226:
986:
825:
782:
740:
611:
561:
465:
415:
308:
140:
44:
2714:
2689:
2673:
2648:
2475:
2450:
2210:
1943:
1926:
1840:
1776:
1592:
1510:
2807:
2632:
2607:
1991:
1983:
1952:
1903:
1864:
1825:
1737:
1435:
1305:
1185:
1176:
1095:
1050:
1040:
932:
765:
403:
390:, and essentially behaves like a holomictic lake. The area in between is the
382:; the waters in this portion of the lake circulate little, and are generally
368:
252:
129:
2649:"The Role of Phototrophic Bacteria in the Sulfur Cycle of a Meromictic Lake"
2375:
2329:
2797:
1911:
1745:
1608:
1301:
1288:
1191:
1068:
977:, crenogenic, in Switzerland, and the location of the Alpine Biology Center
974:
924:
736:
287:
151:
2182:
following restoration of the largest natural French lake (Lac du
Bourget)"
461:
result in the death of many organisms, such as fish, that require oxygen.
32:
2768:
operated by the
University of Minnesota, Duluth. Retrieved 11-March-2007.
2565:
2540:
2524:
2499:
2261:
2248:
1204:
1195:
1104:
831:
820:, at the southeastern part of Bangladesh. It was created by constructing
813:
705:
666:
525:
454:
446:
197:
186:
588:
2723:
2690:"Some Considerations of the Chemical Limnology of Meromictic Lake Mary"
2484:
1856:
1816:
1791:
1600:
1518:
821:
752:
726:
713:
607:
529:
477:
419:
391:
372:
364:
175:
2271:
2175:
1311:
1166:
995:
980:
958:
938:
675:
662:
622:
548:
517:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
441:
347:
48:
27:
Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix
2010:
Halbwachs, Michel; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe; Kayser, Gaston (2020).
1394:
1162:
891:
1140:
835:
786:
777:
696:
670:
555:
544:
493:
430:
423:
411:
352:
2743:
Circular 751-B: USGS Survey in Alaska, Accomplishments During 1976
363:: at least once per year, the surface and the deep waters mix. In
2777:
photo-outing.com review over Pantai
Kerachut with Memomictic lake
1792:"Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing"
1035:
913:
887:
883:
807:
692:
646:
469:
2608:"Some Limnological Features of a Shallow Saline Meromictic Lake"
2388:
Toney, Jaime L.; Rodbell, Donald T.; Miller, Norton G. (2003).
1622:
Stewart, K. M.; Walker, K. F.; Likens, G. E. (1 January 2009),
1099:
1018:
966:
952:
942:
773:
760:
709:
700:
679:
642:
567:
547:
down to the left; only a small isthmus separates the lake from
407:
371:, it occurs twice a year (typically spring and autumn), and in
52:
2538:
2497:
1665:
Sibert, Ryan J.; Koretsky, Carla M.; Wyman, Davina A. (2015).
637:
2246:
2176:
Jacquet, Stéphan; Briand, Jean-François; et al. (2003).
1703:
803:
790:
539:
71:
which has layers of water that do not intermix. In ordinary,
1471:
Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
810:. It is the meromictic lake located at the highest altitude.
617:
573:
386:
and saltier than the rest of the lake. The top layer is the
2763:
2451:"Autotrophic Processes in Meromictic Big Soda Lake, Nevada"
2286:
Council
Meeting - 19 Jan 2016 - Municipality of Trent Lakes
68:
1790:
Ladwig, Robert; Rock, Linnea A.; Dugan, Hilary A. (2023).
1924:
1540:. Translated by James F. Haney. Oxford University Press.
473:
2307:
2009:
2781:
1839:
Smoll, John P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. N. (1983).
1664:
1621:
1376:"A revised classification of lakes based on mixing"
402:. These bacteria, commonly found at the top of the
2444:
2387:
1966:Tassi, Franco; Rouwet, Dmitri (12 February 2014).
1533:
1383:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2688:Weimar, Walter C. & Lee, G. Fred (May 1973).
2647:Parkin, T.B. & Brock, T.D. (September 1981).
2088:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Helsinki.
2045:"Managing the dangers in Lake Kivu – How and why"
1838:
1308:; one of North America's largest meromictic lakes
2805:
2342:
2545:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
2504:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
2178:"The proliferation of the toxic cyanobacterium
1789:
1532:Lampert, Winfried & Sommer, Ulrich (1997).
610:is a meromictic lake in a volcanic crater near
2042:
1536:Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams
1451:Internationale Revue der Gesamte Hydrobiologie
528:is anoxic below 100 m (330 ft). The
36:McGinnis Lake is a meromictic lake within the
1531:
328:
2599:
2587:. National Park Service, US Dept of Interior
2143:
2121:Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective
1630:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 589–602,
1525:
1353:(Third ed.). New York: Academic Press.
1344:
1342:
984:
559:
86:in 1935, apparently based on the older word
2646:
2640:
2585:Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan
2573:
2169:
1965:
632:
2438:
2111:
2102:
2075:
1468:
880:; studied by Ingo Findenegg in the 1930s).
876:(Alpine lakes in the Austrian province of
335:
321:
2713:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2631:
2564:
2523:
2474:
2376:Heart Lake Conservation Area: Master Plan
2301:
2270:
2260:
2200:
2027:
1942:
1815:
1582:
1482:
1462:
1448:
1408:
1339:
886:(small alpine lake in Germany's state of
355:. This does not occur in meromictic lakes
2605:
1442:
1367:
853:Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
695:, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
636:
616:
602:
587:
572:
554:
538:
346:
43:
31:
2445:Cloern, James E.; Cole, Brian E. &
1877:
1758:
14:
2806:
2117:
2081:
1554:
1488:
1414:
1348:
828:to set up a hydroelectric power plant.
367:, the mixing occurs once per year; in
2736:
2730:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1373:
641:Lake Pakasaivo, a meromictic lake in
1351:Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems
998:is also considered to be meromictic.
1560:
971:Lakes El Tobar and La Cruz in Spain
566:is the largest and deepest lake in
24:
1998:
1796:Limnology and Oceanography Letters
440:in meromictic lakes can be either
97:
25:
2830:
2762:, part of an educational website
2753:
2049:Journal of African Earth Sciences
2043:Hirslund, F.; Morkel, P. (2020).
2016:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1214:Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
2791:
2069:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103672
2029:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103575
1878:Krajick, Kevin (28 March 2003).
1710:Science of the Total Environment
1636:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00027-2
1415:Hakala, Anu (27 February 2004).
1008:
684:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2532:
2491:
2381:
2369:
2336:
2310:Journal of Geophysical Research
2290:
2279:
2240:
2124:. Academic Press. p. 186.
2036:
1959:
1918:
1871:
1832:
1783:
1752:
1730:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.191
1697:
1658:
1001:Lake El Tobar in Cuenca (Spain)
1880:"Africa's Davids and Goliaths"
1615:
1374:Lewis, William M. Jr. (1983).
1004:Lake La Cruz in Cuenca (Spain)
13:
1:
2417:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00093-0
2157:(in Italian). 6 December 2014
2138:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
2118:Likens, Gene E., ed. (2010).
1896:10.1126/science.299.5615.2024
1691:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.010
1628:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
1332:
1281:, in the northwest corner of
720:
449:, preventing it from mixing.
351:Typical mixing pattern for a
2606:Anderson, G.C. (July 1958).
2353:10.1007/978-94-009-7290-2_20
1626:, in Likens, Gene E. (ed.),
1137:Heart Lake Conservation Area
842:
486:a notable event of this type
7:
2745:. US Geological Survey: B7.
1424:Boreal Environment Research
1320:
1124:Little Round Lake (Ontario)
1086:Petroglyphs Provincial Park
621:Soapy foam on the shore of
82:was coined by the Austrian
38:Petroglyphs Provincial Park
10:
2835:
2694:Limnology and Oceanography
2653:Limnology and Oceanography
2612:Limnology and Oceanography
2455:Limnology and Oceanography
2297:Ontario Parks: Petroglyphs
1931:Frontiers in Earth Science
1761:"[No title found]"
1759:Kjensmo, Johannes (1997).
1563:Limnology and Oceanography
1491:Limnology and Oceanography
1479:As cited by Hakala (2004).
1459:As cited by Hakala (2004).
1349:Wetzel, Robert G. (2001).
1128:Central Frontenac, Ontario
595:is a meromictic lake near
580:is a meromictic lake near
2715:10.4319/lo.1973.18.3.0414
2674:10.4319/lo.1981.26.5.0880
2476:10.4319/lo.1983.28.6.1049
2211:10.1016/j.hal.2003.12.006
1944:10.3389/feart.2021.645011
1593:10.4319/lo.1986.31.1.0079
1511:10.4319/lo.1974.19.2.0209
985:
858:
656:
560:
2760:"Density Stratification"
2633:10.4319/lo.1958.3.3.0259
1984:10.4081/jlimnol.2014.836
633:List of meromictic lakes
2330:10.1029/JC091iC06p07647
1777:10.1023/A:1003035705729
818:Rangamati Hill District
798:, a crenogenic lake in
746:
2180:Planktothrix rubescens
2155:Centro Biologia Alpina
1297:Medford, Massachusetts
1241:Green Lakes State Park
1196:Minneapolis, Minnesota
649:
629:
614:
600:
585:
570:
552:
400:purple sulfur bacteria
356:
60:
41:
1179:, north northwest of
1161:in the department of
896:Neuschwanstein Castle
757:Republic of Khakassia
640:
620:
606:
591:
576:
558:
542:
484:may result. In 1986,
472:, or other dissolved
350:
47:
35:
2737:McCoy, G.A. (1977).
2566:10.1029/2018JG004587
2525:10.1029/2018JG004587
2347:. pp. 125–130.
2262:10.1139/as-2017-0022
2136:A derivative of the
2082:Hakala, Anu (2005).
1972:Journal of Limnology
1145:Heart Lake (Ontario)
770:Penang National Park
735:21 lakes, including
92:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2772:Lake Fidler revived
2706:1973LimOc..18..414W
2665:1981LimOc..26..880P
2624:1958LimOc...3..259A
2557:2018JGRG..123.3403L
2516:2018JGRG..123.3403L
2467:1983LimOc..28.1049C
2447:Oremland, Ronald S.
2409:2003QuRes..60..189T
2397:Quaternary Research
2322:1986JGR....91.7647S
2061:2020JAfES.16103672H
1890:(5615): 2024–2026.
1808:2023LimOL...8...93L
1722:2019ScTEn.661..514D
1683:2015ChGeo.395..126S
1575:1986LimOc..31...79F
1503:1974LimOc..19..209W
1267:Rochester, New York
949:Drawa National Park
890:, near the city of
406:in such lakes, use
394:, or chemolimnion.
161:Lake stratification
2316:(C-6): 7647–7655.
1857:10.1007/BF00028439
1817:10.1002/lol2.10215
1624:"Meromictic Lakes"
1327:Limnological tower
1245:Syracuse, New York
1218:Munising, Michigan
1111:, British Columbia
1064:Lakehurst, Ontario
708:, located between
650:
630:
615:
601:
586:
582:Syracuse, New York
571:
553:
534:Baltic Sea hypoxia
410:compounds such as
357:
304:Aquatic ecosystems
61:
42:
2581:"Lakes and Ponds"
2551:(10): 3403–3422.
2510:(10): 3403–3422.
2449:(November 1983).
2362:978-94-009-7292-6
2151:"Lago di Cadagno"
2131:978-0-12-382003-7
1645:978-0-12-370626-3
1547:978-0-19-509592-0
1389:(10): 1779–1787.
1360:978-0-12-744760-5
1289:Lower Mystic Lake
1205:Big Bay, Michigan
1141:Brampton, Ontario
1119:Waterloo, Ontario
1047:, in Frost Centre
597:Waterloo, Ontario
345:
344:
16:(Redirected from
2826:
2819:Meromictic lakes
2796:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2765:Water on the Web
2747:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2461:(6): 1049–1061.
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2264:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2221:. Archived from
2204:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1771:(1/3): 151–159.
1756:
1750:
1749:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1671:Chemical Geology
1662:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:on 6 March 2009.
1403:
1397:. Archived from
1380:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1181:Albany, New York
1151:Central America
1077:British Columbia
1032:Ellesmere Island
990:
989:
928:
911:
875:
796:Zigetangcuo Lake
565:
564:
543:Strandvatnet in
373:polymictic lakes
365:monomictic lakes
337:
330:
323:
286:
284:
275:
273:
262:
260:
251:
249:
240:
238:
229:
227:
209:Destratification
207:
205:
196:
194:
185:
183:
174:
172:
150:
148:
139:
137:
128:
126:
117:
115:
102:
101:
73:holomictic lakes
55:is a meromictic
21:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2686:
2682:
2645:
2641:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2537:
2533:
2496:
2492:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2337:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2228:on 6 March 2009
2225:
2202:10.1.1.541.2297
2184:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2008:
1999:
1964:
1960:
1923:
1919:
1876:
1872:
1837:
1833:
1788:
1784:
1757:
1753:
1702:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1620:
1616:
1584:10.1.1.420.7035
1559:
1555:
1548:
1530:
1526:
1487:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1395:10.1139/f83-207
1378:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1263:Irondequoit Bay
1254:Okanogan County
1223:Great Salt Lake
1107:in the town of
1073:Okanagan Valley
1055:Milton, Ontario
1045:Dorset, Ontario
1019:Ottawa, Ontario
1011:
963:Murmansk Oblast
947:Czarne Lake in
922:
905:
869:
861:
845:
836:Sulawesi island
749:
731:Ross Dependency
723:
689:Lake Tanganyika
659:
635:
482:limnic eruption
359:Most lakes are
341:
282:
281:
277:Meromictic lake
271:
270:
264:Polymictic lake
258:
257:
247:
246:
242:Monomictic lake
236:
235:
231:Holomictic lake
225:
224:
203:
202:
192:
191:
181:
180:
170:
169:
146:
145:
135:
134:
124:
123:
113:
112:
100:
98:Characteristics
65:meromictic lake
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2755:
2754:External links
2752:
2749:
2748:
2729:
2700:(3): 414–425.
2680:
2659:(5): 880–890.
2639:
2618:(3): 259–270.
2598:
2572:
2531:
2490:
2437:
2403:(2): 189–199.
2380:
2368:
2361:
2345:Paleolimnology
2335:
2300:
2289:
2278:
2253:Arctic Science
2239:
2195:(4): 651–672.
2168:
2142:
2130:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2074:
2035:
1997:
1958:
1917:
1870:
1851:(1): 125–130.
1831:
1782:
1751:
1696:
1657:
1644:
1614:
1553:
1546:
1524:
1497:(2): 209–222.
1481:
1461:
1441:
1407:
1366:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1247:
1230:
1227:Salt Lake City
1220:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1173:United States
1171:
1170:
1169:
1159:endorheic lake
1149:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1102:
1089:
1079:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1038:
1021:
1017:Lake McKay in
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
992:
987:Lac du Bourget
978:
972:
969:
955:
945:
936:
930:
916:
899:
881:
860:
857:
856:
855:
844:
841:
840:
839:
829:
811:
793:
783:Jellyfish Lake
780:
763:
748:
745:
744:
743:
741:Vestfold Hills
733:
722:
719:
718:
717:
703:
686:
673:
658:
655:
634:
631:
612:Fallon, Nevada
562:Lac du Bourget
488:took place at
466:carbon dioxide
464:Occasionally,
438:Stratification
416:photosynthesis
369:dimictic lakes
343:
342:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
309:Wild fisheries
306:
298:
297:
293:
292:
291:
290:
279:
268:
267:
266:
255:
244:
219:
218:
214:
213:
212:
211:
200:
189:
178:
164:
163:
157:
156:
155:
154:
143:
141:Profundal zone
132:
121:
107:
106:
99:
96:
84:Ingo Findenegg
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2831:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Lakes by type
2812:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Harmful Algae
2183:
2181:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2095:952-10-2154-3
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Hydrobiologia
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:(1): 93–102.
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:Hydrobiologia
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1453:(in German).
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1314:in Washington
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:Sitka, Alaska
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:Big Soda Lake
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:Ballston Lake
1175:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:Gatineau Park
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:McGinnis Lake
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:Crawford Lake
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:Blackcat Lake
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1009:North America
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
937:
934:
933:Lough Furnace
931:
926:
921:
917:
915:
909:
904:
903:Vähä-Pitkusta
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
873:
868:
867:
866:Kärntner Seen
863:
862:
854:
850:
847:
846:
837:
833:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Keracut Beach
764:
762:
758:
754:
751:
750:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
725:
724:
715:
711:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
661:
660:
654:
648:
644:
639:
628:
624:
619:
613:
609:
608:Big Soda Lake
605:
598:
594:
590:
583:
579:
575:
569:
563:
557:
550:
546:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
456:
450:
448:
443:
439:
435:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:monimolimnion
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:monimolimnion
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
353:dimictic lake
349:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
295:
294:
289:
280:
278:
269:
265:
256:
254:
253:Dimictic lake
245:
243:
234:
233:
232:
223:
222:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
201:
199:
190:
188:
179:
177:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
144:
142:
133:
131:
130:Limnetic zone
122:
120:
119:Littoral zone
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
103:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2764:
2742:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2458:
2454:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2400:
2396:
2383:
2371:
2344:
2338:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2292:
2281:
2252:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2192:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2137:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2019:
2015:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1649:, retrieved
1627:
1617:
1569:(1): 79–88.
1566:
1562:
1556:
1535:
1527:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1399:the original
1386:
1382:
1369:
1350:
1302:Redoubt Lake
1283:Vilas County
1192:Brownie Lake
1155:Lake Atitlán
1115:Sunfish Lake
1109:Powell River
1069:Mahoney Lake
975:Lake Cadagno
865:
772:, northwest
737:Organic Lake
716:and Tanzania
651:
593:Sunfish Lake
522:anoxic water
515:
463:
459:
451:
436:
428:
396:
387:
379:
377:
360:
358:
288:Amictic lake
276:
152:Benthic zone
87:
79:
77:
64:
62:
29:
2591:23 February
2430:9 September
2161:23 February
1716:: 514–521.
1677:: 126–137.
1285:, Wisconsin
1275:, Wisconsin
1273:Knaack Lake
1210:Chapel Lake
1201:Canyon Lake
1143:. See also
1133:Teapot Lake
1105:Powell Lake
1060:Picard Lake
923: [
906: [
870: [
849:Lake Fidler
838:, Indonesia
832:Lake Matano
814:Kaptai Lake
706:Lake Malawi
667:Lake Monoun
526:Caspian Sea
447:hypolimnion
388:mixolimnion
198:Hypolimnion
187:Metalimnion
57:crater lake
2808:Categories
2272:1807/81139
2055:: 103672.
2022:: 103575.
1457:: 369–423.
1333:References
1258:Washington
1237:Round Lake
1233:Green Lake
935:in Ireland
929:in Finland
753:Lake Shira
727:Lake Vanda
721:Antarctica
714:Mozambique
627:Washington
578:Green Lake
530:Baltic Sea
478:earthquake
420:phosphorus
392:chemocline
361:holomictic
217:Lake types
176:Epilimnion
105:Lake zones
88:holomictic
80:meromictic
18:Meromictic
2425:129373891
2197:CiteSeerX
1992:1723-8633
1953:2296-6463
1904:0036-8075
1865:0018-8158
1826:2378-2242
1738:0048-9697
1579:CiteSeerX
1477:: 47–132.
1436:1239-6095
1430:: 37–53.
1312:Soap Lake
1293:Arlington
1279:Lake Mary
1167:Guatemala
1092:Pink Lake
1088:, Ontario
996:Black Sea
991:in France
981:Lac Pavin
959:Mogilnoye
939:Salvatnet
920:Pakasaivo
878:Carinthia
851:, in the
843:Australia
676:Lake Kivu
663:Lake Nyos
623:Soap Lake
549:Ofotfjord
518:Black Sea
510:Lake Kivu
506:Lake Nyos
502:Lake Nyos
498:Lake Nyos
490:Lake Nyos
442:endogenic
94:in 1937.
78:The term
49:Lac Pavin
2219:51989121
1912:12663915
1746:30682604
1651:12 April
1609:11539668
1321:See also
1250:Hot Lake
1188:, Nevada
787:Eil Malk
778:Malaysia
776:island,
697:Tanzania
682:and the
671:Cameroon
545:Nordland
494:Cameroon
424:nitrogen
412:sulfides
296:See also
2724:2834466
2702:Bibcode
2661:Bibcode
2620:Bibcode
2553:Bibcode
2512:Bibcode
2485:2836268
2463:Bibcode
2405:Bibcode
2318:Bibcode
2057:Bibcode
1884:Science
1804:Bibcode
1718:Bibcode
1679:Bibcode
1601:2836641
1571:Bibcode
1519:2834407
1499:Bibcode
1216:, near
1071:in the
1036:Nunavut
1024:Lakes A
1014:Canada
914:Finland
888:Bavaria
884:Alatsee
755:in the
693:Burundi
647:Finland
470:methane
384:hypoxic
2784:Portal
2722:
2483:
2423:
2359:
2232:13 May
2217:
2199:
2128:
2092:
1990:
1951:
1910:
1902:
1863:
1824:
1744:
1736:
1642:
1607:
1599:
1581:
1544:
1517:
1434:
1357:
1229:, Utah
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