2782:
593:
34:
22:
578:
337:
545:
627:
529:
607:
563:
449:
When the layers do mix for whatever reason, the consequences can be devastating for organisms that normally live in the mixolimnion. This layer is usually much smaller in volume than the monimolimnion. When the layers mix, the oxygen concentration at the surface will decrease dramatically. This can
422:
and denser than the upper layers of water. However, human influence can lead to cultural meromixis occurring. The increased use of road salt as a deicing strategy, particularly in northern latitude regions, can disturb the natural mixing cycles in lakes by inhibiting mixing. As salt is flushed into
386:
The lack of mixing between layers creates radically different environments for life: the stratification, or stable layering, of lake waters means that the bottom layer receives little oxygen from the atmosphere, hence becomes depleted of oxygen. While the surface layer may have 10 mg/L or more
433:
or ectogenic. Endogenic means the patterns seen in the lake are caused by internal events, such as organic matter accumulating in the sediments and decaying, whereas ectogenic means the patterns seen are caused by external causes, like an intrusion of saltwater settling in the
641:
There are meromictic lakes all over the world. The distribution appears to be clustered, but this may be due to incomplete investigations. Depending on the exact definition of "meromictic", the ratio between meromictic and holomictic lakes worldwide is around 1:1000.
501:
is another lake that poses a potentially fatal threat to the community. Some management strategies have suggested taking a different approach, moving gases from the monimolimnion to the mixolimnion, rather than degassing to the atmosphere through organ pipes.
485:, causing nearly 1,800 deaths. In the following decades after this disaster, active research and management has been done to mitigate gas buildup in the future through the Nyos Organ Pipes Program (NOPP). The NOPP program placed large organ pipes into
415:. These factors combine to create an ideal environment for bacterial growth. The mixolimnion can have similar qualities. However, the types of bacteria that can grow at the surface are determined by the amount of light received at the surface.
2765:
441:
The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there is little physical mixing and few living organisms to agitate them. There is also little chemical decomposition. For this reason,
2760:
509:. The deep waters below 50 m (160 ft) do not mix with the upper layers that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is
446:
of the sediment at the bottom of meromictic lakes are important in tracing past changes in climate at the lake, by examining trapped pollen grains and the types of sediments .
1112:
387:
dissolved oxygen in summer, the depths of a meromictic lake can have less than 1 mg/L. Very few organisms can live in such an oxygen-poor environment. One exception is
489:, to reach the monimolimnion where harmful dissolved gases built up, that allow for gas release to the atmosphere, effectively degassing the monimolimnion. Since 2019,
418:
A meromictic lake may form because the basin is unusually deep and steep-sided compared to the lake's surface area, or because the lower layer of the lake is highly
1189:
1267:
891:
323:
2072:
853:
2097:
Gibson, John AE. (1999). "The meromictic lakes and stratified marine basins of the
Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11.2, 175–192.
72:
1070:
2332:
Smol, John P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. N. (1983). "Cultural disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada".
2166:
2748:
423:
aquatic systems at high concentrations in late winter/early spring, it accumulates in the deepest layer of lakes leading to incomplete mixing.
1261:
1198:
1121:
1048:
465:
can build up relatively undisturbed in the lower layers of a meromictic lake. When the stratification is disturbed, as could happen from an
1438:
Findenegg, Ingo (1935). "Limnologische
Untersuchungen im Kärntner Seengebiete. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Stoffhaushaltes in Alpenseen".
2001:"Final step of the 32-year Lake Nyos degassing adventure: Natural CO2 recharge is to be balanced by discharge through the degassing pipes"
908:
364:, the mixing occurs several times a year. In meromictic lakes, the layers of water can remain unmixed for years, decades, or centuries.
1364:
1016:
407:. These compounds are produced by decomposition of organic sediments in oxygen-poor environments. The monimolimnion is often rich in
1012:
841:
521:
is persistently stratified, with dense, highly saline water comprising the bottom layer, and large areas of hypoxic sediments (see
316:
1550:
Fry, Brian (January 1986). "Sources of Carbon and Sulfur
Nutrition for Consumers in Three Meromictic Lakes of New York State".
2728:"Limnological studies in southeastern Alaska and water quality measurements along the TAPS route during pipeline construction"
2297:
Sanderson, B.; Perry, K. & Pedersen, T. (15 June 1986). "Vertical
Diffusion in Meromictic Powell Lake, British Columbia".
2349:
2118:
1632:
1534:
1347:
1225:
1957:"An overview of the structure, hazards, and methods of investigation of Nyos-type lakes from the geochemical perspective"
309:
79:. The concepts and terminology used in describing meromictic lakes were essentially complete following some additions by
2238:"Hyperpycnal flows control the persistence and flushing of hypoxic high conductivity bottom water in a High Arctic lake"
1406:"Meromixis as a part of lake evolution – observations and a revised classification of true meromictic lakes in Finland"
1695:"The influence of road salt on seasonal mixing, redox stratification and methane concentrations in urban kettle lakes"
2082:
1202:
672:
1914:
Boehrer, Bertram; Saiki, Kazuto; Ohba, Takeshi; Tanyileke, Greg; Rouwet, Dmitri; Kusakabe, Minoru (28 July 2021).
2074:
Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies on the sediments of Lake Vähä-Pitkusta and observations of meromixis
1097:
2379:"Sedimentologic and palynologic records of the last deglaciation and Holocene from Ballston Lake, New York"
1125:
1612:
1242:
1074:
26:
2139:
1956:
2772:
1116:
930:, Kilevann, Tronstadvatn, Birkelandsvatn, Rørholtfjorden, Botnvatn, Rørhopvatn and Strandvatn lakes in
1694:
2807:
2528:
Lambrecht, Nicholas; Wittkop, Chad; Katsev, Sergei; Fakhraee, Mojtaba; Swanner, Elizabeth D. (2018).
2378:
2367:, Heart Lake Conservation Area Master Plan Advisory Committee, Conservation Land Planning Group, TRCA
2211:
2190:
1572:
1281:
2487:
Lambrecht, Nicholas; Wittkop, Chad; Katsev, Sergei; Fakhraee, Mojtaba; Swanner, Elizabeth (2018).
1258:, is also considered meromictic; use of road salt has been cited as the main reason for its change
2033:
1656:"Cultural meromixis: Effects of road salt on the chemical stratification of an urban kettle lake"
1655:
1271:
806:
372:
2727:
2802:
2185:
1916:"Carbon Dioxide in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, Estimated Quantitatively From Sound Speed Measurements"
1567:
1285:
1229:
1103:
837:
581:
388:
367:
Meromictic lakes can usually be divided into three sections or layers. The bottom layer is the
2108:
107:
1238:
1221:
896:
884:
745:
566:
493:
has successfully been degassed to a nonhazardous concentration of dissolved gas. Paralleling
2530:"Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA"
2489:"Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA"
1868:
1693:
Dupuis, Danielle; Sprague, Emily; Docherty, Kathryn M.; Koretsky, Carla M. (15 April 2019).
2690:
2649:
2608:
2541:
2500:
2451:
2393:
2306:
2045:
1792:
1706:
1667:
1559:
1487:
1387:
1133:
866:
758:
80:
45:
2569:
1830:"Cultural disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada"
505:
While it is mainly lakes that are meromictic, the world's largest meromictic basin is the
64:, at least once each year, there is a physical mixing of the surface and the deep waters.
8:
1255:
937:
426:
197:
149:
2694:
2653:
2612:
2545:
2504:
2455:
2397:
2310:
2049:
1796:
1710:
1671:
1563:
1491:
860:
2708:
2469:
2409:
2203:
1585:
1523:
1503:
1478:
Walker, K. F. (March 1974). "The
Stability of Meromictic Lakes in Central Washington".
1315:
1246:
1233:
1206:
1080:
1052:
615:
570:
522:
474:
2405:
2413:
2345:
2114:
2078:
2057:
2017:
2000:
1976:
1937:
1896:
1888:
1849:
1810:
1730:
1722:
1628:
1624:
1593:
1530:
1420:
1343:
1107:
585:
292:
2207:
1718:
592:
2698:
2657:
2616:
2549:
2508:
2459:
2401:
2337:
2314:
2255:
2245:
2195:
2053:
2012:
1968:
1927:
1880:
1841:
1800:
1761:
1749:
1714:
1675:
1620:
1577:
1495:
1405:
1379:
1169:
1065:
1020:
788:
784:
510:
1884:
1679:
2435:
2341:
2274:
2236:
Lewis, Ted; Lamoureux, Scott F.; Normandeau, Alexandre; Dugan, Hilary A. (2017).
1458:
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn (1937). "A contribution to the limnology of arid regions".
1251:
1211:
1147:
1061:
1043:
1033:
951:
719:
677:
470:
252:
230:
219:
61:
2285:
1143:
1215:
975:
814:
771:
729:
600:
550:
454:
404:
297:
129:
33:
2703:
2678:
2662:
2637:
2464:
2439:
2199:
1932:
1915:
1829:
1765:
1581:
1499:
2796:
2621:
2596:
1980:
1972:
1941:
1892:
1853:
1814:
1726:
1424:
1294:
1174:
1165:
1084:
1039:
1029:
921:
754:
392:
379:, and essentially behaves like a holomictic lake. The area in between is the
371:; the waters in this portion of the lake circulate little, and are generally
357:
241:
118:
2638:"The Role of Phototrophic Bacteria in the Sulfur Cycle of a Meromictic Lake"
2364:
2318:
2786:
1900:
1734:
1597:
1290:
1277:
1180:
1057:
966:, crenogenic, in Switzerland, and the location of the Alpine Biology Center
963:
913:
725:
276:
140:
2171:
following restoration of the largest natural French lake (Lac du
Bourget)"
450:
result in the death of many organisms, such as fish, that require oxygen.
21:
2757:
operated by the
University of Minnesota, Duluth. Retrieved 11-March-2007.
2554:
2529:
2513:
2488:
2250:
2237:
1193:
1184:
1093:
820:
809:, at the southeastern part of Bangladesh. It was created by constructing
802:
694:
655:
514:
443:
435:
186:
175:
577:
2712:
2679:"Some Considerations of the Chemical Limnology of Meromictic Lake Mary"
2473:
1845:
1805:
1780:
1589:
1507:
810:
741:
715:
702:
596:
518:
466:
408:
380:
361:
353:
164:
2260:
2164:
1300:
1155:
984:
969:
947:
927:
664:
651:
611:
537:
506:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
430:
336:
37:
16:
Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix
1999:
Halbwachs, Michel; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe; Kayser, Gaston (2020).
1383:
1151:
880:
1129:
824:
775:
766:
685:
659:
544:
533:
482:
419:
412:
400:
341:
2732:
Circular 751-B: USGS Survey in Alaska, Accomplishments During 1976
352:: at least once per year, the surface and the deep waters mix. In
2766:
photo-outing.com review over Pantai
Kerachut with Memomictic lake
1781:"Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing"
1024:
902:
876:
872:
796:
681:
635:
458:
2597:"Some Limnological Features of a Shallow Saline Meromictic Lake"
2377:
Toney, Jaime L.; Rodbell, Donald T.; Miller, Norton G. (2003).
1611:
Stewart, K. M.; Walker, K. F.; Likens, G. E. (1 January 2009),
1088:
1007:
955:
941:
931:
762:
749:
698:
689:
668:
631:
556:
536:
down to the left; only a small isthmus separates the lake from
396:
360:, it occurs twice a year (typically spring and autumn), and in
41:
2527:
2486:
1654:
Sibert, Ryan J.; Koretsky, Carla M.; Wyman, Davina A. (2015).
626:
2235:
2165:
Jacquet, Stéphan; Briand, Jean-François; et al. (2003).
1692:
792:
779:
528:
60:
which has layers of water that do not intermix. In ordinary,
1460:
Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
799:. It is the meromictic lake located at the highest altitude.
606:
562:
375:
and saltier than the rest of the lake. The top layer is the
2752:
2440:"Autotrophic Processes in Meromictic Big Soda Lake, Nevada"
2275:
Council
Meeting - 19 Jan 2016 - Municipality of Trent Lakes
57:
1779:
Ladwig, Robert; Rock, Linnea A.; Dugan, Hilary A. (2023).
1913:
1529:. Translated by James F. Haney. Oxford University Press.
462:
2296:
1998:
2770:
1828:
Smoll, John P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. N. (1983).
1653:
1610:
1365:"A revised classification of lakes based on mixing"
391:. These bacteria, commonly found at the top of the
2433:
2376:
1955:Tassi, Franco; Rouwet, Dmitri (12 February 2014).
1522:
1372:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2677:Weimar, Walter C. & Lee, G. Fred (May 1973).
2636:Parkin, T.B. & Brock, T.D. (September 1981).
2077:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Helsinki.
2034:"Managing the dangers in Lake Kivu – How and why"
1827:
1297:; one of North America's largest meromictic lakes
2794:
2331:
2534:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
2493:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
2167:"The proliferation of the toxic cyanobacterium
1778:
1521:Lampert, Winfried & Sommer, Ulrich (1997).
599:is a meromictic lake in a volcanic crater near
2031:
1525:Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams
1440:Internationale Revue der Gesamte Hydrobiologie
517:is anoxic below 100 m (330 ft). The
25:McGinnis Lake is a meromictic lake within the
1520:
317:
2588:
2576:. National Park Service, US Dept of Interior
2132:
2110:Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective
1619:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 589–602,
1514:
1342:(Third ed.). New York: Academic Press.
1333:
1331:
973:
548:
75:in 1935, apparently based on the older word
2635:
2629:
2574:Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan
2562:
2158:
1954:
621:
2427:
2100:
2091:
2064:
1457:
869:; studied by Ingo Findenegg in the 1930s).
865:(Alpine lakes in the Austrian province of
324:
310:
2702:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2620:
2553:
2512:
2463:
2365:Heart Lake Conservation Area: Master Plan
2290:
2259:
2249:
2189:
2016:
1931:
1804:
1571:
1471:
1451:
1437:
1397:
1328:
875:(small alpine lake in Germany's state of
344:. This does not occur in meromictic lakes
2594:
1431:
1356:
842:Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
684:, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
625:
605:
591:
576:
561:
543:
527:
335:
32:
20:
2434:Cloern, James E.; Cole, Brian E. &
1866:
1747:
2795:
2106:
2070:
1543:
1477:
1403:
1337:
817:to set up a hydroelectric power plant.
356:, the mixing occurs once per year; in
2725:
2719:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1362:
630:Lake Pakasaivo, a meromictic lake in
1340:Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems
987:is also considered to be meromictic.
1549:
960:Lakes El Tobar and La Cruz in Spain
555:is the largest and deepest lake in
13:
1987:
1785:Limnology and Oceanography Letters
429:in meromictic lakes can be either
86:
14:
2819:
2751:, part of an educational website
2742:
2038:Journal of African Earth Sciences
2032:Hirslund, F.; Morkel, P. (2020).
2005:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1203:Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
2780:
2058:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103672
2018:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103575
1867:Krajick, Kevin (28 March 2003).
1699:Science of the Total Environment
1625:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00027-2
1404:Hakala, Anu (27 February 2004).
997:
673:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2521:
2480:
2370:
2358:
2325:
2299:Journal of Geophysical Research
2279:
2268:
2229:
2113:. Academic Press. p. 186.
2025:
1948:
1907:
1860:
1821:
1772:
1741:
1719:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.191
1686:
1647:
990:Lake El Tobar in Cuenca (Spain)
1869:"Africa's Davids and Goliaths"
1604:
1363:Lewis, William M. Jr. (1983).
993:Lake La Cruz in Cuenca (Spain)
1:
2406:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00093-0
2146:(in Italian). 6 December 2014
2127:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
2107:Likens, Gene E., ed. (2010).
1885:10.1126/science.299.5615.2024
1680:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.010
1617:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
1321:
1270:, in the northwest corner of
709:
438:, preventing it from mixing.
340:Typical mixing pattern for a
2595:Anderson, G.C. (July 1958).
2342:10.1007/978-94-009-7290-2_20
1615:, in Likens, Gene E. (ed.),
1126:Heart Lake Conservation Area
831:
475:a notable event of this type
7:
2734:. US Geological Survey: B7.
1413:Boreal Environment Research
1309:
1113:Little Round Lake (Ontario)
1075:Petroglyphs Provincial Park
610:Soapy foam on the shore of
71:was coined by the Austrian
27:Petroglyphs Provincial Park
10:
2824:
2683:Limnology and Oceanography
2642:Limnology and Oceanography
2601:Limnology and Oceanography
2444:Limnology and Oceanography
2286:Ontario Parks: Petroglyphs
1920:Frontiers in Earth Science
1750:"[No title found]"
1748:Kjensmo, Johannes (1997).
1552:Limnology and Oceanography
1480:Limnology and Oceanography
1468:As cited by Hakala (2004).
1448:As cited by Hakala (2004).
1338:Wetzel, Robert G. (2001).
1117:Central Frontenac, Ontario
584:is a meromictic lake near
569:is a meromictic lake near
2704:10.4319/lo.1973.18.3.0414
2663:10.4319/lo.1981.26.5.0880
2465:10.4319/lo.1983.28.6.1049
2200:10.1016/j.hal.2003.12.006
1933:10.3389/feart.2021.645011
1582:10.4319/lo.1986.31.1.0079
1500:10.4319/lo.1974.19.2.0209
974:
847:
645:
549:
2749:"Density Stratification"
2622:10.4319/lo.1958.3.3.0259
1973:10.4081/jlimnol.2014.836
622:List of meromictic lakes
2319:10.1029/JC091iC06p07647
1766:10.1023/A:1003035705729
807:Rangamati Hill District
787:, a crenogenic lake in
735:
2169:Planktothrix rubescens
2144:Centro Biologia Alpina
1286:Medford, Massachusetts
1230:Green Lakes State Park
1185:Minneapolis, Minnesota
638:
618:
603:
589:
574:
559:
541:
389:purple sulfur bacteria
345:
49:
30:
1168:, north northwest of
1150:in the department of
885:Neuschwanstein Castle
746:Republic of Khakassia
629:
609:
595:
580:
565:
547:
531:
473:may result. In 1986,
461:, or other dissolved
339:
36:
24:
2726:McCoy, G.A. (1977).
2555:10.1029/2018JG004587
2514:10.1029/2018JG004587
2336:. pp. 125–130.
2251:10.1139/as-2017-0022
2125:A derivative of the
2071:Hakala, Anu (2005).
1961:Journal of Limnology
1134:Heart Lake (Ontario)
759:Penang National Park
724:21 lakes, including
81:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2761:Lake Fidler revived
2695:1973LimOc..18..414W
2654:1981LimOc..26..880P
2613:1958LimOc...3..259A
2546:2018JGRG..123.3403L
2505:2018JGRG..123.3403L
2456:1983LimOc..28.1049C
2436:Oremland, Ronald S.
2398:2003QuRes..60..189T
2386:Quaternary Research
2311:1986JGR....91.7647S
2050:2020JAfES.16103672H
1879:(5615): 2024–2026.
1797:2023LimOL...8...93L
1711:2019ScTEn.661..514D
1672:2015ChGeo.395..126S
1564:1986LimOc..31...79F
1492:1974LimOc..19..209W
1256:Rochester, New York
938:Drawa National Park
879:, near the city of
395:in such lakes, use
383:, or chemolimnion.
150:Lake stratification
2305:(C-6): 7647–7655.
1846:10.1007/BF00028439
1806:10.1002/lol2.10215
1613:"Meromictic Lakes"
1316:Limnological tower
1234:Syracuse, New York
1207:Munising, Michigan
1100:, British Columbia
1053:Lakehurst, Ontario
697:, located between
639:
619:
604:
590:
575:
571:Syracuse, New York
560:
542:
523:Baltic Sea hypoxia
399:compounds such as
346:
293:Aquatic ecosystems
50:
31:
2570:"Lakes and Ponds"
2540:(10): 3403–3422.
2499:(10): 3403–3422.
2438:(November 1983).
2351:978-94-009-7292-6
2140:"Lago di Cadagno"
2120:978-0-12-382003-7
1634:978-0-12-370626-3
1536:978-0-19-509592-0
1378:(10): 1779–1787.
1349:978-0-12-744760-5
1278:Lower Mystic Lake
1194:Big Bay, Michigan
1130:Brampton, Ontario
1108:Waterloo, Ontario
1036:, in Frost Centre
586:Waterloo, Ontario
334:
333:
2815:
2808:Meromictic lakes
2785:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2754:Water on the Web
2736:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2450:(6): 1049–1061.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2210:. Archived from
2193:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1760:(1/3): 151–159.
1745:
1739:
1738:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1660:Chemical Geology
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1393:on 6 March 2009.
1392:
1386:. Archived from
1369:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1170:Albany, New York
1140:Central America
1066:British Columbia
1021:Ellesmere Island
979:
978:
917:
900:
864:
785:Zigetangcuo Lake
554:
553:
532:Strandvatnet in
362:polymictic lakes
354:monomictic lakes
326:
319:
312:
275:
273:
264:
262:
251:
249:
240:
238:
229:
227:
218:
216:
198:Destratification
196:
194:
185:
183:
174:
172:
163:
161:
139:
137:
128:
126:
117:
115:
106:
104:
91:
90:
62:holomictic lakes
44:is a meromictic
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2675:
2671:
2634:
2630:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2526:
2522:
2485:
2481:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2330:
2326:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2217:on 6 March 2009
2214:
2191:10.1.1.541.2297
2173:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2030:
2026:
1997:
1988:
1953:
1949:
1912:
1908:
1865:
1861:
1826:
1822:
1777:
1773:
1746:
1742:
1691:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1609:
1605:
1573:10.1.1.420.7035
1548:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1515:
1476:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1384:10.1139/f83-207
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1252:Irondequoit Bay
1243:Okanogan County
1212:Great Salt Lake
1096:in the town of
1062:Okanagan Valley
1044:Milton, Ontario
1034:Dorset, Ontario
1008:Ottawa, Ontario
1000:
952:Murmansk Oblast
936:Czarne Lake in
911:
894:
858:
850:
834:
825:Sulawesi island
738:
720:Ross Dependency
712:
678:Lake Tanganyika
648:
624:
471:limnic eruption
348:Most lakes are
330:
271:
270:
266:Meromictic lake
260:
259:
253:Polymictic lake
247:
246:
236:
235:
231:Monomictic lake
225:
224:
220:Holomictic lake
214:
213:
192:
191:
181:
180:
170:
169:
159:
158:
135:
134:
124:
123:
113:
112:
102:
101:
89:
87:Characteristics
54:meromictic lake
17:
12:
11:
5:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2744:
2743:External links
2741:
2738:
2737:
2718:
2689:(3): 414–425.
2669:
2648:(5): 880–890.
2628:
2607:(3): 259–270.
2587:
2561:
2520:
2479:
2426:
2392:(2): 189–199.
2369:
2357:
2350:
2334:Paleolimnology
2324:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2242:Arctic Science
2228:
2184:(4): 651–672.
2157:
2131:
2119:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2024:
1986:
1947:
1906:
1859:
1840:(1): 125–130.
1820:
1771:
1740:
1685:
1646:
1633:
1603:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1486:(2): 209–222.
1470:
1450:
1430:
1396:
1355:
1348:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1249:
1236:
1219:
1216:Salt Lake City
1209:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1162:United States
1160:
1159:
1158:
1148:endorheic lake
1138:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1078:
1068:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1027:
1010:
1006:Lake McKay in
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
988:
981:
976:Lac du Bourget
967:
961:
958:
944:
934:
925:
919:
905:
888:
870:
849:
846:
845:
844:
833:
830:
829:
828:
818:
800:
782:
772:Jellyfish Lake
769:
752:
737:
734:
733:
732:
730:Vestfold Hills
722:
711:
708:
707:
706:
692:
675:
662:
647:
644:
623:
620:
601:Fallon, Nevada
551:Lac du Bourget
477:took place at
455:carbon dioxide
453:Occasionally,
427:Stratification
405:photosynthesis
358:dimictic lakes
332:
331:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
298:Wild fisheries
295:
287:
286:
282:
281:
280:
279:
268:
257:
256:
255:
244:
233:
208:
207:
203:
202:
201:
200:
189:
178:
167:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
132:
130:Profundal zone
121:
110:
96:
95:
88:
85:
73:Ingo Findenegg
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Lakes by type
2801:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Harmful Algae
2172:
2170:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2084:952-10-2154-3
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:Hydrobiologia
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:(1): 93–102.
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:Hydrobiologia
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1442:(in German).
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1303:in Washington
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:Sitka, Alaska
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:Big Soda Lake
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:Ballston Lake
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:Gatineau Park
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:McGinnis Lake
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:Crawford Lake
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:Blackcat Lake
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
998:North America
992:
989:
986:
982:
977:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:Lough Furnace
920:
915:
910:
906:
904:
898:
893:
892:Vähä-Pitkusta
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
868:
862:
857:
856:
855:Kärntner Seen
852:
851:
843:
839:
836:
835:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Keracut Beach
753:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
714:
713:
704:
700:
696:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
663:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:
643:
637:
633:
628:
617:
613:
608:
602:
598:
597:Big Soda Lake
594:
587:
583:
579:
572:
568:
564:
558:
552:
546:
539:
535:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
445:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:monimolimnion
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:monimolimnion
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
342:dimictic lake
338:
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
305:
304:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
269:
267:
258:
254:
245:
243:
242:Dimictic lake
234:
232:
223:
222:
221:
212:
211:
210:
209:
205:
204:
199:
190:
188:
179:
177:
168:
166:
157:
156:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
133:
131:
122:
120:
119:Limnetic zone
111:
109:
108:Littoral zone
100:
99:
98:
97:
93:
92:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2753:
2731:
2721:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2389:
2385:
2372:
2360:
2333:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2270:
2241:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2181:
2177:
2168:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2126:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2008:
2004:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1638:, retrieved
1616:
1606:
1558:(1): 79–88.
1555:
1551:
1545:
1524:
1516:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1388:the original
1375:
1371:
1358:
1339:
1291:Redoubt Lake
1272:Vilas County
1181:Brownie Lake
1144:Lake Atitlán
1104:Sunfish Lake
1098:Powell River
1058:Mahoney Lake
964:Lake Cadagno
854:
761:, northwest
726:Organic Lake
705:and Tanzania
640:
582:Sunfish Lake
511:anoxic water
504:
452:
448:
440:
425:
417:
385:
376:
368:
366:
349:
347:
277:Amictic lake
265:
141:Benthic zone
76:
68:
66:
53:
51:
18:
2580:23 February
2419:9 September
2150:23 February
1705:: 514–521.
1666:: 126–137.
1274:, Wisconsin
1264:, Wisconsin
1262:Knaack Lake
1199:Chapel Lake
1190:Canyon Lake
1132:. See also
1122:Teapot Lake
1094:Powell Lake
1049:Picard Lake
912: [
895: [
859: [
838:Lake Fidler
827:, Indonesia
821:Lake Matano
803:Kaptai Lake
695:Lake Malawi
656:Lake Monoun
515:Caspian Sea
436:hypolimnion
377:mixolimnion
187:Hypolimnion
176:Metalimnion
46:crater lake
2797:Categories
2261:1807/81139
2044:: 103672.
2011:: 103575.
1446:: 369–423.
1322:References
1247:Washington
1226:Round Lake
1222:Green Lake
924:in Ireland
918:in Finland
742:Lake Shira
716:Lake Vanda
710:Antarctica
703:Mozambique
616:Washington
567:Green Lake
519:Baltic Sea
467:earthquake
409:phosphorus
381:chemocline
350:holomictic
206:Lake types
165:Epilimnion
94:Lake zones
77:holomictic
69:meromictic
2414:129373891
2186:CiteSeerX
1981:1723-8633
1942:2296-6463
1893:0036-8075
1854:0018-8158
1815:2378-2242
1727:0048-9697
1568:CiteSeerX
1466:: 47–132.
1425:1239-6095
1419:: 37–53.
1301:Soap Lake
1282:Arlington
1268:Lake Mary
1156:Guatemala
1081:Pink Lake
1077:, Ontario
985:Black Sea
980:in France
970:Lac Pavin
948:Mogilnoye
928:Salvatnet
909:Pakasaivo
867:Carinthia
840:, in the
832:Australia
665:Lake Kivu
652:Lake Nyos
612:Soap Lake
538:Ofotfjord
507:Black Sea
499:Lake Kivu
495:Lake Nyos
491:Lake Nyos
487:Lake Nyos
479:Lake Nyos
431:endogenic
83:in 1937.
67:The term
38:Lac Pavin
2208:51989121
1901:12663915
1735:30682604
1640:12 April
1598:11539668
1310:See also
1239:Hot Lake
1177:, Nevada
776:Eil Malk
767:Malaysia
765:island,
686:Tanzania
671:and the
660:Cameroon
534:Nordland
483:Cameroon
413:nitrogen
401:sulfides
285:See also
2713:2834466
2691:Bibcode
2650:Bibcode
2609:Bibcode
2542:Bibcode
2501:Bibcode
2474:2836268
2452:Bibcode
2394:Bibcode
2307:Bibcode
2046:Bibcode
1873:Science
1793:Bibcode
1707:Bibcode
1668:Bibcode
1590:2836641
1560:Bibcode
1508:2834407
1488:Bibcode
1205:, near
1060:in the
1025:Nunavut
1013:Lakes A
1003:Canada
903:Finland
877:Bavaria
873:Alatsee
744:in the
682:Burundi
636:Finland
459:methane
373:hypoxic
2773:Portal
2711:
2472:
2412:
2348:
2221:13 May
2206:
2188:
2117:
2081:
1979:
1940:
1899:
1891:
1852:
1813:
1733:
1725:
1631:
1596:
1588:
1570:
1533:
1506:
1423:
1346:
1218:, Utah
1152:Sololá
1089:Quebec
956:Russia
942:Poland
932:Norway
881:FĂĽssen
848:Europe
815:Kaptai
763:Penang
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