Mescalero - Knowledge

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Lincoln National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in North America. The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of the Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of

296: 2059:"double irons" and "placed in charge of some one who will be responsible for their safe keeping and that every precaution be taken to prevent their escape." He emphasized "that they must not escape." Mackenzie later decided to keep Hosthea at Fort Stanton because the Indian agent wanted to file criminal charges of murder against him. The others were moved to Fort Union. When these three prisoners arrived at Fort Union, they joined 26 other Indian prisoners (one man, fourteen women, and eleven children) being detained at the post. Roman Chiquita, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy were soon sent to 68: 333:

maintained coordination with the Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the “Made-in-Native-America” campaign. Mr. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit the Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples.

1033: 56: 287:(Dziãgais'â-ní = "sacred mountain") a 12,003-foot (3,659 m) mountain. It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico. Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation, is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit. 1089:): a son and successor of Barranquito, after Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands. After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3, 1863, he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains, trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche. He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa. 2214: 643: 410:. They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and “brand” in naming the most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering 349: 2409: 1070:, ca. 1810 / 1815 – †1876): son and successor of Barranquito, since about 1830' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands, but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites, in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites, until his death of pneumonia or smallpox. 280:(T'iis ntsaadz-í 'úú'á). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture the Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers. 217: 1340:(Tsé'íchîî') toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains. He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso. He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, but their request was refused, because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band; active in the 1840s–1860s. 1467:, born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family, captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in "la Acordada", succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his 1100:): after Barranquito and Santana, the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US, together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon, leader of the Jicarilla Apache. 2222:

Casteter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole,

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with the Sacramento Mountains—the area where Fort Stanton was built—had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands, Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands; after Santana and Cadete were gone, chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation, but, unlike

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The Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits. Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of

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The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni

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were sent to round them up and capture the leaders (Roman Chiquita, Hosthea, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy). They were captured and sent to Fort Union to be imprisoned. Because Muchacho Negro had escaped while being transported to Fort Union, Mackenzie directed that these prisoners be shackled with

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towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains, was reported to have committed frequent "depredations" on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann—soon adopted in the tribe—and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870; in 1874 he

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band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico; together with his brothers Peso, Crook Neck, and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo, the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches; he, together

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The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantûhé-õde) and later Americans ('indaa łiga-ńne bindáa-í datł'ij-í – "white people with blue eyes" or 'indáá-ńne – "white people"; " enemies"; modern name: nndé bindáa datł'ijé-ńne – "white people";

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In 2022, Mr. Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe. Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Mr. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison

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Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world, much of the tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector

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of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp 163–186. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34.

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Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago

414:. Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected the ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively. 271:

The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on the 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120 –142. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H.

1151:(and likely his brother-in-law as Mangas Coloradas' son-in-law); in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio, fighting along with him in their last battles, but, according to some reports, he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880. 622:; modern name: Gumáõchí-í) from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in the 1178:, in the late 1800s he, together with his brother Sin Miedo (Sans Peur, Without Fear) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers. 1529:

band and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico, moved to reservation in 1876. In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands (including the Lipan) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief

1019:, Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in both places. 425:, but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage. Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families. The Mescalero also practiced 1238:

promoted a council of Mescalero, Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs, and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876.

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Roman Grande: a son and successor of Barranquito, serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. Less important than Santana and Cadete, he followed the lead of his brother Santana; died during an epidemic in

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Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting

1205:(where he was to be imprisoned), but he escaped early in August 1882. Muchacho Negro was considered a renegade who would return to his people and continue to cause trouble. He was captured in June 1883 and imprisoned at 2279:

Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El

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Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting

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Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del Río Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and

942:, who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila, camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding; they merged with the Mescalero, forming a Mescalero band) 2327:

Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281-283.

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with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers, and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon.

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Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or

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Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names:

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1-7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)

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Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–281.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church

276:. On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of 784:("The People of the Side of the Land", "The People at the Side of the Earth", "The People at the Edge of the Earth", "People Who Live Against the Mountains", "Earth Crevine (Deer) People") or 307:

half of the members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188)--A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian.

1691: 403:. These are considered the three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache. 1063:

east toward the Pecos River, probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s, when he died in 1857, his three sons and/or nephews Santana, Cadete and Roman succeeded him.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157-164.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399-435.

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and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s)

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and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s.

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is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of the Oscuru Mountain Peak). Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that

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and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.

570:. Mescalero identity is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1) 1486:

and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.

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Colorado ("Red", likely "Avispa Colorada" "Red Wasp"): leader of a local group of Chisos, or maybe Lipan, Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)

718:("Plains People"; really a Jicarilla group, they lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between 2375: 2397: 1245:

band of five local groups with about 400 warriors. His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans-Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande; his stronghold was in the

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band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh, he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241-262.

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Muchacho Negro ("Black Boy", born ca. 1860, died 1930): important local group leader and war chief, joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio, because of taking part in

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Nautzili, San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880, after Caballero's outbreak, during "Victorio's war"; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153-192.

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4–10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men. Men would also take an active role in the processing of mescal.

774:("Antelope Band People", "The People of Antelope") (lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the 1644: 2304:

Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154-179. With George Robertson.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles Of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.

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Because some of the Mescalero Apaches were raiding off their reservation in September 1882, a short time after Muchacho Negro's escape, troops from

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their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy.

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Sonnichsen, C. L. (1972) The Mescalero Apaches (The Civilization of the American Indian Series), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1972),

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Zorillo (likely "Zorrillo" "Little Fox"): leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,

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Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65–70.

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band of the Lipan Apache, who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands)

240:(Zhúuníidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in 1241:

Gómez (also known as Chief Gómez or Juan Gómez or by the Apache Negoyani, "Old Man of Wisdom"): chief of the 1840s–1860s who led a large

854:("Mountains Extending into the River People") (lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas) 2383: 746:(Tsé táhúú'á-yá) in Texas (Ch'a nteeã-õde bikéé'yaa'). In Oklahoma (Indian Territory) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the 2413: 318:

as its first woman president. She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986. The tribe repeatedly re-elected

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Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620–633.

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had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the

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Select: Place, Communities, Click on 'Cerro Rojo' on the map (orange square-dot NE of EL Paso, East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ).

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pp. 117–134. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

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for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as

2345: 1985: 756:("Mountain Ridge Band People", "The People of the Mountainside", "The People who Live on the Edge of the Mountains") or 1301:

Chinonero: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;

818:("red rock", i.e. Guadalupe Mountains), the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico.) 676:(Spanish rendering and transliteration, pronounced Na-ta-hay); really a Lipan group, they lived between Rio Grande and 208:(Tú’édįnéńde and Túntsańde) also joined the reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe. 1294:

Cigarito: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;

2266: 2246: 2235: 2189: 2173: 1414: 1403: 1140: 793: 245: 1731: 1336:, including about 200 warriors. They lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the 844:(Ją́’é łą́yá- "the place where (there are) many donkeys"), also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and 2546: 591: 1996: 1648: 610:("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands"). When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy 2451: 2446: 1112: 665:

lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of the bands Apache name).

515:(Tú 'ichii-dí – "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the 392: 2556: 1901: 1852: 1417:

and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.

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and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.

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on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the

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Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches.

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band were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Gułgahéńde on the Southern Plains and of the

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band joined Nautzili's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains, from time to time he also joined the

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in Chihuahua, migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of

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families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to

2526: 1925: 1060: 976:. To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the 797: 657: 571: 284: 253: 20: 2779: 2521: 2287:

Brunswig and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

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St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Mescalero, New Mexico ca. 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar

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was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president.

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band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,

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band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,

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In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as Tribe's president along side Vice President Duane Duffy.

2789: 2712: 2697: 2595: 2571: 1431:, also known as Pedro Muzquiz, ca. *1820 – †1881/1882): last chief of the Chisos Apaches (also 1181:

Sin Miedo ("Without Fear" = "Sans Peur"): brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan, his

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tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at

917: 277: 810:("People of Hook Nose", "The People of Red Rock", "The People of the Guadalupe Mountains") or 602:

bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home

2784: 2732: 2667: 1668: 1609: 1464: 1254: 913: 877: 623: 606:("people, forming a group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today 582:, (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the 300: 273: 136: 2531: 1877: 1624: 1159: 841: 587: 524: 458: 426: 388: 308: 178: 1233:, his band lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the 67: 8: 2642: 2566: 2491: 2019: 1954: 1337: 1234: 1155: 837: 801: 579: 257: 205: 1938: 511:

Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the

457:(in Mescalero: ’Indaa’bixúńde / ’Indabixúńde, modern name: Chusht’a ’íízhańde), another 2722: 2180: 1919: 1825: 1808:

Dubois, Betty Lou (1976). "A Study in Educational Anthropology: The Mescalero Apache".

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during the decades 1860s and 1870s, likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief

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were marched over 350-mile (560 km) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at

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as president; he served a total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998.

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In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the

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derives from the Apache word ch'íná'itíh, which means gate or mountain pass

2055: 1566: 1291:) were Cigarito, Chinonero or Chino Huero, Simón Porode, and Simón Manuel. 1270: 1262: 939: 800:(Dził Gais ’ą́ní) in New Mexico with other local groups living east in the 731: 730:

and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to

719: 583: 475: 411: 326: 237: 2652: 1862: 824:("Rock House People", "Stone House People", "The People of Rock Houses"), 503:

according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory.

2748: 2561: 1356: 981: 873: 743: 727: 677: 642: 627: 469:("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero 422: 1896:. DeVita, Philip R., 1932-. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 2000. 1829: 1351:(or war chiefs) Nicolás and Antonio. They ranged between Limpia Canyon, 792:(so named because their 19th century dominant local groups lived in the 348: 232:

Originally established on May 27, 1873, by executive order of President

2632: 2417: 2408: 2060: 1847:. United States. Indian Claims Commission. New York: Garland Pub. Inc. 1479:, Texas, his people were sold into slavery in Mexico, ca. 1860 – 1882. 1360: 1269:, Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp. The 1222: 1212:

Gorgonio: medicine-man, aide to old Barranquito and, later, to Santana.

1012: 897: 689: 512: 396: 299:

Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in

201: 186: 1845:

Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization

1402:), stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the 652:. After being defeated by United States military forces, most of the 2753: 2181:

Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present

1206: 1016: 977: 192:

In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other

19:

This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see

2370: 1557:, former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years 1409:

Verancia: said to be a son of Gomez, leader of a local group of the

1273:'s quest to capture Gómez on behalf of Gov. Trías was dramatized by 872:

and arid mountains ranging on both sides of the Rio Grande from the

453:("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People"). The 2331: 1741:, LaGrone Funeral Chapel of Ruidoso Website, accessed 1 August 2011 1619: 1531: 1266: 1175: 1148: 765: 747: 611: 197: 1778:"Thora Walsh Padilla sworn in as Mescalero Apache Tribe president" 1413:, stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the 480: 216: 2030:– "People of the Forest" or named after the former Chizos Indians 1472: 429:

patterns. When a woman married, the couple would move into a new

244:. The 463,000-acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the 2587: 880:

of North Mexico, with strongholds in the mountain ranges of the

848:; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains) 2478: 1548: 1420: 653: 434: 193: 166: 1385:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.

1374:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.

1147:, close ally and long-time friend of the great Mimbreño chief 2241:

Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press,

1572:

Dr. Felicia Fontenot, DDS, the first Mescalero Apache Dentist

700:, original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and 594:

gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies

1753:"Eddie Martinez elected president of Mescalero Apache Tribe" 1305:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s

1298:

and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s

948:("No Water People", "Tough People of the Desert") (once the 430: 221: 2008:

The Mescalero Apache Tribe and Mescalero Apache Band Names

183:

Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation

36: 2347:

Acculturation Among Mescalero Apache High School Students

2201: 868:(one mighty band with several local groups living in the 710:("People of the Plains", "The People of Open Spaces") or 283:

The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of

118:

Catholic Religion, Mescalero and Native Cultural Heritage

1463:

of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the

1345:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1243:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1231:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1162:

as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo-nah-go, his

928:

Protected Area are part of their former band territory.)

465:

Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as

2223:(No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2063:, Kansas, to get them farther away from their homeland. 1681:"Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States" 2315:

Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.

2076:(1981/paperback 1997), University of Oklahoma Press, 1894:

Stumbling toward truth : anthropologists at work

1315:

Simón Manuel: leader of a local group in West Texas;

1308:

Simón Porode: leader of a local group in West Texas;

992:) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin ( 473:("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave ( 445:

The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves, is

2230:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), 2168:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), 1645:"Bent and Mescalero — home of the Mescalero Apache" 1343:Espejo ("looking-glass"): chief of a large band of 479:) (Apache: naa’da / ’inaa’da / na’da) was a staple 2308:Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1842: 2771: 1605:List of Indian reservations in the United States 1027: 2115:Luis López Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty, 778:(Tséts’ųųsí yaneeł’ą́’-ee tú nk’ų́jí siką́-yá). 72:Location of Mescalero Apache Nation Reservation 2371:Official Website of the Mescalero Apache Tribe 2197:, February 6, 2005, section 5, pp. 7, 14. 2150:Encyclopedia of World Biography: Wendell Chino 1642: 1330:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1227:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1137:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) 1135:): war chief and later principal chief of the 1105:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) 406:The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic 264:is the major highway through the reservation. 2603: 2391: 722:(Bighą́ą́’ gułga-yá / Bighą́ą́’ gułtsúú-yá), 672:("Mescal People", "People of the Mescal") or 2800:Populated places in Otero County, New Mexico 1669:"National Geodetic Survey of Sierra Blanca" 1187:Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1168:Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 2610: 2596: 2398: 2384: 2018:perhaps an adaption from the 18th century 1636: 1542: 786:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) Mescaleros 66: 54: 2093:Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest 1154:Peso: ca. *1849 – †1929, was born in the 882:Davis Mountains (former Limpia Mountains) 236:, the reservation was first located near 200:(Chíhéńde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the 83:64,484 total Apache 8,652 MATReservation 2212: 1471:(or war chiefs) Colorado and Zorillo at 1377:Antonio: leader of a local group of the 1366:Nicolás: leader of a local group of the 1031: 641: 294: 215: 2074:Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait 1732:"Obituary of Virginia Shanta Klinekole" 1722:, February 1959, accessed 1 August 2011 1647:. southernnewmexico.com. Archived from 1394:(often called by Spanish and Americans 858:Chisos Apaches / Chishéńde / Chishhéńde 523:in Texas in the east; from present-day 339: 2772: 2228:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place 2166:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place 1875: 1807: 1390:Mateo: leader of a local group of the 1057:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sierra Blanca Mescalero) 902:Sierra del Burro (Serranias del Burro) 646:Mescalero painted boy; photo entitled 449:("People of the Mountain Forests") or 252:. A small, unpopulated section is in 2591: 2379: 2343: 1039:, Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man 2795:Native American tribes in New Mexico 1810:Journal of American Indian Education 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1500:Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero 1363:, from the 1840s to the late 1860s. 1347:with several local groups under his 1022: 734:, from Nogal Canyon to the north to 461:-speaking tribe, call the Mescalero 359: with: section. You can help by 343: 290: 88:Regions with significant populations 2301:Cambridge Scholars Press, New York. 1975:Introduction to Apache Sacred Space 1750: 1725: 1127:, eventually to be identified with 922:Cañón de Santa Elena Protected Area 864:("People at the mountain pass") or 506: 325:Soon after Chino's death, the late 204:(Shá’i’áńde or Chidikáágu). Some 16:Native American tribe in New Mexico 13: 1886: 1869: 1775: 527:(Yuutu') in the northwest and the 14: 2811: 2617: 2364: 2202:Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico 1879:Culture Summary: Mescalero Apache 1794: 1551:(ca. 1857 – 1903), female warrior 1261:Ángel Trías Álvarez offered 1000 1055:): most influential chief of the 1008:) to the east and south of them. 814:(several bands, who lived in the 634:and the Rio Grande to the north. 440: 2407: 2344:Scott, Richard B. (1959-05-18). 2332:http://www.newmexicohistory.org/ 1107:band, his band ranged along the 1081:– "Always Ready", also known as 896:– "gate" or "mountain pass") of 499:They were also distinguished as 399:, and more distantly related to 347: 2414:Indian reservations and Pueblos 2208: 2143: 2137: 2109: 2097: 2086: 2066: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1979: 1968: 1943: 1932: 1563:, first female tribal president 1059:band, which ranged between the 934:("Big Water People") (once the 798:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) 790:Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros 572:Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak) 1836: 1769: 1744: 1709: 1673: 1662: 812:Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros 754:Dził-í naańde / Dził-í naahńde 531:in the northeast, down to the 211: 1: 2200:United States Census Bureau. 2157: 1882:. Human Relations Area Files. 1028:Historical chiefs and headmen 2703:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 2276:belinda.mollard@us.army.mil. 2272:belinda.mollard@us.army.mil. 2020:Forest Lipan Apache Division 1582: 836:(have been based around the 467:Ndé / Nndéí / Ndéne / Ndéńde 437:close to her parents' home. 387:which is a subfamily of the 385:Southern Athabaskan language 7: 2728:White Mountain Apache Tribe 1843:Basehart, Harry W. (1974). 1593: 1525:– "buffalo"): chief of the 1439:), this band ranged in the 1051:Barranquito (also known as 906:Sierra (Maderas) del Carmen 832:("The Northerners"), later 704:("Salt producing People").) 314:In 1959, the tribe elected 185:, located in south-central 10: 2816: 1997:Non Athabascan Tribe Names 1876:Farrer, Claire R. (2010). 1716:"Miscellany, Feb. 9, 1959" 1077:– "Volunteer", in Apache: 912:of Chihuahua north of the 782:Nii’t’ahéńde / Niit’ahéńde 660:with the Mescalero Apache. 658:Bosque Redondo, New Mexico 536:Reservation is located at 220:Two Mescalero women, with 160: 21:Mescalero (disambiguation) 18: 2741: 2683: 2625: 2477: 2424: 1569:, former tribal president 451:Mashgaléńde / Mashgaléneí 127: 122: 117: 112: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 65: 53: 34: 2693:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma 2360:- Master's degree thesis 2352:University of New Mexico 2184:. Waveland Press, 1996. 1630: 1588:Mescalero Apache Schools 1505:Nautzili (also known as 1096:Josecito (also known as 932:Túntsańde / Tú ntsaa-ńde 637: 538:geographical coordinates 2718:San Carlos Apache Tribe 2708:Jicarilla Apache Nation 1643:Banks, Phyllis (2002). 1600:Lincoln National Forest 1543:Other notable Mescalero 1283:. Gómez's lieutenants ( 1103:San Juan: chief of the 1066:Santana (also known as 772:Ch’ilaańde / Jilaa’éńde 768:of present-day Mexico.) 670:Naa’dańde / Naa’dahéńdé 649:Long Walk of the Navajo 485:Naa'dahéńdé / Naa’dańde 250:Lincoln National Forest 37: 2713:Mescalero Apache Tribe 2698:Fort Sill Apache Tribe 2218: 1939:Languages of the World 1924:: CS1 maint: others ( 1590:is the tribal school. 1527:Guhlkahéndé (Llañeros) 1328:): chief of about 600 1288: 1201:he was transferred to 1073:Cadete (also known as 1040: 918:Big Bend National Park 661: 558:33.17833°N 105.61222°W 303: 260:(Tsé tághe' si'â-yá). 229: 2733:Yavapai Apache Nation 2668:Western Apache people 2216: 2024:Chishį́į́hį́į́, Tcici 1782:Alamogordo Daily News 1610:Mescalero, New Mexico 1324:Marco (also known as 1035: 900:and in the adjoining 878:Sierra Madre Oriental 852:Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé 708:Gułgahéńde / Gułgańde 645: 626:, moving between the 301:Mescalero, New Mexico 298: 219: 137:White Mountain Apache 123:Related ethnic groups 1986:Mescalero Dictionary 1625:Mescalero Escarpment 1415:Sacramento Mountains 1404:Sacramento Mountains 1141:Sacramento Mountains 1139:local groups of the 876:south down into the 826:Aguas Nuevas Apaches 794:Sacramento Mountains 588:San Andres Mountains 563:33.17833; -105.61222 427:matrilocal residence 340:Culture and language 309:United States Census 246:Sacramento Mountains 196:tribes, such as the 179:federally recognized 157:Mescalero-Chiricahua 45:Mescalero-Chiricahua 1338:Guadalupe Mountains 1235:Guadalupe Mountains 1209:, Indian Territory. 1156:Guadalupe Mountains 860:("Forest People"), 838:Nuevo Casas Grandes 802:Guadalupe Mountains 608:Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa 592:White Painted Woman 580:Guadalupe Mountains 554: / 421:Family descent was 171:Southern Athabaskan 31: 2723:Tonto Apache Tribe 2219: 2178:Farrer, Claire R. 1751:Onsurez, Jessica. 1737:2012-03-16 at the 1697:on 12 October 2015 1615:Mescalero language 1561:Virginia Klinekole 1477:Presidio del Norte 1437:Rio Grande Apaches 1353:Horsehead Crossing 1277:in his 1985 novel 1217:Southern Mescalero 1046:Northern Mescalero 1041: 926:Maderas del Carmen 892:(from Apache name 866:Rio Grande Apaches 846:Ojinaga, Chihuahua 804:of western Texas.) 696:onto the southern 662: 381:Mescalero language 316:Virginia Klinekole 304: 256:just southwest of 230: 29: 2767: 2766: 2585: 2584: 2082:978-0-8061-2978-5 1461:Sierra del Carmen 1453:Chinati Mountains 1158:near present-day 1117:Capitan Mountains 1023:Notable Mescalero 984:, the Mescalero ( 920:in Texas and the 890:Chinati Mountains 870:Chihuahuan Desert 834:Limpia Mescaleros 519:and the southern 463:Naashgalí Dineʼé. 377: 376: 291:Tribal government 146: 145: 133:San Carlos Apache 2807: 2780:Mescalero Apache 2612: 2605: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2355: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2123:XXIII(92) 2002, 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2072:James L. Haley: 2070: 2064: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1953:. Archived from 1947: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1748: 1742: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1690:. Archived from 1685: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1640: 1465:Bolsón de Mapimí 1449:Chisos Mountains 1441:Limpia Mountains 1247:Limpia Mountains 1145:Mangas Coloradas 966:Tcha shka-ózhäye 914:Bolsón de Mapimí 908:of Coahuila and 886:Chisos Mountains 702:Salinero Apaches 624:Bolsón de Mapimí 616:'Indaa tse'-éõde 569: 568: 566: 565: 564: 559: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 507:Tribal territory 372: 369: 351: 344: 248:and borders the 234:Ulysses S. Grant 175:Native Americans 164: 153:Mescalero Apache 78:Total population 70: 58: 48: 40: 32: 30:Mescalero Apache 28: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2737: 2679: 2621: 2616: 2586: 2581: 2473: 2420: 2406: 2404: 2367: 2211: 2206: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2071: 2067: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1933: 1917: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1874: 1870: 1855: 1841: 1837: 1806: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1739:Wayback Machine 1730: 1726: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1596: 1585: 1545: 1445:Davis Mountains 1423:(also known as 1275:Cormac McCarthy 1251:Davis Mountains 1087:Zhee Ah Nat Tsa 1083:Zhee-es-not-son 1030: 1025: 862:Chinati Apaches 740:Organ Mountains 698:Texas Panhandle 686:Rio del Natagee 680:(also known as 640: 604:Indeislun Nakah 562: 560: 556: 553: 548: 545: 543: 541: 540: 529:Texas Panhandle 521:Texas Panhandle 509: 443: 408:mountain people 373: 367: 364: 357:needs expansion 342: 293: 214: 177:. The tribe is 73: 61: 49: 42: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2813: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2365:External links 2363: 2362: 2361: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2238: 2224: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2195:New York Times 2192: 2176: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2108: 2096: 2085: 2065: 2047: 2041: 2032: 2011: 2000: 1989: 1978: 1967: 1951:"Navajo Clans" 1942: 1931: 1902: 1885: 1868: 1853: 1835: 1793: 1776:Corral, Juan. 1768: 1743: 1724: 1708: 1672: 1661: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576:George Aguilar 1573: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536:Victorio's War 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1418: 1407: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1341: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1280:Blood Meridian 1249:, later named 1239: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1199:Victorio's War 1195: 1179: 1152: 1121: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1071: 1064: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 954: 953: 943: 929: 855: 849: 842:Chihuahua City 819: 805: 779: 776:Tularosa Basin 769: 751: 705: 694:Llano Estacado 639: 636: 517:Llano Estacado 508: 505: 442: 441:Origin of name 439: 401:Western Apache 393:Dené–Yeniseian 375: 374: 354: 352: 341: 338: 292: 289: 254:Lincoln County 213: 210: 144: 143: 129:Western Apache 125: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 95: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 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When the 1225:: chief of 1123:Caballero ( 1115:and in the 1079:Gian-na-tah 986:Naa’dahéńdé 982:Comancheria 970:Tú’édįnéńde 958:Naa’dahéńdé 946:Tú’édįnéńde 894:ch'íná'itíh 874:Trans-Pecos 796:and in the 738:, from the 712:Cuelcajenne 678:Pecos River 628:Nazas River 586:within the 578:within the 561: / 549:105°36′44″W 481:food source 423:matrilineal 212:Reservation 162:Naa'dahéńdé 60:Tribal Flag 38:Naa'dahéńdé 2774:Categories 2633:Chiricahua 2542:San Felipe 2457:Tohajiilee 2418:New Mexico 2158:References 2121:Relaciones 2061:Fort Riley 1961:2012-02-19 1903:1577661257 1854:0824007131 1787:2024-06-19 1762:2024-06-19 1655:2006-12-01 1519:Nalt'zilli 1459:area, the 1361:West Texas 1223:Carnoviste 1203:Fort Union 1172:Tu'sis Nde 1109:Rio Bonito 1053:Palanquito 1013:Chiricahua 1006:Shá’i’áńde 1002:Ndáwe qóhä 990:Gułgahéńde 974:Tú sis Ndé 936:Tú sis Ndé 916:, today's 898:West Texas 808:Tséichíńde 758:Chilpaines 690:New Mexico 682:Rio Salado 576:El Capitan 546:33°10′42″N 513:Rio Grande 489:Mescalero. 459:Athabascan 447:Shis-Inday 397:Chiricahua 389:Athabaskan 278:Alamogordo 202:Chiricahua 187:New Mexico 173:–speaking 2754:Apacheria 2653:Mimbreños 2648:Mescalero 2638:Jicarilla 2552:Santa Ana 2437:Mescalero 2432:Jicarilla 2129:0185-3929 1920:cite book 1822:0021-8731 1583:Education 1523:Nut Cilli 1332:or maybe 1259:Chihuahua 1229:or maybe 1207:Fort Sill 1191:Túsis Nde 1185:or maybe 1166:or maybe 1133:Kutu-hala 1129:Kutbhalla 1113:Rio Hondo 1098:José Cito 1068:Santa Ana 1017:Fort Sill 978:Apacheria 962:Tindi Ndé 762:Chihuahua 736:Las Vegas 724:Tucumcari 620:Indassene 497:Vaqueros. 471:Nadahéndé 274:Mescalero 169:tribe of 149:Mescalero 99:Mescalero 93:Languages 2759:Language 2663:Salinero 2532:Pojoaque 1912:44602504 1830:24397581 1735:Archived 1620:Winnetou 1594:See also 1532:Victorio 1515:Nodzilla 1511:Nautzile 1469:segundos 1457:Big Bend 1400:Norteños 1349:segundos 1289:segundos 1265:for his 1255:governor 1176:Geronimo 1160:Carlsbad 1149:Victorio 1037:Gorgonia 830:Norteños 766:Coahuila 748:Comanche 732:Santa Fe 720:Amarillo 716:Llañeros 714:, later 612:Comanche 533:Big Bend 525:Santa Fe 198:Mimbreno 165:) is an 113:Religion 2567:Tesuque 2527:Picuris 2492:Cochiti 2479:Pueblos 2358:Profile 2104:Chinati 2028:Tcicihi 1688:BLM.gov 1578:, actor 1507:Natzili 1491:segundo 1484:segundo 1473:Ojinaga 1455:in the 1433:Chinati 1429:Arzatti 1383:segundo 1372:segundo 1317:segundo 1310:segundo 1303:segundo 1296:segundo 1285:Spanish 1075:Cadette 816:Tséichí 744:El Paso 728:Lubbock 674:Natagés 435:wickiup 258:Ruidoso 181:as the 107:Spanish 103:English 2685:Tribes 2658:Plains 2537:Sandia 2512:Laguna 2497:Isleta 2442:Navajo 2265: 2245: 2234: 2188: 2172: 2131:(pdf) 2127: 2080: 1910: 1900: 1863:868002 1861: 1851: 1828: 1820: 1549:Gouyen 1425:Arzate 1421:Alsate 1326:Marcus 654:Navajo 630:, the 574:, (2) 455:Navajo 226:ramada 194:Apache 167:Apache 141:Navajo 41: 2673:Tonto 2643:Lipan 2626:Bands 2517:Nambe 2502:Jemez 2487:Acoma 2452:Ramah 2447:Alamo 2280:Paso. 1826:JSTOR 1695:(PDF) 1684:(PDF) 1631:Notes 1267:scalp 1263:pesos 1093:1885. 638:Bands 383:is a 222:tipis 2577:Zuni 2562:Taos 2507:Kewa 2469:Zuni 2263:ISBN 2243:ISBN 2232:ISBN 2186:ISBN 2170:ISBN 2125:ISSN 2078:ISBN 1926:link 1908:OCLC 1898:ISBN 1859:OCLC 1849:ISBN 1818:ISSN 1703:2015 1451:and 1443:(or 1004:and 988:and 972:and 956:The 924:and 888:and 764:and 431:tipi 391:and 379:The 224:and 2572:Zia 2416:in 2026:or 1534:in 1521:or 1447:), 1435:or 1398:or 1359:in 1257:of 1131:or 828:or 684:or 618:or 433:or 363:. 151:or 2776:: 2356:- 2350:. 2249:). 2119:, 1922:}} 1918:{{ 1906:. 1857:. 1824:. 1814:15 1812:. 1796:^ 1780:. 1755:. 1718:, 1686:. 1517:, 1513:, 1509:, 1427:, 1287:: 1111:, 1085:, 1000:, 996:, 968:, 964:, 904:, 884:, 750:.) 726:, 311:. 189:. 159:: 139:, 135:, 131:, 105:, 101:, 2611:e 2604:t 2597:v 2399:e 2392:t 2385:v 2354:. 1964:. 1928:) 1914:. 1865:. 1832:. 1790:. 1765:. 1705:. 1658:. 1538:. 614:( 370:) 366:( 155:( 47:) 43:( 23:.

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Index