283:
Lincoln
National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in North America. The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of the Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of
307:
2070:"double irons" and "placed in charge of some one who will be responsible for their safe keeping and that every precaution be taken to prevent their escape." He emphasized "that they must not escape." Mackenzie later decided to keep Hosthea at Fort Stanton because the Indian agent wanted to file criminal charges of murder against him. The others were moved to Fort Union. When these three prisoners arrived at Fort Union, they joined 26 other Indian prisoners (one man, fourteen women, and eleven children) being detained at the post. Roman Chiquita, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy were soon sent to
79:
344:
maintained coordination with the
Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the âMade-in-Native-Americaâ campaign. Mr. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit the Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples.
1044:
67:
298:(DziĂŁgais'Ăą-nĂ = "sacred mountain") a 12,003-foot (3,659 m) mountain. It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico. Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation, is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit.
1100:): a son and successor of Barranquito, after Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands. After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3, 1863, he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains, trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche. He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa.
2225:
654:
421:. They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and âbrandâ in naming the most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering
360:
2420:
1081:, ca. 1810 / 1815 â â 1876): son and successor of Barranquito, since about 1830' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands, but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites, in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites, until his death of pneumonia or smallpox.
291:(T'iis ntsaadz-Ă 'ĂșĂș'ĂĄ). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture the Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers.
228:
1351:(TsĂ©'Ăchßß') toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains. He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso. He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, but their request was refused, because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band; active in the 1840sâ1860s.
1478:, born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family, captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in "la Acordada", succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his
1111:): after Barranquito and Santana, the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US, together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon, leader of the Jicarilla Apache.
2233:
Casteter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the
Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole,
1130:
with the
Sacramento Mountainsâthe area where Fort Stanton was builtâhad alliances with eastern Mescalero bands, Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands; after Santana and Cadete were gone, chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation, but, unlike
428:
The
Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits. Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of
317:
The
Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one
2325:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation
Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni
2069:
were sent to round them up and capture the leaders (Roman
Chiquita, Hosthea, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy). They were captured and sent to Fort Union to be imprisoned. Because Muchacho Negro had escaped while being transported to Fort Union, Mackenzie directed that these prisoners be shackled with
1248:
towards east of the Limpia
Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains, was reported to have committed frequent "depredations" on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermannâsoon adopted in the tribeâand Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870; in 1874 he
1204:
band of Lipan
Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico; together with his brothers Peso, Crook Neck, and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo, the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches; he, together
675:
The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantĂ»hĂ©-Ă”de) and later Americans ('indaa Ćiga-Ćne bindĂĄa-Ă datĆ'ij-Ă â "white people with blue eyes" or 'indĂĄĂĄ-Ćne â "white people"; " enemies"; modern name: nndĂ© bindĂĄa datĆ'ijĂ©-Ćne â "white people";
343:
In 2022, Mr. Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe. Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Mr. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison
278:
Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world, much of the tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector
546:
of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache
2318:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp 163â186. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34.
2251:
Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago
425:. Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected the ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively.
282:
The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on the 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the
2301:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. OâLaughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow,
2311:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121â162, edited by David E. Purcell,
2297:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120 â142. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North Americaâs Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H.
1162:(and likely his brother-in-law as Mangas Coloradas' son-in-law); in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio, fighting along with him in their last battles, but, according to some reports, he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880.
633:; modern name: GumĂĄĂ”chĂ-Ă) from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in the
1189:, in the late 1800s he, together with his brother Sin Miedo (Sans Peur, Without Fear) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservationâMagoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers.
1540:
band and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico, moved to reservation in 1876. In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands (including the Lipan) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief
1030:, Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in both places.
436:, but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage. Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families. The Mescalero also practiced
1249:
promoted a council of Mescalero, Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs, and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876.
1103:
Roman Grande: a son and successor of Barranquito, serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. Less important than Santana and Cadete, he followed the lead of his brother Santana; died during an epidemic in
1691:
2282:
Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting
1216:(where he was to be imprisoned), but he escaped early in August 1882. Muchacho Negro was considered a renegade who would return to his people and continue to cause trouble. He was captured in June 1883 and imprisoned at
2290:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El
2286:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560â003. This document can be obtained by contacting
507:
Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del RĂo Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and
953:, who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila, camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding; they merged with the Mescalero, forming a Mescalero band)
2338:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281-283.
1205:
with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservationâMagoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers, and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon.
608:
Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or
504:
Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names:
2308:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1-7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)
2263:
Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
2332:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255â281.
2305:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560â005. With Tim Church
287:. On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of
795:("The People of the Side of the Land", "The People at the Side of the Earth", "The People at the Edge of the Earth", "People Who Live Against the Mountains", "Earth Crevine (Deer) People") or
318:
half of the members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the
2341:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188)--A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian.
1702:
414:. These are considered the three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache.
1074:
east toward the Pecos River, probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s, when he died in 1857, his three sons and/or nephews Santana, Cadete and Roman succeeded him.
2335:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157-164.
2329:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399-435.
1330:
and war chief of southern Mescalero chief GĂłmez. In 1850 he and SimĂłn Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by GĂłmez, 1840sâ1860s)
1323:
and war chief of southern Mescalero chief GĂłmez. In 1850 he and SimĂłn Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by GĂłmez, 1840sâ1860s.
601:
is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of the Oscuru Mountain Peak). Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that
1504:
and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s â 1882.
581:. Mescalero identity is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1)
1497:
and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s â 1882.
1493:
Colorado ("Red", likely "Avispa Colorada" "Red Wasp"): leader of a local group of Chisos, or maybe Lipan, Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,
2351:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)
729:("Plains People"; really a Jicarilla group, they lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between
2386:
2408:
1256:
band of five local groups with about 400 warriors. His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans-Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande; his stronghold was in the
1788:
1185:
band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh, he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against
932:
2322:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A RancherĂa In the Gran ApacherĂa." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241-262.
1208:
Muchacho Negro ("Black Boy", born ca. 1860, died 1930): important local group leader and war chief, joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio, because of taking part in
1131:
Nautzili, San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880, after Caballero's outbreak, during "Victorio's war"; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief.
2294:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A RancherĂa in the Gran ApacherĂa: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153-192.
1745:
1763:
2810:
429:
4â10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men. Men would also take an active role in the processing of mescal.
785:("Antelope Band People", "The People of Antelope") (lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the
1655:
2315:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154-179. With George Robertson.
2348:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles Of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.
2065:
Because some of the Mescalero Apaches were raiding off their reservation in September 1882, a short time after Muchacho Negro's escape, troops from
279:
their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy.
1615:
2272:
Sonnichsen, C. L. (1972) The Mescalero Apaches (The Civilization of the American Indian Series), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1972),
2018:
2401:
920:
1500:
Zorillo (likely "Zorrillo" "Little Fox"): leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,
2266:
Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65â70.
2805:
1726:
2416:
17:
963:
band of the Lipan Apache, who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands)
251:(ZhĂșunĂidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in
1252:
GĂłmez (also known as Chief GĂłmez or Juan GĂłmez or by the Apache Negoyani, "Old Man of Wisdom"): chief of the 1840sâ1860s who led a large
865:("Mountains Extending into the River People") (lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas)
2394:
757:(TsĂ© tĂĄhĂșĂș'ĂĄ-yĂĄ) in Texas (Ch'a nteeĂŁ-Ă”de bikĂ©Ă©'yaa'). In Oklahoma (Indian Territory) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the
2424:
329:
as its first woman president. She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986. The tribe repeatedly re-elected
1961:
2269:
Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620â633.
971:
had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the
2620:
2345:
Select: Place, Communities, Click on 'Cerro Rojo' on the map (orange square-dot NE of EL Paso, East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ).
2302:
pp. 117â134. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
553:
2092:
185:
2103:
494:
for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as
2356:
1996:
767:("Mountain Ridge Band People", "The People of the Mountainside", "The People who Live on the Edge of the Mountains") or
1312:
Chinonero: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;
829:("red rock", i.e. Guadalupe Mountains), the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico.)
687:(Spanish rendering and transliteration, pronounced Na-ta-hay); really a Lipan group, they lived between Rio Grande and
219:(TĂșâĂ©dÄŻnĂ©Ćde and TĂșntsaĆde) also joined the reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe.
1305:
Cigarito: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;
2277:
2257:
2246:
2200:
2184:
1425:
1414:
1151:
804:
256:
1742:
1347:, including about 200 warriors. They lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the
855:(JÄ
ÌâĂ© ĆÄ
ÌyĂĄ- "the place where (there are) many donkeys"), also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and
2557:
602:
2007:
1659:
621:("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands"). When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy
2462:
2457:
1123:
676:
lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of the bands Apache name).
526:(TĂș 'ichii-dĂ â "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the
403:
2567:
1912:
1863:
1428:
and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840sâ1860s.
1417:
and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840sâ1860s.
1366:
on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the
306:
2552:
2467:
2160:
395:
181:
167:
109:
55:
2713:
2474:
1213:
512:
Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches.
2738:
2613:
2442:
272:
2527:
1985:
1200:
band were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named GuĆgahĂ©Ćde on the Southern Plains and of the
1181:
band joined Nautzili's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains, from time to time he also joined the
851:
in Chihuahua, migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of
406:
families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to
2537:
1936:
1071:
987:. To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the
808:
668:
582:
295:
264:
31:
2790:
2532:
2298:
Brunswig and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
2228:
St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Mescalero, New Mexico ca. 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar
2703:
2512:
2497:
2362:
1598:
548:
252:
340:
was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president.
2728:
2718:
2695:
2587:
2517:
2479:
1610:
1119:
659:
260:
2139:
1392:
band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,
1381:
band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,
371:
347:
In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as Tribe's president along side Vice President Duane Duffy.
2800:
2723:
2708:
2606:
2582:
1442:, also known as Pedro Muzquiz, ca. *1820 â â 1881/1882): last chief of the Chisos Apaches (also
1192:
Sin Miedo ("Without Fear" = "Sans Peur"): brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan, his
1026:
tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at
928:
288:
821:("People of Hook Nose", "The People of Red Rock", "The People of the Guadalupe Mountains") or
613:
bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home
2795:
2743:
2678:
1679:
1620:
1475:
1265:
924:
888:
634:
617:("people, forming a group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today
593:, (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the
311:
284:
147:
2542:
1888:
1635:
1170:
852:
598:
535:
469:
437:
399:
319:
189:
1244:, his band lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the
78:
8:
2653:
2577:
2502:
2030:
1965:
1348:
1245:
1166:
848:
812:
590:
268:
216:
1949:
522:
Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the
468:(in Mescalero: âIndaaâbixĂșĆde / âIndabixĂșĆde, modern name: Chushtâa âĂĂzhaĆde), another
2733:
2191:
1930:
1836:
1819:
Dubois, Betty Lou (1976). "A Study in Educational Anthropology: The Mescalero Apache".
1625:
1571:
1363:
1154:
during the decades 1860s and 1870s, likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief
936:
856:
667:
were marched over 350-mile (560 km) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at
586:
391:
326:
2273:
2253:
2242:
2196:
2180:
2135:
2088:
1918:
1908:
1869:
1859:
1828:
1546:
1471:
1463:
1269:
1209:
1127:
916:
900:
880:
772:
143:
66:
2128:"Documentos de la genealogĂa y la vida de Alsate, Jefe de los Apaches de los Chisos"
753:(TsĂ© daadeezhĂĄ-yĂĄ; TsĂ© deezhĂĄ-yĂĄ â "The place where rocks are jagged") eastwards to
2673:
2648:
2562:
2507:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1295:
1257:
1155:
1043:
912:
896:
712:
543:
498:("The People of the Mescal"). Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the
244:
236:
117:
113:
333:
as president; he served a total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998.
2769:
2368:
2127:
1749:
1487:
1455:
1285:
1261:
892:
771:(lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River, extending in northern
750:
708:
539:
531:
418:
1586:
1290:
786:
704:
527:
411:
139:
703:, with several local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the
2784:
2668:
2629:
2547:
2522:
2452:
1832:
1565:
1022:
In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the
746:
734:
642:
568:
555:
465:
330:
151:
1922:
2683:
2224:
2117:
derives from the Apache word ch'ĂnĂĄ'itĂh, which means gate or mountain pass
2066:
1577:
1302:) were Cigarito, Chinonero or Chino Huero, SimĂłn Porode, and SimĂłn Manuel.
1281:
1273:
950:
811:(DziĆ Gais âÄ
ÌnĂ) in New Mexico with other local groups living east in the
742:
741:
and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to
730:
594:
486:
422:
337:
248:
2663:
1873:
835:("Rock House People", "Stone House People", "The People of Rock Houses"),
514:
according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory.
2759:
2572:
1367:
992:
884:
754:
738:
688:
653:
638:
480:("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero
433:
1907:. DeVita, Philip R., 1932-. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 2000.
1840:
1362:(or war chiefs) NicolĂĄs and Antonio. They ranged between Limpia Canyon,
803:(so named because their 19th century dominant local groups lived in the
359:
243:
Originally established on May 27, 1873, by executive order of President
2643:
2428:
2419:
2071:
1858:. United States. Indian Claims Commission. New York: Garland Pub. Inc.
1490:, Texas, his people were sold into slavery in Mexico, ca. 1860 â 1882.
1371:
1280:, GĂłmez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp. The
1233:
1223:
Gorgonio: medicine-man, aide to old Barranquito and, later, to Santana.
1023:
908:
700:
523:
407:
310:
Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in
212:
197:
1856:
Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization
1413:), stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the
663:. After being defeated by United States military forces, most of the
2764:
2192:
Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present
1217:
1027:
988:
203:
In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other
30:
This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see
2381:
1568:, former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years
1420:
Verancia: said to be a son of Gomez, leader of a local group of the
1284:'s quest to capture GĂłmez on behalf of Gov. TrĂas was dramatized by
883:
and arid mountains ranging on both sides of the Rio Grande from the
464:("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People"). The
2342:
1752:, LaGrone Funeral Chapel of Ruidoso Website, accessed 1 August 2011
1630:
1542:
1277:
1186:
1159:
776:
758:
622:
208:
1789:"Thora Walsh Padilla sworn in as Mescalero Apache Tribe president"
1424:, stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the
491:
227:
2041:â "People of the Forest" or named after the former Chizos Indians
1483:
440:
patterns. When a woman married, the couple would move into a new
255:. The 463,000-acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the
2598:
891:
of North Mexico, with strongholds in the mountain ranges of the
859:; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains)
2489:
1559:
1431:
664:
445:
204:
177:
1396:
and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840sâ1860s.
1385:
and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840sâ1860s.
1158:, close ally and long-time friend of the great Mimbreño chief
2252:
Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press,
1583:
Dr. Felicia Fontenot, DDS, the first Mescalero Apache Dentist
711:, original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and
605:
gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies
1764:"Eddie Martinez elected president of Mescalero Apache Tribe"
1316:
and war chief of southern Mescalero chief GĂłmez, 1840sâ1860s
1309:
and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief GĂłmez, 1840sâ1860s
959:("No Water People", "Tough People of the Desert") (once the
441:
232:
2019:
The Mescalero Apache Tribe and Mescalero Apache Band Names
194:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation
47:
2358:
Acculturation Among Mescalero Apache High School Students
2212:
879:(one mighty band with several local groups living in the
721:("People of the Plains", "The People of Open Spaces") or
294:
The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of
129:
Catholic Religion, Mescalero and Native Cultural Heritage
1474:
of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the
1356:
Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)
1254:
Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)
1242:
Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)
1173:
as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo-nah-go, his
939:
Protected Area are part of their former band territory.)
476:
Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as
2234:(No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
2074:, Kansas, to get them farther away from their homeland.
1692:"Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States"
2326:
Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.
2087:(1981/paperback 1997), University of Oklahoma Press,
1905:
Stumbling toward truth : anthropologists at work
1326:
SimĂłn Manuel: leader of a local group in West Texas;
1319:
SimĂłn Porode: leader of a local group in West Texas;
1003:) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin (
484:("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave (
456:
The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves, is
2241:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976),
2179:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976),
1656:"Bent and Mescalero â home of the Mescalero Apache"
1354:Espejo ("looking-glass"): chief of a large band of
490:) (Apache: naaâda / âinaaâda / naâda) was a staple
2319:Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
1853:
2782:
1616:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1038:
2126:Luis LĂłpez Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty,
789:(TsĂ©tsâƳƳsĂ yaneeĆâÄ
Ìâ-ee tĂș nkâĆłÌjĂ sikÄ
Ì-yĂĄ).
83:Location of Mescalero Apache Nation Reservation
2382:Official Website of the Mescalero Apache Tribe
2208:, February 6, 2005, section 5, pp. 7, 14.
2161:Encyclopedia of World Biography: Wendell Chino
1653:
1341:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)
1238:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)
1148:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros)
1146:): war chief and later principal chief of the
1116:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros)
417:The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic
275:is the major highway through the reservation.
2614:
2402:
733:(BighÄ
ÌÄ
Ìâ guĆga-yĂĄ / BighÄ
ÌÄ
Ìâ guĆtsĂșĂș-yĂĄ),
683:("Mescal People", "People of the Mescal") or
2811:Populated places in Otero County, New Mexico
1680:"National Geodetic Survey of Sierra Blanca"
1198:TsĂ©ichĂĆde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)
1179:TsĂ©ichĂĆde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)
2621:
2607:
2409:
2395:
2029:perhaps an adaption from the 18th century
1647:
1553:
797:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) Mescaleros
77:
65:
2104:Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest
1165:Peso: ca. *1849 â â 1929, was born in the
893:Davis Mountains (former Limpia Mountains)
247:, the reservation was first located near
211:(ChĂhĂ©Ćde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the
94:64,484 total Apache 8,652 MATReservation
2223:
1482:(or war chiefs) Colorado and Zorillo at
1388:Antonio: leader of a local group of the
1377:NicolĂĄs: leader of a local group of the
1042:
652:
305:
226:
2085:Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait
1743:"Obituary of Virginia Shanta Klinekole"
1733:, February 1959, accessed 1 August 2011
1658:. southernnewmexico.com. Archived from
1405:(often called by Spanish and Americans
869:Chisos Apaches / ChishĂ©Ćde / ChishhĂ©Ćde
534:in Texas in the east; from present-day
350:
14:
2783:
2239:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place
2177:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place
1886:
1818:
1401:Mateo: leader of a local group of the
1068:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde (Sierra Blanca Mescalero)
913:Sierra del Burro (Serranias del Burro)
657:Mescalero painted boy; photo entitled
460:("People of the Mountain Forests") or
263:. A small, unpopulated section is in
2602:
2390:
2354:
1050:, Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man
2806:Native American tribes in New Mexico
1821:Journal of American Indian Education
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1511:Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero
1374:, from the 1840s to the late 1860s.
1358:with several local groups under his
1033:
745:, from Nogal Canyon to the north to
472:-speaking tribe, call the Mescalero
370: with: section. You can help by
354:
301:
99:Regions with significant populations
2312:Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
1986:Introduction to Apache Sacred Space
1761:
1736:
1138:, eventually to be identified with
933:Cañón de Santa Elena Protected Area
875:("People at the mountain pass") or
517:
336:Soon after Chino's death, the late
215:(ShĂĄâiâĂĄĆde or ChidikĂĄĂĄgu). Some
27:Native American tribe in New Mexico
24:
1897:
1880:
1786:
538:(Yuutu') in the northwest and the
25:
2822:
2628:
2375:
2213:Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico
1890:Culture Summary: Mescalero Apache
1805:
1562:(ca. 1857 â 1903), female warrior
1272:Ăngel TrĂas Ălvarez offered 1000
1066:): most influential chief of the
1019:) to the east and south of them.
825:(several bands, who lived in the
645:and the Rio Grande to the north.
451:
2418:
2355:Scott, Richard B. (1959-05-18).
2343:http://www.newmexicohistory.org/
1118:band, his band ranged along the
1092:â "Always Ready", also known as
907:â "gate" or "mountain pass") of
510:They were also distinguished as
410:, and more distantly related to
358:
2425:Indian reservations and Pueblos
2219:
2154:
2148:
2120:
2108:
2097:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1954:
1943:
1574:, first female tribal president
1070:band, which ranged between the
945:("Big Water People") (once the
809:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains)
801:Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros
583:Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak)
1847:
1780:
1755:
1720:
1684:
1673:
823:Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros
765:DziĆ-Ă naaĆde / DziĆ-Ă naahĆde
542:in the northeast, down to the
222:
13:
1:
2211:United States Census Bureau.
2168:
1893:. Human Relations Area Files.
1039:Historical chiefs and headmen
2714:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
2287:belinda.mollard@us.army.mil.
2283:belinda.mollard@us.army.mil.
2031:Forest Lipan Apache Division
1593:
847:(have been based around the
478:NdĂ© / NndĂ©Ă / NdĂ©ne / NdĂ©Ćde
448:close to her parents' home.
398:which is a subfamily of the
396:Southern Athabaskan language
18:Mescalero Apache Reservation
7:
2739:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1854:Basehart, Harry W. (1974).
1604:
1536:â "buffalo"): chief of the
1450:), this band ranged in the
1062:Barranquito (also known as
917:Sierra (Maderas) del Carmen
843:("The Northerners"), later
715:("Salt producing People").)
325:In 1959, the tribe elected
196:, located in south-central
10:
2827:
2008:Non Athabascan Tribe Names
1887:Farrer, Claire R. (2010).
1727:"Miscellany, Feb. 9, 1959"
1088:â "Volunteer", in Apache:
923:of Chihuahua north of the
793:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde / NiitâahĂ©Ćde
671:with the Mescalero Apache.
669:Bosque Redondo, New Mexico
547:Reservation is located at
231:Two Mescalero women, with
171:
32:Mescalero (disambiguation)
29:
2752:
2694:
2636:
2488:
2435:
1580:, former tribal president
462:MashgalĂ©Ćde / MashgalĂ©neĂ
138:
133:
128:
123:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
76:
64:
45:
2704:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
2371:- Master's degree thesis
2363:University of New Mexico
2195:. Waveland Press, 1996.
1641:
1599:Mescalero Apache Schools
1516:Nautzili (also known as
1107:Josecito (also known as
943:TĂșntsaĆde / TĂș ntsaa-Ćde
648:
549:geographical coordinates
2729:San Carlos Apache Tribe
2719:Jicarilla Apache Nation
1654:Banks, Phyllis (2002).
1611:Lincoln National Forest
1554:Other notable Mescalero
1294:. GĂłmez's lieutenants (
1114:San Juan: chief of the
1077:Santana (also known as
783:ChâilaaĆde / JilaaâĂ©Ćde
779:of present-day Mexico.)
681:NaaâdaĆde / NaaâdahĂ©ĆdĂ©
660:Long Walk of the Navajo
496:Naa'dahĂ©ĆdĂ© / NaaâdaĆde
261:Lincoln National Forest
48:
2724:Mescalero Apache Tribe
2709:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2229:
1950:Languages of the World
1935:: CS1 maint: others (
1601:is the tribal school.
1538:Guhlkahéndé (Llañeros)
1339:): chief of about 600
1299:
1212:he was transferred to
1084:Cadete (also known as
1051:
929:Big Bend National Park
672:
569:33.17833°N 105.61222°W
314:
271:(Tsé tåghe' si'ù-yå).
240:
2744:Yavapai Apache Nation
2679:Western Apache people
2227:
2035:ChishÄŻÌÄŻÌhÄŻÌÄŻÌ, Tcici
1793:Alamogordo Daily News
1621:Mescalero, New Mexico
1335:Marco (also known as
1046:
911:and in the adjoining
889:Sierra Madre Oriental
863:TahuundĂ© / TĂĄ'huĂș'ndĂ©
719:GuĆgahĂ©Ćde / GuĆgaĆde
656:
637:, moving between the
312:Mescalero, New Mexico
309:
230:
148:White Mountain Apache
134:Related ethnic groups
1997:Mescalero Dictionary
1636:Mescalero Escarpment
1426:Sacramento Mountains
1415:Sacramento Mountains
1152:Sacramento Mountains
1150:local groups of the
887:south down into the
837:Aguas Nuevas Apaches
805:Sacramento Mountains
599:San Andres Mountains
574:33.17833; -105.61222
438:matrilocal residence
351:Culture and language
320:United States Census
257:Sacramento Mountains
207:tribes, such as the
190:federally recognized
168:Mescalero-Chiricahua
56:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1349:Guadalupe Mountains
1246:Guadalupe Mountains
1220:, Indian Territory.
1167:Guadalupe Mountains
871:("Forest People"),
849:Nuevo Casas Grandes
813:Guadalupe Mountains
619:Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa
603:White Painted Woman
591:Guadalupe Mountains
565: /
432:Family descent was
182:Southern Athabaskan
42:
2734:Tonto Apache Tribe
2230:
2189:Farrer, Claire R.
1762:Onsurez, Jessica.
1748:2012-03-16 at the
1708:on 12 October 2015
1626:Mescalero language
1572:Virginia Klinekole
1488:Presidio del Norte
1448:Rio Grande Apaches
1364:Horsehead Crossing
1288:in his 1985 novel
1228:Southern Mescalero
1057:Northern Mescalero
1052:
937:Maderas del Carmen
903:(from Apache name
877:Rio Grande Apaches
857:Ojinaga, Chihuahua
815:of western Texas.)
707:onto the southern
673:
392:Mescalero language
327:Virginia Klinekole
315:
267:just southwest of
241:
40:
2778:
2777:
2596:
2595:
2093:978-0-8061-2978-5
1472:Sierra del Carmen
1464:Chinati Mountains
1169:near present-day
1128:Capitan Mountains
1034:Notable Mescalero
995:, the Mescalero (
931:in Texas and the
901:Chinati Mountains
881:Chihuahuan Desert
845:Limpia Mescaleros
530:and the southern
474:NaashgalĂ DineÊŒĂ©.
388:
387:
302:Tribal government
157:
156:
144:San Carlos Apache
16:(Redirected from
2818:
2791:Mescalero Apache
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2366:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2134:XXIII(92) 2002,
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2083:James L. Haley:
2081:
2075:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1701:. Archived from
1696:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1476:BolsĂłn de MapimĂ
1460:Chisos Mountains
1452:Limpia Mountains
1258:Limpia Mountains
1156:Mangas Coloradas
977:Tcha shka-ózhÀye
925:BolsĂłn de MapimĂ
919:of Coahuila and
897:Chisos Mountains
713:Salinero Apaches
635:BolsĂłn de MapimĂ
627:'Indaa tse'-éÔde
580:
579:
577:
576:
575:
570:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
518:Tribal territory
383:
380:
362:
355:
259:and borders the
245:Ulysses S. Grant
186:Native Americans
175:
164:Mescalero Apache
89:Total population
81:
69:
59:
51:
43:
41:Mescalero Apache
39:
21:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2748:
2690:
2632:
2627:
2597:
2592:
2484:
2431:
2417:
2415:
2378:
2222:
2217:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1817:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1756:
1750:Wayback Machine
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1607:
1596:
1556:
1456:Davis Mountains
1434:(also known as
1286:Cormac McCarthy
1262:Davis Mountains
1098:Zhee Ah Nat Tsa
1094:Zhee-es-not-son
1041:
1036:
873:Chinati Apaches
751:Organ Mountains
709:Texas Panhandle
697:Rio del Natagee
691:(also known as
651:
615:Indeislun Nakah
573:
571:
567:
564:
559:
556:
554:
552:
551:
540:Texas Panhandle
532:Texas Panhandle
520:
454:
419:mountain people
384:
378:
375:
368:needs expansion
353:
304:
225:
188:. The tribe is
84:
72:
60:
53:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
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19:
2796:Lipan Apache
2753:Other topics
2658:
2475:Ute Mountain
2447:
2436:Reservations
2357:
2238:
2220:Bibliography
2205:
2190:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2144:(in Spanish)
2131:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2099:
2084:
2079:
2067:Fort Stanton
2061:
2055:
2050:Debo p.447-8
2046:
2038:
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2025:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
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1945:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1855:
1849:
1827:(3): 22â27.
1824:
1820:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1768:Ruidoso News
1767:
1757:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1698:
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1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1649:
1597:
1578:Sara Misquez
1537:
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1422:Tsebekinéndé
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1407:Aguas Nuevas
1406:
1403:Tsebekinéndé
1402:
1393:
1390:Tsebekinéndé
1389:
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1379:Tsebekinéndé
1378:
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1345:Niit'a-héÔde
1344:
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1313:
1306:
1289:
1282:Glanton Gang
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1227:
1226:
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1197:
1194:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde
1193:
1182:
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1175:NiiâtâahĂ©Ćde
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1136:Ca-bal-le-so
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1009:Te'l kóndahÀ
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:against the
984:
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960:
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951:Lipan Apache
949:band of the
946:
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862:
844:
840:
836:
833:TsĂ©bikÄŻnĂ©Ćde
832:
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799:, sometimes
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611:Mashgalé-Ôde
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595:Salinas Peak
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487:Agave parryi
485:
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455:
431:
427:
423:Mescal Agave
416:
389:
379:October 2010
376:
372:adding to it
367:
346:
342:
338:Sara Misquez
335:
324:
316:
293:
281:
277:
253:Otero County
249:Fort Stanton
242:
217:Lipan Apache
202:
193:
172:
163:
159:
158:
37:Ethnic group
2760:Apache Wars
2568:Santa Clara
2033:autonym as
1712:19 November
1486:, opposite
1368:Trans-Pecos
1264:. When the
1236:: chief of
1134:Caballero (
1126:and in the
1090:Gian-na-tah
997:NaaâdahĂ©ĆdĂ©
993:Comancheria
981:TĂșâĂ©dÄŻnĂ©Ćde
969:NaaâdahĂ©ĆdĂ©
957:TĂșâĂ©dÄŻnĂ©Ćde
905:ch'ĂnĂĄ'itĂh
885:Trans-Pecos
807:and in the
749:, from the
723:Cuelcajenne
689:Pecos River
639:Nazas River
597:within the
589:within the
572: /
560:105°36âČ44âłW
492:food source
434:matrilineal
223:Reservation
173:Naa'dahĂ©ĆdĂ©
71:Tribal Flag
49:Naa'dahĂ©ĆdĂ©
2785:Categories
2644:Chiricahua
2553:San Felipe
2468:Tohajiilee
2429:New Mexico
2169:References
2132:Relaciones
2072:Fort Riley
1972:2012-02-19
1914:1577661257
1865:0824007131
1798:2024-06-19
1773:2024-06-19
1666:2006-12-01
1530:Nalt'zilli
1470:area, the
1372:West Texas
1234:Carnoviste
1214:Fort Union
1183:Tu'sis Nde
1120:Rio Bonito
1064:Palanquito
1024:Chiricahua
1017:ShĂĄâiâĂĄĆde
1013:Ndåwe qóhÀ
1001:GuĆgahĂ©Ćde
985:TĂș sis NdĂ©
947:TĂș sis NdĂ©
927:, today's
909:West Texas
819:TsĂ©ichĂĆde
769:Chilpaines
701:New Mexico
693:Rio Salado
587:El Capitan
557:33°10âČ42âłN
524:Rio Grande
500:Mescalero.
470:Athabascan
458:Shis-Inday
408:Chiricahua
400:Athabaskan
289:Alamogordo
213:Chiricahua
198:New Mexico
184:âspeaking
2765:Apacheria
2664:Mimbreños
2659:Mescalero
2649:Jicarilla
2563:Santa Ana
2448:Mescalero
2443:Jicarilla
2140:0185-3929
1931:cite book
1833:0021-8731
1594:Education
1534:Nut Cilli
1343:or maybe
1270:Chihuahua
1240:or maybe
1218:Fort Sill
1202:TĂșsis Nde
1196:or maybe
1177:or maybe
1144:Kutu-hala
1140:Kutbhalla
1124:Rio Hondo
1109:José Cito
1079:Santa Ana
1028:Fort Sill
989:Apacheria
973:Tindi Ndé
773:Chihuahua
747:Las Vegas
735:Tucumcari
631:Indassene
508:Vaqueros.
482:Nadahéndé
285:Mescalero
180:tribe of
160:Mescalero
110:Mescalero
104:Languages
2770:Language
2674:Salinero
2543:Pojoaque
1923:44602504
1841:24397581
1746:Archived
1631:Winnetou
1605:See also
1543:Victorio
1526:Nodzilla
1522:Nautzile
1480:segundos
1468:Big Bend
1411:Norteños
1360:segundos
1300:segundos
1276:for his
1266:governor
1187:Geronimo
1171:Carlsbad
1160:Victorio
1048:Gorgonia
841:Norteños
777:Coahuila
759:Comanche
743:Santa Fe
731:Amarillo
727:Llañeros
725:, later
623:Comanche
544:Big Bend
536:Santa Fe
209:Mimbreno
176:) is an
124:Religion
2578:Tesuque
2538:Picuris
2503:Cochiti
2490:Pueblos
2369:Profile
2115:Chinati
2039:Tcicihi
1699:BLM.gov
1589:, actor
1518:Natzili
1502:segundo
1495:segundo
1484:Ojinaga
1466:in the
1444:Chinati
1440:Arzatti
1394:segundo
1383:segundo
1328:segundo
1321:segundo
1314:segundo
1307:segundo
1296:Spanish
1086:Cadette
827:TsĂ©ichĂ
755:El Paso
739:Lubbock
685:Natagés
446:wickiup
269:Ruidoso
192:as the
118:Spanish
114:English
2696:Tribes
2669:Plains
2548:Sandia
2523:Laguna
2508:Isleta
2453:Navajo
2276:
2256:
2245:
2199:
2183:
2142:(pdf)
2138:
2091:
1921:
1911:
1874:868002
1872:
1862:
1839:
1831:
1560:Gouyen
1436:Arzate
1432:Alsate
1337:Marcus
665:Navajo
641:, the
585:, (2)
466:Navajo
237:ramada
205:Apache
178:Apache
152:Navajo
52:
2684:Tonto
2654:Lipan
2637:Bands
2528:Nambe
2513:Jemez
2498:Acoma
2463:Ramah
2458:Alamo
2291:Paso.
1837:JSTOR
1706:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1642:Notes
1278:scalp
1274:pesos
1104:1885.
649:Bands
394:is a
233:tipis
2588:Zuni
2573:Taos
2518:Kewa
2480:Zuni
2274:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2136:ISSN
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