Metaphysics - Knowledge

1314: 40: 692:. The problem of the many is about which groups of entities form mereological wholes, for instance, whether a dust particle on the tabletop forms part of the table. According to mereological universalists, every collection of entities forms a whole, meaning that the parts of the table without the dust particle form one whole while they together with it form a second whole. Mereological moderatists hold that certain conditions have to be fulfilled for a group of entities to compose a whole, for example, that the entities touch one another. 816:

in particular, why it is the case that some modal statements are true while others are false. Some metaphysicians hold that modality is a fundamental aspect of reality, meaning that besides facts about what is the case, there are additional facts about what could or must be the case. A different view argues that modal truths are not about an independent aspect of reality but can be reduced to non-modal characteristics, for example, to facts about what properties or linguistic descriptions are compatible with each other or to

1140:"a tomato is red" is true because there exists a red tomato as its truthmaker. Based on this observation, it is possible to pursue metaphysical research by asking what the truthmakers of statements are, with different areas of metaphysics being dedicated to different types of statements. According to this view, modal metaphysics asks what makes statements about what is possible and necessary true while the metaphysics of time is interested in the truthmakers of temporal statements about the past, present, and future. 993: 18602: 16682: 14562: 299: 18517: 18568: 18585: 18551: 1931: 13539: 2081: 2257: 18534: 317:, an alternative conception gained prominence that focuses on conceptual schemes rather than external reality. Kant distinguishes transcendent metaphysics, which aims to describe the objective features of reality beyond sense experience, from critical metaphysics, which outlines the aspects and principles underlying all human thought and experience. Regarding the analysis of conceptual schemes, philosopher 18489: 16669: 14573: 1294:, that is, they imply that certain entities exist. For example, if the sentence "some electrons are bonded to protons" is true then it can be used to justify that electrons and protons exist. Quine used this insight to argue that one can learn about metaphysics by closely analyzing scientific claims to understand what kind of metaphysical picture of the world they presuppose. 667:, like the color red, which can at the same time exist in several places and characterize several particulars. A widely held view is that particulars instantiate universals but are not themselves instantiated by something else, meaning that they exist in themselves while universals exist in something else. Substratum theory analyzes particulars as a substratum, also called 1423:, to describe how physical systems behave under various conditions. Metaphysicians, by contrast, ask what all laws of nature have in common, for example, whether they merely describe contingent regularities or express necessary relations. At the same time, new scientific findings have also influenced existing and inspired new metaphysical theories. Einstein's 1415:, causation, necessity, and spacetime to formulate their theories and predict or explain the outcomes of experiments. While the main focus of scientists is on the application of these concepts to specific situations, metaphysics examines their general nature and how they depend on each other. Physicists formulate specific laws of nature, like 1032:, everything is mental, including physical objects, which may be understood as ideas or perceptions of conscious minds. Materialists, by contrast, state that all reality is at its core material. Some deny that mind exists but the more common approach is to explain mind in terms of certain aspects of matter, such as brain states, behavioral 922:. According to endurantism, material objects are three-dimensional entities that are wholly present at each moment. As they change, they gain or lose properties but remain the same otherwise. Perdurantists see material objects as four-dimensional entities that extend through time and are made up of different 1324:

Despite its status as one of the main branches of philosophy, metaphysics has received numerous criticisms putting into question its status as a legitimate field of inquiry. One type of criticism states that metaphysical inquiry is impossible because humans do not have the cognitive capacities needed

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to conduct their inquiry. Truth is a property of being in accord with reality. Truth-bearers are entities that can be true or false, such as linguistic statements and mental representations. A truthmaker of a statement is the entity whose existence makes the statement true. For example, the statement

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are dimensions that entities occupy. Spacetime realists state that space and time are fundamental aspects of reality and exist independently of the human mind. This view is rejected by spacetime idealists, who hold that space and time are constructions of the human mind in its attempt to organize and

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The concepts of possibility and necessity convey what can or must be the case, expressed in statements like "it is possible to find a cure for cancer" and "it is necessary that two plus two equals four". They belong to modal metaphysics, which investigates the metaphysical principles underlying them,

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as a totality of entities extending through space and time. Rational psychology restricts itself to exploring metaphysical foundations and problems concerning the mind, such as its relation to matter and the freedom of the will. Natural theology studies the divine and its role as the first cause. The

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The precise nature of metaphysics is disputed and its characterization has changed in the course of history. Some approaches see metaphysics as a unified field and give a wide-sweeping definition by understanding it as the study of "fundamental questions about the nature of reality" or as an inquiry

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approaches associated with scientific theories. Due to the abstract nature of its topic, metaphysics has received criticisms questioning the reliability of its methods and the meaningfulness of its theories. Metaphysics is relevant to many fields of inquiry that often implicitly rely on metaphysical

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to classify objects and formally represent information about them. Unlike metaphysicians, computer scientists are usually not interested in providing a single all-encompassing characterization of reality as a whole but instead employ many different ontologies, each one concerned only with a limited

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A slightly weaker position allows metaphysical statements to have meaning while holding that metaphysical disagreements are merely verbal disputes about different ways to describe the world. According to this view, the disagreement in the metaphysics of composition about whether there are tables or

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to conduct their inquiry. The two approaches are not exclusive and it is possible to combine elements from both. Which method a metaphysician employs often depends on their conception of the nature of metaphysics, for example, whether they see it as an inquiry into the mind-independent structure of

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or Leibniz's Law, is more controversial and states that two entities are numerically identical if they exactly resemble one another. Another distinction is between synchronic and diachronic identity. Synchronic identity relates an entity to itself at the same time while diachronic identity is about

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and social kinds are often understood as special types of universals. Entities belonging to the same natural kind share certain fundamental features characteristic of the structure of the natural world. In this regard, natural kinds are not an artificially made-up classification but are discovered,

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Another key concern in metaphysics is the division of entities into different groups based on underlying features they have in common. Theories of categories provide a system of the most fundamental kinds or the highest genera of being by establishing a comprehensive inventory of everything. One of

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is real, meaning that events are categorized into the past, present, and future. The present keeps moving forward in time and events that are in the present now will change their status and lie in the past later. From the perspective of the B-series theory, time is static and events are ordered by

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of metaphysics and investigates the nature and methods of metaphysics. It also examines how metaphysics differs from other philosophical and scientific disciplines and how it is relevant to them. While the discussions of its topics have a long history in metaphysics, it has only recently developed

418:: that is, what comes after the physics. This is frequently interpreted in the sense that metaphysics discusses topics that, due to their generality and comprehensiveness, lie beyond the realm of physics and its focus on empirical observation. Metaphysics got its name by a historical accident when 1434:

where metaphysicians investigate their basic concepts and analyze their metaphysical implications. This includes questions like whether social facts arise from non-social facts, whether social groups and institutions have mind-independent existence, and how they persist through time. Metaphysical

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Causality is the relation between cause and effect whereby one entity produces or affects another entity. For instance, if a person bumps a glass and spills its contents then the bump is the cause and the spill is the effect. Besides the single-case causation between particulars in this example,

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theories focus not on regularities but on how effects depend on their causes. They state that effects owe their existence to the cause and would not be present without them. According to primitivism, causation is a basic concept that cannot be analyzed in terms of non-causal concepts, such as

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and existence marks the difference between real entities and imaginary ones. According to the orthodox view, existence is a second-order property or a property of properties: if an entity exists then its properties are instantiated. A different position states that existence is a first-order

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of things. Another approach doubts that the different areas of metaphysics share a set of underlying features and provides instead a fine-grained characterization by listing all the main topics investigated by metaphysicians. Some definitions are descriptive by providing an account of what

1427:, for instance, prompted various metaphysicians to conceive space and time as a unified dimension rather than as independent dimensions. Empirically focused metaphysicians often rely on scientific theories to ground their theories about the nature of reality in empirical observations. 324:

Metaphysics differs from the individual sciences by studying very general and abstract aspects of reality. The individual sciences, by contrast, examine more specific and concrete features and restrict themselves to certain classes of entities, such as the focus on physical things in

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to represent information about academic activities. Ontologies provide standards or conceptualizations for encoding and storing information in a structured way, which makes it possible to use and transform the information by computational processes for a variety of purposes. Some

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take a third approach by arguing that determinism and free will do not exclude each other, for instance, because a person can still act in tune with their motivation and choices even if they are determined by other forces. Free will plays a key role in ethics regarding the

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criticized traditional metaphysics, saying that it fails to distinguish between individual entities and being as their ontological ground. His attempt to reveal the underlying assumptions and limitations in the history of metaphysics to "overcome metaphysics" influenced

13542: 2018:(384–322 BCE) accepted Plato's idea that there are universal forms but held that they cannot exist on their own but depend on matter. He also proposed a system of categories and developed a comprehensive framework of the natural world through his theory of the 843:

in the actual world but there are possible worlds in which they are still alive. According to possible world semantics, a statement is possibly true if it is true in at least one possible world while it is necessarily true if it is true in all possible worlds.

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It is questionable to what extent the criticisms of metaphysics affect the discipline as a whole or only certain issues or approaches in it. For example, it could be the case that certain metaphysical disputes are merely verbal while others are substantive.

1055:, the view that everything in the universe, including human behavior, is determined by preceding events and laws of nature. It is controversial whether causal determinism is true, and, if so, whether this would imply that there is no free will. According to 1946:

The history of metaphysics examines how the inquiry into the basic structure of reality has evolved in the course of history. Metaphysics has its origin in speculations about the nature and origin of the cosmos that go back to ancient civilizations. In

926:. At each moment, only one part of the object is present but not the object as a whole. Change means that an earlier part is qualitatively different from a later part. For example, if a banana ripens then there is an unripe part followed by a ripe part. 723:, that express what particulars are like and how they resemble one another. They are repeatable, meaning that they are not limited to a unique existent but can be instantiated by different particulars at the same time. For example, the particulars 696:

reject the idea that there are any wholes. According to them, there are no tables and chairs but only particles that are arranged table-wise and chair-wise. A related mereological problem is whether there are simple entities that have no parts, as

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in its interest in the first causes and the universe as a whole. Key differences are that metaphysics relies on rational inquiry while physical cosmology gives more weight to empirical observations and theology is additionally based on divine

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has a variety of other meanings in philosophy. It can refer to a simple opinion, a disposition to belief, what seems to be the case, or a relation between the mind and abstract objects. The concept plays a central role in the philosophy of

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only particles arranged table-wise is a trivial debate about linguistic preferences without any substantive consequences for the nature of reality. The position that metaphysical disputes have no meaning or no significant point is called

2095:(477–524 CE) attempted to harmonize Plato's and Aristotle's theories of universals by stating that universals can exist both in matter and mind. His theory inspired the philosophies of nominalism and conceptualism, as in the thought of 1209:, which states that time flows from the past through the present and into the future, often rely on pre-theoretical intuitions associated with the sense of the passage of time. Some approaches use intuitions to establish a small set of 69:, implying that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry. Metaphysics is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some modern theorists understand it as an inquiry into the 286:

being, that is, the topic of what all beings have in common and to what fundamental categories they belong. In the modern period, the scope of metaphysics was extended to cover topics such as the distinction between mind and body and

2395:'s (1925–1995) approach to metaphysics challenged traditionally influential concepts like substance, essence, and identity by reconceptualizing the field through alternative notions such as multiplicity, event, and difference. 964:

in which the mind apprehends that one phenomenon, like putting one's hand in a fire, is always followed by another phenomenon, like a feeling of pain. According to nomic regularity theories, the regularities take the forms of

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regularities or dependence relations. One form of primitivism identifies causal powers inherent in entities as the underlying mechanism. Eliminativists reject the above theories by holding that there is no causation.

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argue that possible worlds exist as concrete entities in the same sense as the actual world, with the main difference being that the actual world is the world we live in while other possible worlds are inhabited by

2214:(1724–1804). He tried to reconceptualize metaphysics as an inquiry into the basic principles and categories of thought and understanding rather than seeing it as an attempt to comprehend mind-independent reality. 10443: 1376:. This view is opposed by serious metaphysicians, who contend that metaphysical disputes are about substantial features of the underlying structure of reality. A closely related debate between ontological 879:

make sense of reality. Spacetime absolutism or substantivalism understands spacetime as a distinct object, with some metaphysicians conceptualizing it as a box that contains all other entities within it.

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reasoning and see metaphysics instead as a practice continuous with the empirical sciences that generalizes their insights while making their underlying assumptions explicit. This approach is known as

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consists in the challenge of characterizing the ontological status of universals. Realists argue that universals are real, mind-independent entities that exist in addition to particulars. According to

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are individual entities and include both concrete objects, like Aristotle, the Eiffel Tower, or a specific apple, and abstract objects, like the number 2 or a specific set in mathematics. Also called

640:. According to a common view, concrete objects, like rocks, trees, and human beings, exist in space and time, undergo changes, and impact each other as cause and effect, while abstract objects, like 949:, which claim that the cause merely increases the probability that the effect occurs. This view can be used to explain that smoking causes cancer even though this is not true in every single case. 210:

period, a "revolt against idealism" was started, and metaphysics was once declared meaningless, then revived with various criticisms of earlier theories and new approaches to metaphysical inquiry.

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Metaphysics is related to many fields of inquiry by investigating their basic concepts and relation to the fundamental structure of reality. For example, scientists often rely on concepts such as

671:, together with various properties. The substratum confers individuality to the particular while the properties express its qualitative features or what it is like. This approach is rejected by 853:. This view is controversial and various alternatives have been suggested, for example, that possible worlds only exist as abstract objects or that they are similar to stories told in works of 462:, takes the widest perspective and studies the most fundamental aspects of being. It investigates the features that all entities have in common and how entities can be divided into different 321:

contrasts descriptive metaphysics, which articulates conceptual schemes commonly used to understand the world, with revisionary metaphysics, which aims to produce better conceptual schemes.

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outlook led him to formulate a stark criticism of metaphysical theories that aim to arrive at ultimate principles inaccessible to sensory experience. This skeptical outlook was embraced by

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and relies on dubious intuitions about the realm beyond sensory experience. A closely related concern about the unreliability of metaphysical theorizing is that there are deep and lasting

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and characterized as useful social constructions that, while not purely fictional, fail to reflect the fundamental structure of mind-independent reality. Uncontroversial examples include

8866: 474:. Ontologists research which categories there are, how they depend on one another, and how they form a system of categories that provides an encompassing classification of all entities. 2170:(1632–1677), who formulated a monist philosophy according to which there is only one substance that has both physical and mental attributes developing side-by-side without interacting. 1865: 1297:

In addition to methods of conducting metaphysical inquiry, there are various methodological principles used to decide between competing theories by comparing their theoretical virtues.

9909: 1399:. Derrida employed this approach to criticize metaphysical texts for relying on opposing terms, like presence and absence, which he thought were inherently unstable and contradictory. 1241:

approach is often used to criticize metaphysical theories that deviate a lot from how the average person thinks about an issue. For example, common-sense philosophers have argued that

612:(e.g. white), and place (e.g. in Athens) are said of substances and depend on them. Kant understood categories as fundamental principles underlying human understanding and developed a 11391: 2038:

emerged towards the end of the ancient period in the 3rd century CE and introduced the idea of "the One" as a transcendent and ineffable entity that is the source of all of creation.

1267:. To study the essential features of any kind of object, it proceeds by imagining this object and varying its features to identify which ones are essential and cannot be changed. The 945:

is used if people and their actions cause something. Causation is usually interpreted deterministically, meaning that a cause always brings about its effect. This view is rejected by

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A further topic concerns different types of modality, such as the contrast between physical, metaphysical, and logical necessity based on whether the necessity has its source in the

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of various parts. For example, a table is made up of a tabletop and legs, each of which is itself made up of countless particles. The relation between parts and wholes is studied by

11453: 10985: 10952: 10557: 8451: 2135:(980–1037 CE) developed a comprehensive philosophical system that examined the contrast between existence and essence and distinguished between contingent and necessary existence. 11828: 1792:

integrate information belonging to various domains, which brings with it the problem of handling data that was formulated using different ontologies. They do so by providing an

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Another criticism holds that the problem lies not with human cognitive abilities but with metaphysical statements themselves, which are claimed to be neither true nor false but

11241: 1024:, minds and bodies are distinct substances. They causally interact with each other in various ways but can, at least in principle, exist on their own. This view is rejected by 14437: 1910: 1443:

include the questions about the relation between body and mind, whether the nature of the human mind is historically fixed, and what the metaphysical status of diseases is.

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argue that reality is fundamentally neither material nor mental and suggest that matter and mind are both derivative phenomena. A key aspect of the mind–body problem is the

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that would confirm it. Based on this controversial assumption, they argue that metaphysical statements are meaningless since they do not make predictions about experience.

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to analyze the meaning and ontological ramifications of modal statements. A possible world is a complete and consistent way of how things could have been. For example, the

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and anti-realists concerns the question of whether there are any objective facts that determine which metaphysical theories are true. A different criticism, formulated by

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approaches often rely on intuitions, that is, non-inferential impressions about the correctness of specific claims or general principles. For example, arguments for the

675:, who state that particulars are only bundles of properties without an underlying substratum. Some bundle theorists include in the bundle an individual essence, called 11555: 10427: 7712: 4737: 1885: 914:

Material objects persist through time and change in the process, like a tree that grows or loses leaves. The main ways of conceptualizing persistence through time are

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property, meaning that it is similar to other properties of entities, such as shape or size. It is controversial whether all entities have this property. According to

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is a relation that every entity has to itself as a form of sameness. It refers to numerical identity when the very same entity is involved, as in the statement "the

10334: 588:. A related question is whether existence is the same for all entities or whether there are different modes or degrees of existence. For instance, Plato held that 486:

scope of special metaphysics overlaps with other philosophical disciplines and it is often not clear whether a topic belongs to it rather than to disciplines like

1384:, sees the fault of metaphysics not in its cognitive ambitions or the meaninglessness of its statements, but in its practical irrelevance and lack of usefulness. 14377: 2127:

from the early 9th century CE to the late 12th century CE, employed many ideas of the ancient Greek philosophers to interpret and clarify the teachings of the

509:, it concerns topics like the ontological foundation of moral claims and religious doctrines. Applications outside philosophy include the use of ontologies in 1301:

is a well-known principle that gives preference to simple theories, in particular, to theories that assume that few entities exist. Other principles consider

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in describing metaphysics as "first philosophy", implying that it is the most basic inquiry while all other branches of philosophy depend on it in some way.

2166:(1596–1650) developed a substance dualism according to which body and mind exist as independent entities that causally interact. This idea was rejected by 2627:

The ideas underlying Samkhya philosophy arose as early as the 7th and 6th centuries BCE but it's classical and systematic formulation is dated 350 CE.

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to assess the possible consequences of these situations. To explore the relation between matter and consciousness, some theorists compare humans to

12866: 2014:, which states that eternal forms or ideas possess the highest kind of reality while the material world is only an imperfect reflection of them. 592:, which are perfect and immutable ideas, have a higher degree of existence than matter, which is only able to imperfectly mirror Platonic forms. 9675: 8850: 4297: 2186:(1679–1754), conceptualized the scope of metaphysics by introducing the distinction between general and special metaphysics. According to the 681:, to ensure that each bundle is unique. Another proposal for concrete particulars is that they are individuated by their space-time location. 18308: 9885: 8784: 8107: 13224: 11375: 8751: 8148: 7595: 17268: 9521: 7875: 5490: 12631: 11429: 11063: 10969: 10936: 10738: 10541: 9817: 5349: 5322: 14623: 12224: 8435: 3367: 3319: 2951: 1313: 1112:

the same entity at different times, as in statements like "the table I bought last year is the same as the table in my dining room now".

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Special metaphysics considers being from more narrow perspectives and is divided into subdisciplines based on the perspective they take.

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as the founder of Daoism lived in the 6th century BCE but other accounts state that he may have lived in the 4th or 3rd centuries BCE.

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method is a further approach and examines the metaphysical structure of reality by observing what entities there are and studying the

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as the source of many traditional metaphysical problems or challenged complex metaphysical deductions by relying on common sense.

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The classified entities do not have to occur naturally and can encompass man-made products, such as synthetic chemical substances.

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reject the idea that universals exist in either form. For them, the world is composed exclusively of particulars. The position of

12537: 10800: 10582: 10084: 8016: 758:, inspired by Aristotle, states that universals depend on particulars, meaning that they are only real if they are instantiated. 12721: 10149: 1329:

about the possibility of metaphysical knowledge. It is often followed by empiricists like Hume, who argue that there is no good

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to build complex metaphysical systems by drawing conclusions from these axioms. Intuition-based approaches can be combined with

13249: 2225:(1770–1831) developed a comprehensive system of philosophy that examines how absolute spirit manifests itself. He inspired the 16381: 7834: 4039: 18395: 18380: 17909: 17869: 16925: 14407: 13575: 13450: 13420: 13392: 13341: 13318: 13295: 13218: 13091: 13041: 13022: 12912: 12891: 12860: 12823: 12797: 12769: 12660: 12641: 12613: 12590: 12564: 12450: 12397: 12348: 12318: 12297: 12249: 12163: 12140: 12112: 12084: 12035: 11982: 11954: 11901: 11822: 11801: 11775: 11729: 11682: 11656: 11635: 11588: 11565: 11512: 11482: 11447: 11385: 11364: 11338: 11310: 11289: 11235: 11197: 11174: 11143: 11115: 11037: 11014: 10979: 10946: 10925: 10769: 10748: 10720: 10653: 10607: 10551: 10498: 10470: 10437: 10384: 10328: 10280: 10254: 10226: 10109: 10058: 10037: 10009: 9936: 9903: 9867: 9846: 9827: 9799: 9757: 9729: 9669: 9633: 9603: 9550: 9515: 9487: 9394: 9352: 9324: 9250: 9222: 9151: 9121: 9066: 9038: 8989: 8961: 8928: 8860: 8811: 8778: 8745: 8622: 8569: 8548: 8522: 8476: 8445: 8296: 8196: 8142: 8101: 7990: 7962: 7941: 7885: 7852: 7816: 7788: 7760: 7739: 7686: 2319:

formulated a wide-ranging criticism of metaphysical statements by holding that they are meaningless since there is no way to

1255:, aims to decompose metaphysical concepts into component parts to clarify their meaning and identify essential relations. In 12938: 7704: 2242: 18390: 18361: 18318: 17942: 14507: 14427: 13110: 11701: 9576: 8041: 2238: 11874: 11748: 10825: 8891: 2147:

in the 8th century CE, which holds that everything is one and that the idea of many entities existing independently is an

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Metaphysicians often see existence or being as one of the most basic and general concepts. To exist means to form part of

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Hawley, Katherine (2016). "Applied Metaphysics". In Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper; Brownlee, Kimberley; Coady, David (eds.).

2575:, who understands intuitions as conscious, objective representations closely associated with the sense of space and time. 2424: 452:

The nature of metaphysics can also be characterized in relation to its main branches. An influential division from early

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says that people have no power over the future if everything is determined by the past together with the laws of nature.

1059:, free will cannot exist in a deterministic world since there is no true choice or control if everything is determined. 17591: 16719: 14950: 12979: 2509:

According to Meinong, existence is not a synonym of being: all entities have being but not all entities have existence.

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the temporal relations earlier-than and later-than without any essential difference between past, present, and future.

16007: 11538: 2253:(1859–1952) conceived metaphysics as an observational science of the most general features of reality and experience. 1237:. A related method relies on commonly accepted beliefs instead of intuitions to formulate arguments and theories. The 880: 18333: 16032: 13005: 9708: 1796:

that defines concepts on a higher level of abstraction to apply to all domains. Influential upper ontologies include

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as an attempt to clarify the meaning of being. Heidegger's philosophy inspired general criticisms of metaphysics by

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stated that experienced objects are mere transformations of consciousness that do not reflect external reality. The

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to express that there are horses. Following Quine, various metaphysicians assume that existential quantifiers carry

430:) may have coined it for its title to indicate that this book should be studied after Aristotle's book published on 17904: 17261: 16564: 12512: 8393: 1942:, which are two correlated forces discussed in Chinese metaphysics to explore the nature and patterns of existence. 12268: 1051:

is a central aspect of the mind–body problem. Metaphysicians are interested in the relation between free will and

18438: 18286: 16594: 14616: 14357: 13467: 10900: 10691: 8315: 8244: 1797: 1754: 908: 904: 883:, by contrast, sees spacetime not as an object but as relations between objects, such as the spatial relation of 597: 227: 18523: 16202: 2221:

employed his idealistic outlook in their attempt to find a unifying principle as the foundation of all reality.

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Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The History of the Philosophy of Mind, Volume 6

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there is also general-case causation expressed in general statements such as "smoking causes cancer". The term

18608: 12423: 1916:, meaning that existential statements imply that the entities over which one quantifies form part of reality. 17899: 17726: 17378: 17285: 15194: 14779: 14213: 14123: 14098: 14009: 2297:(1889–1951), conceived the world as a multitude of atomic facts, which inspired later metaphysicians such as 2222: 2183: 1041: 17544: 17318: 16599: 16504: 16152: 14869: 14542: 13648: 11927: 11088: 10626: 9691:

Griffin, Nicholas (2013). "Russell and Moore's Revolt against British Idealism". In Beaney, Michael (ed.).

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Concrete particulars encountered in everyday life, like rocks, tables, and organisms, are complex entities

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Logic, Theology and Poetry in Boethius, Anselm, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Absence of Things

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Goswick, Dana (2018). "6. Are Modal Facts Brute Facts?". In Vintiadis, Elly; Mekios, Constantinos (eds.).

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and faith-based doctrines. Historically, cosmology and theology were considered subfields of metaphysics.

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Metaphysics is traditionally understood as a study of mind-independent features of reality. Starting with

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conceived critical metaphysics as the study of the principles underlying all human thought and experience.

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in the 6th century BCE, which denies the existence of an independent self and understands the world as a

12286:"Divine Differentials: The Metaphysics of Gilles Deleuze and Its Significance for Contemporary Theology" 1814:

is often used by metaphysicians as a tool to engage in their inquiry and express insights using precise

1044:, which concerns the question of how physical systems like brains can produce phenomenal consciousness. 18479: 17643: 17633: 16270: 15939: 15245: 15021: 14609: 14522: 13988: 13603: 13486: 12999: 12834: 2375:(1859–1938) engaged in ontology through a phenomenological description of experience while his student 1256: 1108: 970: 755: 14655: 13532: 2206:

and the idea that there are no necessary connections between distinct entities. At the same time, his

2174:(1646–1716) introduced the concept of possible worlds and articulated a metaphysical system, known as 410: 18540: 18448: 18400: 17873: 17793: 17518: 17448: 17438: 16918: 16476: 14688: 14678: 14258: 14093: 13713: 13568: 12852: 9651: 2404: 2360: 2335: 2171: 1196: 1154: 1149: 1088: 824: 795:

and anti-realists are in disagreement about whether natural kinds exist. Social kinds are studied by

337:. It is disputed to what extent this contrast is a strict dichotomy rather than a gradual continuum. 128: 76:

Many general and abstract topics belong to the subject of metaphysics. It investigates the nature of

4912:, Lead Section, § 1. Free Will, Free Action and Moral Responsibility, § 3. Free Will and Determinism 2334:(1908–2000) tried to naturalize metaphysics by connecting it to the empirical sciences. His student 2103:(1224–1274 CE) understood metaphysics as the discipline that investigates the different meanings of 1893: 1320:

criticized metaphysicians for trying to arrive at knowledge outside the field of sensory experience.

501:

and studies the applications of metaphysics, both within philosophy and other fields of inquiry. In

456:

distinguishes between general and special or specific metaphysics. General metaphysics, also called

18433: 18082: 17935: 17877: 16963: 16779: 16579: 16142: 15392: 15232: 15229: 14955: 14789: 14774: 14532: 14467: 10672:"Philosophy as Total Axiomatics: Serious Metaphysics, Scrutability Bases, and Aesthetic Evaluation" 10120: 1272: 1268: 633: 13441:. In Trachsel, Manuel; Biller-Andorno, Nikola; Gaab, Jens; Tekin, Şerife; Sadler, John Z. (eds.). 8768: 8083: 2309:

as an attempt to provide a holistic description of both the objective and the subjective worlds.

2123:

as a tool to decide between competing metaphysical theories. Arabic–Persian philosophy, which had

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Mumford, Stephen; Anjum, Rani Lill (2013). "8. Primitivism: Is Causation the Most Basic Thing?".

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Phillips, R. L. (1967). "Descriptive versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem".

11673:

Mumford, Stephen; Tugby, Matthew (2013). "1. Introduction What Is the Metaphysics of Science?".

9505: 1818:. Another relation between the two fields concerns the metaphysical assumptions associated with 1152:

to arrive at metaphysical theories and formulate arguments for and against them. Traditionally,

1020:

is the challenge of clarifying the relation between physical and mental phenomena. According to

18221: 17828: 17823: 17731: 17215: 17049: 16712: 16290: 16222: 15302: 15140: 14718: 14693: 14683: 14269: 14163: 14143: 14020: 13948: 13893: 13816: 13598: 12692: 11055: 9538: 9475: 9170:"Philosophical Methods Under Scrutiny: Introduction to the Special Issue Philosophical Methods" 6303: 6279: 6261: 6237: 4620:, Lead Section, § 2. Necessary Connections and Hume’s Two Definitions, § 4. Causal Reductionism 2593: 2429: 2368: 2351: 2302: 2260: 2023: 1925: 1913: 1827: 1420: 720: 617: 506: 478: 151: 18459: 13438: 13380: 13329: 12902: 12601: 12440: 12387: 12336: 12285: 12216: 12151: 12102: 11972: 11891: 11765: 11576: 11470: 11328: 11025: 11002: 10643: 10460: 10216: 9857: 9789: 9700: 9621: 9212: 9109: 9056: 8979: 8612: 8559: 8286: 7655: 7604: 7586: 7523: 7505: 7430: 7403: 7358: 7274: 7208: 6812: 6746: 6605: 6383: 6374: 6195: 6018: 5976: 5949: 5688: 5550: 5541: 5520: 5256: 4886: 4600: 4549: 4480: 4447: 4414: 4369: 4348: 4312: 4222: 4111: 4102: 3053: 3035: 2825: 2159:

as the rational principle that is the ground of being and reflects the order of the universe.

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Priority Nominalism: Grounding Ostrich Nominalism as a Solution to the Problem of Universals

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metaphysicians do while others are normative and prescribe what metaphysicians ought to do.

18627: 18453: 18428: 18385: 17848: 17581: 16911: 16885: 16544: 16499: 16461: 16408: 16337: 16093: 15889: 15800: 15623: 15593: 15334: 14862: 14708: 14703: 14565: 14502: 13963: 13938: 13863: 13561: 12738: 12174: 10842: 6391:, Lead Section, §1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification 3392:, Lead Section, §1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification 2550: 2419: 2380: 1424: 1345: 1192: 1073: 961: 609: 562: 427: 12000: 3419:, Lead Section, §2. Existence as a First-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification 202:

saw the emergence of various comprehensive systems of metaphysics, many of which embraced

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Olson, Eric T. (2001). "Mind–Body Problem". In Blakemore, Colin; Jennett, Sheila (eds.).

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Dafermos, Manolis (2021). "The Metaphysics of Psychology and a Dialectical Perspective".

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with speculations about the nature of reality and the universe, like those found in the

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as a synonym while others characterize metaontology as a subfield of meta-metaphysics.

604:(e.g. man and horse), are the most important category since all other categories like 92:, which are general repeatable entities that characterize particulars, like the color 39: 18493: 18188: 18171: 18097: 18087: 18039: 17818: 17675: 17293: 17121: 17116: 16784: 16774: 16759: 16742: 16705: 16673: 16574: 16569: 16554: 16494: 16456: 16441: 16398: 15969: 15929: 15847: 15775: 15758: 15736: 15364: 15339: 15150: 14970: 14713: 14577: 14307: 14223: 14178: 13764: 13733: 13446: 13416: 13412:

An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle

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is also discussed by metaphysicians. A closely related issue concerns the essence of

97: 70: 17388: 14068: 13241: 9293: 9203: 8165: 2163: 1290:. He relies on the idea that true sentences from the sciences and other fields have 1245:

is false since it implies that commonly accepted things, like tables, do not exist.

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Possible Worlds in Humanities, Arts and Sciences: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 65

10683: 10303: 10174: 9963: 9955: 9891: 9776: 9696: 9657: 9382: 9181: 8916: 8837: 8733: 8648: 8273: 8234: 8218: 8130: 8089: 7840: 7171:, § 3. Philosophical Project, § 5. Causation, § 6. The Idea of Necessary Connection 2414: 2376: 2282: 2226: 2195: 2152: 1763: 1387: 1206: 1099:). In a slightly different sense, it encompasses qualitative identity, also called 625: 601: 17601: 14588: 13481: 13033: 11258: 8652: 2002:

philosophers, who gave rational explanations of the whole cosmos by examining the

1325:

to access the ultimate nature of reality. This line of thought leads to a form of

1174:

and scientific theories. Some metaphysicians use perspectives from fields such as

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

8951: 8737: 8134: 8093: 7750: 7676: 2388: 2320: 2298: 2290: 2218: 2191: 2148: 2144: 2091:

Medieval Western philosophy was strongly influenced by ancient Greek philosophy.

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explored metaphysical problems such as the contrast between being and non-being.

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Healey, Richard (2016). "17. Metaphysics in Science". In Humphreys, Paul (ed.).

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Hancock, Roger (2006). "Metaphysics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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Poidevin, Robin Le; Peter, Simons; Andrew, McGonigal; Cameron, Ross P. (2009).

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Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice

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Many developments in the later modern period were shaped by Kant's philosophy.

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Hawley, Katherine (2018). "Social Science as a Guide to Social Metaphysics?".

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the earliest theories of categories was provided by Aristotle, who proposed a

18621: 18366: 17843: 17768: 17721: 17638: 17628: 17533: 17488: 17483: 17458: 17433: 17423: 17403: 17328: 17151: 17126: 17106: 17096: 17076: 17069: 17059: 17039: 17007: 16992: 16975: 16970: 16948: 16934: 16880: 16295: 16207: 16137: 15879: 15669: 15603: 15560: 15429: 15054: 14840: 14822: 14517: 14243: 14193: 14158: 14138: 14118: 13683: 13505: 13058: 12492: 10178: 9195: 8841: 8660: 8373: 7844: 2572: 2384: 2339: 2312: 2211: 2096: 2054: 1976: 1948: 1352:, for instance, the meaning of a statement is given by the procedure used to 1330: 1234: 845: 763: 672: 481:

examines changeable things and investigates how they are connected to form a

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The decline of logical positivism saw a revival of metaphysical theorizing.

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constitutes the ground of all being. They further explore the nature of the

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without a permanent essence while the consciousness-only doctrine of the

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by understanding ultimate reality. This period also saw the emergence of

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as well as the underlying faculties responsible for these phenomena. The

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holds that past, present, and future are equally real while according to

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Russell on Metaphysics: Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell

8668: 8381: 8357: 5481: 5264:, Lead Section, § 3. The Anti-Realist Challenges to Metaphysical Realism 3238: 1830:

to express existential statements. For instance, in the logical formula

18231: 18156: 18122: 18049: 18034: 18022: 17990: 17951: 17701: 17623: 17523: 17443: 17413: 17368: 17230: 17195: 17141: 17029: 17002: 16980: 16167: 15995: 15944: 15934: 15805: 15709: 15654: 15461: 15441: 15307: 15074: 14988: 14817: 14764: 14728: 14632: 14387: 14113: 14078: 14028: 13913: 13811: 13698: 13623: 13500: 13371: 12484: 12260: 11717: 10687: 9968: 9780: 6952:, Lead Section, § 3. Essence and Existence, § 4. Modality and Existence 4272:, Lead Section, § 2. Three Philosophical Conceptions of Possible Worlds 3930:, Lead Section, § 2. Versions of Realism, § 3. Versions of Anti-Realism 2458:

For example, the metaphysical problem of causation is relevant both to

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Hermeneutics and Method: The 'Universal Viewpoint' in Bernard Lonergan

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examines what it means for something to be possible or necessary. The

18215: 18204: 18166: 18059: 17773: 17706: 17670: 17333: 17298: 17246: 17235: 17146: 17086: 16958: 16182: 16177: 16037: 15964: 15899: 15770: 15704: 15516: 15506: 15501: 15476: 15272: 14832: 14794: 14547: 14512: 14492: 14038: 13923: 13853: 13806: 13769: 13708: 13638: 8261: 3615:, § 1.3 Husserlian Descriptivism, § 1.4 Contemporary Category Systems 2338:(1941–2001) employed the concept of possible worlds to formulate his 2202:(1711–1776) made various contributions to metaphysics, including the 2182:

that are synchronized without causally interacting with one another.

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was formed and explored the natural order of the universe, known as

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claim, or the principles underlying thought and experience, as some

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Pragmatist Metaphysics: An Essay on the Ethical Grounds of Ontology

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and abstract reasoning from general principles rather than sensory

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The status of free will as the ability of a person to choose their

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in order to express claims as precisely as possible while relying

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about metaphysical issues, indicating a lack of overall progress.

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would continue to exist even if there were no red things. A more

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blind and irrational will as the underlying principle of reality

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Some philosophers use the two terms in slightly different ways.

2463: 2140: 1980: 1964: 1120:

in a slightly different sense and concerns questions like what

1025: 641: 502: 438:. The term entered the English language through the Latin word 353: 247: 167: 131:

to conduct their inquiry. Traditionally, they rely on rational

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in the mind used to order experience by classifying entities.

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infer from this observation that there is no free will while

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Categories in Aristotle 2833: 2797: 2785: 2761: 2737: 2725: 2677: 2641: 2452: 2204:regularity theory of causation 1905:{\displaystyle {\text{Horse}}} 1854: 1848: 1753:Fundamental categories in the 1430:Similar issues pertain to the 1143: 1076:people have for what they do. 954:regularity theory of causation 651: 13: 1: 17727:Hard problem of consciousness 16820:Buddhist (consciousness-only) 16364: 13004:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 11767:An Introduction to Philosophy 11554:Morton, Adam (2005). "Mind". 11005:. In Haug, Matthew C. (ed.). 10600:Metaphysics: The Fundamentals 9214:Metaphysics: The Key Concepts 9146:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 9112:. In Callender, Craig (ed.). 8984:. John Benjamins Publishing. 8356:Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1966). 8223:"Informal Logic: An Overview" 7833:Ásta (2017). "Social Kinds". 3936:, § 4. 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Indiana University Press. 10026:Heckmann, Dominikus (2006). 9896:10.4324/9780415249126-X025-1 9662:10.4324/9780415249126-N035-1 9114:Time, Reality and Experience 9033:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8738:10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2 8221:; Johnson, Ralph H. (2000). 8135:10.4324/9780415249126-N065-1 8094:10.4324/9780415249126-N040-1 7709:American Heritage Dictionary 5772:Carroll & Markosian 2010 5702:, § 10. What Is Metaphysics? 5243:, § 10. What Is Metaphysics? 5189:, § 10. What Is Metaphysics? 4975:, § 2. The Logic of Identity 4904:O’Connor & Franklin 2022 4806:Stubenberg & Wishon 2023 4660:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4624:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4540:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4525:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4504:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4399:Carroll & Markosian 2010 4381:Carroll & Markosian 2010 3567:, § 2. The Ten-Fold Division 3561:, § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism 2992:, § 10. What Is Metaphysics? 2984:Carroll & Markosian 2010 2942:Carroll & Markosian 2010 2924:Carroll & Markosian 2010 2687:Carroll & Markosian 2010 2671:, § What Is an Introduction? 2651:Carroll & Markosian 2010 2634: 2162:In the early modern period, 1975:. At about the same time in 1822:. Many logical systems like 1356:it, usually in terms of the 1308: 929: 867:Philosophy of space and time 371: 32:Metaphysics (disambiguation) 27:Study of fundamental reality 7: 16203:Contemporary utilitarianism 16118:Internalism and externalism 14418:The Phenomenology of Spirit 13547:public domain audiobook at 13445:. Oxford University Press. 13336:. Oxford University Press. 13082:Van Inwagen, Peter (2024). 13057:Van Inwagen, Peter (2023). 12901:Taminiaux, Jacques (1991). 12636:. Oxford University Press. 12602:"The Thread of Persistence" 12445:. Oxford University Press. 12386:Romero, Gustavo E. (2018). 12313:. Oxford University Press. 11977:. Oxford University Press. 11817:. Oxford University Press. 11677:. Oxford University Press. 11651:. Oxford University Press. 11560:. Oxford University Press. 11305:. Oxford University Press. 11278:MacDonald, Cynthia (2008). 11214:Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2019). 11188:. In Marenbon, John (ed.). 10974:. Oxford University Press. 10941:. Oxford University Press. 10868:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz" 10743:. Oxford University Press. 10575:"Russell's Logical Atomism" 10546:. Oxford University Press. 10432:. Oxford University Press. 10323:. Oxford University Press. 10275:. Oxford University Press. 10104:. Oxford University Press. 10004:. Oxford University Press. 9822:. Oxford University Press. 9794:. Oxford University Press. 9695:. Oxford University Press. 9510:. Oxford University Press. 8806:. Oxford University Press. 8653:10.17990/rpf/2015_71_4_0753 8191:. Oxford University Press. 6922:, Arabic–Persian Philosophy 6470:Andrea & Overfield 2015 6041:, pp. 215–216, 223–224 5940:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5814:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5778:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5712:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5247:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5228:, pp. 151–152, 172–173 5214:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5181:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5163:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5139:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5089:Koons & Pickavance 2015 5050:Koons & Pickavance 2015 4707:Koons & Pickavance 2015 4375:Koons & Pickavance 2015 4075:Koons & Pickavance 2015 3255:, pp. 168–169, 171–172 3213:, § 2. Specific Metaphysics 3088:Koons & Pickavance 2015 2920:, § 10 What Is Metaphysics? 2878:, § 10 What Is Metaphysics? 2792:Koons & Pickavance 2015 2771:Koons & Pickavance 2015 2707:, § 10 What Is Metaphysics? 2657:Koons & Pickavance 2015 2398: 2196:ideas perceived by the mind 1867:the existential quantifier 447: 291:. Some philosophers follow 246:, and the relation between 114:mind and matter are related 112:. Other topics include how 10: 18644: 15467:Svatantrika and Prasangika 15106: 13385:A Companion to Metaphysics 12882:Tallant, Jonathan (2017). 12693:"Transcendental Arguments" 12335:Robinet, Isabelle (2013). 11999:Perkins, Franklin (2023). 11302:The Fragmentation of Being 10377:Fundamentals of Philosophy 10309:10.1007/s11229-023-04207-1 10165:Holland, Nancy J. (1999). 10047:Heidegger, Martin (1996). 9977:Hawley, Katherine (2023). 9624:. In Jones, Gareth (ed.). 9569:"Ancient Greek Philosophy" 9187:10.1007/s11229-018-02051-2 9027:Drummond, John J. (2022). 8907:Daly, Christopher (2015). 8034:"Neo-Confucian Philosophy" 7667: 1991:as two correlated forces. 1923: 1919: 1435:assumptions and topics in 1197:metaphysical anti-realists 1109:identity of indiscernibles 981: 933: 864: 731:instantiate the universal 708: 556: 282:and as the study of being 206:. In the 20th century and 186:in the West discussed the 147:concepts and assumptions. 29: 18449:Outline of the humanities 18429:Criticism of mass culture 18409: 18401:National Humanities Medal 18354: 18279: 18110: 17958: 17890: 17857: 17684: 17554: 17449:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 17439:David Lewis (philosopher) 17284: 16941: 16933: 16838: 16735: 16661: 16613: 16513: 16475: 16422: 16389: 16380: 16376: 16359: 16309: 16221: 16059: 16050: 15983: 15766: 15757: 15735: 15690: 15632: 15584: 15538: 15529: 15492: 15363: 15228: 15175: 15166: 15116: 15112: 15101: 15040: 15012: 14969: 14921: 14878: 14831: 14803: 14755: 14727: 14689:Philosophy of mathematics 14679:Philosophy of information 14654: 14650: 14639: 14599: 14556: 14480: 14279: 14019: 13747: 13591: 13482:Resources in your library 13437:Züricher, Tobias (2021). 13387:. John Wiley & Sons. 13328:Williamson, John (2012). 13311:Psychological Metaphysics 13265:Wheeler, Michael (2020). 13086:(5 ed.). Routledge. 12814:Tahko, Tuomas E. (2015). 12761:Body and Practice in Kant 12655:(2 ed.). Routledge. 12292:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12284:Roberts, Austin (2016a). 12244:(2 ed.). Routledge. 12217:"Eliminative Materialism" 12129:Politis, Vasilis (2004). 12066:10.1017/S0031819100001030 11971:Pelczar, Michael (2015). 11943:Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). 11770:. John Wiley & Sons. 11626:Mumford, Stephen (2012). 11507:. John Wiley & Sons. 11477:. John Wiley & Sons. 11475:A Companion to Pragmatism 11469:Misak, Cheryl J. (2008). 11440:10.4324/0123456789-N126-1 11377:New Catholic Encyclopedia 11333:. John Wiley & Sons. 11257:MacBride, Fraser (2022). 11054:MacFarlane, John (2017). 11032:. John Wiley & Sons. 11024:Macarthur, David (2020). 10920:(4 ed.). Routledge. 10866:Look, Brandon C. (2020). 10711:. In Sture, Allén (ed.). 10290:Jaksland, Rasmus (2023). 10140:Hofweber, Thomas (2023). 9960:10.1007/s10838-017-9389-5 9931:. John Wiley & Sons. 9628:. John Wiley & Sons. 9595:The History of Philosophy 9239:Erasmus, Jacobus (2018). 8800:Critchley, Simon (2001). 8588:"Aristotle's Metaphysics" 8362:The Review of Metaphysics 8278:10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7 8007:Berryman, Sylvia (2022). 7777:Armstrong, D. M. (2018). 7734:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 7622:Gilje & Skirbekk 2017 6926:Adamson & Taylor 2004 6015:Gilje & Skirbekk 2017 5973:Gilje & Skirbekk 2017 3597:, § 1. Categories in Kant 3156:, The Categories Of Being 3132:, The Categories Of Being 2405:Computational metaphysics 2172:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 2139:saw the emergence of the 1716: 1692: 1668: 1644: 1620: 1604: 1559: 1535: 1519: 1491: 1273:conditions of possibility 1079: 896:A-series and the B-series 825:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 811:Possibility and necessity 547: 18434:Educational essentialism 18071:Interdisciplinary fields 14533:Philosophy of psychology 14468:Simulacra and Simulation 13330:"Probabilistic Theories" 13305:White, Peter A. (2017). 13178:Vihvelin, Kadri (2022). 12929:Thomasson, Amie (2022). 12739:"Aristotle's Categories" 12737:Studtmann, Paul (2024). 12553:Shun'ei, Tagawa (2014). 12439:Ryckman, Thomas (2005). 12379:10.1093/mind/109.434.255 12240:Rea, Michael C. (2021). 12215:Ramsey, William (2022). 12073:Pihlström, Sami (2009). 12024:Perrett, Roy W. (2016). 11692:Nelson, Michael (2022). 11499:Morris, Michael (2017). 11284:. Blackwell Publishing. 11104:Macnamara, John (2009). 11003:"Metaphysical Knowledge" 10893:"Hume, David: Causation" 10843:"Ibn Sina's Metaphysics" 10707:Kuhn, Thomas S. (2010). 10642:Körner, Stephan (1984). 10401:Khlentzos, Drew (2021). 10375:. In Shand, John (ed.). 10371:Jubien, Michael (2004). 10243:Imaguire, Guido (2018). 10179:10.1516/0020757991598486 10029:Ubiquitous User Modeling 9592:Grayling, A. C. (2019). 9426:"Metaphysics of Science" 9138:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). 9083:Duignan, Brian (2009a). 9008:"Alfred North Whitehead" 8842:10.1177/0959354320975491 8285:Broadbent, Alex (2016). 8260:Brenner, Andrew (2015). 7951:Bengtson, Josef (2015). 7845:10.4324/9781315768571-27 7421:Desmet & Irvine 2022 6329:Blair & Johnson 2000 6300:Gopalakrishnan Nair 2014 6060:Mumford & Tugby 2013 5015:Noonan & Curtis 2022 4997:Noonan & Curtis 2022 4973:Noonan & Curtis 2022 4943:Noonan & Curtis 2022 4702:Mumford & Anjum 2013 4083:, § 8. What Is Possible? 3928:MacLeod & Rubenstein 3898:MacLeod & Rubenstein 3862:MacLeod & Rubenstein 3694:MacLeod & Rubenstein 2445: 1880:{\displaystyle \exists } 1373:ontological deflationism 756:moderate form of realism 108:and its relation to the 17577:Eliminative materialism 16856:Plato's Theory of Ideas 16158:Postanalytic philosophy 16099:Experimental philosophy 14398:Critique of Pure Reason 13533:Encyclopædia Britannica 13379:Wood, Allen W. (2009). 13101:Varzi, Achille (2019). 13063:Encyclopedia Britannica 12242:Metaphysics: The Basics 11844:Olson, Eric T. (2023). 11675:Metaphysics and Science 11327:McDaniel, Kris (2020). 11299:McDaniel, Kris (2017). 11184:Marenbon, John (2009). 10670:Kriegel, Uriah (2016). 10573:Klement, Kevin (2019). 10350:Janiak, Andrew (2022). 10271:Jackson, Frank (1998). 10173:. 80 ( Pt 1): 153–162. 9620:Green, Garrett (2008). 9316:The Existence Principle 9292:Gallois, Andre (2016). 9089:Encyclopædia Britannica 9085:"Intuitionism (Ethics)" 8921:10.1057/9781137344557_1 8830:Theory & Psychology 7979:Benovsky, Jiri (2016). 7169:Morris & Brown 2023 7127:Hettche & Dyck 2019 6946:, § Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 6838:, § Boethius, § Abelard 5491:§ Philosophical Methods 5397:Brown & Fehige 2019 5135:, pp. 1–4, 163–165 4569:, pp. 219, 252–253 4407:, pp. 206, 214–215 4137:, pp. 428–429, 446 3619:Grim & Rescher 2023 2594:existential quantifiers 2332:Willard Van Orman Quine 2231:Francis Herbert Bradley 1914:ontological commitments 1828:existential quantifiers 1292:ontological commitments 1288:Willard Van Orman Quine 1284:naturalized metaphysics 1227:counterfactual thinking 1095:" (both are the planet 1036:, or functional roles. 861:Space, time, and change 711:Universal (metaphysics) 614:system of 12 categories 598:system of 10 categories 511:artificial intelligence 426:but his editor (likely 176:pre-Socratic philosophy 120:, and whether there is 18222:Liberal arts education 17829:Propositional attitude 17824:Problem of other minds 17732:Hypostatic abstraction 16815:Magical (thaumaturgic) 16291:Social constructionism 15303:Hellenistic philosophy 14719:Theoretical philosophy 14694:Philosophy of religion 14684:Philosophy of language 13989:Type–token distinction 13817:Hypostatic abstraction 13599:Abstract object theory 13288:Methods of Metaphysics 13145:10.4102/hts.v73i3.4655 12651:Smart, Ninian (2008). 12600:Simons, Peter (2013). 12559:. Simon and Schuster. 11890:Palmer, Clare (1998). 11619:10.5840/monist20099215 11132:Magnus, P. D. (2005). 10841:Lizzini, Olga (2021). 10215:Hylton, Peter (2007). 9856:Hanna, Robert (2009). 9746:Gutting, Gary (2009). 9313:Gibson, Q. B. (1998). 9108:Dyke, Heather (2002). 8678:"Material Composition" 8306:Brown, Christopher M. 8240:10.22329/il.v20i2.2262 6367:, §2.1 Building Blocks 5565:Stern & Cheng 2023 3904:Rodriguez-Pereyra 2000 3294:, § 7 Meta-metaphysics 2978:Cohen & Reeve 2021 2435:Metaphysical grounding 2430:List of metaphysicians 2379:(1889–1976) developed 2369:continental philosophy 2315:(1891–1970) and other 2305:(1861–1947) developed 2303:Alfred North Whitehead 2274: 2261:Alfred North Whitehead 2088: 2024:Hellenistic philosophy 1943: 1926:History of metaphysics 1906: 1881: 1861: 1321: 1172:empirical observations 997: 947:probabilistic theories 694:Mereological nihilists 507:philosophy of religion 479:Metaphysical cosmology 306: 127:Metaphysicians employ 51: 18298:History of Humanities 17900:Philosophers category 17804:Mental representation 17567:Biological naturalism 17454:Maurice Merleau-Ponty 17429:Frank Cameron Jackson 16674:Philosophy portal 16193:Scientific skepticism 16173:Reformed epistemology 14699:Philosophy of science 14578:Philosophy portal 14458:Being and Nothingness 13874:Mental representation 12991:Catholic Encyclopedia 12758:Svare, Helge (2006). 12608:. Walter de Gruyter. 12389:Scientific Philosophy 12150:Pols, Edward (1993). 11764:Nuttall, Jon (2013). 10715:. Walter de Gruyter. 10617:Korfmacher, Carsten. 10515:Kirk, Robert (2023). 9859:Rationality and Logic 9791:Essence and Existence 9769:Philosophical Studies 9055:Dryer, D. P. (2016). 8703:"Persistence in Time" 8611:Cook, Roy T. (2009). 8333:"Thought Experiments" 7909:"George Edward Moore" 7907:Baldwin, Tom (2010). 7537:, § 2. Lewis' Realism 7214:Loux & Crisp 2017 6970:, § Indian Philosophy 6784:, § Indian Philosophy 6739:, § Indian Philosophy 6520:, § Indian Philosophy 6466:, § Indian Philosophy 6389:Casati & Fujikawa 6352:, pp. 1–2, 18–20 6201:Loux & Crisp 2017 6174:Loux & Crisp 2017 5916:Loux & Crisp 2017 5403:Goffi & Roux 2011 5157:Loux & Crisp 2017 5141:, pp. 15–17, 154 4405:Loux & Crisp 2017 4189:Berto & Jago 2023 4069:Loux & Crisp 2017 4045:Bird & Tobin 2024 3988:Bird & Tobin 2024 3964:Bird & Tobin 2024 3940:Loux & Crisp 2017 3910:Loux & Crisp 2017 3880:Loux & Crisp 2017 3802:Loux & Crisp 2017 3766:Loux & Crisp 2017 3748:Loux & Crisp 2017 3535:Loux & Crisp 2017 3479:Casati & Fujikawa 3417:Casati & Fujikawa 3390:Casati & Fujikawa 3205:Loux & Crisp 2017 3181:Loux & Crisp 2017 3118:Loux & Crisp 2017 3071:Loux & Crisp 2017 2807:Loux & Crisp 2017 2777:Loux & Crisp 2017 2747:Loux & Crisp 2017 2732:Loux & Crisp 2017 2693:Loux & Crisp 2017 2410:Doctor of Metaphysics 2259: 2113:principle of identity 2083: 1963:and how it can reach 1933: 1907: 1882: 1862: 1802:Basic Formal Ontology 1316: 1243:mereological nihilism 1231:philosophical zombies 1193:metaphysical realists 995: 881:Spacetime relationism 744:problem of universals 414:) as a short form of 329:, living entities in 301: 152:origin of metaphysics 42: 18454:Renaissance humanism 18386:Master of Humanities 17582:Emergent materialism 16886:Idealistic pluralism 16094:Critical rationalism 15801:Edo neo-Confucianism 15645:Acintya bheda abheda 15624:Renaissance humanism 15335:School of the Sextii 14709:Practical philosophy 14704:Political philosophy 14503:Feminist metaphysics 13360:Philosophical Issues 13286:White, Alan (2019). 12786:Sweeney, E. (2016). 12173:Proops, Ian (2022). 11030:A Companion to Rorty 11001:Lowe, E. J. (2013). 10816:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 10142:"Logic and Ontology" 10100:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 9451:"Geometrical Method" 9449:Goldenbaum, Ursula. 9294:"Identity Over Time" 8882:Dalal, Neil (2021). 8558:Coelho, Ivo (2001). 8511:Chai, David (2020). 7805:Asay, Jamin (2020). 7755:. Cengage Learning. 7728:Ahmed, Arif (2010). 6276:Goy & Magro 2014 6258:Goy & Magro 2014 6234:Goy & Magro 2014 6084:Göhner & Schrenk 6054:Göhner & Schrenk 5924:, pp. 65–66, 68 5864:, pp. 4, 15, 32 5615:, pp. 37–38, 40 3942:, pp. 17–19, 45 3506:Poidevin et al. 2009 2551:consequence argument 2420:Feminist metaphysics 2381:fundamental ontology 2350:, and distinguished 2281:, philosophers like 1894: 1871: 1834: 1425:theory of relativity 1235:conscious experience 1074:moral responsibility 969:studied by science. 962:constant conjunction 818:fictional statements 563:Theory of categories 428:Andronicus of Rhodes 188:nature of universals 30:For other uses, see 18373:Geisteswissenschaft 18339:Teaching Philosophy 18118:Abductive reasoning 17779:Language of thought 17529:Ludwig Wittgenstein 17359:Patricia Churchland 16942:Domains and methods 16810:Monistic (Shaivism) 15665:Nimbarka Sampradaya 15576:Korean Confucianism 15323:Academic Skepticism 14348:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 13859:Linguistic modality 13017:. Kluwer Academic. 12985:"Metaphysics" 12585:. Clarendon Press. 12194:Pust, Joel (2019). 11920:"Modal Metaphysics" 11896:. Clarendon Press. 11846:"Personal Identity" 11169:. Clarendon Press. 11056:"Logical Constants" 10818:"Daoist Philosophy" 10619:"Personal Identity" 8543:. Clarendon Press. 8517:. Springer Nature. 8059:"Impossible Worlds" 8032:Berthrong, John H. 7936:. Lexington Books. 6637:, § 3b. Metaphysics 6146:, pp. 1–2, 6–7 4206:, § Possible Worlds 3327:, pp. 135, 200 2974:, pp. 291, 351 2317:logical positivists 2307:process metaphysics 2295:Ludwig Wittgenstein 2287:George Edward Moore 2279:analytic philosophy 2270:Process and Reality 2245:. Pragmatists like 2239:metaphysical vision 2235:Arthur Schopenhauer 1417:laws of gravitation 1350:logical positivists 1335:empirical knowledge 1253:analytic philosophy 1249:Conceptual analysis 1223:thought experiments 1219:deductive reasoning 793:Scientific realists 578:nonexistent objects 315:critical philosophy 276:medieval philosophy 82:categories of being 18460:Studia Humanitatis 17607:Neurophenomenology 17278:Philosophy of mind 16988:Meta-communication 16892:Idealistic Studies 16866:Consciousness-only 16286:Post-structuralism 16188:Scientific realism 16143:Quinean naturalism 16123:Logical positivism 16079:Analytical Marxism 15298:Peripatetic school 15210:Chinese naturalism 14737:Aesthetic response 14664:Applied philosophy 14538:Philosophy of self 14528:Philosophy of mind 13792:Embodied cognition 13704:Scientific realism 13372:10.1111/phis.12100 13267:"Martin Heidegger" 12653:World Philosophies 12485:10.1111/meta.12158 12261:"Derrida, Jacques" 10688:10.1017/apa.2016.8 10459:Kind, Amy (2018). 9788:Hale, Bob (2020). 9781:10.1007/bf00368051 9381:. Brill: 165–191. 9369:Goffi, Jean-Yves; 9269:"Abstract Objects" 7703:AHD staff (2022). 7474:, pp. 194–195 7423:, § 6. Metaphysics 7375:, pp. 383–385 7195:, pp. 192–193 7177:, pp. 591–592 7129:, § 5. Metaphysics 7084:, pp. 190–191 6874:, § 5. Metaphysics 6832:, pp. 188–189 6715:, pp. 590–591 6709:, pp. 187–188 6655:, pp. 185–187 6625:, pp. 184–185 6325:, pp. 753–767 6287:, pp. 168–169 6245:, pp. 168–170 6131:, pp. 188–189 6119:, pp. 187–188 6107:, pp. 356–357 6092:, pp. 337–338 6068:, pp. 187–188 5918:, pp. 304–305 5894:, pp. 272–273 5870:, pp. 386–387 5840:, pp. 213–215 5810:, pp. 212–215 5768:, pp. 211–212 5597:, pp. 198–199 5450:, pp. 198–199 5444:, pp. 185–186 5414:, pp. 915–916 5393:, pp. 177–178 5366:, pp. 188–190 5297:, pp. 177–180 5201:, pp. 198–199 5195:, pp. 151–152 4969:, pp. 417–418 4939:, pp. 417–418 4778:, pp. 685–691 4754:, pp. 684–685 4724:, pp. 231–232 4692:, pp. 231–232 4674:, pp. 224–225 4668:, pp. 221–222 4647:, pp. 223–224 4632:, pp. 220–221 4593:, pp. 228–231 4575:, pp. 233–234 4512:, pp. 218–219 4401:, pp. 179–181 4383:, pp. 160–161 4377:, pp. 182–185 4167:, pp. 428–429 4077:, pp. 154–155 4071:, pp. 149–150 4020:, pp. 185–186 4014:, pp. 259–263 3906:, pp. 255–256 3768:, pp. 250–251 3508:, pp. 227–228 3231:, pp. 165–168 3183:, pp. 3–5, 10 3073:, pp. 3–5, 10 2905:, pp. 203–205 2890:, pp. 206–207 2851:, pp. 361–362 2845:, pp. 105–106 2275: 2265:process philosophy 2089: 2067:pure consciousness 1944: 1902: 1887:is applied to the 1877: 1857: 1448:physical cosmology 1322: 1053:causal determinism 998: 978:Mind and free will 797:social metaphysics 499:applied philosophy 488:philosophy of mind 416:ta metá ta phusiká 333:, and cultures in 307: 71:conceptual schemes 52: 18475: 18474: 18469: 18468: 18189:General knowledge 18172:Cultural literacy 18106: 18105: 18040:Religious studies 17976:Classical studies 17918: 17917: 17814:Mind–body problem 17712:Cognitive closure 17676:Substance dualism 17294:G. E. M. Anscombe 17244: 17243: 17122:Meta-organization 17117:Meta-optimization 16901: 16900: 16695: 16694: 16657: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16074:Analytic feminism 16046: 16045: 16008:Kierkegaardianism 15970:Transcendentalism 15930:Neo-scholasticism 15776:Classical Realism 15753: 15752: 15525: 15524: 15340:Neopythagoreanism 15097: 15096: 15093: 15092: 14714:Social philosophy 14586: 14585: 13765:Category of being 13734:Truthmaker theory 13468:Library resources 13452:978-0-19-881733-8 13422:978-1-7936-5432-8 13394:978-1-4443-0853-2 13343:978-0-19-162946-4 13320:978-1-315-47355-0 13297:978-0-429-51427-2 13220:978-0-415-25069-6 13093:978-1-032-40916-0 13024:978-90-481-6128-7 13000:cite encyclopedia 12914:978-1-4384-2179-7 12893:978-1-3500-0671-3 12862:978-0-415-25069-6 12825:978-1-107-07729-4 12799:978-1-137-06373-1 12771:978-1-4020-4118-1 12662:978-0-415-41188-2 12643:978-0-19-926479-7 12615:978-3-11-032705-2 12592:978-0-19-954604-6 12566:978-0-86171-895-5 12530:"Classical Logic" 12452:978-0-19-029215-7 12399:978-3-319-97631-0 12350:978-1-135-79634-1 12320:978-0-19-063070-6 12299:978-1-4742-6690-1 12251:978-0-367-13607-9 12165:978-0-7914-1258-9 12142:978-0-415-25147-1 12114:978-1-134-15585-9 12086:978-1-84706-593-3 12079:. A&C Black. 12037:978-0-521-85356-9 11984:978-0-19-104706-0 11956:978-0-674-29966-5 11903:978-0-19-826952-6 11824:978-0-19-852403-8 11803:978-0-02-865786-8 11777:978-0-7456-6807-9 11731:978-0-415-64074-9 11684:978-0-19-967452-7 11658:978-0-19-968443-4 11637:978-0-19-965712-4 11590:978-1-136-90272-7 11567:978-0-19-926479-7 11514:978-1-118-97208-3 11484:978-1-4051-5311-9 11449:978-0-415-25069-6 11409:"Possible Worlds" 11387:978-0-7876-4013-2 11366:978-0-521-63722-0 11340:978-1-118-40077-7 11312:978-0-19-103037-6 11291:978-1-4051-5444-4 11237:978-0-415-25069-6 11199:978-1-139-82815-4 11176:978-0-19-954604-6 11145:978-1-64176-026-3 11117:978-0-262-26367-2 11039:978-1-118-97217-5 11016:978-1-135-10703-1 10981:978-0-19-926479-7 10948:978-0-19-926479-7 10927:978-1-138-63933-1 10891:Lorkowski, C. M. 10791:Liston, Michael. 10771:978-1-108-47600-3 10750:978-0-19-926479-7 10722:978-3-11-086685-8 10655:978-0-521-26496-9 10609:978-1-4051-9574-4 10553:978-0-19-926479-7 10500:978-1-134-33177-2 10472:978-0-429-01938-8 10439:978-0-19-926479-7 10386:978-1-134-58831-2 10330:978-0-19-825003-6 10282:978-0-19-823618-4 10256:978-3-319-95004-4 10228:978-1-134-92270-3 10111:978-0-19-283098-2 10077:"Christian Wolff" 10060:978-0-253-00440-6 10039:978-3-89838-297-7 10011:978-0-19-063070-6 9938:978-1-118-86911-6 9905:978-0-415-25069-6 9869:978-0-262-26311-5 9848:978-0-02-865786-8 9829:978-0-19-926479-7 9801:978-0-19-259622-2 9759:978-0-521-85621-8 9731:978-1-83998-815-8 9671:978-0-415-25069-6 9635:978-0-470-99733-8 9605:978-0-241-98086-6 9567:Graham, Jacob N. 9552:978-1-4666-5889-9 9517:978-0-19-875860-0 9489:978-1-4666-5889-9 9396:978-90-04-20177-4 9354:978-1-135-22604-6 9326:978-0-7923-5188-7 9252:978-3-319-73438-5 9224:978-1-136-85518-4 9153:978-1-61069-566-4 9123:978-0-521-52967-9 9068:978-1-315-53632-3 9040:978-1-5381-3345-3 8991:978-90-272-9683-2 8963:978-1-135-95102-3 8930:978-1-137-34455-7 8862:978-1-84465-190-0 8813:978-0-19-157832-8 8780:978-0-415-25069-6 8747:978-0-415-25069-6 8624:978-0-7486-3197-1 8571:978-0-8020-4840-0 8550:978-0-19-954604-6 8524:978-3-030-49228-1 8478:978-0-521-82629-7 8447:978-0-02-865787-5 8409:Brzović, Zdenka. 8298:978-1-317-39714-4 8219:Blair, J. Anthony 8198:978-0-19-954143-0 8144:978-0-415-25069-6 8103:978-0-415-25069-6 8009:"Ancient Atomism" 7992:978-3-319-25334-3 7964:978-1-137-55336-2 7943:978-0-7391-7476-0 7887:978-0-02-865787-5 7854:978-1-315-76857-1 7818:978-1-108-60404-8 7790:978-0-429-96480-0 7762:978-1-305-53746-0 7741:978-1-4411-9399-5 7711:. HarperCollins. 7688:978-1-107-49469-5 7216:, pp. 1–2, 6 5888:, pp. 28, 36 4851:Mind–Body Problem 4278:, § Modal Realism 2809:, pp. 1–2, 6 2590:first-order logic 2586:logic translation 2555:Peter van Inwagen 2549:For example, the 2325:ordinary language 2249:(1839–1914) and 2180:simple substances 2117:William of Ockham 2047:Madhyamaka school 2032:indivisible atoms 1900: 1846: 1824:first-order logic 1812:correct reasoning 1760: 1759: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1572: 1571: 1303:explanatory power 1261:eidetic variation 1114:Personal identity 1061:Hard determinists 1022:Cartesian dualism 1018:mind–body problem 748:Platonic realists 630:Roderick Chisholm 454:modern philosophy 366:power of pyramids 182:. The subsequent 98:Modal metaphysics 57:is the branch of 43:The beginning of 16:(Redirected from 18635: 18613: 18612:from Wikiversity 18605: 18604: 18603: 18596: 18588: 18587: 18586: 18579: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18562: 18554: 18553: 18552: 18545: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18528: 18520: 18519: 18518: 18508: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18483: 18256:Self-realization 18068: 18067: 17945: 17938: 17931: 17922: 17921: 17666:Representational 17661:Property dualism 17654:Type physicalism 17619:New mysterianism 17587:Epiphenomenalism 17409:Martin Heidegger 17271: 17264: 17257: 17248: 17247: 17137:Metaepistemology 16954:Metabibliography 16928: 16921: 16914: 16905: 16904: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16699: 16698: 16684: 16683: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16387: 16386: 16378: 16377: 16361: 16360: 16251:Frankfurt School 16198:Transactionalism 16148:Normative ethics 16128:Legal positivism 16104:Falsificationism 16089:Consequentialism 16084:Communitarianism 16057: 16056: 15925:New Confucianism 15764: 15763: 15571:Neo-Confucianism 15536: 15535: 15345:Second Sophistic 15330:Middle Platonism 15173: 15172: 15114: 15113: 15103: 15102: 14946:Epiphenomenalism 14813:Consequentialism 14747:Institutionalism 14652: 14651: 14641: 14640: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14603: 14602: 14590: 14589: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14564: 14563: 14473: 14463: 14453: 14443: 14433: 14423: 14413: 14403: 14393: 14383: 14373: 14363: 14353: 14343: 14333: 14323: 14313: 14303: 14293: 13969:Substantial form 13781:Cogito, ergo sum 13724:Substance theory 13578: 13571: 13564: 13555: 13554: 13541: 13540: 13525: 13456: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13409:Wu, Guo (2022). 13405: 13403: 13401: 13375: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13324: 13301: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13240:Weisberg, Josh. 13236: 13234: 13232: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13153:Velez, Abraham. 13149: 13147: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13097: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13028: 13009: 13003: 12995: 12987: 12975: 12973: 12971: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12897: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12829: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12714:"Neutral Monism" 12708: 12706: 12704: 12687: 12685: 12683: 12672:"Gilles Deleuze" 12666: 12647: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12596: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12479:(4/5): 555–563. 12463: 12461: 12459: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12382: 12373:(434): 255–273. 12361: 12359: 12357: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12303: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12259:Reynolds, Jack. 12255: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12169: 12146: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12069: 12060:(160): 105–118. 12048: 12046: 12044: 12020: 12018: 12016: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11946:Fictional Worlds 11939: 11937: 11935: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11807: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11735: 11713: 11711: 11709: 11688: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11641: 11622: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11571: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11370: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11295: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11180: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11020: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10931: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10754: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10613: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10313: 10311: 10286: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10211: 10205: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10167:"Deconstruction" 10161: 10159: 10157: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10115: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10043: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9979:"Temporal Parts" 9973: 9971: 9942: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9852: 9833: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9784: 9763: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9724:. 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8115: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7947: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7745: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7661: 7640: 7634: 7616: 7610: 7577: 7571: 7547: 7541: 7514: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7466: 7460: 7442: 7436: 7415: 7409: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7343: 7337: 7324:, § Schopenhauer 7316: 7310: 7286: 7280: 7259: 7253: 7226: 7220: 7187: 7181: 7163: 7157: 7139: 7133: 7112: 7106: 7076: 7070: 7052: 7046: 7025: 7019: 6992: 6986: 6962: 6956: 6938: 6932: 6914: 6908: 6890: 6884: 6866: 6860: 6824: 6818: 6794: 6788: 6770: 6761: 6731: 6725: 6701: 6695: 6677: 6671: 6647: 6641: 6617: 6611: 6584: 6578: 6557: 6551: 6530: 6524: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6449: 6443: 6425: 6419: 6401: 6395: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6331:, pp. 93–95 6312: 6306: 6297: 6291: 6270: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6228: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6186: 6180: 6168:Van Inwagen 2024 6162: 6156: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6078: 6072: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6003: 5997: 5961: 5955: 5934: 5928: 5912:, pp. 77–78 5904: 5898: 5880: 5874: 5856: 5850: 5846:, pp. 71–72 5826: 5820: 5790: 5784: 5774:, pp. 16–17 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5724: 5718: 5696:, pp. 48–49 5679: 5673: 5663:, pp. 40–43 5655: 5649: 5648:, pp. 40–41 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5607: 5601: 5585:, pp. 30–31 5577: 5571: 5532: 5526: 5502: 5496: 5468:, pp. 28–30 5460: 5454: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5334: 5328: 5307: 5301: 5274: 5268: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5175: 5169: 5159:, pp. xi, 2 5151: 5145: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5091:, pp. 15–17 5062: 5056: 5052:, pp. 15–17 5038: 5032: 5009: 5003: 4985: 4979: 4955: 4949: 4931: 4925: 4898: 4892: 4871: 4865: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4800: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4709:, pp. 63–64 4698:, pp. 94–95 4684: 4678: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4626:, pp. 24–25 4612: 4606: 4585: 4579: 4561: 4555: 4542:, pp. 21–22 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4506:, pp. 20–22 4498: 4492: 4459: 4453: 4426: 4420: 4393: 4387: 4360: 4354: 4324: 4318: 4288: 4282: 4258: 4252: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4177: 4171: 4155:, pp. 97–98 4147: 4141: 4131:, pp. 97–98 4123: 4117: 4093: 4087: 4057: 4051: 4030: 4024: 4006: 4000: 3976: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3922: 3916: 3912:, pp. 17–19 3892: 3886: 3882:, pp. 17–19 3856: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3804:, pp. 82–83 3796: 3790: 3786:, pp. 19–21 3760: 3754: 3750:, pp. 82–83 3724: 3718: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3634: 3628: 3607: 3601: 3583: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3537:, pp. 11–12 3523: 3517: 3512:Van Inwagen 2023 3500: 3494: 3473: 3467: 3447:Van Inwagen 2023 3441: 3432: 3411: 3405: 3384: 3378: 3358: 3352: 3310: 3304: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3223: 3217: 3207:, pp. 10–11 3199: 3193: 3175: 3166: 3142: 3136: 3120:, pp. 10–14 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3065: 3059: 3026: 3020: 2966: 2957: 2936: 2930: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2870: 2864: 2837: 2831: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2765: 2759: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2681: 2675: 2645: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2582: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2456: 2377:Martin Heidegger 2291:Logical atomists 2285:(1872–1970) and 2283:Bertrand Russell 2227:British idealism 2219:German idealists 2153:Neo-Confucianism 2125:its prime period 2099:(1079–1142 CE). 2051:inherently empty 2004:first principles 1979:, the school of 1957:ultimate reality 1911: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1847: 1844: 1816:logical formulas 1810:as the study of 1764:computer science 1720: 1712: 1709: 1696: 1688: 1685: 1672: 1664: 1661: 1648: 1640: 1637: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1563: 1555: 1552: 1539: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1388:Martin Heidegger 1259:, the method of 1207:A-theory of time 1105:indiscernibility 1101:exact similarity 789: 673:bundle theorists 626:Samuel Alexander 537:Meta-metaphysics 420:Aristotle's book 67:first philosophy 21: 18643: 18642: 18638: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18633: 18632: 18618: 18617: 18616: 18606: 18601: 18599: 18589: 18584: 18582: 18578:from Wikisource 18572: 18567: 18565: 18555: 18550: 18548: 18538: 18533: 18531: 18527:from Wiktionary 18521: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18507:sister projects 18504:at Knowledge's 18498: 18488: 18486: 18478: 18476: 18471: 18470: 18465: 18405: 18350: 18275: 18261:Self-reflection 18251:Moral character 18210:Human condition 18162:Critical theory 18102: 18066: 18013:Performing arts 17954: 17949: 17919: 17914: 17886: 17853: 17799:Mental property 17692:Abstract object 17680: 17550: 17504:Wilfrid Sellars 17379:Donald Davidson 17364:Paul Churchland 17324:George Berkeley 17280: 17275: 17245: 17240: 17206:Meta-regulation 17181:Metaprogramming 17162:Metametaphysics 17082:Metamathematics 16937: 16932: 16902: 16897: 16834: 16780:Epistemological 16731: 16726: 16696: 16691: 16668: 16666: 16645: 16609: 16509: 16471: 16418: 16372: 16371: 16343: 16332:Russian cosmism 16305: 16301:Western Marxism 16266:New Historicism 16231:Critical theory 16217: 16213:Wittgensteinian 16109:Foundationalism 16042: 15979: 15960:Social contract 15816:Foundationalism 15749: 15731: 15715:Illuminationism 15700:Aristotelianism 15686: 15675:Vishishtadvaita 15628: 15580: 15521: 15488: 15359: 15288:Megarian school 15283:Eretrian school 15224: 15185:Agriculturalism 15162: 15108: 15089: 15036: 15008: 14965: 14917: 14874: 14858:Incompatibilism 14827: 14799: 14751: 14723: 14646: 14635: 14630: 14595: 14587: 14582: 14572: 14570: 14552: 14476: 14471: 14461: 14451: 14441: 14431: 14421: 14411: 14401: 14391: 14381: 14371: 14361: 14351: 14341: 14331: 14321: 14318:De rerum natura 14311: 14301: 14291: 14275: 14015: 13919:Physical object 13755:Abstract object 13743: 13729:Theory of forms 13664:Meaning of life 13587: 13582: 13538: 13514: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13476: 13475: 13471: 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Vol. 10. 12980:Turner, William 12969: 12967: 12944: 12942: 12919: 12917: 12915: 12894: 12872: 12870: 12863: 12826: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12748: 12746: 12727: 12725: 12702: 12700: 12681: 12679: 12663: 12644: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12593: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12543: 12541: 12518: 12516: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12429: 12427: 12414:Ruzsa, Ferenc. 12404: 12402: 12400: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12300: 12274: 12272: 12252: 12230: 12228: 12205: 12203: 12184: 12182: 12166: 12143: 12119: 12117: 12115: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12014: 12012: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11933: 11931: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11880: 11878: 11855: 11853: 11834: 11832: 11825: 11804: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11754: 11752: 11732: 11707: 11705: 11685: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11638: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11568: 11544: 11542: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11459: 11457: 11450: 11418: 11416: 11397: 11395: 11388: 11367: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11292: 11268: 11266: 11247: 11245: 11238: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11177: 11155: 11153: 11146: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11094: 11092: 11069: 11067: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11017: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10958: 10956: 10949: 10928: 10906: 10904: 10881: 10879: 10856: 10854: 10831: 10829: 10806: 10804: 10781: 10779: 10772: 10751: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10697: 10695: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10632: 10630: 10610: 10588: 10586: 10563: 10561: 10554: 10530: 10528: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10449: 10447: 10440: 10416: 10414: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10361: 10359: 10340: 10338: 10331: 10283: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10199: 10198: 10191: 10189: 10155: 10153: 10130: 10128: 10112: 10090: 10088: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10040: 10016: 10014: 10012: 9988: 9986: 9939: 9915: 9913: 9906: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9849: 9830: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9760: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9711: 9681: 9679: 9672: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9582: 9580: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9527: 9525: 9518: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9464: 9462: 9439: 9437: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9303: 9301: 9282: 9280: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9098: 9096: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9017: 9015: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8940: 8938: 8931: 8897: 8895: 8872: 8870: 8863: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8790: 8788: 8781: 8757: 8755: 8748: 8716: 8714: 8691: 8689: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8601: 8599: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8551: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8501: 8499: 8479: 8457: 8455: 8448: 8424: 8422: 8411:"Natural Kinds" 8399: 8397: 8346: 8344: 8321: 8319: 8299: 8250: 8248: 8208: 8206: 8199: 8175: 8173: 8166:"Natural Kinds" 8154: 8152: 8145: 8113: 8111: 8104: 8072: 8070: 8047: 8045: 8022: 8020: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7944: 7918: 7916: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7864: 7862: 7855: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7742: 7718: 7716: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7515: 7511: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7026: 7022: 7018: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6318:MacFarlane 2017 6313: 6309: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6271: 6267: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6229: 6225: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4776:McLaughlin 1999 4771: 4767: 4763: 4752:McLaughlin 1999 4747: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4597:Williamson 2012 4586: 4582: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4546:Williamson 2012 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4232: 4228: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346:Vallicella 2010 3311: 3307: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3150:, § 3. Ontology 3143: 3139: 3135: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3027: 3023: 3019: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2802: 2798: 2794:, pp. 8–10 2790: 2786: 2782: 2773:, pp. 8–10 2766: 2762: 2758: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2713:, pp. 9–10 2682: 2678: 2674: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2583: 2579: 2565: 2561: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2493: 2489: 2478: 2474: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2401: 2389:Jacques Derrida 2299:D. M. Armstrong 2192:George Berkeley 2184:Christian Wolff 2145:Advaita Vedanta 2055:Yogācāra school 2043:Indian Buddhism 2012:theory of forms 1928: 1922: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1820:logical systems 1790:knowledge bases 1748: 1739: 1730: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1573: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1432:social sciences 1409: 1393:Jacques Derrida 1348:. According to 1311: 1146: 1082: 1057:incompatibilism 1038:Neutral monists 990: 982:Main articles: 980: 943:agent causation 938: 932: 869: 863: 833:possible worlds 813: 787: 783: 713: 707: 669:bare particular 654: 574:Alexius Meinong 565: 557:Main articles: 555: 550: 450: 374: 216: 184:medieval period 129:various methods 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18641: 18631: 18630: 18615: 18614: 18597: 18595:from Wikibooks 18580: 18563: 18561:from Wikiquote 18546: 18529: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18473: 18472: 18467: 18466: 18464: 18463: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18425: 18424: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18377: 18376: 18364: 18358: 18356: 18352: 18351: 18349: 18348: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18294: 18289: 18283: 18281: 18277: 18276: 18274: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18236: 18235: 18234: 18229: 18219: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18185: 18184: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18147: 18144:Belles-lettres 18140: 18135: 18130: 18128:Antipositivism 18125: 18120: 18114: 18112: 18108: 18107: 18104: 18103: 18101: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18074: 18072: 18065: 18064: 18063: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18010: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17955: 17948: 17947: 17940: 17933: 17925: 17916: 17915: 17913: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17885: 17884: 17867: 17861: 17859: 17855: 17854: 17852: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17794:Mental process 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17764:Intentionality 17761: 17760: 17759: 17754: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17688: 17686: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17657: 17656: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17614:Neutral monism 17611: 17610: 17609: 17599: 17597:Interactionism 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17558: 17556: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17509:Baruch Spinoza 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17419:Edmund Husserl 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17389:René Descartes 17386: 17384:Daniel Dennett 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17354:David Chalmers 17351: 17346: 17341: 17339:Franz Brentano 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17319:Alexander Bain 17316: 17311: 17309:Thomas Aquinas 17306: 17301: 17296: 17290: 17288: 17282: 17281: 17274: 17273: 17266: 17259: 17251: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17201:Meta-reference 17198: 17193: 17191:Metapsychology 17188: 17186:Metapsychiatry 17183: 17178: 17176:Metapopulation 17173: 17168: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17132:Metaphilosophy 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17102:Metamotivation 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17067: 17065:Metapragmatics 17057: 17055:Meta-knowledge 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17021: 17020: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16984: 16983: 16978: 16968: 16967: 16966: 16956: 16951: 16945: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16931: 16930: 16923: 16916: 16908: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16842: 16840: 16839:Related topics 16836: 16835: 16833: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16800:Transcendental 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16739: 16737: 16733: 16732: 16725: 16724: 16717: 16710: 16702: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16677: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16617: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16530: 16525: 16519: 16517: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16481: 16479: 16477:Middle Eastern 16473: 16472: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16395: 16393: 16384: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16365: 16357: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16313: 16311: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16241:Existentialism 16238: 16236:Deconstruction 16233: 16227: 16225: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16069:Applied ethics 16065: 16063: 16054: 16048: 16047: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16033:Nietzscheanism 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16004: 16003: 15993: 15987: 15985: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15975:Utilitarianism 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15873:Transcendental 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15811:Existentialism 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15767: 15761: 15755: 15754: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15741: 15739: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15729: 15724: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15696: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15636: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15599:Augustinianism 15596: 15590: 15588: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15542: 15540: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15523: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15514: 15512:Zoroastrianism 15509: 15504: 15498: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15434: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15369: 15367: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15357: 15355:Church Fathers 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15237: 15235: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15181: 15179: 15170: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15110: 15109: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15046: 15044: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15016: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14975: 14973: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14884: 14882: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14872: 14870:Libertarianism 14867: 14866: 14865: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14843: 14837: 14835: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14809: 14807: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14761: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14733: 14731: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14674:Metaphilosophy 14671: 14666: 14660: 14658: 14648: 14647: 14637: 14636: 14629: 14628: 14621: 14614: 14606: 14600: 14597: 14596: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14568: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14484: 14482: 14481:Related topics 14478: 14477: 14475: 14474: 14464: 14454: 14448:Being and Time 14444: 14434: 14424: 14414: 14404: 14394: 14384: 14374: 14364: 14354: 14344: 14334: 14324: 14314: 14304: 14294: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14025: 14023: 14021:Metaphysicians 14017: 14016: 14014: 14013: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13777: 13775:Causal closure 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13751: 13749: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13649:Libertarianism 13646: 13641: 13636: 13634:Existentialism 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13588: 13581: 13580: 13573: 13566: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13535: 13526: 13512: 13503: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462:External links 13460: 13458: 13457: 13451: 13434: 13421: 13406: 13393: 13376: 13366:(1): 428–448. 13355: 13342: 13325: 13319: 13302: 13296: 13283: 13262: 13237: 13219: 13196: 13175: 13150: 13123: 13098: 13092: 13079: 13054: 13029: 13023: 13010: 12976: 12954:Timpe, Kevin. 12951: 12926: 12913: 12898: 12892: 12879: 12861: 12830: 12824: 12811: 12798: 12783: 12770: 12755: 12734: 12709: 12688: 12667: 12661: 12648: 12642: 12627: 12614: 12597: 12591: 12578: 12565: 12550: 12525: 12473:Metaphilosophy 12464: 12451: 12436: 12411: 12398: 12383: 12362: 12349: 12332: 12319: 12304: 12298: 12281: 12256: 12250: 12237: 12212: 12191: 12170: 12164: 12158:. SUNY Press. 12147: 12141: 12126: 12113: 12098: 12085: 12070: 12049: 12036: 12021: 11996: 11983: 11968: 11955: 11940: 11915: 11902: 11887: 11862: 11841: 11823: 11808: 11802: 11789: 11776: 11761: 11736: 11730: 11714: 11689: 11683: 11670: 11657: 11642: 11636: 11623: 11602: 11589: 11572: 11566: 11551: 11526: 11513: 11496: 11483: 11466: 11448: 11425: 11404: 11386: 11371: 11365: 11352: 11339: 11324: 11311: 11296: 11290: 11275: 11254: 11236: 11211: 11198: 11181: 11175: 11162: 11144: 11129: 11116: 11101: 11076: 11051: 11038: 11021: 11015: 10998: 10980: 10965: 10947: 10932: 10926: 10913: 10888: 10863: 10838: 10813: 10788: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10734: 10721: 10704: 10682:(2): 272–290. 10667: 10654: 10639: 10614: 10608: 10595: 10570: 10552: 10537: 10512: 10499: 10484: 10471: 10456: 10438: 10423: 10398: 10385: 10368: 10347: 10329: 10314: 10287: 10281: 10268: 10255: 10240: 10227: 10212: 10162: 10137: 10116: 10110: 10097: 10072: 10059: 10044: 10038: 10023: 10010: 9995: 9974: 9954:(2): 187–198. 9943: 9937: 9922: 9904: 9881: 9868: 9853: 9847: 9834: 9828: 9813: 9800: 9785: 9775:(4): 361–371. 9764: 9758: 9743: 9730: 9715: 9709: 9688: 9670: 9647: 9634: 9617: 9604: 9598:. Penguin UK. 9589: 9564: 9551: 9545:. IGI Global. 9534: 9516: 9501: 9488: 9482:. IGI Global. 9471: 9446: 9421: 9395: 9366: 9353: 9338: 9325: 9310: 9289: 9264: 9251: 9236: 9223: 9208: 9180:(3): 915–923. 9165: 9152: 9135: 9122: 9105: 9080: 9067: 9052: 9039: 9024: 9003: 8990: 8975: 8962: 8947: 8929: 8904: 8879: 8861: 8852:Time and Space 8846: 8836:(3): 355–374. 8825: 8812: 8797: 8779: 8764: 8746: 8723: 8698: 8673: 8647:(4): 753–768. 8636: 8623: 8608: 8583: 8570: 8555: 8549: 8536: 8523: 8508: 8483: 8477: 8464: 8446: 8431: 8406: 8368:(4): 647–666. 8353: 8328: 8303: 8297: 8282: 8257: 8227:Informal Logic 8215: 8197: 8182: 8161: 8143: 8120: 8102: 8079: 8054: 8029: 8004: 7991: 7976: 7963: 7948: 7942: 7925: 7904: 7886: 7871: 7853: 7830: 7817: 7802: 7789: 7774: 7761: 7746: 7740: 7725: 7700: 7687: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7649: 7648:, Lead Section 7642: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630:, Lead Section 7625: 7618: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7601:Taminiaux 1991 7598: 7589: 7579: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7559: 7549: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7516: 7509: 7502:Broadbent 2016 7494: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456:, Lead Section 7451: 7444: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7397: 7396:, Lead Section 7391: 7390:, Lead Section 7384: 7377: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7244:Critchley 2001 7241: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7114: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928:, pp. 1–3 6923: 6916: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6806: 6796: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6778:, Lead Section 6772: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6499: 6492: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6451: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6409:, Lead Section 6403: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6307: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6272: 6265: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6240: 6230: 6223: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6171: 6170:, pp. 6–8 6164: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6063: 6062:, pp. 1–2 6057: 6050: 6043: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026:, Lead Section 6021: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5985: 5984:, Lead Section 5979: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5946:Macarthur 2020 5943: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5834:, pp. 1–4 5828: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780:, pp. 4–5 5775: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738:, pp. 1–2 5733: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714:, pp. 2–3 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567:, Lead Section 5562: 5556:Pihlström 2009 5553: 5544: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5400: 5399:, Lead Section 5394: 5387: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5287: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262:Khlentzos 2021 5259: 5250: 5249:, pp. 2–3 5244: 5237: 5230: 5218: 5216:, pp. 2–3 5206: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5183:, pp. 2–3 5177: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165:, pp. 2–3 5160: 5153: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5085:, pp. 1–4 5080: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5046:, pp. 1–4 5040: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5017:, Lead Section 5011: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945:, Lead Section 4940: 4933: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4916:Armstrong 2018 4913: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4856:Armstrong 2018 4853: 4844: 4843:, Lead Section 4837: 4830: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790:, Lead Section 4785: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4726: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4474: 4468: 4467:, Lead Section 4461: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4440:, Lead Section 4435: 4434:, Lead Section 4428: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4332:, Lead Section 4326: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4192: 4191:, Lead Section 4186: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4105: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4065:, Lead Section 4059: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996:, Lead Section 3991: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966:, Lead Section 3961: 3960:, Lead Section 3954: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3876:, Lead Section 3871: 3870:, Lead Section 3865: 3864:, Lead Section 3858: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3816:, p. 1295 3811: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3732:, Lead Section 3726: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714:, Lead Section 3709: 3703: 3702:, Lead Section 3697: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3675:, Lead Section 3665: 3662: 3661: 3655:Macnamara 2009 3652: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3613:Thomasson 2022 3609: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3589:Thomasson 2022 3585: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3565:Studtmann 2024 3562: 3559:Thomasson 2022 3555: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543:, Lead Section 3538: 3532: 3531:, Lead Section 3529:Thomasson 2022 3525: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3423:Blackburn 2008 3420: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3396:Blackburn 2008 3393: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373:AHD staff 2022 3370: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3333:, pp. 1–2 3328: 3322: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300:, Lead Section 3295: 3288: 3281: 3279:, Lead Section 3269: 3257: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3235:Brumbaugh 1966 3232: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162:, Lead Section 3160:Thomasson 2022 3157: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3090:, pp. 1–2 3085: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3008: 3002:Heidegger 1996 2999: 2998:, pp. 1–2 2993: 2987: 2986:, pp. 1–2 2981: 2980:, Lead Section 2975: 2968: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2884:, p. xiii 2879: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2855:MacDonald 2008 2852: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779:, pp. 2–3 2774: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2749:, pp. 1–4 2743: 2736: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2695:, pp. 1–2 2690: 2689:, pp. 1–4 2683: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2659:, pp. 1–2 2654: 2653:, pp. 1–3 2647: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2620: 2607: 2598: 2577: 2559: 2542: 2538:laws of nature 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2487: 2472: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2393:Gilles Deleuze 2387:thinkers like 2373:Edmund Husserl 2168:Baruch Spinoza 2164:René Descartes 2137:Medieval India 2121:Ockham's razor 2101:Thomas Aquinas 2041:Meanwhile, in 2028:rational order 1996:ancient Greece 1973:cyclic process 1924:Main article: 1921: 1918: 1876: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1794:upper ontology 1758: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1421:thermodynamics 1408: 1405: 1397:deconstruction 1310: 1307: 1299:Ockham's Razor 1269:transcendental 1145: 1142: 1081: 1078: 1069:Compatibilists 979: 976: 971:Counterfactual 967:laws of nature 956:, inspired by 934:Main article: 931: 928: 924:temporal parts 865:Main article: 862: 859: 846:Modal realists 812: 809: 791:, and tigers. 785: 764:conceptualists 729:Mahatma Gandhi 725:Nelson Mandela 709:Main article: 706: 703: 653: 650: 622:Edmund Husserl 590:Platonic forms 554: 551: 549: 546: 449: 446: 373: 370: 346:metaphysicists 342:metaphysicians 319:P. F. Strawson 215: 212: 180:ancient Greece 110:laws of nature 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18640: 18629: 18626: 18625: 18623: 18611: 18610: 18598: 18594: 18593: 18581: 18577: 18576: 18564: 18560: 18559: 18547: 18543: 18542: 18530: 18526: 18525: 18513: 18512: 18509: 18503: 18495: 18485: 18484: 18481: 18462: 18461: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18375: 18374: 18370: 18369: 18368: 18367:Human science 18365: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18353: 18347: 18346: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18299: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18278: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18245: 18242: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18217: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18183: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18152: 18148: 18146: 18145: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18109: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18083:Environmental 18081: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18069: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18047: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17986:Language arts 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17957: 17953: 17946: 17941: 17939: 17934: 17932: 17927: 17926: 17923: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17856: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17844:Understanding 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17769:Introspection 17767: 17765: 17762: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17722:Consciousness 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17644:Phenomenology 17642: 17640: 17639:Phenomenalism 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17629:Occasionalism 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17603: 17602:Naïve realism 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17592:Functionalism 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17553: 17547: 17546: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17534:Stephen Yablo 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17489:Richard Rorty 17487: 17485: 17484:Hilary Putnam 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17459:Marvin Minsky 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17434:Immanuel Kant 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17424:William James 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17329:Henri Bergson 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17272: 17267: 17265: 17260: 17258: 17253: 17252: 17249: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17216:Metasociology 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17163: 17160: 17159: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17152:Meta-ontology 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17134: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17127:Metaphenomics 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17107:Metanarrative 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17097:Metamodernism 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17077:Metamaterials 17075: 17071: 17070:Metasemantics 17068: 17066: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17060:Meta-language 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17040:Metaheuristic 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17016: 17015: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17008:Metadiscourse 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16993:Metacomputing 16991: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16976:Meta-learning 16974: 16973: 16972: 16971:Metacognition 16969: 16965: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16949:Meta-analysis 16947: 16946: 16944: 16940: 16936: 16929: 16924: 16922: 16917: 16915: 16910: 16909: 16906: 16894: 16893: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16881:Phenomenalism 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16837: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16723: 16718: 16716: 16711: 16709: 16704: 16703: 16700: 16688: 16687: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16664: 16663: 16660: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16614:Miscellaneous 16612: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16516: 16512: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16478: 16474: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16425: 16421: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16379: 16375: 16367: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16340: 16339: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310:Miscellaneous 16308: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16296:Structuralism 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16281:Postmodernism 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16271:Phenomenology 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16208:Vienna Circle 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16138:Moral realism 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15940:Phenomenology 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15880:Individualism 15878: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15841: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15746: 15745:Judeo-Islamic 15743: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15734: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15722: 15721:ʿIlm al-Kalām 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15670:Shuddhadvaita 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15604:Scholasticism 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15583: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15528: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15435: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15362: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15133: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15104: 15100: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15055:Conceptualism 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15015: 15011: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14984:Particularism 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14951:Functionalism 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936:Eliminativism 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14859: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14841:Compatibilism 14839: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14830: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14806: 14802: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14780:Particularism 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14758: 14754: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14627: 14622: 14620: 14615: 14613: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14598: 14591: 14579: 14569: 14567: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14523:Phenomenology 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14483: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14465: 14460: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14439: 14435: 14430: 14429: 14425: 14420: 14419: 14415: 14410: 14409: 14405: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14390: 14389: 14385: 14380: 14379: 14375: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14360: 14359: 14355: 14350: 14349: 14345: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14330: 14329: 14325: 14320: 14319: 14315: 14310: 14309: 14305: 14300: 14299: 14295: 14290: 14289: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14280:Notable works 14278: 14272: 14271: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13684:Phenomenalism 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13604:Action theory 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13579: 13574: 13572: 13567: 13565: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13550: 13546: 13545: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13527: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13516:"Metaphysics" 13513: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13454: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13424: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13407: 13396: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13356: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13313:. Routledge. 13312: 13308: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13290:. Routledge. 13289: 13284: 13272: 13268: 13263: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13238: 13226: 13222: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13205:. Routledge. 13204: 13203: 13197: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13124: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13085: 13080: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13055: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13034:"Metaphysics" 13030: 13026: 13020: 13016: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12993: 12992: 12986: 12981: 12977: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12952: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12927: 12916: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12868: 12864: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12839:. Routledge. 12838: 12837: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12817: 12812: 12801: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12784: 12773: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12756: 12744: 12740: 12735: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12710: 12698: 12694: 12689: 12677: 12673: 12668: 12664: 12658: 12654: 12649: 12645: 12639: 12635: 12634: 12628: 12617: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12568: 12562: 12558: 12557: 12551: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12526: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12465: 12454: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12437: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12412: 12401: 12395: 12391: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12363: 12352: 12346: 12343:. Routledge. 12342: 12338: 12333: 12322: 12316: 12312: 12311: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12238: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12180: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12135:. Routledge. 12134: 12133: 12127: 12116: 12110: 12107:. Routledge. 12106: 12105: 12099: 12088: 12082: 12078: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12050: 12039: 12033: 12029: 12028: 12022: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11975: 11969: 11958: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11941: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11918:Parent, Ted. 11916: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11888: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11863: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11816: 11815: 11809: 11805: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11779: 11773: 11769: 11768: 11762: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11676: 11671: 11660: 11654: 11650: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11613:(1): 94–111. 11612: 11608: 11603: 11592: 11586: 11583:. Routledge. 11582: 11578: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11559: 11558: 11552: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11497: 11486: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11434:. Routledge. 11433: 11432: 11426: 11414: 11410: 11405: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11342: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11325: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11276: 11264: 11260: 11259:"Truthmakers" 11255: 11243: 11239: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11216:"Particulars" 11212: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11168: 11163: 11151: 11147: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11130: 11119: 11113: 11110:. MIT Press. 11109: 11108: 11102: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11077: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11052: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11009:. Routledge. 11008: 11004: 10999: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10966: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10914: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10864: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10839: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10789: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10735: 10724: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10640: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10502: 10496: 10493:. Routledge. 10492: 10491: 10485: 10474: 10468: 10465:. Routledge. 10464: 10463: 10457: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10431: 10430: 10424: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10388: 10382: 10379:. Routledge. 10378: 10374: 10373:"Metaphysics" 10369: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10241: 10230: 10224: 10221:. Routledge. 10220: 10219: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10098: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10073: 10062: 10056: 10052: 10051: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032:. IOS Press. 10031: 10030: 10024: 10013: 10007: 10003: 10002: 9996: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9890:. Routledge. 9889: 9888: 9882: 9871: 9865: 9862:. MIT Press. 9861: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9733: 9727: 9723: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9710:9780191749780 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9656:. Routledge. 9655: 9654: 9648: 9637: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9590: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9565: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9502: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9356: 9350: 9347:. Routledge. 9346: 9345: 9339: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9254: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9237: 9226: 9220: 9217:. Routledge. 9216: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9155: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9081: 9070: 9064: 9061:. Routledge. 9060: 9059: 9053: 9042: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9025: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8976: 8965: 8959: 8956:. Routledge. 8955: 8954: 8948: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8798: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8773:. Routledge. 8772: 8771: 8765: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8732:. Routledge. 8731: 8730: 8724: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8573: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8509: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8432: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291:. Routledge. 8290: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8129:. Routledge. 8128: 8127: 8121: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8088:. Routledge. 8087: 8086: 8080: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8005: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7792: 7786: 7783:. Routledge. 7782: 7781: 7775: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7726: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7652:Roberts 2016a 7650: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7533: 7531:, p. 170 7530: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7452: 7450:, p. 592 7449: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351:, p. 194 7350: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322:Grayling 2019 7320: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7304:Grayling 2019 7302: 7300:, p. 592 7299: 7296: 7294:, p. 193 7293: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7267:, p. 592 7266: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240:, p. 592 7239: 7236: 7234:, p. 193 7233: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201:, p. 592 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7153:, p. 591 7152: 7149: 7147:, p. 192 7146: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7090:, p. 591 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7066:, p. 591 7065: 7062: 7060:, p. 190 7059: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033:, p. 591 7032: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6968:Grayling 2019 6966: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6944:Grayling 2019 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6920:Grayling 2019 6918: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6902:Grayling 2019 6900: 6898:, p. 190 6897: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6880:, p. 189 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842:Marenbon 2009 6840: 6837: 6836:Grayling 2019 6834: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6782:Grayling 2019 6780: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6737:Grayling 2019 6735: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6687: 6685:, p. 590 6684: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6663: 6661:, p. 590 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6633: 6631:, p. 590 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598:, p. 590 6597: 6594: 6592:, p. 183 6591: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6518:Grayling 2019 6516: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6490:, § 1a. Dates 6489: 6484: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6464:Grayling 2019 6462: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6439:, p. 590 6438: 6435: 6433:, p. 183 6432: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6216:Heckmann 2006 6212: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6152:, p. 174 6151: 6148: 6145: 6144:Dafermos 2021 6142: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5910:Chalmers 2009 5908: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685:McDaniel 2020 5683: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5595:Jaksland 2023 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508:Drummond 2022 5506: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474:, p. 915 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5448:Jaksland 2023 5446: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Duignan 2009a 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5200: 5199:Jaksland 2023 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5105: 5104:MacBride 2022 5102: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5074:Imaguire 2018 5072: 5070:, p. 926 5069: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4963:, p. 418 4962: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4883:Züricher 2021 4881: 4878: 4877:Vihvelin 2022 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4786: 4784:, p. 608 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4760:, p. 608 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336:Benovsky 2016 4334: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4276:Campbell 2006 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4205: 4204:Campbell 2006 4202: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934:Bigelow 1998a 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3868:Bigelow 1998a 3866: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838:Berryman 2022 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736:Campbell 2006 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3706:Campbell 2006 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3690:, p. 683 3689: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3485:McDaniel 2017 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292:McDaniel 2020 3290: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3267:, p. 174 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154:Campbell 2006 3152: 3149: 3148:Hofweber 2023 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3130:Campbell 2006 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3105:, p. 166 3104: 3099: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2996:Veldsman 2017 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843:Phillips 1967 2841: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2813:Bengtson 2015 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699:McDaniel 2020 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663:McDaniel 2020 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2573:Immanuel Kant 2569: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2391:(1930–2004). 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340:modal realism 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Rudolf Carnap 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301:(1926–2014). 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241:that takes a 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212:Immanuel Kant 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2157:concept of li 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Peter Abelard 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026:explored the 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977:ancient China 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:ancient India 1941: 1938:symbol shows 1937: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1890: 1851: 1840: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1609: 1608: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1524: 1523: 1496: 1495: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:law of nature 1404: 1400: 1398: 1395:'s method of 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1339:disagreements 1336: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:phenomenology 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217:, and employ 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 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L. Austin 17286:Philosophers 17171:Metapolitics 17156: 17092:Metamodeling 17035:Metagenomics 17013:Meta-emotion 16964:Semantic Web 16890: 16861:Anti-realism 16845: 16679: 16665: 16336: 16327:Postcritique 16317:Kyoto School 16276:Posthumanism 16256:Hermeneutics 16111: / 16052:Contemporary 16028:Newtonianism 15991:Cartesianism 15950:Reductionism 15786:Conservatism 15781:Collectivism 15719: 15447:Sarvāstivadā 15425:Anekantavada 15350:Neoplatonism 15318:Epicureanism 15251:Pythagoreans 15190:Confucianism 15156:Contemporary 15146:Early modern 15050:Anti-realism 15004:Universalism 14961:Subjectivism 14879: 14757:Epistemology 14498:Epistemology 14466: 14456: 14446: 14436: 14426: 14416: 14406: 14396: 14386: 14376: 14366: 14356: 14346: 14336: 14326: 14316: 14308:Nyāya Sūtras 14306: 14296: 14286: 14268: 14184:Wittgenstein 14129:Schopenhauer 14008: 13999:Unobservable 13849:Intelligence 13779: 13719:Subjectivism 13714:Spiritualism 13629:Essentialism 13609:Anti-realism 13584: 13543: 13519: 13472: 13442: 13426:. 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S. Peirce 2216: 2161: 2151:. In China, 2104: 2090: 2059:Hindu school 2040: 2036:Neoplatonism 2000:pre-Socratic 1993: 1989:yin and yang 1945: 1940:yin and yang 1806: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1761: 1717: 1713:Set or Class 1693: 1669: 1645: 1621: 1560: 1536: 1445: 1429: 1410: 1401: 1386: 1372: 1371: 1367:metaphysical 1366: 1365: 1362: 1358:observations 1343: 1323: 1296: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1247: 1239:common-sense 1211:self-evident 1202: 1201: 1191:reality, as 1168:A posteriori 1167: 1153: 1147: 1133:truth-bearer 1126: 1117: 1104: 1100: 1093:evening star 1089:morning star 1083: 1065:libertarians 1046: 1034:dispositions 999: 951: 939: 920:perdurantism 913: 900:flow of time 893: 888: 884: 870: 851:counterparts 822: 814: 772: 751: 741: 736: 732: 714: 683: 676: 668: 660: 655: 618:C. S. Peirce 594: 576:, there are 566: 536: 535: 496: 476: 457: 451: 439: 435: 434:: literally 423: 415: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 381: 377: 375: 349: 345: 341: 339: 335:anthropology 323: 308: 283: 280:first causes 269: 260: 222:, including 217: 208:contemporary 149: 126: 93: 75: 66: 54: 53: 46: 45:Aristotle's 36: 18:Metaphysical 18628:Metaphysics 18524:Definitions 18502:Metaphysics 18271:Work of art 18239:Metaphysics 18200:Historicism 18045:Visual arts 17971:Archaeology 17959:Disciplines 17874:information 17865:Metaphysics 17839:Tabula rasa 17649:Physicalism 17634:Parallelism 17562:Behaviorism 17519:Michael Tye 17514:Alan Turing 17499:John Searle 17374:Dharmakirti 17349:Tyler Burge 17344:C. D. Broad 17226:Metatheorem 17221:Meta-system 17211:Metascience 17157:Metaphysics 17112:Meta-object 17045:Metahistory 17025:Metafiction 16876:Panpsychism 16871:Rationalism 16846:Metaphysics 16322:Objectivism 16261:Neo-Marxism 16223:Continental 16133:Meta-ethics 16113:Coherentism 16018:Hegelianism 15955:Rationalism 15915:Natural law 15895:Materialism 15821:Historicism 15791:Determinism 15682:Navya-Nyāya 15457:Sautrāntika 15452:Pudgalavada 15388:Vaisheshika 15241:Presocratic 15141:Renaissance 15080:Physicalism 15065:Materialism 14971:Normativity 14956:Objectivism 14941:Emergentism 14931:Behaviorism 14880:Metaphysics 14846:Determinism 14785:Rationalism 14328:Metaphysics 14312:(c. 200 BC) 14302:(c. 350 BC) 14292:(c. 350 BC) 14179:Collingwood 14084:Malebranche 13832:Information 13760:Anima mundi 13739:Type theory 13694:Physicalism 13659:Materialism 13614:Determinism 13585:Metaphysics 13544:Metaphysics 13529:Metaphysics 13506:Metaphysics 13497:Metaphysics 13473:Metaphysics 13103:"Mereology" 13084:Metaphysics 13059:"Existence" 12956:"Free Will" 12606:Persistence 12519:15 February 12337:"Chongxuan" 12196:"Intuition" 12120:1 September 11962:18 February 11867:"Free Will" 11718:Ney, Alyssa 11694:"Existence" 11318:1 September 11156:29 December 11070:21 November 10478:1 September 9969:10023/12888 9622:"Modernity" 9507:Brute Facts 9332:1 September 9099:28 February 8630:1 September 8488:"Existence" 8251:29 December 8209:1 September 8073:17 February 7898:10 November 7731:Saul Kripke 7592:McLean 2003 7585:, pp. 7564:, pp. 7520:Hylton 2007 7478:Morris 2017 7448:Hamlyn 2005 7427:Palmer 1998 7388:Proops 2022 7330:, pp. 7298:Hamlyn 2005 7265:Hamlyn 2005 7238:Hamlyn 2005 7199:Hamlyn 2005 7175:Hamlyn 2005 7151:Hamlyn 2005 7100:Menzel 2023 7088:Hamlyn 2005 7064:Hamlyn 2005 7037:Dehsen 2013 7031:Hamlyn 2005 6853:, pp. 6754:, pp. 6713:Hamlyn 2005 6683:Hamlyn 2005 6659:Hamlyn 2005 6629:Hamlyn 2005 6604:, pp. 6596:Hamlyn 2005 6571:, pp. 6505:, pp. 6472:, pp. 6457:, pp. 6437:Hamlyn 2005 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3229:Hawley 2016 3103:Hawley 2016 2948:Turner 1911 2944:, p. 1 2926:, p. 2 2734:, p. 2 2344:Saul Kripke 2336:David Lewis 2321:verify them 2020:four causes 1641:Proposition 1382:pragmatists 1346:meaningless 1184:linguistics 1144:Methodology 916:endurantism 909:presentists 760:Nominalists 661:individuals 657:Particulars 652:Particulars 582:Santa Claus 441:metaphysica 424:metaphysics 378:metaphysics 350:metaphysics 86:particulars 55:Metaphysics 47:Metaphysics 18558:Quotations 18494:Philosophy 18232:Quadrivium 18157:Creativity 18123:Aesthetics 18050:Filmmaking 18035:Philosophy 17991:Literature 17952:Humanities 17910:Task Force 17878:perception 17752:Artificial 17702:Creativity 17624:Nondualism 17524:Vasubandhu 17444:John Locke 17414:David Hume 17369:Andy Clark 17231:Metatheory 17196:Metapuzzle 17142:Metaethics 17030:Metagaming 17003:Metadesign 16981:Metamemory 16790:Subjective 16621:Amerindian 16528:Australian 16467:Vietnamese 16447:Indonesian 15996:Kantianism 15945:Positivism 15935:Pragmatism 15910:Naturalism 15890:Liberalism 15868:Subjective 15806:Empiricism 15710:Avicennism 15655:Bhedabheda 15539:East Asian 15462:Madhyamaka 15442:Abhidharma 15308:Pyrrhonism 15075:Nominalism 15070:Naturalism 14999:Skepticism 14989:Relativism 14979:Absolutism 14908:Naturalism 14818:Deontology 14790:Skepticism 14775:Naturalism 14765:Empiricism 14729:Aesthetics 14633:Philosophy 14388:Monadology 14322:(c. 80 BC) 14029:Parmenides 13914:Perception 13812:Experience 13699:Relativism 13674:Naturalism 13624:Enactivism 13501:PhilPapers 12054:Philosophy 11741:"Identity" 8390:9970206403 8347:29 October 7654:, p. 7603:, p. 7594:, p. 7555:, p. 7553:Ahmed 2010 7529:Oddie 2006 7522:, p. 7504:, p. 7480:, p. 7429:, p. 7402:, p. 7355:Misak 2008 7273:, p. 7271:Green 2008 7246:, p. 7207:, p. 7120:, p. 7118:Svare 2006 7039:, p. 7013:Smart 2008 7006:, p. 6980:Dalal 2021 6904:, § Ockham 6844:, p. 6802:, p. 6745:, p. 6569:Dynes 2016 6563:Littlejohn 6545:Littlejohn 6538:, p. 6536:Dynes 2016 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2385:postmodern 2358:notion of 2251:John Dewey 2208:empiricist 2200:David Hume 2176:monadology 2143:school of 1965:liberation 1953:Upanishads 1457:revelation 1441:psychiatry 1437:psychology 1327:skepticism 1318:David Hume 1180:psychology 1164:experience 1137:truthmaker 1122:personhood 1006:perceiving 958:David Hume 905:Eternalism 717:properties 705:Universals 665:universals 634:E. J. 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