1162:, which he repeatedly invoked in his subsequent writings. Like Hegel, C.S. Peirce attempted to develop a system of categories from a single indisputable principle, in Peirce's case the notion that in the first instance he could only be aware of his own ideas. "It seems that the true categories of consciousness are first, feeling ... second, a sense of resistance ... and third, synthetic consciousness, or thought". Elsewhere he called the three primary categories:
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331:’s early interests lay in the classification of the natural world, how for example the genus "animal" could be first divided into "two-footed animal" and then into "wingless, two-footed animal". He realised that the distinctions were being made according to the qualities the animal possesses, the quantity of its parts and the kind of motion that it exhibits. To fully complete the proposition "this animal is ..." Aristotle stated in his work on the
153:
of relation and that these three categories could therefore be subsumed under the category of
Relation. This was to lead to the supposition that there were only two categories at the top of the hierarchical tree, namely Substance and Relation. Many supposed that relations only exist in the mind. Substance and Relation, then, are closely commutative with Matter and Mind--this is expressed most clearly in the dualism of
3800:
1182:): "The first is predominant in feeling ... we must think of a quality without parts, e.g. the colour of magenta ... When I say it is a quality I do not mean that it "inheres" in a subject ... The whole content of consciousness is made up of qualities of feeling, as truly as the whole of space is made up of points, or the whole of time by instants".
1193:): "Thirdness is essentially of a general nature ... ideas in which thirdness predominate the idea of a sign or representation ... Every genuine triadic relation involves meaning ... the idea of meaning is irreducible to those of quality and reaction ... synthetical consciousness is the consciousness of a third or medium".
740:). In each table the number twelve arises from, firstly, an initial division into two: the Mathematical and the Dynamical; a second division of each of these headings into a further two: Quantity and Quality, and Relation and Modality respectively; and, thirdly, each of these then divides into a further three subheadings as follows.
1090:’s conclusion was that there were no clear definitions which we can give to words and categories but only a "halo" or "corona" of related meanings radiating around each term. Gilbert Ryle thought the problem could be seen in terms of dealing with "a galaxy of ideas" rather than a single idea, and suggested that
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earlier, likened the terms of propositions to points, and the relations between the terms to lines. Peirce, taking this further, talked of univalent, bivalent and trivalent relations linking predicates to their subject and it is just the number and types of relation linking subject and predicate that
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into a higher unity that in embracing the "one" and the "other" enables them to be considered together through their inherent qualities. This according to Stace is the sphere of philosophy proper where we find not only the three types of logical proposition: disjunctive, hypothetical, and categorical
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in the second century who by a process of abstraction reduced
Aristotle's list of ten categories to five: Substance, Relation, Quantity, Motion and Quality. Plotinus further suggested that the latter three categories of his list, namely Quantity, Motion and Quality correspond to three different kinds
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set out in his work on the logic of relations. One of Peirce's contributions was to call the three primary categories
Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness which both emphasises their general nature, and avoids the confusion of having the same name for both the category itself and for a concept within
304:
states the categories as: "Some things in the world are up to us, while others are not. Up to us are our faculties of judgment, motivation, desire, and aversion. In short, whatever is our own doing." These suggest a space that is up to us or within our power. A simple example of the Stoic categories
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in order to illustrate the shades of meanings of words. Primary categories, like primary colours, are analytical representing the furthest we can go in terms of analysis and abstraction and include
Quantity, Motion and Quality. Secondary categories, like secondary colours, are synthetic and include
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of
English Words and Phrases. The headings used were the three objective categories of Abstract Relation, Space (including Motion) and Matter and the three subjective categories of Intellect, Feeling and Volition, and he found that under these six headings all the words of the English language, and
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Plotinus likened the three to the centre, the radii and the circumference of a circle, and clearly thought that the principles underlying the categories were the first principles of creation. "From a single root all being multiplies." Similar ideas were to be introduced into Early
Christian thought
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around AD 250 recorded that "Philosophy at a very early age investigated the number and character of the existents ... some found ten, others less ... to some the genera were the first principles, to others only a generic classification of existents." He realised that some categories were
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I am a certain lump of matter, and thereby a substance, an existent something (and thus far that is all); I am a man, and this individual man that I am, and thereby qualified by a common quality and a peculiar one; I am sitting or standing, disposed in a certain way; I am the father of my children,
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Secondness (Reaction): "This is present even in such a rudimentary fragment of experience as a simple feeling ... an action and reaction between our soul and the stimulus ... The idea of second is predominant in the ideas of causation and of statical force ... the real is active; we
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introduced the idea that secondary or "derivative" categories could be derived from the primary categories through the combination of one primary category with another. This would result in the formation of three secondary categories: the first, "Community" was an example that Kant gave of such a
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He realised that predicates could be simple or complex. The simple kinds consist of a subject and a predicate linked together by the "categorical" or inherent type of relation. For
Aristotle the more complex kinds were limited to propositions where the predicate is compounded of two of the above
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in his two propositions "the house is on the creek" where the two dominant relations are spatial location (Disjunction) and cultural association (Inherence), and "the house is eighteenth century" where the two relations are temporal location (Causality) and cultural quality (Inherence). A third
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in the twentieth century, in his development of existential categories, brought the three together, allowing for differences in terminology, as
Substantiality, Communication and Will. This pattern of three primary and three secondary categories was used most notably in the nineteenth century by
603:
The early modern dualism, which has been described above, of Mind and Matter or
Subject and Relation, as reflected in the writings of Descartes underwent a substantial revision in the late 18th century. The first objections to this stance were formulated in the eighteenth century by
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determine the category into which a predicate might fall. Primary categories contain concepts where there is one dominant kind of relation to the subject. Secondary categories contain concepts where there are two dominant kinds of relation. Examples of the latter were given by
975:(1812) attempted to provide a more comprehensive system of categories than Kant and developed a structure that was almost entirely triadic. So important were the categories to Hegel that he claimed the first principle of the world, which he called the "
1209:, who was developing "semiology" in France just as Peirce was developing "semiotics" in the US, likened each term of a proposition to "the centre of a constellation, the point where other coordinate terms, the sum of which is indefinite, converge".
1016:". For Stace this category represented the sphere of science containing within it firstly, the thing, its form and properties; secondly, cause, effect and reciprocity, and thirdly, the principles of classification, identity and difference.
1006:", an initial internal division that can be compared with Kant's category of disjunction. Stace called the category of Being the sphere of common sense containing concepts such as consciousness, sensation, quantity, quality and measure.
1205:. Later, Peirce gave a mathematical reason for there being three categories in that although monadic, dyadic and triadic nodes are irreducible, every node of a higher valency is reducible to a "compound of triadic relations".
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are made when a concept (e.g. "university"), understood as falling under one category (e.g. abstract idea), is used as though it falls under another (e.g. physical object). With regard to the visual analogies being used,
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suggested that in order to make Kant's structure completely symmetrical a third category would need to be added to the
Mathematical and the Dynamical. This, he said, Hegel was to do with his category of concept.
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concepts through which we interpret the world around us. These concepts correspond to twelve logical functions of the understanding which we use to make judgements and there are therefore two tables given in the
226:. Besides the existing beings they admitted four incorporeals (asomata): time, place, void, and sayable. They were held to be just 'subsisting' while such a status was denied to universals. Thus, they accepted
949:, who amongst other things was unhappy with the term "Community", and declared that the tables "do open violence to truth, treating it as nature was treated by old-fashioned gardeners", and secondly, by
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For example: In the sentence "This is a house" the substantive subject "house" only gains meaning in relation to human use patterns or to other similar houses. The category of Substance disappears from
998:. The three very highest categories were "logic", "nature" and "spirit". The three highest categories of "logic", however, he called "being", "essence", and "notion" which he explained as follows:
669:", introduced by Kant, was a term which Hegel, in developing Kant's dialectical method, showed could also be seen as a derivative category; and the third, "Spirit" or "Will" were terms that
230:'s idea (as did Aristotle) that if an object is hot, it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object. But, unlike Aristotle, they extended the idea to cover all
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called these "the hearth of reality" deriving from them not only the three categories of Quantity, Motion and Quality but also what came to be known as "the three moments of the
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1086:. Philosophy began to move away from the metaphysics of categorisation towards the linguistic problem of trying to differentiate between, and define, the words being used.
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of 1810, and introduced similar principles of combination and complementation, symbolising, for Goethe, "the primordial relations which belong both to nature and vision".
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reducible to others saying "Why are not Beauty, Goodness and the virtues, Knowledge and Intelligence included among the primary genera?" He concluded that such
1883:
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Although Peirce's three categories correspond to the three concepts of relation given in Kant's tables, the sequence is now reversed and follows that given by
338:"... each signifies either substance or quantity or quality or relation or where or when or being-in-a-position or having or acting or being acted upon".
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and involves the careful inspection of each concept to ensure that there is no higher category or categories under which that concept could be subsumed. The
1174:, saying, "perhaps it is not right to call these categories conceptions, they are so intangible that they are rather tones or tints upon conceptions":
1787:
1078:
In the twentieth century the primacy of the division between the subjective and the objective, or between mind and matter, was disputed by, among others,
1158:, who had read Kant and Hegel closely, and who also had some knowledge of Aristotle, proposed a system of merely three phenomenological categories:
1048:. The two other complementary categories, reflecting one of Hegel's initial divisions, were those of Being and Becoming. At around the same time,
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The Second "is certainly an activity ... a secondary phase ... life streaming from life ... energy running through the universe"
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The process of abstraction required to discover the number and names of the categories of being has been undertaken by many philosophers since
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categories for example "this is a horse running". More complex kinds of proposition were only discovered after Aristotle by the Stoic,
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994:, reasoning from the abstract through the negative to the concrete, he arrived at a hierarchy of some 270 categories, as explained by
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the three relationship types of Disjunction, Causality and Inherence. The three older concepts of Quantity, Motion and Quality, as
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divides Aristotle's ten categories into two sets, primary and secondary, according to whether they inhere in the subject or not:
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The Third is some kind of Intelligence concerning which he wrote "Activity is prior to Intellection ... and self knowledge"
294:): Characteristics related to other phenomena, such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
1117:" where the two relations are spatial or mathematical disposition (Disjunction) and dynamic or motive power (Causality). Both
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648:. Sets of three continued to play an important part in the nineteenth century development of the categories, most notably in
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and Accident, depending on whether the property was necessary or contingent. An alternative line of development was taken by
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In a separate development, and building on the notion of primary and secondary categories introduced by the Scholastics,
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The Stoics outlined that our own actions, thoughts, and reactions are within our control. The opening paragraph of the
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and his Critical Realism, remain one of the most detailed and advanced systems in categorial research in metaphysics.
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89:. A representative question within the theory of categories might articulate itself, for example, in a query like, "
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who summed it up saying "Therefore, Unity, having from all eternity arrived by motion at duality, came to rest in
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of entities. A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an
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234:. Thus, if an object is red, it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object.
393:) – examples of primary substance: this man, this horse; secondary substance (species, genera): man, horse
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732:. To give an example, the logical function behind our reasoning from ground to consequence (based on the
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1235:") is an important semantic concept, but one having only loose affinities to an ontological category.
285:): Particular characteristics, not present within the object, such as size, shape, action, and posture
270:): The way matter is organized to form an individual object; in Stoic physics, a physical ingredient (
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417:, of what kind or description) – examples: white, black, grammatical, hot, sweet, curved, straight.
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the fellow citizen of my fellow citizens, disposed in a certain way in relation to something else.
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405:, how much), discrete or continuous – examples: two cubits long, number, space, (length of) time.
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First, there existed the "One", and his view that "the origin of things is a contemplation"
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69:. Various systems of categories have been proposed, they often include categories for
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Sandkühler, Hans Jörg (2010). "Ontologie: 4 Aktuelle Debatten und Gesamtentwürfe".
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2602:. The Johns Hopkins Press (reprinted 1968, Greenwood Press, Publishers, New York).
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of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries developed Aristotle's ideas. For example,
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example may be inferred from Kant in the proposition "the house is impressive or
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he complemented with the category of the "will". The title of his major work was
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Being was differentiated from Nothing by containing with it the concept of the "
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1201:, and indeed before Hegel of the three moments of the world-process given by
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736:) underlies our understanding of the world in terms of cause and effect (the
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503:, to suffer or undergo) – examples: to be lanced, to be heated, to be cooled
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596:', derived arbitrarily and in bulk from experience, without any systematic
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1896:
1524:(tr. Mackenna S. & Page B.S., The Medici Society, London, 1930) VI.3.3
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category that corresponded with "notion" was that of "idea", which in his
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discovered, could be subsumed under these three broader headings in that
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Secondary categories: Place, Time, Situation, Condition, Action, Passion
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1220:(1962, 2000) wrote extensively about categorial systems as part of his
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the categories must be the reason of which the world is a consequent".
429:, toward something) – examples: double, half, large, master, knowledge.
343:
227:
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Kant and Hegel accused the Aristotelian table of categories of being '
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1668:
Jacques Brunschwig "Stoic Metaphysics", p. 228 in Brad Inwood (ed.),
1648:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 3.
1634:, The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Jun., 2001), pp. 723–752
1475:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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accordingly asks us to see his system not as a tree but as a circle.
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2507:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1302:
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987:
886:
854:
826:
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531:
512:
491:, to make or do) – examples: to lance, to heat, to cool (something)
397:
179:
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38:
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1932 (tr. Ashton E.B., University of Chicago Press, 1970) pp.117ff
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Being qua Being: A Theory of Identity, Existence, and Predication
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849:
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517:
2074:(tr. Payne A., Dover Publications, London, New York, 1966) p.430
1250:(1983, 1992), Johansson (1989), Hoffman and Rosenkrantz (1994),
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3110:
3023:
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900:
223:
2780:
2717:
Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information
1767:"The Project Gutenberg E-text of the Categories, by Aristotle"
346:, who developed the "hypothetical" and "disjunctive" types of
3665:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
3260:
3210:
2262:
1790 (tr. Meredith J.C., Clarendon Press, Oxford 1952) p.94ff
2184:
1953 (tr. Anscombe G., Blackwell, Oxford, 1978) pp.1x X 4,181
1561:, Jonardon Ganeri (2014), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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are part of our own mental structure and consist of a set of
612:
except through the relation of the subject to other things.
433:
389:
289:
280:
265:
249:
217:
213:
187:
137:
117:
Primary categories: Substance, Relation, Quantity and Quality
2689:, vols. 1,2. Houser, Nathan et al., eds. Indiana Uni. Press.
2677:. Guyer, Paul, and Wood, A. W., trans. Cambridge Uni. Press.
2145:(tr. Eastlake C.L., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970) p.350
350:
and these were terms which were to be developed through the
3205:
3185:
3180:
3105:
3063:
3048:
2009:
On the Four-Fold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
1570:
1549:(tr. Haldane E. & Ross G., Dover, New York, 1911) Vol.1
926:
445:
2774:
1444:"The Internet Classics Archive | Categories by Aristotle"
1238:
Contemporary systems of categories have been proposed by
1022:. Having passed over into the "Other" there is an almost
677:
were developing separately for use in their own systems.
2351:. J. N. Findlay, Michael Dummett, Dermot Moran. London.
1987:(tr. Wallace W., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975) pp.124ff
1552:
728:, one of the Judgements and a corresponding one for the
636:; Motion relates to the subject through the relation of
540:
and which comprised the following three coupled terms:
61:, is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest
3605:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2614:
The Existence of the World: An Introduction to Ontology
1564:
335:
that there were ten kinds of predicate where ...
2624:
Categories of Being: Essays on Metaphysics and Logic
1884:"Sono ancora utili oggi le categorie di Aristotele?"
441:, where) – examples: in a marketplace, in the Lyceum
57:. To investigate the categories of being, or simply
27:
In ontology, the highest kinds or genera of entities
2335:
1916 (tr. Harris R., Duckworth, London, 1983) p.124
1646:
How to Be Free – An Ancient Guide to the Stoic Life
1130:concepts such as Substance, Community and Spirit.
691:hence any possible predicate, could be assembled.
2641:Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology
2470:. Charles Town, W. Va.: Claymont Communications.
2158:(George Allen & Unwin, London, 1921) pp.10,23
1429:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
128:’s likening of the classificatory hierarchy to a
3817:
2400:. J. N. Findlay, Michael Dummett, Dermot Moran.
1786:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1672:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 206–232.
1073:
620:, and under the heading of Relation, Kant lists
2705:, 1974, "Toward a Theory of the Categories" in
1340:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
644:relates to the subject through the relation of
632:relates to the subject through the relation of
2535:. Ross, W. D., trans. Oxford University Press.
534:categories first recorded in Plato's dialogue
465:, to lie) – examples: sitting, lying, standing
2796:
2011:1813 (tr. Payne E., La Salle, Illinois, 1974)
1605:, ed. B. Inwood, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 206–232
1878:
1574:Materials for the Study of Navya-nyāya Logic
1466:
1053:
254:): The primary matter, formless substance, (
2650:, 2nd ed. Findlay, J. N., trans. Routledge.
1242:(The Dramatic Universe, 4 vols., 1956–65),
1133:Apart from these, the categorial scheme of
652:extensive tabulation of categories, and in
608:who realised that we can say nothing about
288:Somehow disposed in relation to something (
2803:
2789:
2762:Ontological Categories and How to Use Them
2629:Hoffman, J., and Rosenkrantz, G. S.,1994.
2379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1769:. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02
1397:
1391:
1052:was developing his colour theories in the
980:
305:in use is provided by Jacques Brunschwig:
276:: air or breath), which informs the matter
1895:
1867:Essays on the Trinity and the Incarnation
1331:
1325:
1186:acknowledge it by calling it the actual".
2520:
2435:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1746:The Complete Works of Aristotle in Greek
1709:(Cambridge University Press, 1987) p.206
1425:
1419:
1365:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1358:
530:were in some way posterior to the three
479:, to have or be) – examples: shod, armed
453:, when) – examples: yesterday, last year
378:terms, predication, and ten categories:
2657:. Routledge, 2nd ed. Ontos Verlag 2004.
2505:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2498:
2463:
2344:
2035:Roget's Thesaurus: The Everyman Edition
1621:10.218. (chronos, topos, kenon, lekton)
1577:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 37–39.
1473:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1338:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14:
3818:
2643:. Boyce Gibson, W. R., trans. Collier.
2171:(Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1949) pp.17ff
1832:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1875) p.162
1137:and his Process Philosophy, alongside
3635:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
2784:
2738:
2607:The Categorial Structure of the World
1670:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
1632:The Stoics on Bodies and Incorporeals
1493:Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion
1469:"Medieval Theories of the Categories"
1467:Gracia, Jorge; Newton, Lloyd (2016),
1426:Borchert, Donald (2006). "Ontology".
1231:(1949), a category (in particular a "
587:
374:, in which he discussed univocal and
166:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
3735:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
3655:The World as Will and Representation
2707:Essays in Philosophy and Its History
2626:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2428:
2072:The World as Will and Representation
1643:
1571:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls (1951).
1547:The Philosophical Works of Descartes
1160:Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness
743:
96:
91:Are universals prior to particulars?
2753:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2568:. Madison: Uni. of Wisconsin Press.
2393:
2197:(Hutchinson, London, 1971) Vol.II:
1869:(Longmans, London, 1928) pp.241-244
1509:Aristotle's Categories and Porphyry
1172:Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness
1040:Four-Fold Root of Sufficient Reason
979:", is "a system of categories
222:)—though not all things (τινά)—are
24:
2548:, trans. Uni. of Adelaide library.
1950:(Macmillan & Co, London, 1924)
1361:"A Return to the Analogy of Being"
665:derivative category; the second, "
25:
3842:
2723:
2558:. London, Hodder & Stoughton.
1603:The Cambridge Companion to Stoics
3798:
3788:
3787:
2631:Substance among other Categories
2590:A Realistic Theory of Categories
2573:Ontology and the Practical Arena
1377:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00378.x
986:Using his own logical method of
686:to form the six headings of his
204:This section is an excerpt from
3585:Meditations on First Philosophy
2810:
2622:and Koskinen, Heikki J., 2012.
2492:
2457:
2422:
2387:
2338:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2089:
2077:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1990:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1872:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1764:Section 4 (DjVu file's page 6).
1728:
1712:
1699:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1637:
1624:
1608:
1591:
1539:
1527:
237:They held that there were four
2775:Theory and History of Ontology
2769:Recent Advances in Metaphysics
2037:1952 (Pan Books, London, 1972)
1514:
1498:
1485:
1460:
1436:
1352:
1031:of beauty, goodness and truth.
160:
13:
1:
2503:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2333:Course in General Linguistics
1471:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1319:
1074:Twentieth-century development
3770:Philosophy of space and time
2612:Grossmann, Reinhardt, 1992.
2605:Grossmann, Reinhardt, 1983.
2182:Philosophical Investigations
1707:The Hellenistic Philosophers
316:
7:
3645:The Phenomenology of Spirit
2578:Butchvarov, Panayot, 1979.
2566:New Foundations of Ontology
1743:. For the Greek terms, see
1265:
507:
356:Kant's system of categories
174:
10:
3847:
2667:, Oxford University Press.
2655:Ontological Investigations
1890:(in Italian) (39): 57–72.
1511:(E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1988)
1148:
1125:introduced the analogy of
1045:The World as Will and Idea
943:Criticism of Kant's system
698:
320:
290:
281:
266:
250:
218:
203:
165:
29:
3783:
3707:
3506:
3246:
2974:
2818:
2653:Johansson, Ingvar, 1989.
2575:. Pennsylvania State Uni.
2571:Browning, Douglas, 1990.
2464:Bennett, John G. (1987).
1756:(requires DjVu), Book 1 (
1212:
1144:
559:Neoplatonic world process
524:transcendental categories
258:) that things are made of
212:The Stoics held that all
182:word for "categories" in
144:could be subdivided into
45:concerns itself with the
3831:Philosophical categories
3760:Philosophy of psychology
3695:Simulacra and Simulation
2699:. Uni. of Chicago Press.
2499:deVries, Willem (2021),
2345:Husserl, Edmund (2001).
1705:Long A. & Sedley D.
1404:. Meiner. Archived from
1401:Enzyklopädie Philosophie
1332:Thomasson, Amie (2019).
1256:Barry Smith (ontologist)
961:
654:C.S. Peirce's categories
354:and were to reappear in
198:
30:Not to be confused with
3826:Concepts in metaphysics
3625:Critique of Pure Reason
2675:Critique of Pure Reason
2633:. Cambridge Uni. Press.
2592:. Cambridge Uni. Press.
2199:Philosophical Arguments
1948:The Philosophy of Hegel
1495:(Harvester Press, 1980)
1359:Mcdaniel, Kris (2010).
1313:Similarity (philosophy)
1029:transcendental concepts
955:The Philosophy of Hegel
906:Community (reciprocity)
708:Critique of Pure Reason
694:
528:categories of Aristotle
124:Furthermore, following
67:ontological distinction
3216:Type–token distinction
3044:Hypostatic abstraction
2826:Abstract object theory
2715:, 2003. "Ontology" in
2681:Charles Sanders Peirce
2648:Logical Investigations
2429:Ryle, Gilbert (2002).
2397:Logical investigations
2348:Logical investigations
1830:The Dialogues of Plato
1644:Long, Anthony (2018).
1273:Categories (Aristotle)
1156:Charles Sanders Peirce
1135:Alfred North Whitehead
1054:
945:followed, firstly, by
323:Categories (Aristotle)
312:
136:could be divided into
3805:Philosophy portal
3685:Being and Nothingness
3101:Mental representation
2609:. Indiana Uni. Press.
2596:Feibleman, James Kern
2582:. Indiana Uni. Press.
2556:The Dramatic Universe
2521:Selected bibliography
2467:The dramatic universe
2260:Critique of Judgement
2143:The Theory of Colours
1897:10.4000/estetica.2024
1865:Rawlinson A.E. (ed.)
1619:Adversus Mathematicos
1207:Ferdinand de Saussure
996:W. T. Stace
734:Hypothetical relation
461:, posture, attitude (
307:
206:Stoicism § Categories
3730:Feminist metaphysics
2686:The Essential Peirce
2156:The Analysis of Mind
1597:Jacques Brunschwig,
819:Table of Categories
748:Table of Judgements
578:Gregory of Nazianzus
43:theory of categories
3575:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
3086:Linguistic modality
2764:" – Amie Thomasson.
2697:The Concept of Mind
2432:The concept of mind
2169:The Concept of Mind
1278:Categories (Peirce)
1248:Reinhardt Grossmann
1151:Categories (Peirce)
1088:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1027:but also the three
990:, later called the
947:Arthur Schopenhauer
550:Identity/Difference
364:came into use with
111:Gilbert of Poitiers
47:categories of being
18:Categories of being
3765:Philosophy of self
3755:Philosophy of mind
3019:Embodied cognition
2931:Scientific realism
1751:2010-04-01 at the
1724:Summulae Logicales
1630:Marcelo D. Boeri,
1507:. cf Evangelou C.
1283:Categories (Stoic)
1024:neoplatonic return
992:Hegelian dialectic
588:Modern development
279:Somehow disposed (
3813:
3812:
2992:Category of being
2961:Truthmaker theory
2620:Haaparanta, Leila
2586:Roderick Chisholm
2501:"Wilfrid Sellars"
2394:Husserl, Edmund.
2141:Goethe J.W. von,
1599:Stoic Metaphysics
1584:978-81-208-0384-8
1252:Roderick Chisholm
1092:category mistakes
939:
938:
576:by, for example,
192:Indian philosophy
140:and Species, and
97:Early development
83:states of affairs
55:kinds of entities
16:(Redirected from
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3520:
3196:Substantial form
3008:Cogito, ergo sum
2951:Substance theory
2805:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2777:– Raul Corazzon.
2757:
2748:Zalta, Edward N.
2661:Kahn, Charles H.
2538:--------, 2004.
2515:
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2238:
2237:Vol I pp.159,176
2232:
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2208:
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2201:1945, pp.201,202
2195:Collected Papers
2191:
2185:
2180:Wittgenstein L.
2178:
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2070:Schopenhauer A.
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2018:
2012:
2007:Schopenhauer A.
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1828:(tr. Jowett B.,
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1329:
1233:category mistake
1139:Nicolai Hartmann
1080:Bertrand Russell
1067:Science of Logic
1059:
982:
972:Science of Logic
953:who in his book
895:and Dependence (
744:
715:argued that the
684:Peter Mark Roget
547:Motion/Stability
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291:πρός τί πως ἔχον
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3545:De rerum natura
3538:
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3242:
3146:Physical object
2982:Abstract object
2970:
2956:Theory of forms
2891:Meaning of life
2814:
2809:
2771:" – E. J. Lowe.
2740:Thomasson, Amie
2726:
2703:Wilfrid Sellars
2665:Essays on Being
2562:Gustav Bergmann
2552:John G. Bennett
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1244:Wilfrid Sellars
1240:John G. Bennett
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1166:, Reaction and
1153:
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1076:
964:
940:
738:Causal relation
703:
701:Category (Kant)
697:
657:that category.
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544:Unity/Plurality
515:in writing his
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3708:Related topics
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3675:Being and Time
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2683:, 1992, 1998.
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2646:------, 2000.
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2637:Edmund Husserl
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3536:
3532:
3527:
3526:
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3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:Notable works
3505:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
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3404:
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3329:
3327:
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3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
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3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
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3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
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2957:
2954:
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2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Phenomenalism
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
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2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Action theory
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2776:
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2741:
2737:
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2728:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:Immanuel Kant
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:, 1956–1965.
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2477:0-934254-15-X
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2442:0-226-73296-7
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:0-415-24189-8
2354:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1983:Hegel G.W.F.
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1741:E. M. Edghill
1738:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:Descartes R.
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1408:on 2021-03-11
1407:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Schema (Kant)
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1260:Jonathan Lowe
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:phenomenology
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1127:colour theory
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
978:
974:
973:
968:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
935:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
905:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:Mathematical
820:
817:
810:
807:
804:
803:
801:
796:
793:
790:
789:
787:
786:
785:
777:
774:
771:
770:
768:
763:
760:
757:
756:
754:
753:
752:
751:Mathematical
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
713:Immanuel Kant
710:
709:
702:
692:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Kant's tables
613:
611:
607:
606:Immanuel Kant
601:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
570:
567:
564:
563:
562:
560:
556:
549:
546:
543:
542:
541:
539:
538:
533:
529:
526:and even the
525:
520:
519:
514:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
455:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
436:
435:
431:
428:
424:
423:
419:
416:
412:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
386:
385:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
336:
334:
330:
324:
311:
306:
303:
302:
287:
278:
275:
274:
263:
260:
257:
247:
244:
243:
242:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
215:
207:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
169:
158:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
116:
115:
114:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3725:Epistemology
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3535:Nyāya Sūtras
3533:
3523:
3513:
3495:
3411:Wittgenstein
3356:Schopenhauer
3235:
3226:Unobservable
3076:Intelligence
3006:
2946:Subjectivism
2941:Spiritualism
2856:Essentialism
2836:Anti-realism
2751:
2744:"Categories"
2730:
2729:Aristotle's
2719:. Blackwell.
2716:
2706:
2696:
2693:Gilbert Ryle
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2623:
2616:. Routledge.
2613:
2606:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2555:
2539:
2530:
2509:, retrieved
2504:
2494:
2466:
2459:
2431:
2424:
2396:
2389:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:pp.52,82,106
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1887:
1880:Enrico Berti
1874:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1757:
1744:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1477:, retrieved
1472:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1432:. Macmillan.
1428:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1400:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1337:
1334:"Categories"
1327:
1258:(2003), and
1237:
1229:Gilbert Ryle
1226:
1216:
1196:
1154:
1132:
1123:Wittgenstein
1103:, just like
1084:Gilbert Ryle
1077:
1065:
1043:
1039:
1034:
985:
970:
967:G.W.F. Hegel
965:
954:
941:
933:
864:
821:
818:
794:Hypothetical
783:
750:
747:
725:
720:
706:
704:
679:Karl Jaspers
675:Schopenhauer
659:
621:
614:
602:
591:
574:
553:
535:
516:
511:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
388:
382:
369:
361:
360:
340:
337:
326:
308:
299:
297:
271:
255:
236:
211:
123:
100:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
3555:Metaphysics
3539:(c. 200 BC)
3529:(c. 350 BC)
3519:(c. 350 BC)
3406:Collingwood
3311:Malebranche
3059:Information
2987:Anima mundi
2966:Type theory
2921:Physicalism
2886:Materialism
2841:Determinism
2812:Metaphysics
2713:Barry Smith
2532:Metaphysics
2154:Russell B.
2033:Roget P.M.
2020:Jaspers K.
1946:Stace W.T.
1683:Metaphysics
1491:Reese W.L.
1298:Modal logic
1293:Metaphysics
1189:Thirdness (
1178:Firstness (
1170:, and even
1056:Farbenlehre
917:Possibility
879:Subsistence
805:Problematic
797:Disjunctive
791:Categorical
772:Affirmative
634:Disjunction
499:, passion (
387:, essence (
352:Middle Ages
301:Enchiridion
251:ὑποκείμενον
190:schools of
184:Vaisheshika
161:Vaisheshika
3820:Categories
3615:Monadology
3549:(c. 80 BC)
3256:Parmenides
3141:Perception
3039:Experience
2926:Relativism
2901:Naturalism
2851:Enactivism
2732:Categories
2541:Categories
2511:2022-07-15
2407:0415241901
2310:pp.148-179
2061:pp.107,113
2022:Philosophy
1962:pp.148-179
1937:pp.148-179
1925:pp.107,113
1844:Op.cit.1.4
1826:Parmenides
1773:2010-02-21
1762:Categories
1736:Categories
1722:John XXI)
1681:Aristotle
1479:2022-07-15
1453:2022-07-15
1412:2021-01-14
1320:References
865:Dynamical
859:Limitation
808:Assertoric
784:Dynamical
761:Particular
730:Categories
717:categories
622:inter alia
537:Parmenides
371:Categories
344:Chrysippus
333:Categories
239:categories
228:Anaxagoras
75:properties
71:substances
59:categories
3775:Teleology
3740:Mereology
3720:Cosmology
3579:(c. 1000)
3476:Plantinga
3466:Armstrong
3416:Heidegger
3391:Whitehead
3376:Nietzsche
3296:Descartes
3266:Aristotle
3221:Universal
3151:Principle
3121:Necessity
3081:Intention
3034:Existence
2997:Causality
2936:Solipsism
2866:Free will
2709:. Reidel.
2527:Aristotle
2375:cite book
2274:pp.36,152
2272:Op.cit.25
2249:pp.62,187
2131:Op.cit.20
2119:Op.cit.18
2084:Op.cit.15
1997:Op.cit.15
1536:. VI.3.21
1520:Plotinus
1385:1933-1592
1344:4 January
1110:Heidegger
988:sublation
951:W.T.Stace
927:Necessity
922:Existence
893:Causality
883:substance
875:Inherence
834:Plurality
811:Apodictic
802:Modality
788:Relation
758:Universal
755:Quantity
688:Thesaurus
646:Inherence
638:Causality
610:Substance
598:necessity
594:rhapsodic
496:Affection
473:condition
384:Substance
376:equivocal
368:'s essay
366:Aristotle
348:syllogism
329:Aristotle
317:Aristotle
246:Substance
232:accidents
134:Substance
103:Aristotle
79:relations
3793:Category
3715:Axiology
3569:(c. 270)
3497:more ...
3451:Anscombe
3446:Strawson
3441:Davidson
3336:Berkeley
3276:Plotinus
3237:more ...
3176:Relation
3156:Property
3131:Ontology
3054:Identity
2975:Concepts
2906:Nihilism
2871:Idealism
2819:Theories
2695:, 1949.
2673:, 1998.
2663:, 2009.
2639:, 1962.
2600:Ontology
2598:, 1951.
2588:, 1996.
2564:, 1992.
2529:, 1953.
2486:18242460
2451:49901770
2416:45592852
2367:45592852
2284:Op.cit.5
2258:Kant I.
2247:Op.cit.4
2235:Op.cit.5
2223:Op.cit.9
2211:Op.cit.1
2193:Ryle G.
2167:Ryle G.
2121:pp.124ff
2109:pp.63,65
2047:Op.cit.3
1972:Op.cit.3
1960:Op.cit.5
1935:Op.cit.5
1911:Op.cit.3
1882:(2008).
1842:Op.cit.9
1801:Op.cit.9
1782:cite web
1749:Archived
1695:Op.cit.2
1559:Padārtha
1303:Ontology
1266:See also
1262:(2006).
1254:(1996),
1246:(1974),
1203:Plotinus
1105:Plotinus
1014:becoming
977:absolute
912:Modality
887:accident
870:Relation
855:Negation
838:Totality
827:Quantity
778:Infinite
775:Negative
769:Quality
764:Singular
726:Critique
721:a priori
711:(1781),
667:Modality
630:Quantity
555:Plotinus
513:Plotinus
508:Plotinus
501:paschein
463:keisthai
458:Position
422:Relation
398:Quantity
362:Category
282:πως ἔχον
224:material
180:Sanskrit
175:Padārtha
168:Padārtha
150:Plotinus
146:Property
126:Porphyry
107:scholars
39:ontology
3565:Enneads
3559:(c. 50)
3525:Timaeus
3515:Sophist
3461:Dummett
3456:Deleuze
3396:Russell
3386:Bergson
3381:Meinong
3361:Bolzano
3321:Leibniz
3301:Spinoza
3286:Aquinas
3271:Proclus
3201:Thought
3191:Subject
3171:Reality
3166:Quality
3136:Pattern
3096:Meaning
3071:Insight
3029:Essence
3014:Concept
2916:Realism
2881:Liberty
2846:Dualism
2750:(ed.).
2735:at MIT.
1856:III.8.5
1815:VI.2.17
1758:Organon
1522:Enneads
1191:Meaning
1180:Quality
1168:Meaning
1164:Quality
1115:sublime
1064:in his
1010:Essence
969:in his
850:Reality
845:Quality
705:In the
642:Quality
582:Trinity
532:Eleatic
518:Enneads
427:pros ti
410:Quality
327:One of
262:Quality
142:Quality
63:classes
3699:(1981)
3689:(1943)
3679:(1927)
3669:(1846)
3659:(1818)
3649:(1807)
3639:(1783)
3629:(1781)
3619:(1714)
3609:(1710)
3599:(1677)
3595:Ethics
3589:(1641)
3491:Parfit
3481:Kripke
3471:Putnam
3431:Sartre
3421:Carnap
3371:Peirce
3316:Newton
3291:Suárez
3281:Scotus
3161:Qualia
3126:Object
3116:Nature
3111:Motion
3091:Matter
3024:Entity
2896:Monism
2484:
2474:
2449:
2439:
2414:
2404:
2365:
2355:
2225:VI.5.5
1824:Plato
1803:VI.1.1
1652:
1581:
1383:
1213:Others
1145:Peirce
1119:Peirce
1097:Peirce
1050:Goethe
1020:Notion
934:
901:effect
640:; and
626:Peirce
489:poiein
484:Action
477:echein
273:pneuma
214:beings
87:events
51:genera
41:, the
3745:Meta-
3486:Lewis
3436:Quine
3401:Moore
3366:Lotze
3351:Hegel
3326:Wolff
3306:Locke
3261:Plato
3231:Value
3211:Truth
2746:. In
2322:p.176
2320:Ibid.
2308:Ibid.
2298:p.179
2296:Ibid.
2107:Ibid.
2096:Ibid.
2086:p.222
2059:Ibid.
1985:Logic
1974:p.116
1923:Ibid.
1854:Ibid.
1813:Ibid.
1720:alias
1685:1075a
1199:Hegel
1101:Lewis
1062:Hegel
1004:other
962:Hegel
897:cause
831:Unity
671:Hegel
469:State
434:Place
415:poion
403:poson
390:ousia
267:ποιόν
256:ousia
199:Stoic
188:Nyaya
178:is a
138:Genus
3426:Ryle
3346:Kant
3341:Hume
3331:Reid
3206:Time
3186:Soul
3181:Self
3106:Mind
3064:Data
3049:Idea
2482:OCLC
2472:ISBN
2447:OCLC
2437:ISBN
2412:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2381:link
2363:OCLC
2353:ISBN
2049:p.87
1913:p.87
1788:link
1650:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1534:Ibid
1505:Ibid
1381:ISSN
1346:2021
1227:For
1121:and
1099:and
1082:and
899:and
885:and
877:and
695:Kant
673:and
662:Kant
451:pote
446:Time
219:ὄντα
186:and
130:tree
1892:doi
1760:),
1601:in
1373:doi
981:...
584:."
561:":
439:pou
85:or
53:or
37:In
3822::
2742:.
2544:,
2480:.
2445:.
2410:.
2377:}}
2373:{{
2361:.
1886:.
1784:}}
1780:{{
1617:,
1446:.
1379:.
1369:81
1367:.
1363:.
1336:.
1224:.
600:.
471:,
358:.
241::
157:.
93:"
81:,
77:,
73:,
2804:e
2797:t
2790:v
2767:"
2760:"
2756:.
2488:.
2453:.
2418:.
2383:)
2369:.
1900:.
1894::
1790:)
1776:.
1658:.
1587:.
1456:.
1415:.
1387:.
1375::
1348:.
903:)
889:)
881:(
487:(
475:(
449:(
437:(
425:(
413:(
401:(
264:(
248:(
216:(
208:.
194:.
170:.
34:.
20:)
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