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new hypotheses were suggested as well, i.e., under the effect of particular biochemical and/or physical stressors, cancer cells can undergo nuclear expulsion with subsequent macrophage engulfment and fusion, with the formation of cancer fusion cells (CFCs). Understanding the enigma of cancer cell spread to distant sites, which accounts for over 90% of cancer-related deaths, necessitates comprehensive investigation. Key outstanding questions revolve around the survival and migration of cancer cells, such as the nucleus, as they face challenges in passage through capillary valves and hydrodynamic shear forces in the circulation system, making CTCs an unlikely source of metastasis. Moreover, understanding how cancer cells adapt to the metastatic niche and remain dormant (tumor dormancy) for extended periods presents difficult questions that require further investigation.
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527:(ID1). This novel finding meant that investigators gained the ability to track endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the blood to the tumor-stroma and even incorporated in tumor vasculature. Endothelial progenitor cells incorporated in tumor vasculature suggests that this cell type in blood-vessel development is important in a tumor setting and metastasis. Furthermore, ablation of the endothelial progenitor cells in the bone marrow can lead to a significant decrease in tumor growth and vasculature development. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cells are important in tumor biology and present novel therapeutic targets. The immune system is typically deregulated in cancer and affects many stages of tumor progression, including metastasis.
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472:(ECM), which separates the tumor from adjoining tissues. By degrading these proteins, cancer cells are able to breach the ECM and escape. The location of the metastases is not always random, with different types of cancer tending to spread to particular organs and tissues at a rate that is higher than expected by statistical chance alone. Breast cancer, for example, tends to metastasize to the bones and lungs. This specificity seems to be mediated by soluble signal molecules such as
72:
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1103:, or a combination of these interventions ("multimodal therapy"). The choice of treatment depends on many factors, including the type of primary cancer, the size and location of the metastases, the patient's age and general health, and the types of treatments used previously. In patients diagnosed with CUP it is often still possible to treat the disease even when the primary tumor cannot be located.
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Currently, three main theories have been proposed to explain the metastatic pathway of cancer: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) hypothesis (1), the cancer stem cell hypothesis (2), and the macrophageâcancer cell fusion hybrid hypothesis (3). Some
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Treatment and survival is determined, to a great extent, by whether or not a cancer remains localized or spreads to other locations in the body. If the cancer metastasizes to other tissues or organs it usually dramatically increases a patient's likelihood of death. Some cancersâsuch as some forms of
533:
regulation also plays an important role in the metastatic outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells. Metastases display alterations in histone modifications, such as H3K4-methylation and H3K9-methylation, when compared to matching primary tumors. These epigenetic modifications in metastases may allow
754:
challenged the "seed and soil" theory and proposed that metastasis occurs purely by anatomic and mechanical routes. This hypothesis has been recently utilized to suggest several hypotheses about the life cycle of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to postulate that the patterns of spread could be
889:
down-regulation was also associated with the signature. Additionally, the metastatic-associated expression of these genes was also observed in some primary tumors, indicating that cells with the potential to metastasize could be identified concurrently with diagnosis of the primary tumor. Recent
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near the primary tumor and ultimately, to other parts of the body. This is called nodal involvement, positive nodes, or regional disease. "Positive nodes" is a term that would be used by medical specialists to describe regional lymph nodes that tested positive for malignancy. It is common medical
537:
A recent study shows that PKC-iota promotes melanoma cell invasion by activating
Vimentin during EMT. PKC-iota inhibition or knockdown resulted in an increase in E-cadherin and RhoA levels while decreasing total Vimentin, phosphorylated Vimentin (S39) and Par6 in metastatic melanoma cells. These
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cells look the same whether they are found in the breast or have spread to another part of the body. So, if a tissue sample taken from a tumor in the lung contains cells that look like breast cells, the doctor determines that the lung tumor is a secondary tumor. Still, the determination of the
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All steps of the metastatic cascade involve a number of physical processes. Cell migration requires the generation of forces, and when cancer cells transmigrate through the vasculature, this requires physical gaps in the blood vessels to form. Besides forces, the regulation of various types of
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The identification of this metastasis-associated signature provides promise for identifying cells with metastatic potential within the primary tumor and hope for improving the prognosis of these metastatic-associated cancers. Additionally, identifying the genes whose expression is changed in
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at distant sites, where incoming metastatic cells may engraft and colonise. Specifically, exosome vesicles secreted by tumours have been shown to home to pre-metastatic sites, where they activate pro-metastatic processes such as angiogenesis and modify the immune contexture, so as to foster a
463:
Metastasis involves a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, via the lymphatic system, or by direct extension. To do so, malignant cells break away from the primary tumor and attach to and degrade
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It was previously thought that most cancer cells have a low metastatic potential and that there are rare cells that develop the ability to metastasize through the development of somatic mutations. According to this theory, diagnosis of metastatic cancers is only possible after the event of
897:
Expression of this metastatic signature has been correlated with a poor prognosis and has been shown to be consistent in several types of cancer. Prognosis was shown to be worse for individuals whose primary tumors expressed the metastatic signature. Additionally, the expression of these
820:
The cells in a metastatic tumor resemble those in the primary tumor. Once the cancerous tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the cell type, a doctor can usually tell whether that type of cell is normally found in the part of the body from which the tissue sample was taken.
1120:, care aimed at improving the quality of life of people with major illness, has been recommended as part of management programs for metastasis. Results from a systematic review of the literature on radiation therapy for brain metastases found that there is little evidence to inform
856:
mutation theory of metastasis development has not been substantiated in human cancers. Rather, it seems that the genetic state of the primary tumor reflects the ability of that cancer to metastasize. Research comparing gene expression between primary and metastatic
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saying that some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by abnormal immune cells. The existence of metastatic cancers in the absence of primary tumors also suggests that metastasis is not always caused by malignant cells that leave primary tumors.
499:. Cancer cells often opportunistically switch between different kinds of motion. Some cancer researchers hope to find treatments that can stop or at least slow down the spread of cancer by somehow blocking some necessary step in one or more kinds of motion.
722:
According to the "seed and soil" theory, it is difficult for cancer cells to survive outside their region of origin, so in order to metastasize they must find a location with similar characteristics. For example, breast tumor cells, which gather calcium
894:(CIN) as a driver of metastasis. In aggressive cancer cells, loose DNA fragments from unstable chromosomes spill in the cytosol leading to the chronic activation of innate immune pathways, which are hijacked by cancer cells to spread to distant organs.
840:
Metastatic cancers may be found at the same time as the primary tumor, or months or years later. When a second tumor is found in a patient that has been treated for cancer in the past, it is more often a metastasis than another primary tumor.
667:. The process is similar to that of transcoelomic spread. However, often it remains unclear whether simultaneously diagnosed tumors of a canalicular system are one metastatic process or in fact independent tumors caused by the same agent (
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of melanoma cells is important for its metastasis and growth: non-pigmented tumors were bigger than pigmented and it was much easier for them to spread. They showed that there are both pigmented and non-pigmented cells in melanoma
241:
spread. After the tumor cells come to rest at another site, they re-penetrate the vessel or walls and continue to multiply, eventually forming another clinically detectable tumor. This new tumor is known as a metastatic (or
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506:
The metastatic steps are critically regulated by various cell types, including the blood vessel cells (endothelial cells), immune cells or stromal cells. The growth of a new network of blood vessels, called tumor
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It is theorized that metastasis always coincides with a primary cancer, and, as such, is a tumor that started from a cancer cell or cells in another part of the body. However, over 10% of patients presenting to
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Recently, a series of high-profile experiments suggests that the co-option of intercellular cross-talk mediated by exosome vesicles is a critical factor involved in all steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade.
804:. It is therefore thought that some primary tumors can regress completely, but leave their metastases behind. In other cases, the tumor might just be too small and/or in an unusual location to be diagnosed.
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Metastatic tumors are very common in the late stages of cancer. The spread of metastasis may occur via the blood or the lymphatics or through both routes. The most common sites of metastases are the
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have been shown to have a strong influence on metastasis and angiogenesis. Endothelial progenitor cells are important in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, and can be marked using the
1000:
781:(UPT). It is estimated that 3% of all cancers are of unknown primary origin. Studies have shown that, if simple questioning does not reveal the cancer's source (coughing up bloodâ"probably
755:
better understood through a 'filter and flow' perspective. However, contemporary evidences indicate that the primary tumour may dictate organotropic metastases by inducing the formation of
861:
identified a subset of genes whose expression could distinguish primary tumors from metastatic tumors, dubbed a "metastatic signature." Up-regulated genes in the signature include:
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In March 2014 researchers discovered the oldest complete example of a human with metastatic cancer. The tumors had developed in a 3,000-year-old skeleton found in 2013 in a tomb in
2340:"Two novel atypical PKC inhibitors; ACPD and DNDA effectively mitigate cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of metastatic melanoma while inducing apoptosis"
796:
has permitted pathologists to give an identity to many of these metastases. However, imaging of the indicated area only occasionally reveals a primary. In rare cases (e.g., of
2926:
Irwin KE, Greer JA, Khatib J, Temel JS, Pirl WF (February 2013). "Early palliative care and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: potential mechanisms of prolonged survival".
2191:"Using the transcription factor inhibitor of DNA binding 1 to selectively target endothelial progenitor cells offers novel strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth"
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and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. Because of their thinner walls, veins are more frequently invaded than are arteries, and metastasis tends to follow the pattern of
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to metastasize via this route. Localized spread to regional lymph nodes near the primary tumor is not normally counted as a metastasis, although this is a sign of a worse
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Gao D, Nolan DJ, Mellick AS, Bambino K, McDonnell K, Mittal V (January 2008). "Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lung metastasis".
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agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a
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297:, metastasis places a cancer in Stage IV. The possibilities of curative treatment are greatly reduced, or often entirely removed when a cancer has metastasized.
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will have metastases without a primary tumor found. In these cases, doctors refer to the primary tumor as "unknown" or "occult," and the patient is said to have
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Syn N, Wang L, Sethi G, Thiery JP, Goh BC (July 2016). "Exosome-Mediated
Metastasis: From Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance".
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practice to test by biopsy at least one lymph node near a tumor site when carrying out surgery to examine or remove a tumor. This lymph node is then called a
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3006:"A new hypothesis: some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by adapted cells, especially adapted immune cells at sites of inflammation"
2816:, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, et al. (January 2002). "Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer".
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metastasizes to the lungs, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells, not of abnormal lung cells. The tumor in the lung is then called
3330:
233:, after which they are able to circulate through the bloodstream to other sites and tissues in the body. This process is known (respectively) as
849:) would only investigate a subpopulation of the cancer cells and would very likely not sample from the subpopulation with metastatic potential.
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may metastasize along anatomical canalicular spaces. These spaces include for example the bile ducts, the urinary system, the airways and the
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dating back to 1200 BC. The skeleton was analyzed using radiography and a scanning electron microscope. These findings were published in the
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Garsa A, Jang JK, Baxi S, Chen C, Akinniranye O, Hall O, et al. (2021). "Radiation
Therapy for Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review".
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results suggested that PKC-Îč is involved in signaling pathways which upregulate EMT in melanoma thereby directly stimulates metastasis.
3164:
Zarshenas MM, Mohammadi-Bardbori A (February 2017). "A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from
Avicenna's view point".
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There is a propensity for certain tumors to seed in particular organs. This was first discussed as the "seed and soil" theory by
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Ribatti D, Mangialardi G, Vacca A (December 2006). "Stephen Paget and the 'seed and soil' theory of metastatic dissemination".
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Cancer occurs after cells are genetically altered to proliferate rapidly and indefinitely. This uncontrolled proliferation by
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643:. That is, hematogenous spread often follows distinct patterns depending on the location of the primary tumor. For example,
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This is typical route of metastasis for sarcomas, but it is also the favored route for certain types of carcinoma, such as
1039:
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Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR (January 2003). "A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors".
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Some patients, however, do not show any symptoms. When the organ gets a metastatic disease it begins to shrink until its
3057:"The migration ability of stem cells can explain the existence of cancer of unknown primary site. Rethinking metastasis"
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The first physician to report the possibility of local metastasis from a primary cancerous source to nearby tissues was
1981:"Balance of mechanical forces drives endothelial gap formation and may facilitate cancer and immune-cell extravasation"
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970:
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in 1889. The propensity for a metastatic cell to spread to a particular organ is termed 'organotropism'. For example,
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17:
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primary tumor can often be very difficult, and the pathologist may have to use several adjuvant techniques, such as
622:
Lymph node with almost complete replacement by metastatic melanoma. The brown pigment is focal deposition of melanin
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774:
1748:
Zlotnik A, Burkhardt AM, Homey B (August 2011). "Homeostatic chemokine receptors and organ-specific metastasis".
477:
2240:"Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model"
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phenotype. This malignancy allows for invasion into the circulation, followed by invasion to a second site for
2142:"Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization"
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1345:
480:. The body resists metastasis by a variety of mechanisms through the actions of a class of proteins known as
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from breast milk, metastasize to bone tissue, where they can gather calcium ions from bone. Malignant
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3302:"Possible Oldest Cancer Found In 3,000-Year-Old Skeleton Could Reveal 'Evolution' Of Modern Disease"
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1936:
Friedl P, Wolf K (May 2003). "Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms".
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837:), and others. Despite the use of techniques, in some cases the primary tumor remains unidentified.
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615:, and therefore these metastatic cells can also eventually spread through the haematogenous route.
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Ettinger DS, Agulnik M, Cates JM, Cristea M, Denlinger CS, Eaton KD, et al. (December 2011).
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Although metastasis is widely accepted to be the result of the tumor cells migration, there is a
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Escribano J, Chen MB, Moeendarbary E, Cao X, Shenoy V, Garcia-Aznar JM, et al. (May 2019).
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about 4.93, when in non-pigmented ones it was only 0.98. In another experiment they found that
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789:"), complex imaging will not either. In some of these cases a primary tumor may appear later.
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Nolan DJ, Ciarrocchi A, Mellick AS, Jaggi JS, Bambino K, Gupta S, et al. (June 2007).
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The spread of a malignancy into body cavities can occur via penetrating the surface of the
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Mellick AS, Plummer PN, Nolan DJ, Gao D, Bambino K, Hahn M, et al. (September 2010).
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8:
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Bakhoum SF, Ngo B, Laughney AM, Cavallo JA, Murphy CJ, Ly P, et al. (January 2018).
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Current treatments are rarely able to cure metastatic cancer though some tumors, such as
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2566:"Unifying metastasis--integrating intravasation, circulation and end-organ colonization"
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2006:
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3109:"Melanin presence inhibits melanoma cell spread in mice in a unique mechanical fashion"
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Main sites of metastases for some common cancer types. Primary cancers are denoted by "
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Hart IR (1982). "'Seed and soil' revisited: mechanisms of site-specific metastasis".
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metastatic-associated genes was shown to apply to other cancer types in addition to
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List of included entries and references is found on main image page in
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Franci C, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Modrusan Z, Good Z, Jackson E, et al. (2013).
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the proliferation and survival of disseminated tumor cells in distant organs.
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2050:"Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis--correlation in invasive breast carcinoma"
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Sarna M, Krzykawska-Serda M, Jakubowska M, Zadlo A, Urbanska K (June 2019).
2871:"Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response"
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Poste G, Fidler IJ (January 1980). "The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis".
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1846:"Metastasis-suppressor genes: a review and perspective on an emerging field"
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Ratnayake WS, Apostolatos AH, Ostrov DA, Acevedo-Duncan M (November 2017).
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all had similar expression patterns of these metastasis-associated genes.
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metastasis (the whitish tumor between the head and the shaft of the bone)
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2299:"How epigenetics can explain human metastasis: a new role for microRNAs"
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outcomes on quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Olteanu GE, Mihai IM, Bojin F, Gavriliuc O, Paunescu V (August 2020).
1496:"Circulating tumor cells: a window into cancer biology and metastasis"
587:. Lymphatic spread is the most common route of initial metastasis for
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cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is crucial during metastasis.
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2545:"Basics: A mutinous group of cells on a greedy, destructive task"
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Lymphatic spread allows the transport of tumor cells to regional
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The research done by Sarna's team proved that heavily pigmented
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3250:"Archaeologists discover earliest example of human with cancer"
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work identified a form of genetic instability in cancer called
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3276:"Ancient skeleton is the earliest case of cancer yet detected"
3201:"Avicenna's Concepts on Cancer Metastasis from the 11 Century"
1181:. His hypothesis was based on clinical course of the patient.
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Klein CA (September 2008). "Cancer. The metastasis cascade".
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tumor, and its cells are similar to those in the original or
254:. Most cancers can metastasize, although in varying degrees.
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Commons:File:Metastasis sites for common cancers.svg#Summary
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Once a cancer has metastasized it may still be treated with
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metastasis. Traditional means of diagnosing cancer (e.g. a
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are the most common metastasis locations from solid tumors.
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Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Robbins SL, Cotran RS (2005).
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metastasis offers potential targets to inhibit metastasis.
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showing multiple paler metastatic nodules originating from
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Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J (January 1991).
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can spread transperitoneally to the surface of the liver.
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Human cells exhibit different kinds of motion: collective
198:. The cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo
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1705:(May 2007). "Genetic determinants of cancer metastasis".
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favourable microenvironment for secondary tumour growth.
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usually metastasizes to the bones. In a similar manner,
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When tumor cells metastasize, the new tumor is called a
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599:. The lymphatic system does eventually drain from the
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1887:"Rac and Rho GTPases in cancer cell motility control"
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3339:. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from
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Journal of the
National Comprehensive Cancer Network
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566:, pericardial, or subarachnoid spaces. For example,
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Initially, nearby lymph nodes are struck early. The
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1468:. Australian Government. 2014-12-16. Archived from
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2615:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines Occult primary"
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687:" and their main metastasis sites are denoted by "
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2650:
2563:
1554:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
3831:
2296:
1790:
1352:. American Cancer Society, Inc. 2 February 2016.
763:
550:Metastasis occurs by the following four routes:
172:tumor. The newly pathological sites, then, are
1647:
1645:
1489:
3241:
2647:
1797:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
1700:
1552:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
1405:
225:acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of
3446:
3102:
3100:
1884:
1500:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
3267:
3198:
3054:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2331:
2133:
2082:
1784:
1741:
1642:
707:has a tendency to metastasize to the liver.
79:Illustration showing hematogenous metastasis
3293:
2697:
2387:
2385:
2383:
1694:
3453:
3439:
3097:
3003:
2919:
2564:Scott J, Kuhn P, Anderson AR (July 2012).
2557:
1935:
1625:"Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers"
406:symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and
70:
3224:
3140:
3080:
3031:
3021:
2902:
2837:
2752:
2719:
2674:
2630:
2589:
2475:
2363:
2314:
2273:
2263:
2214:
2165:
2065:
2024:
2014:
1996:
1912:
1902:
1861:
1816:
1677:
1658:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1435:
1057:Metastases from the lungs to the pancreas
816:Pulmonary metastases shown on Chest X-Ray
731:spreads to the brain, presumably because
674:
2524:
2380:
2297:Lujambio A, Esteller M (February 2009).
1850:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1338:
1290:Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
1206:word meaning "displacement", from ΌΔÏÎŹ,
811:
678:
617:
519:would prevent the growth of metastases.
304:
3247:
1844:, Rinker-Schaeffer CW (November 2000).
607:into the systemic venous system at the
14:
3832:
2542:
1885:Parri M, Chiarugi P (September 2010).
1619:
1617:
1536:
1045:Metastases from the lungs to the brain
800:), no primary tumor is found, even on
626:
180:). It is generally distinguished from
3434:
3273:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1362:
654:
515:It has therefore been suggested that
417:, it is often not the first symptom.
300:
40:. For the Spanish-language remake of
3350:"How does cancer spread â the route"
3299:
2481:
1791:Drabsch Y, ten Dijke P (June 2011).
1631:. U.S. National Institutes of Health
1574:
1076:âcan kill without spreading at all.
591:. In contrast, it is uncommon for a
484:, of which about a dozen are known.
90:Metastasis /má”»ËtastÉsÉȘs/ metastases
3347:
2054:The New England Journal of Medicine
1416:The New England Journal of Medicine
573:
458:
413:Although advanced cancer may cause
293:, where it represents the "M". In
24:
2659:"Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin"
2529:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
2441:Clinical and Experimental Medicine
2394:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1594:
431:
285:. Metastasis is a key element in
246:) tumor. Metastasis is one of the
25:
3856:
3323:
3199:Kardeh S, Kardeh B (2019-01-01).
2657:Briasoulis E, Pavlidis N (1997).
2344:International Journal of Oncology
934:sawn lengthwise, showing a large
835:fluorescent in situ hybridization
258:for example rarely metastasizes.
32:For the musical composition, see
27:Spread of a disease inside a body
1891:Cell Communication and Signaling
1238:
1224:
1050:
1038:
1026:
999:
984:
969:
943:
923:
775:cancer of unknown primary origin
553:
92:
3192:
3157:
3048:
2997:
2962:
2862:
2806:
2691:
2606:
2518:
2432:
2420:
2290:
2231:
2182:
2041:
1972:
1929:
1878:
1833:
1579:[What is metastasis?].
1412:"Molecular basis of metastasis"
478:transforming growth factor beta
1568:
1483:
1452:
1399:
1356:
1313:
1033:Metastatic cancer in the lungs
1017:)âlower two-thirds of image).
715:in women, when it is called a
647:spreads primarily through the
13:
1:
3768:Clonally transmissible cancer
3055:LĂłpez-LĂĄzaro M (2015-01-01).
3023:10.12688/f1000research.8055.1
2676:10.1634/theoncologist.2-3-142
2207:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1142
1306:
1062:
785:", urinating bloodâ"probably
764:Metastasis and primary cancer
468:that make up the surrounding
3331:"Q&A: Metastatic Cancer"
3306:International Business Times
3178:10.1016/j.breast.2016.10.019
2971:Practical Radiation Oncology
2265:10.1371/journal.pone.0058183
2016:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006395
1301:Urogenital pelvic malignancy
1295:Positron emission tomography
1197:
1072:, a cancer of the blood, or
979:of multiple liver metastases
807:
521:Endothelial progenitor cells
7:
3248:Kelland K (17 March 2014).
2928:Chronic Respiratory Disease
2067:10.1056/NEJM199101033240101
1217:
1161:, so that they can both be
1131:
955:papillary thyroid carcinoma
221:Some cancer cells known as
10:
3861:
3799:Index of oncology articles
3133:10.1038/s41598-019-45643-9
2983:10.1016/j.prro.2021.04.002
2406:10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.006
1985:PLOS Computational Biology
1750:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1168:
711:often metastasises to the
525:Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1
31:
3786:
3739:
3697:
3672:
3636:
3558:
3517:
3484:
3477:
3404:
3364:
3336:National Cancer Institute
3274:Ghosh P (18 March 2014).
2543:Angier N (3 April 2007).
2484:Cancer Metastasis Reviews
2453:10.1007/s10238-006-0117-4
1840:Yoshida BA, Sokoloff MM,
1809:10.1007/s10911-011-9217-1
1629:National Cancer Institute
1583:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1512:10.1016/j.gde.2009.12.002
1460:"Invasion and metastasis"
1270:Collective cell migration
1191:Public Library of Science
1122:comparative effectiveness
1074:malignancies in the brain
545:
250:, distinguishing it from
147:
83:
78:
69:
61:
56:
3300:Ross P (17 March 2014).
3073:10.18632/oncoscience.159
2940:10.1177/1479972312471549
1707:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1670:10.17305/bjbms.2019.4565
659:Some tumors, especially
279:metastatic breast cancer
3721:Prostate cancer staging
3685:Paraneoplastic syndrome
2632:10.6004/jnccn.2011.0117
2146:Genes & Development
2111:10.1126/science.1150224
1863:10.1093/jnci/92.21.1717
1377:10.1126/science.1164853
1114:, are usually curable.
517:angiogenesis inhibitors
223:circulating tumor cells
3759:Tumor suppressor genes
3726:Gleason grading system
3680:Precancerous condition
3217:10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1292
2570:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1938:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1904:10.1186/1478-811X-8-23
1577:"O que Ă© a metĂĄstase?"
1325:MerriamâWebster online
1264:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
1210:, "next", and ÏÏÎŹÏÎčÏ,
892:chromosome instability
817:
779:unknown primary tumors
692:
675:Organ-specific targets
623:
482:metastasis suppressors
344:, a common symptom is
317:
295:overall stage grouping
3778:Carcinogenic bacteria
3518:Malignant progression
3205:Galen Medical Journal
3004:Shahriyari L (2016).
2527:The Biology of Cancer
2356:10.3892/ijo.2017.4131
1575:Ades F (2018-07-24).
1428:10.1056/NEJMra0805239
1346:"What is Metastasis?"
1275:Contact normalization
1179:The Canon of Medicine
1006:Metastasis proven by
815:
757:pre-metastatic niches
682:
621:
613:brachiocephalic veins
365:(shortness of breath)
342:lymph node metastasis
308:
273:. This means that if
34:Metastaseis (Xenakis)
3731:Dukes classification
3356:– via YouTube.
2525:Weinberg RA (2007).
1280:Disseminated disease
994:of a lung metastasis
831:immunohistochemistry
794:immunohistochemistry
739:arise from the same
633:renal cell carcinoma
605:right lymphatic duct
495:-type movement, and
470:extracellular matrix
289:systems such as the
256:Basal cell carcinoma
36:. For the film, see
3550:Sentinel lymph node
3125:2019NatSR...9.9280S
2895:10.1038/nature25432
2887:2018Natur.553..467B
2712:1980Natur.283..139P
2316:10.4161/cc.8.3.7526
2256:2013PLoSO...858183F
2103:2008Sci...319..195G
2007:2019PLSCB..15E6395E
1472:on 20 February 2017
1371:(5897): 1785â1787.
953:of thyroid cancer (
669:field cancerization
635:originating in the
627:Hematogenous spread
585:sentinel lymph node
513:hallmark of cancer.
248:hallmarks of cancer
196:heterogeneic tumour
3598:Respiratory system
3405:External resources
3343:on 4 January 2012.
3113:Scientific Reports
2550:The New York Times
2496:10.1007/BF00049477
2158:10.1101/gad.436307
1093:biological therapy
818:
693:
665:subarachnoid space
655:Canalicular spread
624:
424:burst, or undergo
318:
301:Signs and symptoms
291:TNM staging system
65:Metastatic disease
3827:
3826:
3814:Cancer and nausea
3693:
3692:
3530:Carcinoma in situ
3428:
3427:
2881:(7689): 467â472.
2824:(6871): 530â536.
2706:(5743): 139â146.
2625:(12): 1358â1395.
2536:978-0-8153-4076-8
2201:(18): 7273â7282.
2152:(12): 1546â1558.
2097:(5860): 195â198.
1856:(21): 1717â1730.
1561:978-0-7216-0187-8
1494:(February 2010).
1422:(26): 2814â2823.
1410:(December 2008).
1108:testicular cancer
1089:radiation therapy
930:Cut surface of a
902:. Metastases of
645:colorectal cancer
497:amoeboid movement
396:of affected bones
315:pancreatic cancer
309:Cut surface of a
210:, resulting in a
159:
158:
51:Medical condition
38:Metastases (film)
18:Metastatic cancer
16:(Redirected from
3852:
3840:Cancer pathology
3628:Endocrine system
3593:Digestive system
3482:
3481:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2730:10.1038/283139a0
2723:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2350:(5): 1370â1382.
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:drfelipeades.com
1572:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1465:Cancer Australia
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1259:Brain metastasis
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1202:Metastasis is a
1165:and metastatic.
1126:patient-centered
1054:
1042:
1030:
1003:
988:
973:
947:
927:
717:Krukenberg tumor
574:Lymphatic spread
459:Factors involved
400:Brain metastasis
369:Liver metastasis
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
74:
54:
53:
21:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3782:
3735:
3689:
3668:
3632:
3554:
3513:
3473:
3459:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3400:
3399:
3373:
3348:Seah I, Jun Y.
3329:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3242:
3197:
3193:
3162:
3158:
3105:
3098:
3053:
3049:
3002:
2998:
2967:
2963:
2924:
2920:
2867:
2863:
2830:10.1038/415530a
2811:
2807:
2772:Nature Genetics
2768:
2753:
2721:10.1.1.553.5472
2696:
2692:
2655:
2648:
2611:
2607:
2582:10.1038/nrc3287
2562:
2558:
2537:
2523:
2519:
2480:
2476:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2390:
2381:
2336:
2332:
2295:
2291:
2236:
2232:
2195:Cancer Research
2187:
2183:
2138:
2134:
2087:
2083:
2046:
2042:
1991:(5): e1006395.
1977:
1973:
1950:10.1038/nrc1075
1934:
1930:
1883:
1879:
1838:
1834:
1789:
1785:
1762:10.1038/nri3049
1746:
1742:
1719:10.1038/nrg2101
1699:
1695:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1548:
1537:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1404:
1400:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1285:Micrometastasis
1254:Abscopal effect
1246:Medicine portal
1244:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1214:, "placement".
1200:
1171:
1150:Young's modulus
1134:
1118:Palliative care
1097:hormone therapy
1065:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1004:
995:
989:
980:
974:
965:
948:
939:
928:
912:prostate cancer
908:medulloblastoma
859:adenocarcinomas
810:
766:
701:prostate cancer
677:
657:
629:
576:
556:
548:
511:, is a crucial
461:
434:
432:Pathophysiology
390:Bone metastasis
351:Lung metastasis
346:lymphadenopathy
303:
182:cancer invasion
143:
125:
117:
103:
95:
91:
52:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:Carcinogenesis
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:Nervous system
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:nasopharyngeal
3583:
3578:
3573:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:Classification
3359:
3358:
3345:
3325:
3324:External links
3322:
3319:
3318:
3292:
3266:
3240:
3191:
3156:
3096:
3067:(5): 467â475.
3047:
2996:
2977:(5): 354â365.
2961:
2918:
2861:
2814:van 't Veer LJ
2805:
2784:10.1038/ng1060
2751:
2690:
2669:(3): 142â152.
2663:The Oncologist
2646:
2605:
2576:(7): 445â446.
2556:
2535:
2517:
2474:
2447:(4): 145â149.
2431:
2419:
2400:(7): 606â617.
2379:
2330:
2309:(3): 377â382.
2289:
2230:
2181:
2132:
2081:
2040:
1971:
1944:(5): 362â374.
1928:
1877:
1832:
1783:
1756:(9): 597â606.
1740:
1713:(5): 341â352.
1693:
1664:(3): 303â309.
1641:
1593:
1567:
1560:
1535:
1490:Maheswaran S,
1482:
1451:
1398:
1355:
1337:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1232:Biology portal
1219:
1216:
1199:
1196:
1170:
1167:
1163:drug-resistant
1133:
1130:
1112:thyroid cancer
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1015:adenocarcinoma
1005:
998:
996:
990:
983:
981:
975:
968:
966:
949:
942:
940:
929:
922:
900:adenocarcinoma
824:For instance,
809:
806:
771:oncology units
765:
762:
709:Stomach cancer
676:
673:
656:
653:
651:to the liver.
628:
625:
575:
572:
568:ovarian tumors
555:
552:
547:
544:
460:
457:
433:
430:
411:
410:
397:
387:
366:
348:
302:
299:
287:cancer staging
202:, followed by
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
142:
141:
87:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3857:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3817:
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3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
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3779:
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3774:
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3769:
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3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
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3729:
3727:
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3709:
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3704:
3700:
3696:
3686:
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3574:
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3566:Head and neck
3564:
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3543:
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2017:
2012:
2008:
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1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
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1963:
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1951:
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1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1915:
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1900:
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1803:(2): 97â108.
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1019:H&E stain
1016:
1012:
1009:
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997:
993:
987:
982:
978:
972:
967:
964:
963:H&E stain
961:of the neck.
960:
956:
952:
946:
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937:
933:
926:
921:
920:
919:
915:
913:
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905:
904:breast cancer
901:
895:
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888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
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848:
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826:breast cancer
822:
814:
805:
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799:
795:
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788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
761:
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753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Stephen Paget
690:
689:...metastases
686:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
620:
616:
614:
611:and into the
610:
606:
602:
601:thoracic duct
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
554:Transcoelomic
551:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
456:
452:
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
409:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:: bone pain,
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
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349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
312:
307:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:breast cancer
272:
271:primary tumor
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:benign tumors
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:blood vessels
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:tumorigenesis
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
152:
150:
146:
137:
89:
88:
86:
84:Pronunciation
82:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3539:
3461:Overview of
3412:
3388:
3377:
3353:
3341:the original
3334:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:
3243:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3116:
3112:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2934:(1): 35â47.
2931:
2927:
2921:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2778:(1): 49â54.
2775:
2771:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2666:
2662:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2548:
2526:
2520:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2422:
2397:
2393:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2057:
2053:
2043:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1853:
1849:
1835:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1661:
1657:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1585:. Retrieved
1580:
1570:
1551:
1506:(1): 96â99.
1503:
1499:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1463:
1454:
1419:
1415:
1401:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1321:"Metastasis"
1315:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1143:
1135:
1116:
1105:
1085:chemotherapy
1081:radiosurgery
1078:
1066:
916:
896:
887:MHC class II
851:
843:
839:
823:
819:
791:
767:
749:
721:
705:colon cancer
694:
688:
684:
658:
630:
609:venous angle
577:
557:
549:
540:
536:
529:
509:angiogenesis
505:
501:
486:
462:
453:
435:
419:
412:
404:neurological
373:hepatomegaly
319:
282:
278:
266:
262:
260:
243:
239:hematogenous
238:
234:
220:
186:
177:
173:
161:
160:
42:Breaking Bad
41:
29:
3809:Cancer pain
3749:Cancer cell
3494:Hyperplasia
3414:MedlinePlus
3119:(1): 9280.
3061:Oncoscience
2490:(1): 5â16.
1701:Nguyen DX,
1406:Chiang AC,
1148:cells have
792:The use of
752:James Ewing
737:melanocytes
735:tissue and
649:portal vein
641:venous flow
580:lymph nodes
493:mesenchymal
422:lymph nodes
283:lung cancer
191:produces a
62:Other names
3834:Categories
3754:Carcinogen
3618:Urogenital
3559:Topography
3540:Metastasis
3504:Pseudocyst
3478:Conditions
3390:DiseasesDB
2839:1874/15552
2541:quoted in
2303:Cell Cycle
2060:(1): 1â8.
1998:1811.09326
1703:Massagué J
1635:2008-11-01
1587:2018-10-23
1476:2018-10-26
1408:Massagué J
1350:Cancer.Net
1307:References
1154:elasticity
1138:hypothesis
1063:Management
959:lymph node
951:Micrograph
661:carcinomas
589:carcinomas
560:peritoneal
531:Epigenetic
474:chemokines
448:, and the
375:(enlarged
359:hemoptysis
267:metastatic
200:metaplasia
174:metastases
166:pathogenic
162:Metastasis
57:Metastasis
46:MetĂĄstasis
3773:Oncovirus
3763:oncogenes
3716:Ann Arbor
3659:Papilloma
3644:Carcinoma
3637:Histology
3581:laryngeal
3525:Dysplasia
3509:Hamartoma
3211:: e1292.
3172:: 20â21.
2716:CiteSeerX
1897:(1): 23.
1393:206515808
1330:20 August
1198:Etymology
1194:journal.
936:cancerous
808:Diagnosis
777:(CUP) or
750:In 1928,
741:cell line
685:...cancer
263:secondary
244:secondary
235:lymphatic
227:lymphatic
212:malignant
208:anaplasia
204:dysplasia
170:cancerous
149:Specialty
3845:Oncology
3794:Research
3654:Blastoma
3471:oncology
3311:18 March
3285:18 March
3259:18 March
3235:34466487
3186:27810694
3151:31243305
3091:26097879
3042:27158448
2991:34119447
2948:23355404
2913:29342134
2848:11823860
2800:12059602
2792:12469122
2685:10388044
2641:22157556
2600:22912952
2512:19573769
2469:26736196
2461:17191105
2414:27157716
2374:29048609
2325:19177007
2284:23520493
2244:PLOS ONE
2225:20807818
2176:17575055
2127:12577022
2119:18187653
2035:31048903
1958:12724734
1923:20822528
1872:11058615
1842:Welch DR
1827:21494783
1778:34438005
1770:21866172
1735:17745552
1727:17440531
1688:32020846
1530:20071161
1492:Haber DA
1446:19109576
1385:18818347
1218:See also
1175:Ibn Sina
1146:melanoma
1132:Research
1070:leukemia
1013:(tumor (
992:CT image
977:CT image
833:, FISH (
798:melanoma
729:melanoma
489:motility
466:proteins
394:fracture
385:jaundice
154:Oncology
3804:History
3703:grading
3699:Staging
3664:Adenoma
3649:Sarcoma
3384:D009362
3254:Reuters
3226:8344088
3142:6594928
3121:Bibcode
3082:4468332
3033:4847566
3016:: 175.
2956:6743524
2904:5785464
2883:Bibcode
2856:4369266
2746:4302076
2738:6985715
2708:Bibcode
2591:4533867
2504:6764375
2365:5642393
2275:3592916
2252:Bibcode
2216:3058751
2167:1891431
2099:Bibcode
2091:Science
2076:1701519
2026:6497229
2003:Bibcode
1966:5547981
1914:2941746
1818:3095797
1679:7416172
1521:2846729
1437:4189180
1365:Science
1169:History
1101:surgery
957:) in a
932:humerus
875:securin
854:somatic
802:autopsy
787:bladder
743:in the
597:outcome
593:sarcoma
564:pleural
408:vertigo
363:dyspnea
193:primary
189:mitosis
3535:Cancer
3467:cancer
3463:tumors
3419:002260
3354:TED-Ed
3233:
3223:
3184:
3166:Breast
3149:
3139:
3089:
3079:
3040:
3030:
2989:
2954:
2946:
2911:
2901:
2875:Nature
2854:
2846:
2818:Nature
2798:
2790:
2744:
2736:
2718:
2700:Nature
2683:
2639:
2598:
2588:
2533:
2510:
2502:
2467:
2459:
2412:
2372:
2362:
2323:
2282:
2272:
2223:
2213:
2174:
2164:
2125:
2117:
2074:
2033:
2023:
1964:
1956:
1921:
1911:
1870:
1825:
1815:
1776:
1768:
1733:
1725:
1686:
1676:
1558:
1528:
1518:
1444:
1434:
1391:
1383:
1212:stasis
1159:tumors
1011:biopsy
883:myosin
867:HNRPAB
847:biopsy
745:embryo
733:neural
637:kidney
546:Routes
381:nausea
332:, and
281:, not
140:
44:, see
3787:Misc.
3673:Other
3613:Blood
3395:28954
2952:S2CID
2852:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2742:S2CID
2508:S2CID
2465:S2CID
2123:S2CID
1993:arXiv
1962:S2CID
1774:S2CID
1731:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1297:(PET)
1204:Greek
1186:Sudan
1008:liver
879:Actin
863:SNRPF
713:ovary
450:bones
446:brain
442:liver
438:lungs
426:lysis
377:liver
355:cough
334:bones
330:brain
326:liver
322:lungs
311:liver
206:then
164:is a
3819:Diet
3608:Skin
3603:Bone
3571:oral
3499:Cyst
3469:and
3379:MeSH
3313:2014
3287:2014
3261:2014
3231:PMID
3182:PMID
3147:PMID
3087:PMID
3038:PMID
2987:PMID
2944:PMID
2909:PMID
2844:PMID
2788:PMID
2734:PMID
2681:PMID
2637:PMID
2596:PMID
2531:ISBN
2500:PMID
2457:PMID
2410:PMID
2370:PMID
2321:PMID
2280:PMID
2221:PMID
2172:PMID
2115:PMID
2072:PMID
2031:PMID
1954:PMID
1919:PMID
1868:PMID
1823:PMID
1766:PMID
1723:PMID
1684:PMID
1556:ISBN
1526:PMID
1442:PMID
1381:PMID
1332:2017
1208:meta
1124:and
1110:and
910:and
885:and
873:and
871:DHPS
852:The
783:lung
725:ions
603:and
476:and
415:pain
383:and
361:and
178:mets
3711:TNM
3280:BBC
3221:PMC
3213:doi
3174:doi
3137:PMC
3129:doi
3077:PMC
3069:doi
3028:PMC
3018:doi
2979:doi
2936:doi
2899:PMC
2891:doi
2879:553
2834:hdl
2826:doi
2822:415
2780:doi
2726:doi
2704:283
2671:doi
2627:doi
2586:PMC
2578:doi
2492:doi
2449:doi
2402:doi
2360:PMC
2352:doi
2311:doi
2270:PMC
2260:doi
2211:PMC
2203:doi
2162:PMC
2154:doi
2107:doi
2095:319
2062:doi
2058:324
2021:PMC
2011:doi
1946:doi
1909:PMC
1899:doi
1858:doi
1813:PMC
1805:doi
1758:doi
1715:doi
1674:PMC
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