3060:, had a written language with a few pieces of significant literature. When the Han-era Chinese began to expand southward into the land of the Hmong, whom they considered barbarians, the script of the Hmong was lost, according to many stories. Allegedly, the script was preserved in the clothing. Attempts at revival were made by the creation of a script in the Qing Dynasty, but this was also brutally suppressed and no remnant literature has been found. Adaptations of Chinese characters have been found in Hunan, recently. However, this evidence and mythological understanding is disputed. For example, according to Professor S. Robert Ramsey, there was no writing system among the Miao until the missionaries created them. It is currently unknown for certain whether or not the Hmong had a script historically.
3118:, as well as a Latin alphabet for A-Hmao to replace the Pollard script (now known as "Old Miao"), though Pollard remains popular. This meant that each of the branches of Miao in the classification of the time had a separate written standard. Wu and Yang (2010) believe that standards should be developed for each of the six other primary varieties of Chuangqiandian as well, although the position of romanization in the scope of Hmong language preservation remains a debate. Romanization remains common in China and the United States, while versions of the Lao and Thai scripts remain common in Thailand and Laos.
1472:) are phonologically conservative, as they retain many Proto-Hmongic features that have been lost in most other daughter languages. For instance, both Pa-Hng and Xong have vowel quality distinctions (and also tone distinctions in Xong) depending on whether or not the Proto-Hmong-Mien rime was open or closed. Both also retain the second part of Proto-Hmong-Mien diphthongs, which is lost in most other Hmongic languages, since they tend to preserve only the first part of Proto-Hmong-Mien diphthongs. Ratliff notes that the position of Xong (
182:
768:. Hmongic is a diverse group of perhaps twenty languages, based on mutual intelligibility, but several of these are dialectically quite diverse in phonology and vocabulary, and are not considered to be single languages by their speakers. There are probably over thirty languages taking this into account. Four classifications are outlined below, though the details of the
999:
In a follow-up to that paper in the same publication, Strecker tentatively removed Pa-Hng, Wunai, Jiongnai, and Yunuo, positing that they may be independent branches of Miao–Yao, with the possibility that Yao was the first of these to branch off. Effectively, this means that Miao/Hmongic would
345:
Of the core
Hmongic languages spoken by ethnic Miao, there are a number of overlapping names. The three branches are as follows, as named by Purnell (in English and Chinese), Ratliff, and scholars in China, as well as the descriptive names based on the patterns and colors of traditional dress:
3124:
script was created by
Reverend Chervang Kong Vang to be able to capture Hmong vocabulary clearly and also to remedy redundancies in the language as well as address semantic confusions that was lacking in other scripts. This was created in the 1980s and was mainly used by
3129:
Church, a church also founded by Vang. The script bears strong resemblance to the Lao alphabet in structure and form and characters inspired from the Hebrew alphabets, although the characters themselves are different.
1476:) is still quite uncertain. Since Xong preserves many archaic features not found in most other Hmongic languages, any future attempts at classifying the Hmong-Mien languages must also address the position of Xong.
1004:(Ho-Nte), Pa-Hng, Wunai, Jiongnai, Yunuo, and everything else. In addition, the 'everything else' would include nine distinct but unclassified branches, which were not addressed by either Matisoff or Ratliff (see
3055:
The
Hmongic languages have been written with at least a dozen different scripts, none of which has been universally accepted among Hmong people as standard. Tradition has it that the ancestors of the Hmong, the
3126:
3506:
3651:"Hunan Shaoyang Relics Indicate Written Language of Miao Ethnic Group 湖南首次发现古苗文实物：苗族有语言也有文字 - News Today 今日新闻 - 3Us Community :Hunan Bilingual Forum——尚友国际社区：湖南最大双语论坛"
3343:
778:, first documented in 2009, was reported by Geneviève Caelen-Haumont (2011) to be a divergent Hmongic language, and was later determined to be a dialect of
342:(a Southeast Asian language change from Miao) is both inaccurate and pejorative, though it is generally considered neutral by the Miao community in China.
3177:
3331:
1602:
Hsiu's (2015, 2018) computational phylogenetic study classifies the
Hmongic languages as follows, based primarily on lexical data from Chen (2013).
3934:
3337:
628:
3724:
3813:
3527:
705:
3790:
3535:. Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 23), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
3595:
3650:
3927:
3676:
3843:
3583:
3365:
4321:
3686:
3375:
3165:
3106:
In the 1950s, pinyin-based Latin alphabets were devised by the
Chinese government for three varieties of Miao:
1484:
Yoshihisa
Taguchi's (2012, 2013) computational phylogenetic study classifies the Hmongic languages as follows.
738:
17:
3746:
4275:
3920:
3905:
recording in Wuding Maojie Hmong (Dianxi Miao) dialect (F, 31), elicited in
Standard Mandarin, archived with
3076:
244:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
334:
emigration. Hmong is the biggest subgroup within the
Hmongic peoples. Many overseas Hmong prefer the name
4311:
4316:
4306:
3115:
3079:, by his own admission. Several other syllabic alphabets were designed as well, the most notable being
4210:
1115:
into
Hmongic on purely linguistic grounds. They find the following pattern in the statistics of core
3943:
3064:
761:
84:
3228:
3196:
786:
is not addressed in the classifications below, but is believed by Nguyen (2007) to be closest to
3501:
4280:
4062:
4017:
3121:
1688:
101:
3402:
4285:
4067:
4057:
4047:
3441:
3251:
3190:
3721:
4092:
4042:
3768:
1693:
1547:
1383:
1230:
1173:
1048:
290:
3560:
3524:
8:
4238:
4082:
3302:
3184:
1254:
1080:
925:
3201:: more than 200,000 in Qinglong, Shuicheng, Pu'an, and Panxian in Guizhou; a variety of
3960:
1612:
1569:
1368:
1341:
1282:
669:
113:
4158:
783:
520:
474:
428:
382:
172:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4105:
3849:
3839:
3772:
3682:
3579:
3371:
1703:
1651:
1557:
1494:
1461:
1298:
1271:
1265:
1134:
1073:
1056:
1016:
Matisoff followed the basic outline of
Strecker (1987), apart from consolidating the
978:
294:
1005:
4228:
4195:
4185:
4177:
4163:
4077:
3318:
3276:
3151:
3139:
1249:
818:
765:
278:
3474:
Matisoff, 2006. "Genetic versus Contact Relationship". In Aikhenvald & Dixon,
4253:
4243:
4153:
4052:
4036:
4030:
4006:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3742:
3728:
3599:
3531:
3510:
3072:
1677:
1656:
1642:
1622:
1617:
1499:
1457:
1374:
1332:
1293:
1260:
1235:
1221:
1183:
1178:
1152:
1148:
1086:
1038:
984:
966:
895:
835:
828:
775:
298:
286:
118:
79:
1277:
4265:
4233:
4220:
4110:
4072:
4025:
4001:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3265:
3243:, divergent Sinitic language varieties spoken by Miao and Yao peoples include:
3169:
3160:
3143:
3100:
3080:
3068:
1715:
1708:
1661:
1582:
1535:
1392:
1362:
1319:
1307:
1207:
1188:
1112:
1060:
1043:
1033:
1017:
990:
972:
891:
864:
673:
266:
3902:
3853:
3776:
3747:"L2/17-002R3: Proposal to encode the Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script in the UCS"
3654:
4300:
4132:
4124:
4100:
3173:
3107:
3050:
1698:
1629:
1552:
1509:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1430:
1422:
1215:
1142:
1111:
Wang & Deng (2003) is one of the few Chinese sources which integrate the
1091:
1068:
1064:
1052:
960:
914:
879:
858:
274:
129:
4148:
3991:
3906:
3836:
Yuyan jiechu yu Xiangxinan Miao Yao Pinghua diaocha yanjiu 语言接触与湘西南苗瑤平话调查研究
3545:
3232:
3111:
3084:
1668:
1647:
1577:
1540:
1522:
1439:
1416:
1410:
1398:
1356:
1347:
1243:
1164:
1123:
1116:
1097:
1021:
1001:
953:
920:
812:
787:
779:
769:
331:
302:
270:
135:
123:
3681:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 284.
158:
4248:
1404:
621:
262:
48:
3142:, there are several language varieties in China which are thought to be
3912:
3096:
845:
306:
282:
3367:
Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics
3996:
3202:
3092:
166:
152:
148:
3370:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Duke University Press. p. 85.
742:
72:
3442:"Some comments on Benedict's 'Miao-Yao enigma: the Na-e language'"
802:
languages into Eastern, Northern, Central, and Western subgroups.
326:) is the Chinese name and the one used by Miao in China. However,
277:). Hmongic languages also include various languages spoken by non-
181:
3210:
1443:
1387:
709:
64:
3632:
3289:
3057:
1378:
574:
252:
3547:
The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam
3240:
3218:
3214:
1434:
1210:(2006) outlined the following. Not all varieties are listed.
907:
617:
60:
3088:
713:
616:(1997) gives the following autonyms for various peoples in
68:
3209:湖广人, because they claim their ancestors had migrated from
689:
677:
644:
632:
3146:
Miao–Chinese languages or Sinicized Miao. These include:
3710:
Religions and missionaries around the Pacific, 1500-1900
3205:(also called Lou-Shao 娄邵片). The people are also called
3231:, eastern Guizhou, possibly a mixed Chinese and Miao (
3765:
Guizhou Qinglong Changliu Laba Miaorenhua 贵州晴隆长流喇叭苗人话
3465:王士元、邓晓华，《苗瑶语族语言亲缘关系的计量研究——词源统计分析方法》，《中国语文》，2003（294）。
725:
656:
541:
495:
449:
403:
3550:. Paper presented at SEALS 25, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
3178:Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County
4298:
3633:"Hmong Archives – preserving the Hmong heritage"
227: Divergent groups: Pa Hng, Bunu, Aoka, etc.
3892:. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University Press.
3562:Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages
577:. No common name. Miao speakers use forms like
261:), include the various languages spoken by the
3513:. Conference in Evolutionary Linguistics 2012.
760:Hmongic is one of the primary branches of the
207: Central (Gejia, A-Hmyo, Mashan, Huishui)
3928:
3268:, Hunan. Non-Sinitic substrate words include
1306:Matisoff also indicates Hmongic influence on
746:
730:
719:
695:
683:
661:
650:
638:
549:
536:
503:
490:
457:
444:
411:
398:
321:
3503:On the Phylogeny of the Hmong-Mien languages
3622:ɿ is commonly used by Sinologists to mean .
3491:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics.
27:Language family of China and Southeast Asia
3935:
3921:
3732:Other branches had been left unclassified.
3494:
3481:
3420:
3396:
3394:
3428:Toward a reconstruction of Proto-Miao-Yao
1318:The Hmongic classification below is from
1106:
993:(Western Hmongic, including Bu–Nao) (See)
943:Strecker's classification is as follows:
3942:
3439:
3400:
900:Kwang-shun (Guangshun, in Ke-cheng-chai)
620:classified by the Chinese government as
3741:
3476:Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance
3430:. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
3391:
14:
4299:
3827:
3674:
3363:
3344:Hmong-Mien comparative vocabulary list
3254:. Non-Sinitic substrate words include
4091:
3916:
3578:. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House .
3525:On the phylogeny of Hmongic languages
3449:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
3410:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
3164:(also called Aoka or Qingyi Miao) of
3127:United Christians Liberty Evangelical
3099:, and other dialects of the standard
851:Tai-kung (Daigong, in Shidongkou 石洞口)
330:is more familiar in the West, due to
141:possibly other, unclassified branches
3890:A comparative study of Miao dialects
3618:
3616:
1597:
2823:Northeastern Dian Miao (Shimenkan)
567:
24:
3882:
3833:
3762:
3133:
1377:– 300,000 speakers in Guizhou and
1202:
1011:
938:
772:branch are left for that article.
601:. Yao speakers use names based on
25:
4333:
3896:
3613:
2218:Northern Qiandong Miao (Yanghao)
1479:
1313:
793:
755:
3332:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions
2273:Southern Qiandong Miao (Yaogao)
180:
3869:
3860:
3838:. Changsha: Yuelu shushe 岳麓书社.
3806:
3783:
3756:
3735:
3715:
3702:
3668:
3643:
3625:
3588:
3568:
3553:
3538:
3516:
3426:Purnell, Herbert C., Jr. 1970.
1734:
1442:– 2,100,000 speakers mostly in
3888:Li Jinping, Li Tianyi . 2012.
3468:
3459:
3433:
3357:
3166:Chengbu Miao Autonomous County
257:
248:
13:
1:
3350:
3338:Proto-Hmongic reconstructions
3155:(Linghua) of northern Guangxi
3077:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
1737:Numerals in Hmongic Languages
1730:
1433:– 900,000 speakers mostly in
1214:Northern Hmong = West Hunan (
3522:Yoshihisa, Taguchi (2013).
3087:script, which originated in
841:Lu-shan (Lushan, in Kaitang)
7:
3500:Yoshihisa Taguchi (2012).
3489:Hmong–Mien language history
3325:
3317:, spoken by ethnic Miao in
3294:, spoken by ethnic Miao in
3281:, spoken by ethnic Miao in
3264:, spoken by ethnic Miao in
3250:, spoken by ethnic Miao in
3091:for the purpose of writing
798:Purnell (1970) divided the
726:
657:
542:
496:
450:
404:
395:Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao
366:Chinese name (geographical)
10:
4338:
3675:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
3403:"The Hmong-Mien Languages"
3307:, spoken by ethnic Yao in
3048:
3044:
1456:Ratliff (2010) notes that
762:Hmong–Mien language family
221: Xong / North Hmongic
4262:
4219:
4176:
4141:
4123:
4016:
3982:
3959:
3950:
3440:Strecker, David. (1987).
3172:-speaking villages), and
3075:, an abugida inspired by
2163:Eastern Xong (Xiaozhang)
1145:(Northern Hmongic / Xong)
1000:consist of six branches:
989:Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan =
747:
731:
720:
696:
684:
662:
651:
639:
550:
537:
504:
491:
458:
445:
412:
399:
322:
179:
165:
147:
107:
97:
80:Linguistic classification
78:
54:
44:
37:
32:
3401:Strecker, David (1987).
2933:Xijia Miao (Shibanzhai)
2108:Western Xong (Layiping)
614:Hunan Province Gazetteer
421:White, Blue/Green, etc.
312:
215: Hmu / East Hmongic
3763:Wu, Weijun 吴伟军 (2019).
3487:Ratliff, Martha. 2010.
3364:Schein, Louisa (2000).
2713:Hmong Dleub (Guangnan)
1167:(Eastern Hmongic / Hmu)
764:, with the other being
714:
690:
678:
645:
633:
3814:"Chinese peoples info"
3678:The Languages of China
3574:Chen Qiguang (2013).
3168:, Hunan (located near
3122:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
3116:Chuangqiandian (Hmong)
2768:Hmong Nzhuab (Maguan)
1386:– 390,000 speakers in
1107:Wang & Deng (2003)
369:Chinese name (general)
4322:Languages of Thailand
3637:www.hmongarchives.org
3576:Miao and Yao language
3252:Suining County, Hunan
3191:Xinning County, Hunan
2658:Hmong Shuat (Funing)
1006:West Hmongic#Strecker
959:East Guizhou = Mhu =
441:Northeast Yunnan Miao
3944:Hmong–Mien languages
3834:Hu, Ping 胡萍 (2018).
3769:The Commercial Press
3559:Hsiu, Andrew. 2018.
3544:Hsiu, Andrew. 2015.
3262:Yangshi Pinghua 羊石平话
3248:Guanxia Pinghua 关峡平话
3227:of Baishi District,
2548:Tung Nu (Qibainong)
1365:– 3,712,000 speakers
952:West Hunan = Xong =
533:Eastern Guizhou Miao
305:is spoken by ethnic
301:, and others, while
186:Hmongic languages:
126:(Chuanqiandian Miao)
1739:
1100:(Xong, 2 languages)
1081:Chuanqiangdian Miao
910:, in Dananshan 大南山)
467:Flowery Miao (大花苗)
4312:Languages of China
3727:2011-11-04 at the
3530:2019-01-27 at the
3509:2016-03-03 at the
2383:Nao Klao (Nandan)
1735:
1419:- 180,000 speakers
1413:- 190,000 speakers
1407:- 140,000 speakers
1094:(Hmu, 3 languages)
956:(Northern Hmongic)
894:, in Shimenkan) =
629:Xiangxi Prefecture
573:Local Chinese for
487:Western Hunan Miao
451:Diandongbeici Miao
405:Chuanqiandian Miao
191: West Hmongic
4317:Languages of Laos
4307:Hmongic languages
4294:
4293:
4172:
4171:
4119:
4118:
3903:283-word wordlist
3791:"Operation China"
3138:Due to intensive
3042:
3041:
1833:Pa-Hng (Gundong)
1778:Proto-Hmong-Mien
1598:Hsiu (2015, 2018)
1425:- 24,000 speakers
1401:- 61,000 speakers
1395:- 60,000 speakers
1371:- 84,000 speakers
1335:– 32,000 speakers
1242:Eastern Guizhou (
1161:(Guizhou–Yunnan)
963:(Eastern Hmongic)
838:, in Taigongzhai)
821:, in Gaotongzhai)
790:(Qiandong Miao).
563:
562:
523:
477:
431:
385:
375:Dress-color name
354:
338:, and claim that
237:Hmongic languages
233:
232:
138:(Eastern Guizhou)
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4276:Proto-Hmong–Mien
4211:Yangchun Pai Yao
4089:
4088:
3957:
3956:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3743:Everson, Michael
3739:
3733:
3722:苗文创制与苗语方言划分的历史回顾
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3647:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3598:. Archived from
3592:
3586:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3361:
3319:Longsheng County
3239:In southwestern
3140:language contact
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:Wunai (Longhui)
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1740:
1548:Pu Nu – Nao Klao
1359:(Chuanqiandian)
1344:– 1,100 speakers
1310:in his outline.
1131:(Hunan–Guangxi)
848:, in Yanghao 养蒿)
750:
749:
734:
733:
729:
723:
722:
717:
699:
698:
693:
687:
686:
681:
665:
664:
660:
654:
653:
648:
642:
641:
636:
606:
571:
553:
552:
545:
540:
539:
524:
519:
507:
506:
499:
494:
493:
478:
473:
461:
460:
453:
448:
447:
432:
427:
415:
414:
407:
402:
401:
386:
381:
352:
349:
348:
325:
324:
259:
250:
239:, also known as
226:
220:
214:
206:
198:
190:
184:
175:
161:
30:
29:
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4266:Proto-languages
4258:
4221:Mixed languages
4215:
4168:
4137:
4115:
4087:
4012:
3978:
3946:
3941:
3899:
3885:
3883:Further reading
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3821:asiaharvest.org
3816:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:Wayback Machine
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3573:
3569:
3558:
3554:
3543:
3539:
3532:Wayback Machine
3521:
3517:
3511:Wayback Machine
3499:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3328:
3225:Baishi Miao 拜师苗
3136:
3134:Mixed languages
3073:A-Hmao language
3067:introduced the
3053:
3047:
2438:Nu Mhou (Libo)
1733:
1728:
1718:(Chuanqiandian)
1637:Eastern (Suang)
1634:Western (Xiong)
1600:
1595:
1482:
1454:
1316:
1205:
1203:Matisoff (2006)
1179:Western Hmongic
1165:Eastern Guizhou
1109:
1014:
1012:Matisoff (2001)
941:
939:Strecker (1987)
936:
796:
758:
706:Jingzhou County
610:
609:
572:
568:
518:
472:
426:
380:
315:
229:
228:
224:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
171:
157:
132:(Western Hunan)
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3897:External links
3895:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3844:
3826:
3805:
3782:
3755:
3745:(2017-02-15).
3734:
3714:
3701:
3687:
3667:
3642:
3624:
3612:
3587:
3567:
3552:
3537:
3515:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3458:
3432:
3419:
3390:
3376:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3309:Xinning County
3299:
3296:Chengbu County
3286:
3283:Chengbu County
3273:
3266:Chengbu County
3259:
3237:
3236:
3229:Tianzhu County
3222:
3193:
3181:
3161:Maojia dialect
3156:
3135:
3132:
3101:Hmong language
3081:Shong Lue Yang
3069:Pollard script
3065:Samuel Pollard
3049:Main article:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:Nunu (Linyun)
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:Pu No (Du'an)
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1481:
1480:Taguchi (2012)
1478:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1350:– 910 speakers
1345:
1336:
1328:Hmongic (Miao)
1324:
1320:Martha Ratliff
1315:
1314:Ratliff (2010)
1312:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:Central Hmong
1225:
1219:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:(main branch)
1126:
1113:Bunu languages
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1046:
1041:
1029:Hmongic (Miao)
1024:unclassified:
1018:Bunu languages
1013:
1010:
997:
996:
995:
994:
991:Chuanqiangdian
987:
981:
975:
969:
964:
957:
948:Hmongic (Miao)
940:
937:
935:
934:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
911:
901:
898:
885:
884:
883:
876:
870:
869:
868:
867:, in Jiwei 吉卫)
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
849:
842:
839:
832:
822:
804:
795:
794:Purnell (1970)
792:
757:
756:Classification
754:
753:
752:
739:Chengbu County
736:
703:
702:
701:
674:Guzhang County
608:
607:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
546:
534:
531:
528:
525:
515:
514:
511:
508:
500:
488:
485:
482:
479:
469:
468:
465:
462:
454:
442:
439:
436:
433:
423:
422:
419:
416:
408:
396:
393:
390:
387:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
314:
311:
241:Miao languages
231:
230:
223:
217:
211:
210:
209:
203:
201:
195:
187:
185:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
155:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
133:
127:
121:
116:
109:
105:
104:
99:
98:Proto-language
95:
94:
93:
92:
82:
76:
75:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
18:Miao languages
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Proto-Hmongic
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4031:Small Flowery
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3875:Hu (2018):98)
3872:
3866:Hu (2018):98)
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3845:9787553808710
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3708:Tanya Storch
3705:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3657:on 2014-07-28
3656:
3652:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3602:on 2011-11-21
3601:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3584:9787566003263
3581:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:Ziyuan County
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:Around 1905,
3061:
3059:
3052:
3051:Hmong writing
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:She (Chenhu)
2052:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:Ho Ne – Pana
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:Core Hmongic
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1474:North Hmongic
1471:
1470:North Hmongic
1467:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:Core Hmongic
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:Western Hmong
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:Western Hunan
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:Qiandong Miao
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
992:
988:
986:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
950:
949:
946:
945:
944:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
904:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:
886:
882:, in Shuiwei)
881:
877:
874:
873:
871:
866:
862:
861:
860:
857:
850:
847:
843:
840:
837:
834:T'ai-chiang (
833:
830:
826:
825:
823:
820:
817:Jung-chiang (
816:
815:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
805:
803:
801:
791:
789:
785:
782:. Similarly,
781:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
744:
740:
737:
728:
716:
711:
707:
704:
692:
680:
675:
671:
668:
667:
659:
647:
635:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:
619:
615:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
566:
558:
555:
548:Central Miao
547:
544:
543:Qiandong Miao
535:
532:
529:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
510:North Hmongic
509:
502:Eastern Miao
501:
498:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
471:
470:
466:
463:
456:Western Miao
455:
452:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
417:
410:Western Miao
409:
406:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
379:
378:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
351:
350:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
246:
242:
238:
202:
194:
193:
183:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:Proto-Hmongic
100:
96:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4286:Proto-Mienic
4264:
4018:West Hmongic
3951:
3907:Kaipuleohone
3889:
3871:
3862:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3808:
3797:. Retrieved
3785:
3764:
3758:
3737:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3677:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3645:
3636:
3627:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3590:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3540:
3523:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3448:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3381:. Retrieved
3366:
3359:
3346:(Wiktionary)
3340:(Wiktionary)
3334:(Wiktionary)
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3224:
3213:(modern-day
3206:
3195:
3183:
3159:
3150:
3137:
3120:
3105:
3085:Pahawh Hmong
3062:
3054:
1736:
1689:West Hmongic
1607:
1601:
1489:
1483:
1455:
1357:West Hmongic
1338:Main branch
1327:
1317:
1305:
1285:(= Southern)
1274:(= Northern)
1268:(= Northern)
1257:(= Northern)
1206:
1119:vocabulary:
1110:
1098:Xiangxi Miao
1028:
1020:and leaving
1015:
998:
977:Kiong Nai =
947:
942:
827:Cheng-feng (
807:
799:
797:
780:Guiyang Miao
774:
770:West Hmongic
759:
613:
611:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:Flowery Miao
569:
556:East Hmongic
497:Xiangxi Miao
464:West Hmongic
438:ad Hmaob lul
418:West Hmongic
344:
339:
335:
327:
317:
316:
256:
240:
236:
234:
199: A-Hmao
124:West Hmongic
108:Subdivisions
89:
57:distribution
38:
4249:She Chinese
4037:Big Flowery
3767:. Beijing:
3455:(2): 22–42.
3315:Niutou 牛头人话
1532:Hmong–Hmyo
1231:Longli Miao
906:Hua-chieh (
670:Luxi County
559:Black Miao
357:Native name
263:Miao people
49:Miao people
4301:Categories
4239:Badong Yao
3854:1073112896
3799:2018-09-30
3777:1137079712
3688:069101468X
3661:2014-07-28
3606:2012-09-29
3596:"Miao-Yao"
3416:(2): 1–11.
3377:082232444X
3351:References
3235:) language
3207:Huguangren
3185:Badong Yao
3180:, Guangxi.
3097:Hmong Njua
3071:, for the
1731:Comparison
1673:North-East
1322:(2010:3).
1170:(Western)
890:Wei-ning (
863:Hua-yuan (
392:lol Hmongb
307:She people
285:, such as
283:Yao people
281:-speaking
85:Hmong–Mien
55:Geographic
3997:Kiong Nai
3712:2006 p293
3321:, Guangxi
3203:Old Xiang
3093:Hmong Daw
1998:Jiongnai
1743:Language
1721:(various)
1570:Kiong Nai
1506:Northern
1342:Kiong Nai
1290:Patengic
1283:Rongjiang
983:Yu Nuo =
971:Hm Nai =
926:Petchabun
913:Su-yung (
878:Lung-li (
844:K'ai-li (
819:Rongjiang
530:hveb Hmub
513:Red Miao
484:dut Xongb
353:Glottolog
265:(such as
167:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-2
45:Ethnicity
4229:Lingling
4206:Dzao Min
4201:Biao Min
4191:Biao Mon
4106:Nao Klao
4063:Pingtang
4039:(A-Hmao)
4033:(Gha-Mu)
3961:Bahengic
3725:Archived
3694:24 April
3528:Archived
3507:Archived
3383:24 April
3326:See also
3152:Lingling
1704:Nao Klao
1652:Jiongnai
1613:Pahengic
1566:Eastern
1558:Nao Klao
1529:Western
1519:Central
1462:Jiongnai
1423:Pingtang
1299:Yongcong
1272:Zhenfeng
1266:Taijiang
1208:Matisoff
1139:(other)
1135:Jiongnai
1074:Jiongnai
1057:Nao Klao
979:Jiongnai
961:Qiandong
887:Western
875:Kwei-chu
872:Central
859:Northern
836:Taijiang
829:Zhenfeng
745:: Hmao (
743:Shaoyang
691:te Suang
646:ghe Xong
634:gho Xong
521:east2369
475:nort2748
429:larg1235
383:chua1248
295:Jiongnai
173:hmon1337
114:Bahengic
73:Thailand
4254:Younian
4196:Kim Mun
4186:Iu Mien
4164:Sanqiao
4078:Dongjia
4068:Luobohe
4058:Huishui
4048:Guiyang
3952:Hmongic
3311:, Hunan
3298:, Hunan
3285:, Hunan
3277:Lanrong
3211:Huguang
3045:Writing
2878:Raojia
2647:tɕʰu˧˩˧
2087:tsʰuŋ˦˨
1943:Younuo
1827:*ɡju̯əp
1812:*dzjuŋH
1630:Xiongic
1608:Hmongic
1495:Pahngic
1490:Hmongic
1444:Guizhou
1417:Huishui
1411:Guiyang
1388:Guangxi
1250:Daigong
1117:Swadesh
1069:Tung Nu
1061:Nu Mhou
954:Xiangxi
903:West A
892:Weining
865:Huayuan
824:East A
813:Eastern
710:Huaihua
679:ghao So
658:guo Chu
372:Ratliff
363:Purnell
360:Endonym
245:Chinese
90:Hmongic
65:Vietnam
33:Hmongic
4244:Yeheni
4234:Maojia
4178:Mienic
4159:Ná-Meo
4154:Raojia
4093:Bu–Nao
4053:Mo Piu
4043:Mashan
4007:Younuo
3974:Hm Nai
3969:Pa-Hng
3852:
3842:
3775:
3685:
3582:
3374:
3290:Wutuan
3272:'egg'.
3258:'egg'.
3256:kəu213
3114:, and
3058:Nanman
2988:Gejia
2952:pləu˧˩
2872:ɡʱau˧˩
2867:dʑʱa˧˥
2852:tl̥au˧
2842:tl̥au˥
2812:tɕuɑ˦˨
2792:tʃɹ̩˥˦
2787:plou˥˦
2757:tɕuɑ˦˨
2603:Pa Na
2432:tɕau˥˦
2427:tɕau˨˦
2412:tɕau˧˨
2407:ptsiu˧
2402:tlja˦˨
2362:saŋ˨˩˨
2357:tɕu˦˨˧
2347:pla˦˥˦
2337:aːɤ˦˥˦
2292:tl̥ɔ˩˧
2142:tɕoŋ˦˨
2127:pʐei˧˥
2102:kjʰɔ˧˥
2097:kjʰu˥˧
1822:*N-ɟuə
1767:Eight
1764:Seven
1752:Three
1694:Bu–Nao
1678:Raojia
1676:West (
1657:Younuo
1623:Hm Nai
1618:Pa Hng
1500:Pa Hng
1464:, and
1458:Pa-Hng
1405:Mashan
1399:A-Hmyo
1384:Bu–Nao
1379:Yunnan
1375:A-Hmao
1369:Gha-Mu
1333:Pa-Hng
1294:Pateng
1261:Lushan
1236:Guizhu
1184:A-Hmao
1174:Bu–Nao
1153:Pa-Hng
1149:Younuo
1087:Pa-Hng
1049:Bu–Nao
1039:Younuo
985:Younuo
967:Pa Hng
915:Xuyong
896:A Hmao
880:Longli
784:Ná-Meo
776:Mo Piu
766:Mienic
727:Nai Mu
551:苗语中部方言
505:苗语东部方言
459:苗语西部方言
413:苗语西部方言
299:Younuo
287:Pa-Hng
279:Mienic
273:, and
258:Miáoyǔ
255::
253:pinyin
247::
225:
219:
213:
205:
197:
189:
4142:Hmuic
4111:Numao
4083:Xixiu
4073:Gejia
4026:Hmong
4002:Pa Na
3984:Sheic
3817:(PDF)
3794:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3445:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3303:Malin
3241:Hunan
3219:Hubei
3215:Hunan
3144:mixed
3032:tɕa˨˦
3022:saŋ˧˩
3012:tsia˧
3002:tsɪ˧˩
2967:zuŋ˨˦
2957:pja˧˩
2947:pzɿ˧˩
2927:tɕu˥˧
2862:ʑʱi˧˩
2782:pei˥˦
2777:ʔau˦˧
2762:kou˨˩
2742:ʈɻou˦
2737:tʃɹ̩˥
2732:plou˥
2707:kɔu˨˩
2702:tɕa˦˨
2687:tʃɔu˦
2677:plɔu˥
2672:pʲei˥
2652:tɕo˥˧
2632:kjo˧˥
2627:pei˩˧
2622:tɬo˩˧
2597:tɕu˨˩
2592:tɕu˩˧
2582:sɔŋ˨˩
2537:tɕu˧˨
2522:tɕu˨˧
2512:tɕa˥˧
2487:tɕɤ˧˨
2472:ɕoŋ˧˩
2457:tləu˧
2422:jou˥˦
2397:pei˦˨
2377:tɕu˦˨
2352:pu˦˥˦
2342:pe˦˥˦
2322:tɕu˨˦
2317:tɕu˧˩
2307:tsam˨
2297:tɕi˩˧
2287:pai˩˧
2277:tiŋ˨˦
2267:tɕu˧˩
2252:ɕoŋ˩˧
2197:zaŋ˩˧
2187:pja˥˧
2182:ɬei˥˧
2152:tɕo˧˩
2132:pʐɑ˧˥
2047:tʃɔ˧˥
2027:tʃɔ˧˥
1992:kwə˨˩
1987:kiu˩˧
1977:sɔŋ˧˩
1972:tjo˧˥
1937:kʰu˧˩
1922:tɕa˨˩
1912:pia˧˥
1907:tsi˧˥
1867:tɕaŋ˦
1857:tja˧˥
1807:*kruk
1802:*prja
1797:*plei
1792:*pjɔu
1787:*ʔu̯i
1770:Nine
1758:Five
1755:Four
1716:Hmong
1709:Numao
1683:South
1669:Hmuic
1643:Sheic
1578:Ho Ne
1553:Pu Nu
1536:Hmong
1435:Hunan
1393:Gejia
1363:Hmong
1308:Gelao
1255:Kaili
1224:(See)
1189:Hmong
1083:(See)
1053:Pu No
1044:Wunai
973:Wunai
908:Bijie
846:Kaili
618:Hunan
587:Hmang
579:Hmong
446:滇东北次苗
435:Ahmao
389:Hmong
336:Hmong
332:Hmong
328:Hmong
313:Names
267:Hmong
119:Sheic
61:China
4133:Xong
4125:Xong
4101:Bunu
3850:OCLC
3840:ISBN
3773:OCLC
3696:2014
3683:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3385:2014
3372:ISBN
3305:麻林人话
3292:五团人话
3279:兰蓉人话
3270:ko11
3217:and
3197:Laba
3176:and
3170:Pana
3158:The
3108:Xong
3089:Laos
3037:ku˩˧
3027:ʑa˩˧
3017:tɕu˥
3007:plu˧
2982:ʁo˧˩
2977:ja˧˩
2962:ʈo˨˦
2922:tɕa˥
2917:ʑa˥˧
2912:ɕuŋ˨
2907:tju˧
2902:pja˦
2892:poi˦
2857:ɕaɯ˧
2837:tsɿ˥
2817:kou˨
2802:ɕaŋ˦
2797:ʈou˦
2772:ʔi˥˦
2752:ʑi˨˩
2727:pei˥
2722:ʔɑu˥
2697:ʑi˨˩
2692:ɕaŋ˦
2682:pʒ̩˥
2667:ʔau˥
2642:ʑa˥˧
2637:ɕuŋ˨
2617:pa˩˧
2612:ʔu˩˧
2607:ʔa˧˩
2587:ʑo˨˩
2577:ʈu˦˩
2572:pjo˧
2567:tɬa˧
2542:tɕu˨
2527:ʂɔŋ˨
2517:pɤ˥˧
2507:pe˥˧
2502:əu˥˧
2482:tɕɤ˥
2477:ja˧˨
2467:tjɤ˦
2462:pja˧
2442:tɕy˧
2417:sɒ˧˩
2392:uɔ˦˨
2372:tɕu˨
2367:jo˦˨
2332:i˦˥˦
2312:ʑi˨˦
2302:tju˦
2262:tɕə˥
2257:ʑa˧˩
2247:tʲu˦
2242:tsa˧
2237:l̥u˧
2212:ɡu˧˥
2207:ɡɯ˧˨
2202:ʑi˧˥
2177:pu˥˧
2137:ʈɔ˥˧
2122:pu˧˥
2092:zi˧˥
2082:kɔ˧˩
2072:pi˧˥
2042:tʃu˧
2037:ʑe˧˨
2032:ʃaŋ˨
2022:pui˦
2017:ple˦
2002:ʔi˥˧
1982:ja˨˩
1962:pwɔ˧
1957:pje˧
1927:ɕi˧˩
1917:tju˥
1902:po˧˥
1897:ua˧˥
1882:ku˦˨
1872:ji˦˨
1862:tɕu˥
1852:ti˧˥
1847:po˧˥
1842:wa˧˥
1817:*jat
1773:Ten
1761:Six
1749:Two
1746:One
1699:Bunu
1662:Pana
1583:Pana
1541:Hmyo
1510:Xong
1466:Xong
1431:Xong
1216:Xong
1065:Nunu
1034:Bunu
808:Miao
800:Miao
724:), (
672:and
655:), (
622:Miao
612:The
599:Hmyo
595:Hmao
591:Mang
583:Mong
481:Xong
400:川黔滇苗
318:Miao
291:Bunu
275:Xong
235:The
130:Xong
69:Laos
39:Miao
4149:Hmu
3992:She
3233:Hmu
3189:of
3187:八峒瑶
3112:Hmu
3083:'s
2972:ja˧
2942:u˧˩
2897:ɬɔ˦
2847:pɯ˥
2807:ʑi˨
2747:ɕã˦
2717:ʔi˥
2662:ʔi˥
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2497:i˥˧
2452:pa˧
2447:yi˧
2387:i˦˨
2282:v˩˧
2232:pi˧
2192:to˧
2172:u˥˧
2157:ku˧
2147:ʑi˧
2117:ɯ˧˥
2077:pi˨
2067:pa˨
2057:i˧˥
2012:pa˦
1967:pi˧
1947:je˨
1932:ko˧
1892:i˧˥
1877:ko˧
1837:ji˩
1782:*ʔɨ
1648:She
1523:Hmu
1440:Hmu
1348:She
1278:Phö
1244:Hmu
1124:She
1022:She
1008:).
1002:She
921:Tak
788:Hmu
715:Hmu
688:),
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643:),
593:),
585:),
538:黔东苗
527:Hmu
492:湘西苗
340:Meo
303:She
271:Hmu
159:hmn
136:Hmu
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