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725:, by now a captain, as chief instructor. Regular liaison with Proud kept the staff abreast of the responses from their colleagues on the front-line, out in the Western Desert, as well as any developments from Home, with training adjusted to reflect the latest changes. The centre had a development wing, commanded by a captain from the Royal West African Frontier Force, A. E. Upfold, with a workshop and an experimental section. These produced "a stream of new ideas for dummy vehicles, tanks, aircraft and all the other portents of impending battle". Every new device was carefully tested by observation from the air, through collaboration with the Royal Air Force.
3175:
745:
28:
683:", "Polka Dot" and so on that he hoped to use for camouflage. To get his fledgling unit recognised, he printed an unusually elegant booklet called "Concealment in the Field" in Cairo, the idea being to produce something clear, readable, and above all obviously different from the mass of army manuals. He was surprised to have this at once recognised as a formal operational requirement by the British Army's
816:, described by Barkas as "a revolting but highly adhesive paste". Proud attracted the notice of army drivers by offering to camouflage their vehicles while they waited, with a sign advertising the "Camouflage Service Station". The reason for the surprising offer was in itself a deception, requiring numerous vehicle tracks in an area away from actual targets to give enemy tactical
935:
By a marvellous system of camouflage, complete tactical surprise was achieved in the desert. The Xth Corps, which he had seen from the air exercising fifty miles in the rear, moved silently away in the night, but leaving an exact simulacrum of its tanks where it had been, and proceeded to its points
841:
For the Royal Air Force, Proud had caves dug into the sides of a wadi to hide two of the
Hurricanes. The third was hidden in a hole beside the runway, the same shape as the aircraft, and covered by a lid and some tents. Dummy aircraft and hangars were constructed to draw fire; these were marked as
860:
black hole was painted over the top and one side of the building, along with shrapnel marks, shortly after a real attack which missed the plant; a disused chimney was demolished; real rubble, empty oil drums and real wrecked vehicles, which were in plentiful supply, were brought to decorate the
772:
hurdles and other simple materials, to look as if they had been delivered by the railway. More than 100 bombs were dropped on the
Misheifa railhead, at least halving the attacks on the real thing at Capuzzo, giving the lie to the jokes about wooden bombs being dropped on wooden railways by an
902:, which ran from August 1942 until the actual battle in October. Among other things, 600 tanks were disguised as supply lorries in the northern sector, while dummy tanks, supplies and a complete dummy water pipeline were deployed in the south. The deception succeeded, leading
812:, and a company of Indian Pioneers (military labourers). Materials of all kinds were in short supply in the siege. Proud improvised, using scrap wood, salvaged textiles to make camouflage nets, and even foodstuffs—camouflage paint was made by mixing rancid flour with spoiled
1170:
The camouflage directorate consisted mostly of officers recruited from people who were artists in civilian life, many of whom were already well known. Hugh Cott was an exception, being an expert in animal camouflage with his then recently published textbook,
820:
the impression that dummy facilities, also built by Proud, were being visited intensively. Proud ran other camouflage schemes to protect three critical resources in besieged Tobruk: the harbour; the small Royal Air Force landing ground, with just three
781:
The dummy railhead looks very spectacular in the evening light. No living man is there; but dummy men are grubbing in dummy swill-troughs, and dummy lorries are unloading dummy tanks, while a dummy engine puffs dummy smoke into the eyes of the
773:
undeceived enemy. Barkas noted that "camouflage men must be among the few otherwise sane beings who yearn to be bombed." The pioneering effort's success was achieved in a few weeks, amidst severe shortages of men and raw materials. The writer
834:(the German air force), and several wrecked ships made approach difficult. Proud and Murray Dixon built dummy jetties and dummy wrecked barges, under which small but vitally important gunboats and transports could be hidden. The
853:
was impossible to hide, and since it had been built by the
Italians, the enemy knew exactly where and what it was. Proud and Murray Dixon therefore disguised the plant to look as if it had been destroyed by a bomb. A
568:, and deceiving the enemy as to allied strength and intentions. Operation Bertram may have been the last army-scale physical deception ever to take place, since subsequent major deceptions, including those for the
803:
During the Eighth Army's retreat across Libya in 1941, the camouflage officer and former film art director Peter Proud and the camouflage sergeant
William Murray Dixon found themselves trapped in the port city of
861:
compound; and some fake craters were constructed and decorated as if a stick of bombs had fallen right on target. The finishing touch was some real smoke from burning oily rags. The plant was not attacked again.
748:
Dummy tank of the type used by Sykes and his team at
Misheifa. The structure was made of gerida hurdling, and then covered (not shown) with canvas. A garnished camouflage net was added as a finishing touch.
1466:
to create a dummy oil storage facility for ships at Dover. Since then, the advent of reconnaissance satellites and continuous electronic monitoring have made army-scale deception ever more difficult.
1454:
Camouflage's
Operation Bertram may have been the last army-scale physical deception, argues the writer and film director Rick Stroud, since all subsequent major deceptions, including those of
2398:
910:
his deputy for
Bertram. Ayrton worked tirelessly to put in place all the complex schemes, and to repair them when they were hit by a dust storm. Barkas described Operation Bertram as
560:
These operations contributed to victory by diverting enemy attention from real targets to dummy ones, wasting enemy ammunition, preserving vital resources such as the single water
3038:
3449:
2508:
4030:
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was the dummy railway at
Misheifa. Barkas assigned the artist Steven Sykes to build a convincing dummy to divert enemy attention from the real railhead at Capuzzo bringing
4020:
2856:
2391:
687:, that is, as an essential item for every army unit. Barkas was promoted to Director of Camouflage with the rank of lieutenant colonel. On 19 September 1941,
162:
3434:
2851:
1462:"D-Day" landings in Normandy, have consisted mainly of electronic measures, though with physical touches, like the work done by architect and camoufleur
2384:
3600:
4010:
931:
in London on On 11 November 1942, praised the success of
Operation Bertram, and implicitly the work of the Camouflage Directorate, as follows:
3459:
652:
by
Beddington's brother Freddie, with a summary 10-day basic training course, followed by a camouflage course. He developed his thinking in
2861:
2255:
3274:
4015:
3424:
3189:
875:
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airman. The aircraft all survived the siege, important both for air defence and for maintaining the morale of the defending troops.
721:. The Commandant was a regular officer, Major John Sholto Douglas, from the well-known Scottish family, with the British zoologist
155:
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2921:
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2429:
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906:'s staff to believe the allied attack would be in the south, and to deploy substantial forces there. Barkas made the painter
323:
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764:. This complex deception involved 6 miles (9.7 km) of dummy railway, a dummy train, dummy sidings, and a selection of
3798:
2926:
2442:
148:
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1524:
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1679:
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on 1 January 1941. He arranged a flight to observe the desert from the air, noting patterns that he named as "
599:
371:
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696:
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1177:(1940), a book that had the distinction of being popularly carried for practical advice by army officers.
3876:
3810:
3655:
3643:
895:
550:
413:
113:
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A wide range of camouflage and deception techniques and devices were invented or developed by the unit.
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3154:
3089:
2452:
366:
3739:
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3149:
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2313:
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227:
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808:. Proud quickly set up a camouflage unit, acquiring a section of Australian engineers, a section of
3325:
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809:
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432:
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the task of providing props for the biggest 'film production' on which I ever expect to be engaged
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534:
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and indeed in the whole of the British Army, and was promoted to Major. From the start of 1942,
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fighters; and the town's water desalination plant, the town's main supply of drinking water.
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688:
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254:
2376:
2337:
The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel
2119:
27:
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717:(Camp E) in November 1941, as the theatre counterpart of the original CDTC established at
8:
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in 1940, teaching, running demonstrations, and writing an instructional pamphlet.
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The Camouflage Development & Training Centre (CDTC.ME) was set up at
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was the staff officer (GSO2) responsible for training and development.
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thanked Proud after the siege "for his most efficient assistance".
757:
640:. In 1937, Barkas joined Shell-Mex/BP under its publicity director
573:
2020:
1690:
792:
553:
in October 1942. The successful deception was praised publicly by
3943:
3915:
3840:
3209:
3194:
2672:
2480:
1603:
632:. Between the wars, Barkas was a filmmaker, working as a writer,
3039:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
3822:
3794:
3763:
3751:
3673:
2296:
Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception 1914–1945
2144:
2087:
1984:
1933:
1909:
1789:
1741:
903:
805:
714:
565:
87:
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were sent to Egypt, where he arrived on the British troopship
3050:
2406:
1861:
1615:
569:
91:
2218:
Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II
2099:
1567:
2156:
2132:
1921:
1873:
1702:
1627:
680:
2075:
886:, the deception for the battle of El Alamein, October 1942
3828:
2168:
2063:
2032:
1945:
1579:
1487:
709:
Camouflage Training & Development Centre, Middle East
1543:
733:
545:; a dummy railhead at Misheifa, and the largest of all,
1591:
4031:
World War II military equipment of the United Kingdom
2180:
2008:
1996:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1837:
576:, have included or consisted of electronic measures.
2237:
The War Magician: The True Story of Jasper Maskelyne
1825:
1475:
3435:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
2359:
Deceivers Ever: The Memoirs of a Camouflage Officer
1849:
1714:
1639:
586:, with a team of professional artists recruited as
1957:
1813:
1801:
842:real on marked-up air photographs captured with a
4021:Military units and formations established in 1941
1509:"De Gruchy family sought by family of war hero".
1211:Create unit, found cam. school, recruit officers
4002:
2277:War in the Desert: The Eighth Army at El Alamein
1449:
1224:Second in command, first GSO2 camouflage officer
828:Tobruk's harbour had been heavily bombed by the
1885:
793:Camouflage and deception in the siege of Tobruk
648:. In May 1940, he was rapidly drafted into the
2208:The Camouflage Story (from Aintree to Alamein)
1527:. British Film Institute. 2012. Archived from
3066:
2392:
2117:Gazetted as 2nd Lt in RE on 14 October 1940.
156:
3031:British Intelligence in the Second World War
2257:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage
2202:
2162:
2150:
2093:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2049:
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1990:
1939:
1927:
1915:
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1708:
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1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1585:
1573:
1549:
946:
549:, the army-scale deception for the decisive
497:
3275:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
864:
170:
3440:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
3425:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
3073:
3059:
2399:
2385:
2312:
1867:
927:, announcing victory at El Alamein in the
898:through a large scale deception codenamed
605:
515:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
163:
149:
41:masquerading as a truck in its 'Sunshield'
26:
21:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
3656:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
2044:
1753:
1726:
1651:
1335:Professional soldier, running the school
1109:wooden poles, petrol tins, canvas, wrecks
2118:
1770:
1560:
1558:
1504:
1502:
1288:camouflage and deception; "Net Gun Pit"
1147:petrol tins, canvas, scavenged materials
874:
743:
728:
4011:Military deception during World War II
4003:
2553:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
2334:
2293:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2186:
2174:
2138:
2105:
2081:
2069:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1978:
1966:
1951:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1843:
1819:
1807:
1783:
1735:
1696:
1597:
1493:
1481:
1362:Head of "Camouflage Experimental Unit"
1318:Chief Instructor, School of Camouflage
1181:Middle East Directorate of Camouflage
3054:
2380:
2353:
2274:
1855:
1831:
1720:
1645:
1555:
1513:. Jersey Evening Post. 19 March 2010.
1499:
1259:Painter, illustrator, poster artist,
734:Dummy railhead for Operation Crusader
144:
541:. It provided camouflage during the
3799:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
669:At the end of 1940, Barkas and his
13:
1244:Second in command, replacing Sykes
1015:Masquerade (stores as truck, tent)
624:and then in the later part of the
14:
4047:
4016:Military camouflage organisations
3190:As evidence for natural selection
2128:. 15 November 1940. p. 6560.
3301:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
3173:
3123:Coincident disruptive coloration
1332:Commandant, School of Camouflage
752:One of Camouflage's first major
594:". The team included the artist
2111:
1672:
890:Barkas' camouflage unit helped
620:(1896–1979) served in the 1915
3871:Operational Camouflage Pattern
3337:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
3080:
1517:
1174:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
882:'s biggest 'film production':
1:
3668:Australian Disruptive Pattern
1469:
1450:The end of physical deception
1296:Sergeant, 2 Armoured Division
1159:
1153:Geoffrey Barkas, Tony Ayrton
1045:False bomb damage, with smoke
659:
3932:Diffused lighting camouflage
3817:Universal Camouflage Pattern
3450:USN WWII camouflage measures
2318:Flashback: A Soldier's Story
2275:Lucas, James Sydney (1983).
2029:, pp. 61–74 and passim.
1699:, pp. 134–137, 179–180.
1221:Stained glass artist, potter
691:became the first Camouflage
7:
3877:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
3811:Tactical Assault Camouflage
3644:Disruptive Pattern Material
1179:
1053:painting, burning oily rags
953:
10:
4052:
2453:London Controlling Section
2260:. Yale. pp. 155–156.
2206:; Barkas, Natalie (1952).
2195:
1371:Copnall, Edward Bainbridge
1163:
1130:wood, canvas, paint, rafts
1092:Tank dummies, wrecks, etc.
977:Masquerade (tank as truck)
868:
796:
737:
664:
628:in France, where he won a
609:
3961:
3924:
3903:
3896:
3785:
3740:Camouflage Central-Europe
3734:Desert Camouflage Pattern
3610:
3581:
3531:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3407:
3398:
3358:
3286:
3247:
3240:
3182:
3171:
3150:Multi-spectral camouflage
3088:
3015:
2935:
2877:
2870:
2844:
2747:
2735:
2726:
2705:
2689:
2671:
2664:
2632:
2589:
2551:
2542:
2530:Soviet military deception
2525:
2507:
2479:
2451:
2428:
2421:
2294:Rankin, Nicholas (2008).
1786:, pp. 91–98, 100–108
1329:Major, Royal Scots Guards
1305:camouflage and deception
1075:netting/canvas with poles
1021:real stores, canvas, nets
998:Masquerade (gun as truck)
947:Techniques and inventions
644:, who guided Barkas into
182:
124:
119:
105:
97:
83:
79:training & operations
72:
62:
54:
46:
25:
20:
3326:Johann Georg Otto Schick
2163:Barkas & Barkas 1952
2151:Barkas & Barkas 1952
2094:Barkas & Barkas 1952
2058:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1991:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1940:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1928:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1916:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1880:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1796:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1765:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1748:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1709:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1667:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1634:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1622:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1610:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1586:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1574:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1564:Forbes, 2009. pp155–156.
1550:Barkas & Barkas 1952
1282:Camouflage officer, GSO2
865:Deception for El Alamein
810:Royal Army Service Corps
579:The unit was led by the
488:3rd Indian Motor Brigade
174:Western Desert Campaign
4036:Military use of mimicry
3716:Desert Night Camouflage
3269:Abbott Handerson Thayer
2494:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
1365:"Sunshield" prototypes
1089:False armoured division
955:Techniques and devices
941:Winston Churchill, 1942
606:Recruitment of a leader
598:, the first Camouflage
535:Western Desert Campaign
3261:The Colours of Animals
3255:Edward Bagnall Poulton
3145:Multi-scale camouflage
2892:D-Day naval deceptions
2254:Forbes, Peter (2009).
2235:Fisher, David (2005).
2216:Crowdy, Terry (2008).
2108:, pp. 84, 97–108.
1208:Director of Camouflage
1042:Masquerade, simulation
944:
922:
887:
790:
749:
498:
4026:World War II vehicles
3853:Multi-Terrain Pattern
3835:Airman Battle Uniform
3632:Rhodesian Brushstroke
3232:Underwater camouflage
3118:Disruptive coloration
2499:List of Ops (B) staff
2335:Stroud, Rick (2012).
2141:, pp. 78, 80–81.
1680:"John Sholto Douglas"
1612:, pp. 36–40, 43.
1293:Dixon, William Murray
1164:Further information:
933:
912:
878:
818:reconnaissance planes
797:Further information:
779:
768:, all made of gerida
747:
740:Steven Sykes (artist)
738:Further information:
610:Further information:
602:in the British army.
500:Sonderkommando Blaich
3970:Dazzled and Deceived
3135:Distractive markings
3113:Counter-illumination
2741:John Cecil Masterman
2084:, pp. 181, 198.
1684:The Douglas Archives
1496:, pp. 221, 227.
1326:Douglas, John Sholto
1010:The camouflage unit
729:Deception operations
551:battle of El Alamein
3859:Australian Multicam
3662:U.S. "M81" Woodland
3420:Aircraft camouflage
3415:Military camouflage
3128:Disruptive eye mask
2815:Werner von Janowski
2728:Double-Cross System
2624:George Vander Sluis
2599:Louis Dalton Porter
2314:Richardson, Charles
2177:, pp. 221–223.
2153:, pp. 141–142.
2096:, pp. 155–156.
2072:, pp. 190–201.
2041:, pp. 121–133.
1993:, pp. 144–147.
1954:, pp. 102–105.
1942:, pp. 198–200.
1918:, pp. 202–203.
1870:, pp. 115–117.
1798:, pp. 102–105.
1750:, pp. 142–147.
1456:Operation Bodyguard
1443:Operation Crusader
1429:Operation Crusader
1413:Operation Crusader
1397:Operation Crusader
1381:Operation Crusader
1182:
956:
685:Middle East Command
646:military camouflage
626:Battle of the Somme
616:The unit's leader,
531:Middle East Command
517:(also known as the
447:Associated articles
77:Military camouflage
3976:Stealth technology
3486:Splittertarnmuster
3381:Thomas N. Sherratt
2803:Nathalie Sergueiew
2422:Deception planning
2411:military deception
2279:. Beaufort Books.
2125:The London Gazette
1767:, pp. 121–128
1460:Operation Overlord
1440:Camouflage officer
1426:Camouflage officer
1410:Camouflage officer
1394:Camouflage officer
1378:Camouflage officer
1346:Camouflage officer
1340:Galligan, Edwin C.
1299:Camouflage officer
1269:Operation Bertram
1266:Camouflage officer
1229:Operation Crusader
1180:
1133:Operation Crusader
1113:Operation Crusader
1078:Operation Sentinel
1059:desalination plant
954:
888:
851:desalination plant
762:Operation Crusader
750:
622:Gallipoli campaign
562:desalination plant
525:) organised major
3996:
3995:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3892:
3891:
3704:Camouflage Daguet
3577:
3576:
3430:Dazzle camouflage
3394:
3393:
3296:Mary Taylor Brush
3140:Motion camouflage
3108:Active camouflage
3048:
3047:
3024:Bodyguard of Lies
3011:
3010:
2840:
2839:
2767:Roman Czerniawski
2761:Juan Pujol García
2701:
2700:
2681:David Strangeways
2665:Operational units
2660:
2659:
2538:
2537:
2368:978-0-946771-54-7
2346:978-1-4088-2910-3
2327:978-0-7183-0567-3
2305:978-0-571-22196-7
2286:978-0-85368-549-4
2267:978-0-300-12539-9
2246:978-0-425-06295-1
2227:978-1-78200-331-1
1624:, pp. 55–58.
1600:, pp. 30–44.
1576:, pp. 25–27.
1525:"Geoffrey Barkas"
1447:
1446:
1423:Film art director
1355:Maskelyne, Jasper
1343:Commercial artist
1321:Training courses
1279:Film art director
1248:Operation Bertram
1157:
1156:
1150:Operation Bertram
1095:Operation Bertram
1024:Operation Bertram
1018:net-covered stack
1007:Operation Bertram
987:Operation Bertram
925:Winston Churchill
900:Operation Bertram
884:Operation Bertram
871:Operation Bertram
555:Winston Churchill
547:Operation Bertram
523:Camouflage Branch
510:
509:
190:Invasion of Egypt
136:
135:
38:Operation Bertram
4043:
3901:
3900:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3405:
3404:
3311:Norman Wilkinson
3306:John Graham Kerr
3245:
3244:
3177:
3165:Urban camouflage
3075:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3051:
2875:
2874:
2736:Twenty Committee
2733:
2732:
2669:
2668:
2645:Jasper Maskelyne
2549:
2548:
2426:
2425:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2350:
2331:
2309:
2290:
2271:
2250:
2231:
2211:
2204:Barkas, Geoffrey
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1832:Lucas & 1983
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1349:Siege of Tobruk
1227:Dummy railhead;
1201:Barkas, Geoffrey
1183:
1004:canopy with guys
992:Archibald Wavell
957:
942:
929:House of Commons
920:
788:
787:Julian Trevelyan
775:Julian Trevelyan
654:Northern Ireland
539:Second World War
503:
177:
175:
165:
158:
151:
142:
141:
30:
18:
17:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3981:Cloaking device
3949:
3920:
3888:
3787:
3781:
3692:Type 87 (China)
3612:
3606:
3573:
3547:(1917 aircraft)
3539:Camouflage tree
3527:
3498:Rauchtarnmuster
3477:
3454:
3445:Ship camouflage
3390:
3354:
3350:Timothy O'Neill
3345:Geoffrey Barkas
3282:
3236:
3178:
3169:
3160:Snow camouflage
3155:Self-decoration
3084:
3079:
3049:
3044:
3007:
2931:
2866:
2845:Fictional units
2836:
2743:
2722:
2697:
2685:
2656:
2640:Ernest Townsend
2628:
2604:Ellsworth Kelly
2585:
2561:Geoffrey Barkas
2534:
2521:
2503:
2475:
2466:Dennis Wheatley
2447:
2417:
2405:
2375:
2369:
2347:
2328:
2306:
2287:
2268:
2247:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1868:Richardson 1985
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:on 21 July 2012
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1458:to protect the
1452:
1303:Siege of Tobruk
1286:Siege of Tobruk
1168:
1162:
1057:Siege of Tobruk
1028:Geoffrey Barkas
949:
943:
940:
921:
919:Geoffrey Barkas
918:
880:Geoffrey Barkas
873:
867:
814:Worcester sauce
801:
799:Siege of Tobruk
795:
789:
786:
742:
736:
731:
711:
667:
662:
650:Royal Engineers
642:Jack Beddington
618:Geoffrey Barkas
614:
612:Geoffrey Barkas
608:
584:Geoffrey Barkas
543:siege of Tobruk
529:operations for
519:Camouflage Unit
511:
506:
458:Devil's gardens
444:
324:2nd Bir el Gubi
314:1st Bir el Gubi
178:
173:
171:
169:
139:
131:Geoffrey Barkas
126:
112:
110:Siege of Tobruk
67:Royal Engineers
42:
40:
12:
11:
5:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3758:wz. 93 Pantera
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:Platanenmuster
3489:
3482:
3480:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3386:Martin Stevens
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3323:
3321:Leon Underwood
3318:
3316:Everett Warner
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3200:Decorator crab
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Countershading
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2779:Günther Schütz
2776:
2773:Roger Grosjean
2770:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2471:Ronald Wingate
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2361:. Spellmount.
2351:
2345:
2339:. Bloomsbury.
2332:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2213:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2189:, p. 227.
2179:
2167:
2165:, p. 142.
2155:
2143:
2131:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2017:, p. 153.
2007:
2005:, p. 138.
1995:
1983:
1981:, p. 200.
1971:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1930:, p. 200.
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 196.
1872:
1860:
1848:
1846:, p. 165.
1836:
1834:, p. 123.
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1769:
1752:
1740:
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. 156.
1701:
1689:
1671:
1650:
1638:
1636:, p. 111.
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1516:
1511:This is Jersey
1498:
1486:
1484:, p. 113.
1473:
1471:
1468:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:Baker, John H.
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:Medley, Robert
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:Stage magician
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:Peacetime role
1187:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:Dummy pipeline
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:Dummy railhead
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
989:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
948:
945:
938:
916:
894:to victory at
869:Main article:
866:
863:
794:
791:
784:
777:recorded that
735:
732:
730:
727:
719:Farnham Castle
710:
707:
666:
663:
661:
658:
630:Military Cross
607:
604:
508:
507:
505:
504:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
443:
442:
437:
436:
435:
430:
423:
411:
410:
409:
402:
395:
381:
376:
375:
374:
364:
359:
358:
357:
352:
342:
329:
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
297:
290:
283:
276:
275:
274:
269:
259:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
192:
183:
180:
179:
168:
167:
160:
153:
145:
137:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
58:United Kingdom
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4048:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
3999:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:Yehudi lights
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:Denison smock
3555:
3552:
3551:Telo mimetico
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Innes Cuthill
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
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3205:Flower mantis
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2847:
2843:
2833:
2832:Mutt and Jeff
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:Eddie Chapman
2819:
2816:
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2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:Johnny Jebsen
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:Double agents
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2718:Starfish site
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2695:Beach Jumpers
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
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2663:
2653:
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2648:
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2638:
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2635:
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2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:David Slepian
2607:
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2528:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2517:Peter Fleming
2515:
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2500:
2497:
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2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Dudley Clarke
2436:
2435:
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2431:
2427:
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2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2395:
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2379:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:Sykes, Steven
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
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2209:
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2188:
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2171:
2164:
2159:
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2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2060:, p. 141
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1969:, p. 168
1968:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1906:, p. 182
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 219
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1858:, p. 97.
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
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1778:
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1774:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1738:, p. 362
1737:
1732:
1730:
1723:, p. 51.
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:. 1 May 2018.
1685:
1681:
1675:
1669:, p. 154
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1648:, p. 39.
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 29.
1587:
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1311:Cott, Hugh B.
1309:
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1217:Sykes, Steven
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
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1185:
1184:
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1139:
1136:Steven Sykes
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
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1119:
1116:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
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1097:
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1074:
1072:"Net Gun Pit"
1071:
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983:hinged canopy
982:
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647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
590:officers or "
589:
585:
582:
581:film director
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
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548:
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481:
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469:
468:Maletti Group
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Frontier Wire
451:
450:
449:
448:
441:
438:
434:
433:Outpost Snipe
431:
429:
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422:
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154:
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146:
143:
138:Military unit
132:
129:
123:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
35:
34:Crusader tank
29:
24:
19:
16:
3998:
3986:Invisibility
3968:
3746:Soldier 2000
3626:Tiger stripe
3569:Ghillie suit
3522:Leibermuster
3516:Erbsenmuster
3504:Palmenmuster
3439:
3335:
3273:
3259:
3037:
3030:
3022:
2827:Josef Jakobs
2797:Wulf Schmidt
2791:Gösta Caroli
2785:Arthur Owens
2649:
2581:Steven Sykes
2552:
2443:Victor Jones
2415:World War II
2358:
2336:
2317:
2295:
2276:
2256:
2236:
2217:
2207:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2123:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1743:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1552:, p. 4.
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1519:
1510:
1489:
1477:
1464:Basil Spence
1453:
1403:Codner, John
1275:Proud, Peter
1237:Ayrton, Tony
1172:
1169:
1118:Steven Sykes
1081:Peter Proud
1050:Trompe-l'œil
1048:
966:Construction
950:
934:
923:
913:
889:
857:trompe-l'œil
855:
848:
843:
840:
829:
827:
802:
780:
751:
712:
705:
689:Steven Sykes
675:
668:
615:
596:Steven Sykes
578:
572:landings in
559:
522:
518:
514:
513:The British
512:
478:Babini Group
472:
463:Fort Capuzzo
446:
445:
426:
419:
405:
398:
391:
384:
372:Sidi Haneish
362:Mersa Matruh
338:
331:
330:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:Twin Pimples
262:Tobruk siege
255:
214:
213:
207:Sidi Barrani
195:
184:
15:
3698:wz. 89 Puma
3650:wz. 68 Moro
3553:(1929 tent)
3510:Sumpfmuster
3366:Roy Behrens
3359:Researchers
3288:Camoufleurs
2943:Accumulator
2922:Quicksilver
2809:Dušan Popov
2576:Peter Proud
2566:Tony Ayrton
2239:. Phoenix.
2187:Stroud 2012
2175:Stroud 2012
2139:Stroud 2012
2120:"No. 34992"
2106:Stroud 2012
2082:Stroud 2012
2070:Stroud 2012
2039:Stroud 2012
2027:Stroud 2012
2015:Forbes 2009
2003:Stroud 2012
1979:Stroud 2012
1967:Stroud 2012
1952:Stroud 2012
1904:Crowdy 2008
1892:Stroud 2012
1844:Stroud 2012
1820:Stroud 2012
1808:Fisher 2005
1784:Stroud 2012
1736:Rankin 2008
1697:Stroud 2012
1598:Stroud 2012
1494:Stroud 2012
1482:Stroud 2012
1419:Pusey, Fred
1255:Robb, Brian
1231:camouflage
1195:Activities
1166:Camoufleurs
1098:John Baker
1063:Peter Proud
1032:Tony Ayrton
980:"Sunshield"
908:Tony Ayrton
766:dummy tanks
701:Peter Proud
697:Eighth Army
671:camoufleurs
592:camoufleurs
493:Baggush Box
414:2nd Alamein
367:1st Alamein
355:Tobruk 1942
256:Sonnenblume
228:Tobruk 1941
106:Engagements
98:Nickname(s)
84:Garrison/HQ
4005:Categories
3925:Prototypes
3911:Berberys-R
3897:Technology
3728:Tropentarn
3595:Strichtarn
3468:Up to WWII
3225:Aggressive
3098:Camouflage
3082:Camouflage
2983:Hardboiled
2968:Chettyford
2887:Copperhead
2871:Operations
2817:(Watchdog)
2811:(Tricycle)
2805:(Treasure)
2614:Bill Blass
2591:Ghost Army
2544:Camouflage
2509:D Division
2461:John Bevan
2320:. Kimber.
2220:. Osprey.
2210:. Cassell.
1856:Sykes 1990
1721:Sykes 1990
1646:Sykes 1990
1535:17 October
1470:References
1263:cartoonist
1160:Key people
1127:Dummy port
1036:Brian Robb
1001:"Cannibal"
936:of attack.
896:El Alamein
892:Montgomery
836:Royal Navy
754:deceptions
660:Foundation
588:camouflage
483:Combeforce
473:Camouflage
440:El Agheila
379:Alam Halfa
350:Bir Hakeim
267:2nd Bardia
223:1st Bardia
127:commanders
120:Commanders
114:El Alamein
101:Camouflage
3722:Flecktarn
3611:Late 20th
3563:Frog Skin
3331:Hugh Cott
3220:Müllerian
3183:In nature
2998:Scherhorn
2988:Mincemeat
2902:Fortitude
2897:Ferdinand
2879:Bodyguard
2823:(Zig-Zag)
2781:(Rainbow)
2713:Paradummy
2571:Hugh Cott
2489:Noel Wild
2430:'A' Force
2298:. Faber.
1437:Architect
1315:Zoologist
1205:Filmmaker
972:Inventor
960:Technique
844:Luftwaffe
831:Luftwaffe
823:Hurricane
723:Hugh Cott
527:deception
385:Agreement
319:Point 175
294:Battleaxe
238:Beda Fomm
50:1941–1943
3904:Deployed
3883:Xingkong
3805:MultiCam
3797:(2001) (
3582:Post-war
3506:(c 1941)
3460:Patterns
3400:Military
3371:Tim Caro
3215:Batesian
3033:(Vol. 5)
2958:Boardman
2927:Zeppelin
2912:Ironside
2907:Graffham
2857:American
2793:(Summer)
2769:(Brutus)
2757:(Artist)
2619:Art Kane
2357:(1990).
2316:(1985).
2212:No ISBN.
1375:Sculptor
939:—
917:—
785:—
758:materiel
638:director
634:producer
574:Normandy
427:Braganza
301:Crusader
287:Skorpion
248:Giarabub
3962:Related
3944:Adaptiv
3916:Nakidka
3841:Type 07
3801:(2002))
3788:century
3613:century
3545:Lozenge
3210:Mimicry
3195:Crypsis
3090:Methods
2973:Cockade
2963:Cascade
2953:Bertram
2948:Barclay
2917:Titanic
2862:British
2763:(Garbo)
2673:R Force
2481:Ops (B)
2196:Sources
1407:Painter
1391:Painter
1241:Painter
1141:Display
1124:Display
1103:Display
1086:Display
1069:Display
665:Origins
537:of the
533:in the
420:Bertram
399:Caravan
339:Acrobat
308:Flipper
280:Brevity
233:Mechili
202:Nibeiwa
196:Compass
125:Notable
55:Country
3946:(2011)
3940:(1943)
3934:(1941)
3885:(2019)
3879:(2019)
3873:(2015)
3867:(2015)
3865:HunCam
3861:(2014)
3855:(2010)
3849:(2008)
3843:(2007)
3837:(2007)
3831:(2007)
3825:(2006)
3823:ESTDCU
3819:(2004)
3813:(2004)
3807:(2002)
3795:MARPAT
3778:(1998)
3772:(1998)
3766:(1997)
3764:CADPAT
3760:(1993)
3754:(1993)
3752:TAZ 90
3748:(1993)
3742:(1991)
3736:(1990)
3730:(1990)
3724:(1990)
3718:(1990)
3712:(1990)
3706:(1989)
3700:(1989)
3694:(1987)
3688:(1984)
3682:(1984)
3676:(1983)
3674:TAZ 83
3670:(1982)
3664:(1981)
3658:(1981)
3652:(1969)
3646:(1969)
3640:(1967)
3634:(1965)
3628:(1962)
3622:(1958)
3620:Jigsaw
3603:(1968)
3597:(1960)
3591:(1947)
3589:Lizard
3565:(1942)
3559:(1941)
3541:(1915)
3524:(1945)
3518:(1944)
3512:(1943)
3500:(1939)
3494:(1937)
3488:(1931)
3476:German
3408:Topics
3241:People
2993:Pastel
2978:Forfar
2852:Allied
2799:(Tate)
2787:(Snow)
2775:(Fido)
2706:Decoys
2408:Allied
2365:
2343:
2324:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2243:
2224:
963:Device
904:Rommel
806:Tobruk
782:enemy.
715:Helwan
636:, and
566:Tobruk
406:Nicety
392:Bigamy
345:Gazala
88:Helwan
63:Branch
47:Active
3776:Flora
3680:Dubok
3532:Other
3248:Early
3016:Books
2936:Other
2690:Other
2633:Other
1261:Punch
969:Usage
676:Andes
570:D-Day
243:Kufra
92:Egypt
3786:21st
3638:ERDL
3601:KLMK
3478:WWII
3003:Span
2651:more
2363:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2222:ISBN
1537:2012
1192:Role
1186:Name
849:The
770:palm
760:for
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