235:
climbing, the high-speed flow of air deflected by the front wing went to the rear wing upper surface, greatly increasing the rear wing's lift, and putting the nose down, the instinctive reaction of pilot being pulling even more the stick, this worsened the situation, as the way to go out of this 'vicious circle' was reducing the front wing incidence, as to command a nose down descent. Also some homebuilders attempted to simplify construction by modifying components such as the wings tips curving up, resulting in extremely dangerous airplanes and deadly accidents that forced the air authorities to ban building more of them. Studies in the UK and France revealed the problem (the HM.14 was small enough to fit in wind tunnels in both countries usually used for scale models of larger aircraft) and corrections were made to the design. Unfortunately, the wave of bad publicity created by the crashes dogged Mignet for the rest of his life and continues to be associated with the design today despite the fact that the basic Mignet configuration has proven to be safe in hundreds of successful homebuilt aircraft and factory built microlights.
487:
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276:
263:, through yaw-roll coupling. The rudder had to be quite large not only to produce adequate roll but also because the fuselage was very short, reducing the leverage of the rudder. The Flying Flea, being a two axis aircraft, could not be landed or taken off in substantial crosswinds. This was not a big issue when the aircraft was designed because at that time aircraft were usually flown from large open fields allowing all take-offs and landings into wind.
38:
457:
507:
468:
Modern aircraft enthusiasts have continued to build their own aircraft, and vary the original HM.14 design and its derivatives over the years, and outside the UK, they are successfully flown in countries like
Australia. French enthusiasts, for example, hold an annual meeting every June. Modern HM.14
396:
In the 1930s, many Fleas crashed when pilots could not recover from shallow dives, resulting in some deaths. As a result, Flying Fleas were grounded and even banned from flight permanently in some countries. In the United
Kingdom, restrictions were placed on Flying Fleas, following a fatal crash on 4
266:
The result was an aircraft that was substantially simpler to build (just two wings and a rudder, two of which moved, with no ailerons or other control surfaces) and easier to fly (just a control stick, no rudder pedals at all) than a conventional aircraft. Mignet claimed, only half jokingly, that
234:
Despite the initial popularity of the design, thanks in no small part to the passionate enthusiasm of Mignet himself, the original HM.14 revealed design flaws that could lead to an unrecoverable and often fatal dive under certain conditions; when the front wing was put in a high attack angle for
218:
Mignet's original HM.14 prototype aircraft was powered by a 17 hp (13 kW) Aubier-Dunne 500 cc two stroke motorcycle engine. It had a wingspan of 19.5 feet (5.9 m), a length of 11.5 feet (3.5 m) and a gross weight of 450 lb (204 kg). It had a usable speed range of
182:
that was the first of his designs that really flew. Instructions for building the HM.8 Avionnette were published by Mignet in a self-published book—he hand wrote the text and drawings, created photographic plates and printed and bound the books himself—but Mignet was still not satisfied. In
183:
particular, he felt that he was not himself a very good pilot and did not like the challenge of coordinating the stick and rudder on a conventional aircraft. He yearned for a simpler solution. Between 1929 and 1933, he continued building prototypes, and testing them in a large field near
464:
Shortly after the plans appeared in 1934, many enthusiasts in Europe and the USA began to build their own aircraft. In 1936 it was estimated the cost of construction was approximately £75 and that some five hundred examples were under construction in
Britain.
425:
Mignet had not encountered this problem during his testing of his prototype, because he could not afford a large horsepower engine. When builders started putting larger engines on them and expanding the flight envelope, the wing interference problem surfaced.
421:
of the rear wing, the front wing's downwash would accelerate the air over the rear wing and cause it to gain lift more quickly than the front wing, resulting in an ever-increasing nose pitch-down and flight directly into the ground.
329:
HM.290 – 1945, single-seat, enclosed cockpit. Became popular for amateur construction from plans, with optional enclosed cockpit, various types of engine 25 hp (19 kW) to 70 hp (52 kW). Plans are available from
469:
builders generally adapt the airfoil and rigging or even the entire wings from later Mignet models, such as the HM.360, to the fuselage of the HM.14 to create a safe and reliable aircraft with the retro look of the original.
412:
would gain lift and pitch the aircraft's nose further downward. The pilot's normal reaction would be to pull back on the stick. This action would increase the angle of attack on the front wing by lowering the
441:
tests. These tests, together with those conducted by the French Air
Ministry, discovered if the angle of attack of the front wing fell below −15° insufficient pitching moment was generated to raise the nose.
247:
aircraft, built of wood and fabric. The original design was a single-seater, and had two-axis flying controls. The aircraft had a standard control stick. Fore-and-aft movement controlled the front wing's
160:. In English, the term became Flying Flea. Originally applied only to the HM.14 model, the name has now come to describe the family of aircraft of similar configuration designed by Mignet and others.
384:
HM.1000 Balerit – 1986, two-seat factory-built microlight, pusher propeller, rear-mounted 64 hp Rotax engine, designed by Mignet's son and nephew and used by the French Army.
408:
When on approach to land, the pilot would push the stick forward to gain speed for the flare and landing. As speed built up, the rear wing, operating at a greater
643:
564:
378:
HM.380 – 1957, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 1100 lb gross weight, typically powered by 60–100 hp engine. Plans still available from
Falconar Avia.
1626:
1466:
537:
1507:
946:
445:
Changes to the airfoil section and wing spacing prevented aerodynamic interference and later Mignet Flea designs incorporated these changes.
259:
Side-to-side movement of the stick controlled the large rudder. This produced a rolling motion because the wings both had substantial
1698:
448:
By 1939, there were many improved Flying Fleas in the air, but the aircraft never completely overcame its dangerous reputation.
219:
25–62 mph (40–100 km/h). In the UK in 1935 and 1936, many aerodynamic and engine developments took place, notably by
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964:, page 53, Kitplanes Magazine December 2007 Volume 24, Number 12, Belvior Publications, Aviation Publishing Group LLC.
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646:
4-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally-opposed, piston engine, 54 kW (72 hp) (various engines from 25-85hp)
1493:
1566:
1111:
472:
In 2011 Rodolphe
Grunberg of Roquefort, France was still offering plans for the HM.293 single-seater for sale.
375:
HM.360 – 1957, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, improved wing geometry. Plans still available from
Falconar Avia.
1242:
326:– 1944, single-seat, folding wings, designed as a "command parachute" for a Free French paratrooper commander.
1688:
1481:
Pouguide.org – The definitive Mignet Pou du Ciel resource collection (in French) including downloadable plans
1475:
766:
434:
338:
224:
1476:
Flying Flea resource collection including complete series of "Pou Renew" newsletter and downloadable plans
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1703:
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558:
205:, and publicly demonstrated it. In 1934, he published the plans and building instructions in his book
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533:
491:
252:, increasing and decreasing the lift of the wing. Because the front wing was located forward of the
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523:
387:
HM.1100 Cordouan – 1996, two-seat factory-built microlight, front-mounted 80 hp Rotax engine.
187:. The result of this experimentation with many odd and innovative configurations was the HM.14.
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in the USA, prompting hundreds of people around the world to build their own Flying Fleas.
498:
8:
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HM.293 – 1946, single-seat variant for larger pilots, typically powered by 50–60 hp
260:
211:
156:
dreamed of creating a Model T of the air, an airplane for the common man, hence the term
132:
22:
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The HM.14 led to more than 300 different models of the Flying Flea. Some of these are:
138:
69:
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1434:
1417:
1402:
1389:
1368:
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1313:
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1268:"Mignet HM-14 Pou du Ciel (OH-KAA) | Suomen Ilmailumuseot - Finnish Aviation Museums"
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Between 1920 and 1928, Mignet built various prototypes from the HM.1 to the HM.8, a
892:
577:
291:
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57:
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HM.290 built by John Sayle, Langley BC, 1962, with 75 hp McCulloch engine, at the
716:
409:
249:
220:
123:
570:
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and
Military History, Brussels – HM.293 (OO-33)
518:
Mignet HM.14 Flying Flea displayed at
Vapriikki Museum Centre, Tampere, Finland.
267:
anyone who could build a packing crate and drive a car could fly a Flying Flea.
201:
In 1933, Mignet successfully flew for the first time in his HM.14, the original
1667:
1429:
726:
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1641:
1516:
1438:
756:
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HM.310 Estafette – 1952, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 67 kW (90 hp)
331:
341:. Plans are available from Falconar Avia and also from Rodolphe Grunberg of
1646:
1581:
1576:
1543:
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433:, aware of a number of similar fatal crashes in France, sent G-AEFV to the
418:
196:
172:
153:
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80:
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of the wing. Because the trailing edge of the front wing was close to the
152:, or "Louse of the Road", because Henry Ford's economy car was so common.
1621:
1571:
1485:
438:
319:
HM.210 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, airworthiness certificated.
244:
228:
21:
This article is about the aircraft. For the Flying Flea motorcycle, see
978:
430:
372:
HM.351 – 1955, two-seat, enclosed cockpit. Also known as
Tachikawa R-HM
342:
275:
209:. In 1935, it was translated into English in Britain and serialised in
861:"Pou-Guide – Contribution à l'étude et au réglage des aéronefs Mignet"
313:
HM.18 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, 35 hp Mengin engine.
303:
HM.18 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, 35 hp Mengin engine.
310:(Baby Pou) – 1936, single-seat lightweight Pou, 25 hp Ava engine
179:
37:
1243:"VOLANDIA – Parco e Museo del volo – Milan-Malpensa Airport – Italy"
316:
HM.19 – 1937, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 45 hp Salmson engine.
243:
Mignet made the aircraft intentionally simple. The Flying Flea is a
573:
527:
456:
184:
761:
506:
1409:(Re-print of Practical Mechanics article on building the HM.14)
860:
541:
346:
169:
583:
Vapriikki Museum Centre, Tampere, Finland – HM.14 (OH-KAA)
402:
1480:
1351:
Aviation Museums and Collections of The Rest of the World
887:
1174:, page 118. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X
137:'Louse of the Sky') is a large family of light
1427:
Prins, François (Winter 1993). "Brisbane's Heritage".
587:
1104:
Infamous Aircraft – Dangerous Designs and their Vices
565:
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History
144:
The odd name comes from the French nickname for the
1365:
Aviation Museums and Collections of Mainland Europe
168:The Flying Flea family of aircraft was designed by
287:HM.1000 Balerit side view showing wing arrangement
1337:Aviation Museums and Collections of North America
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
785:
783:
781:
1680:
510:HM.360 at Musée régional de l'air d'Angers-Marcé
460:Homemade ‘Flying Flea,' Kellyville, Sydney, 1936
429:Following a fatal accident involving G-ADXY the
1001:
999:
997:
995:
792:
778:
1501:
1201:
820:. Manchester: Museum of Science and Industry.
381:HM.390 – 1981, two-seat(?), enclosed cockpit.
359:HM.320 – 1955, single-seat, enclosed cockpit.
1467:"Flying Flea Costs Little To Build and Run"
1228:
1226:
1224:
1077:
1044:
1042:
1029:, page 124. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015.
1400:The First Home-Built Aeroplanes (Paperback)
1172:World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12
1007:AeroCrafter – Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook
992:
972:
970:
956:
954:
1515:
1508:
1494:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
369:HM.350 – 1957, two-seat, enclosed cockpit.
1221:
1186:
1170:Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al:
1039:
1027:World Directory of Light Aviation 2015–16
927:
925:
923:
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919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
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502:HM.293 at Royal Military Museum, Brussels
256:, that would pitch the nose up and down.
1386:Flying Flea, Henri Mignet's Pout-du-Ciel
1331:The Flying Flea: How to Build and Fly It
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685:446 km (277 mi, 241 nmi)
673:130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
667:138 km/h (86 mph, 75 kn)
482:Mignet HM.14 § Aircraft on display
451:
1681:
1164:
1106:. Pen and Sword Aviation. p. 38.
1019:
906:
679:57 km/h (35 mph, 31 kn)
475:
1489:
1426:
1009:, pages 153–157. BAI Communications.
883:
881:
824:
706:0.1695 kW/kg (0.1031 hp/lb)
818:Home Built Aeroplane (display board)
1296:Guide to Homebuilts – Ninth Edition
1217:from the original on 3 August 2022.
1152:. RAF Museum Research (collections)
1025:Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al:
588:Specifications (HM.293 Flying Flea)
366:– 1954, two-seat, enclosed cockpit.
13:
893:"Mignet Pou du Ciel (Flying Flea)"
878:
858:
618:4.27 m (14 ft 0 in)
391:
14:
1725:
1460:
1384:Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (2011)
1310:Henri Mignet and his Flying Fleas
624:6.1 m (20 ft 0 in)
1308:Ellis, Ken; Jones, Geoff. 1990.
36:
1699:Single-engined tractor aircraft
1433:. No. 52. pp. 26–27.
1288:
1260:
1235:
1195:
1177:
1134:
1120:
1095:
1072:Sporting and Homebuilt Aircraft
1064:
697:3.05 m/s (600 ft/min)
1085:"Another Fatal "Pou" Accident"
852:
810:
789:Plane and Pilot (1977), p. 142
652:2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
530:, Victoria, Australia – HM.293
397:May 1936 at an air display at
163:
1:
1388:Catrine:Stenlake Publishing.
1381:, Aeroplane Monthly, May 1973
1049:Falconar, Chris (June 2007).
977:Falconar, Chris (June 2007).
772:
691:7,437 m (24,400 ft)
1714:Aircraft first flown in 1933
767:Universal American Flea Ship
435:Royal Aircraft Establishment
339:Volkswagen air-cooled engine
7:
1694:1930s French sport aircraft
1554:Powered fixed-wing aircraft
1416:. Werner & Werner Corp
962:2008 Kit Aircraft Directory
710:
567:, Brussels – HM.293 (OO-11)
279:HM.380 Pou-du-Ciel (HB-YBK)
270:
10:
1730:
561:, France – HM.360 (F-PKFV)
479:
194:
20:
1655:
1552:
1524:
889:Canadian Museum of Flight
636:317 kg (699 lb)
630:186 kg (410 lb)
557:Musée Régional de l'Air,
534:Canadian Museum of Flight
492:Canadian Museum of Flight
295:HM.1000 Balerit in flight
238:
112:10 September 1933 (HM.14)
108:
100:
92:
87:
75:
63:
52:
47:
35:
30:
16:French homebuilt aircraft
1447:Airlife's World Aircraft
1412:Plane and Pilot (1977).
1398:Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G.
1377:Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G.
1294:Bowers, Peter M. (1984)
1141:Simpson, Andrew (2012).
1102:Jackson, Robert (2005).
807:Ellis & Jones (1990)
524:Ballarat Aviation Museum
190:
1414:1978 Aircraft Directory
1211:www.lanemotormuseum.org
849:Bowers (1984), pp 73–78
603:General characteristics
597:1978 Aircraft Directory
1150:Royal Air Force Museum
979:"Mignet "Flying Flea""
945:Mignet aircraft types
752:Croses EC-9 Para-Cargo
519:
511:
503:
495:
461:
296:
288:
280:
127:
1567:AMF-S14 Super Maranda
1449:. Airlife Publishing
1445:Simpson, Rod (2001).
554:- Multiple on exhibit
517:
509:
501:
489:
459:
294:
286:
278:
141:first flown in 1933.
1689:Tandem-wing aircraft
1379:Britain's Flea craze
1312:. Haynes Publishing
1272:www.ilmailumuseot.fi
1143:"Mignet Flying Flea"
1128:"Mignet Flying Flea"
1070:Jerram, Mike. 1981.
747:Croses EC-8 Tourisme
737:Croses EC-1 Pouplume
722:APEV Pouchel Classic
644:McCulloch Model 4318
552:Nashville, Tennessee
452:Amateur construction
56:Sport, personal and
1363:Ogden, Bob (2009).
1349:Ogden, Bob (2008).
1335:Ogden, Bob (2007).
1326:(French, 661 pages)
1074:. MacDonald Phoebus
1051:"MIGNET HM 360/380"
742:Croses EC-6 Criquet
634:Max takeoff weight:
476:Aircraft on display
354:Continental C90-12F
212:Practical Mechanics
48:General information
23:Royal Enfield WD/RE
1709:Homebuilt aircraft
1704:High-wing aircraft
1617:HM.380 Flying Flea
1612:HM.360 Flying Flea
1607:HM.293 Flying Flea
1602:HM.290 Flying Flea
732:APEV Pouchel Light
520:
512:
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496:
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399:Penshurst Airfield
364:Cerisier en Fleurs
297:
289:
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139:homebuilt aircraft
70:homebuilt aircraft
31:Flying Flea series
1676:
1675:
1469:Popular Mechanics
1407:978-1-84033-449-4
1373:978-0-85130-418-2
1359:978-0-85130-394-9
1247:aviationmuseum.eu
1203:Lane Motor Museum
1146:(Webpage and PDF)
960:Kitplanes Staff:
595:Plane and Pilot:
580:– HM.290 (I-4906)
548:Lane Motor Museum
544:– HM.290 (CF-RFH)
254:center of gravity
207:Le Sport de l'Air
136:
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101:Introduction date
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1471:, November 1935
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1329:Mignet, Henri.
1322:Mignet, Henri.
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717:APEV Pouchel II
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437:for full-scale
410:angle of attack
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392:Safety concerns
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250:angle of attack
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221:Stephen Appleby
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150:Pou de la Route
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1367:. Air-Britain
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1339:. Air-Britain
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67:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Falconar Avia
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:Falconar Avia
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:1-84037-115-3
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:0-918312-00-0
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:9781840335545
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:0-85130-385-4
1342:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:0-85429-765-0
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:0-8306-2364-7
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1091:(7 May 1936).
1090:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:0-9636409-4-1
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
980:
973:
971:
963:
957:
955:
948:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
894:
890:
884:
882:
866:
862:
855:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
819:
813:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
786:
784:
782:
777:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Lederlin 380L
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
705:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:Cruise speed:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
659:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:Empty weight:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
606:
604:
599:
598:
594:
582:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:
516:
508:
500:
493:
488:
483:
473:
470:
466:
458:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
420:
416:
415:trailing edge
411:
406:
404:
400:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
332:Falconar Avia
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
301:
300:
293:
285:
277:
268:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
246:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
216:
214:
213:
208:
204:
198:
188:
186:
181:
176:
174:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
134:
129:
125:
121:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1592:F12A Cruiser
1468:
1446:
1428:
1413:
1399:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1298:. TAB Books
1295:
1289:Bibliography
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1232:Ogden (2009)
1210:
1197:
1192:Ogden (2007)
1188:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1136:
1122:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1026:
1021:
1006:
1005:Purdy, Don:
982:. Retrieved
961:
896:. Retrieved
868:. Retrieved
865:pouguide.org
864:
854:
817:
812:
700:
694:
688:
682:
677:Stall speed:
676:
670:
664:
657:
655:
649:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:
559:Angers-Marcé
471:
467:
463:
447:
444:
428:
424:
419:leading edge
407:
395:
363:
323:
307:
298:
265:
258:
242:
233:
217:
210:
206:
202:
200:
197:Mignet HM.14
177:
173:Henri Mignet
167:
157:
154:Henri Mignet
149:
148:automobile:
146:Ford Model T
143:
119:
117:
109:First flight
96:1933–present
93:Manufactured
81:Henri Mignet
65:Manufacturer
42:Mignet HM.14
18:
1637:SAL Mustang
1597:Golden Hawk
1056:30 December
898:30 December
658:Performance
650:Propellers:
640:Powerplant:
538:Langley, BC
439:wind tunnel
245:tandem wing
229:L.E. Baynes
225:John Carden
203:flying flea
164:Development
158:Pou du Ciel
128:Pou du Ciel
120:Flying Flea
1683:Categories
1587:F11 Sporty
1183:Ogden 2008
1113:1844151727
947:airspot.ru
773:References
702:Power/mass
431:Air League
343:Rocquefort
324:Pou-Maquis
1656:Companies
1622:Majorette
1439:0143-5450
1035:1368-485X
622:Wingspan:
593:Data from
180:monoplane
170:Frenchman
1647:Turbi D5
1632:Minihawk
1627:Master X
1572:Cubmajor
1519:aircraft
1277:27 April
1215:Archived
1207:"Flying"
1156:18 March
891:(2006).
859:auteur.
711:See also
574:Volandia
528:Ballarat
308:Pou-Bébé
271:Variants
261:dihedral
185:Soissons
76:Designer
1526:Gliders
1252:21 July
870:9 March
762:Pouchel
616:Length:
362:HM.330
356:engine.
322:HM.280
135:
88:History
1544:AV.362
1539:AV.361
1453:
1437:
1420:
1405:
1392:
1371:
1357:
1343:
1316:
1302:
1110:
1089:Flight
1033:
1013:
984:13 May
683:Range:
542:Canada
347:France
306:HM.16
239:Design
124:French
1534:AV.36
610:Crew:
191:HM.14
1642:Teal
1582:F10A
1451:ISBN
1435:ISSN
1418:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1279:2018
1254:2015
1158:2016
1108:ISBN
1058:2007
1031:ISSN
1011:ISBN
986:2017
900:2007
872:2015
642:1 ×
403:Kent
227:and
133:lit.
118:The
104:1933
53:Type
1577:F9A
1685::
1270:.
1245:.
1223:^
1213:.
1209:.
1205:.
1148:.
1087:.
1041:^
994:^
969:^
953:^
908:^
880:^
863:.
826:^
794:^
780:^
576:,
550:,
540:,
536:,
526:,
405:.
401:,
345:,
231:.
223:,
175:.
130:,
126::
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
1441:.
1281:.
1256:.
1160:.
1130:.
1116:.
1060:.
988:.
902:.
874:.
704::
612:1
494:.
349:.
334:.
122:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
