887:
566:
698:
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922:, watched with dismay as the country's students took to the streets to protest the dictatorship and the king's support for it. A clandestine pamphlet portrayed Alfonso as Primo de Rivera's dancing partner. Yet the king did not have determination to remove Primo de Rivera. On 26 January 1930, the dictator asked the military leaders if he still had their support. Their lukewarm responses, and his recognition that the king no longer backed him, persuaded him to resign two days later. Primo de Rivera retired and moved to Paris, where he died a month and a half later at the age of 60 from a combination of fever and diabetes on 16 March 1930.
636:
50:
783:, started many years earlier, opened in 1924. His economic planners built dams to harness the hydroelectric power of rivers, especially the Duero and the Ebro, and to provide water for irrigation. For the first time, electricity reached some of Spain's rural regions. The regime upgraded Spain's railroads, and this helped the Spanish iron and steel industry prosper. Between 1923 and 1927, foreign trade increased 300%. Overall, his government intervened to protect national producers from foreign competition. Such economic nationalism was largely the brainchild of Primo de Rivera's finance minister,
953:, one of Primo de Rivera's opponents, to govern. This government promptly failed in its attempt to return to ordinary constitutional order. Different presidential candidates attempted to restore the legitimacy of the monarch, who had discredited himself by siding with the dictatorship. Eventually, municipal elections were called for on 12 April 1931. While monarchist parties won in the overall polls, republican candidates commanded the majority in urban centres, winning the elections in 41 provincial capitals including Madrid and Barcelona. In April 1931, General
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819:
883:. Although they met in the Cortes chamber, members of the regime-appointed assembly could only advise Primo de Rivera. They had no legislative power. In 1929, following guidance from the dictator, the assembly finally produced a new constitution draft. Among its provisions, it gave women the vote because Primo de Rivera believed their political views less susceptible to political radicalism. He intended to have the nation accept the new constitution in another plebiscite, to be held in 1930.
851:(UP), which was formally organized the following year. Primo de Rivera liked to claim that members of the UP were above the squabbling and corruption of petty politics, that they placed the nation's interests above their own. He thought it would bring ideal democracy to Spain by representing true public opinion. But the UP quite obviously was a political party, despite the dictator's naive protestations. Furthermore, it failed to attract enthusiastic support or even many members.
803:(UGT) were quick to cooperate with the government and its leaders affiliated themselves with the committees mentioned before. Individual workers also benefited because the regime undertook massive public works. The government financed such projects with huge public loans, which Calvo Sotelo argued would be repaid by the increased taxes resulting from economic expansion. Unemployment largely disappeared.
739:, Primo de Rivera announced: "Our aim is to open a brief parenthesis in the constitutional life of Spain and to re-establish it as soon as the country offers us men uncontaminated with the vices of political organization." In other words, he believed that the old class of politicians had ruined Spain, that they sought only their own interests rather than patriotism and nationalism.
743:
been brushed aside. As he travelled through Spain, his emotional speeches left no doubt that he was a
Spanish patriot. He proposed to keep the dictatorship in place long enough to sweep away the mess created by the politicians. In the meantime, he would use the state to modernize the economy and alleviate the problems of the working class.
859:, pressed the king to remove Primo de Rivera and restore constitutional government. To demonstrate his public support, Primo de Rivera ordered the UP to conduct a plebiscite in September. Voters could endorse the regime or abstain. About a third of those able to vote declined to go to the polls; despite this,
811:(CNT) was decreed illegal and, without the support of the PSOE, the general strikes organised by the organisation were dismantled violently by the army. To suppress the separatist fever in Barcelona, the regime tried to expunge Catalan culture. It was illegal to use Catalan in church services or to dance the
442:. He moved up the military ladder, promoted to brigadier general (1911), division general (1914), and lieutenant general (1919). He went on to serve as administrator of the Valencia, Madrid, and Barcelona military regions, distinguishing himself as a voice in favour of military withdrawal from Africa.
843:
Primo de Rivera chiefly failed because he did not create a viable, legitimate political system to preserve and continue his reforms. He seems to have sincerely wanted the dictatorship to be as brief as possible and initially hoped that Spain could live with the
Constitution of 1876 and a new group of
619:
Primo de Rivera went to Madrid to serve in the
Ministry of War with his uncle. Renowned for his amorous conquests, he reverted to the carefree days of his youth in Jerez. Then in 1902, he married a young Hispano-Cuban, Casilda Sáenz de Heredia. Their marriage was happy, and Casilda bore six children
917:
When Primo de Rivera lost the support of the king and the armed forces, his dictatorship was doomed. The
Spanish military had never unanimously backed his seizure of power, although it had tolerated his rule. But when Primo de Rivera began to inject politics into promotions for the artillery corps,
669:
in
Morocco, Radical republicans and anarchists in Catalonia had proclaimed a general strike. Violence had erupted when the government declared martial law. Anticlerical rioters had burned churches and convents, and tensions grew as socialists and anarchists pressed for radical changes in Spain. The
794:
in Italy, Primo de Rivera forced management and labor to cooperate by organizing 27 corporations (committees) representing different industries and professions. Within each corporation, government arbitrators mediated disputes over wages, hours, and working conditions. This gave
Spanish labor more
746:
Primo de Rivera began by appointing a supreme directorate of eight military men, with himself as president. He then decreed martial law and fired civilian politicians in the provinces, replacing them with middle-ranking officers. When members of the Cortes complained to the king, Alfonso dismissed
631:
of dancing, drinking and love-making with gypsies. He would be observed almost alone in the streets of Madrid, swathed in an opera cloak, making his way from one café to another, and on returning home would issue a garrulous and sometimes even intoxicated communiqué -- which he would often have to
742:
Although many leftists opposed the dictatorship, some of the public supported Primo de Rivera. Those
Spaniards were tired of the turmoil and economic problems and hoped a strong leader, backed by the military, could put their country on the right track. Others were enraged that the parliament had
770:
The dictator enjoyed several successes in the early years of his regime. Chief among them was
Morocco, which had been festering since the start of the 20th century. Primo de Rivera talked of abandoning the colony altogether, unless sufficient resources were available to defeat the rebellion, and
909:
As the economic boom ended, Spaniards gradually became tired of the dictatorship. The value of the peseta fell against foreign currencies, 1929 brought a bad harvest, and Spain's imports far outstripped the worth of its exports. Conservative critics blamed rising inflation on the government's
747:
them, and Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislative body. He also moved to repress separatists, who wanted to make the Basque provinces and
Catalonia independent from Spain. Despite some reservations, the great Spanish philosopher and intellectual,
815:. Furthermore, many of the dictator's economic reforms did not actually help the poor as huge public spending led to inflation, which the rich could cope with more easily. This led to a huge income disparity between the wealthy and working classes in Spain at the time.
771:
began withdrawing
Spanish forces. But when the Moroccans attacked the French sector, they drove the French and Spanish to unite to crush the defiance in 1925. He went to Africa to help lead the troops in person, and 1927 brought victory to the Franco-Spanish forces.
854:
On 3 December 1925 he moved to restore legitimate government by dismissing the military Directory and replacing it with civilians. Still, the Constitution remained suspended, and criticisms of the regime grew. By summer 1926, former politicians, led by conservative
533:
called "a hard-drinking, whoring, horse-loving aristocracy" that ruled "over the most starved and down-trodden race of agricultural labourers in Europe." Studying history and engineering before deciding upon a military career, he won admission to the newly created
839:
Primo de Rivera dared not tackle what was seen as Spain's most pressing problem, agrarian reform, because it would have provoked the great landholding elite. Writes historian Richard Herr, "Primo was not one to waken sleeping dogs, especially if they were big."
806:
But Primo de Rivera brought order to Spain with a price: his regime was a dictatorship. He censored the press. When intellectuals criticized the government, he closed El Ateneo, the country's most famous political and literary club. The largely anarchist
616:. That loss frustrated many Spaniards, Primo de Rivera included. They criticized the politicians and the parliamentary system which could not maintain order or foster economic development at home, nor preserve the vestiges of Spain's imperial glory.
1230:"SPANISH PLEBISCITE DRAWS RECORD VOTE; De Rivera at End Estimates Total Is Four Times That of Any General Election. ABSTENTIONISTS ARRESTED Barcelona Police Hold Those Who Agitated Against Signing Endorsement of Government"
477:
was marked by authoritarian nationalism and populism. Primo de Rivera initially said he would rule for only 90 days; however, he chose to remain in power, heading a military directorate. In December 1925, after the
490:
were created. Once economic tailwinds diminished, he lost the support of most of his generals, and he was forced to resign in January 1930 amid increasing inflation and civic unrest, dying abroad two months later.
170:
755:"The alpha and omega of the task that the military Directory has imposed is to make an end of the old politics. The purpose is so excellent, that there is no room for objections. The old politics must be ended."
918:
it provoked hostility and opposition. Troubled by the regime's failure to legitimize itself or to solve the country's woes, the king also began to draw away. Alfonso, who had sponsored the establishment of
681:(Spanish parliament) under the constitutional monarchy seemed to have no solution to Spain's unemployment, labor strikes, and poverty. In 1921, the Spanish army suffered a stunning defeat in Morocco at the
725:
On 13 September 1923, the indignant military, headed by Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera in Barcelona, overthrew the parliamentary government, upon which Primo de Rivera established himself as
2810:
981:
won the Civil War and established a far more authoritarian regime. By that time, many Spaniards regarded Primo de Rivera's relatively mild regime and its economic optimism with greater fondness.
879:
Nevertheless, buoyed by his victory, Primo de Rivera decided to promote a body tasked with the elaboration of a constitutional draft. On 10 October 1927, with the king in attendance, he opened a
733:
explaining the coup to the people. Resentful of the parliamentarians' attacks against him, King Alfonso tried to give Primo de Rivera legitimacy by naming him prime minister. In justifying his
550:
His army career gave him a role as junior officer in the colonial wars in Morocco, Cuba and the Philippines. He then held several important military posts including the captain-generalship of
2805:
1877:
1726:
973:, a Spanish fascist party. Both José Antonio and his brother Fernando were arrested in March 1936 by the republic, and were executed in Alicante prison by Republican forces once the
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informed the King that he could not count on the loyalty of the armed forces. Alfonso XIII went into exile on 14 April 1931, not formally abdicating until 1941 in favour of his son,
649:
Between 1909 and 1923, Primo de Rivera's career blossomed, but he became increasingly discouraged with the fortunes of his country. He was wounded in action in October 1911 in the
779:
Primo de Rivera also worked to build infrastructure for his economically backward country. Spain had few cars when he came to power; by 1930, and Rivera aimed to expand this. The
1575:
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spending for public works projects. Although no one recognized it at the time, the final months of the year brought the international economic slump which turned into the
201:
144:
832:, Primo de Rivera was enough of a reformer and his policies were radical enough to threaten the interests of the traditional power elite. According to British historian
592:. For many years, the government had tried without success to crush the Berber rebels, wasting lives and money. He concluded Spain must withdraw from what was called
2835:
2825:
1796:
1580:
657:, he was promoted to brigadier general in 1911, the first graduate of the General Academy to receive such a promotion. Yet social revolution had flared briefly in
1215:
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2004:
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region in northern Morocco, and promotions and decorations came steadily. Primo de Rivera became convinced that Spain probably could not hold on to its
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called the result "a record vote", noting that the turnout was four times higher than any Spanish election until then. Other media were more critical:
836:, "Spain needed radical reforms and he could only govern by the permission of the two most reactionary forces in the country—the Army and the Church."
467:. The coup enjoyed the acquiescence of the monarch, and Primo de Rivera was ensuingly tasked to form a government. He thereby proceeded to suspend the
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1701:
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685:, which discredited the military's North African policies. By 1923, deputies of the Cortes called for an investigation into the responsibility of
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before her death in 1908, following the birth of Fernando. He later was sent on a military mission to France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1909.
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2019:
2014:
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526:. His great-grandfather was Bértrand Primo de Rivera (1741–1813), a general and hero of the Spanish Resistance against Napoleon Bonaparte.
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The tranquility was, in part, due to the dictatorship's ways of accommodating the interests of Spanish workers. Imitating the example of
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if it could not dominate the colony. He was familiar with Cuba and the Philippines with the latter as an aide-de-camp during the
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Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production,"Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired on
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522:. Fernando later participated in the plot to restore the constitutional monarchy in 1875, ending the tumultuous
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486:. From 1927 a policy of public spending on infrastructures was pursued and state monopolies such as oil company
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During the crisis of the Restoration regime, specifically upon political turmoil in the wake of setbacks in the
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787:. Spain benefited from the European post-World War I boom, but the gains were concentrated with the wealthy.
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2009:
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Montes, Pablo. "La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la Historiografía: Una Confrontación Metodológica,"
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Smith, Angel. "The Catalan Counter-revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917–23,"
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politicians. The problem was to find new civilian leadership to take the place of the military.
748:
419:(8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930), was a Spanish dictator and military officer who ruled as
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1962:
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Posthumously promoted to the honorific rank of Captain General by the Francoist dictatorship
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and the armed forces for the debacle. Rumors of corruption in the army became rampant.
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The Origins of Franco’s Spain – The Right, the Republic and Revolution, 1931–1936
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government proved unable to reform itself or the nation and frustration mounted.
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Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923–30
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while leading the infantry regiment San Fernando as Colonel. Having returned to
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1913:
1321:
949:, Spain fell into economic and political chaos. Alfonso XIII appointed General
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says: "He would work enormously hard for weeks on end and then disappear for a
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Revolution from Above: The Primo De Rivera Dictatorship in Spain, 1923–1930
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In the early 1930s, as with most of the Western world during and after the
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20:
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Suarez, Eduardo (2006). "Tres días de abril que revolucionaron España".
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and became a hostage along with Filipino exiles in Hong Kong after the
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1832:
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Miguel Primo de Rivera was born into a landowning military family of
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Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923–1930
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of 1909. After the army had called up conscripts to fight in the
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24:
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Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild
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influence than ever before and this might be the reason why the
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555:
487:
1500:
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economic difficulties heightened social unrest in Spain. The
1050:
Charles Petrie; Charles Alexander Petrie, Sir bart. (1963).
1122:
1137:"Primo de Rivera, 'el inventor del populismo de derechas'"
847:
In 1923, he began to create a new "apolitical" party, the
2806:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
1228:
TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES (1926-09-14).
890:
Primo de Rivera (second from right) visiting the port of
585:
518:, was Captain General in Madrid and the soon-to-be first
438:
in October 1893 in Cabrerizas Altas during the so-called
413:
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella
580:
He showed courage and initiative in battles against the
1097:(2004). "Miguel Primo de Rivera, el espejo de Franco".
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ended Rifian anti-colonial resistance, he installed a
1070:
Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictadura, populismo y nación
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of the heroic actions of Primo de Rivera during the
2841:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1216:
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936
608:. in 1898 he watched the humiliating defeat in the
430:He was born into a landowning family of Andalusian
449:and the ensuing spillover of the enquiries of the
2707:
1385:Newspaper clippings about Miguel Primo de Rivera
965:. Two years later Primo de Rivera's eldest son,
692:
2836:Spanish military personnel of the Kert campaign
2826:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
1101:. Madrid: Ediciones B. pp. 152, 154, 162.
514:. His father was a retired colonel. His uncle,
423:from 1923 to 1930 during the last years of the
31: and the second or maternal family name is
2289:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
1043:
2273:
1481:
1190:(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970) p. 28.
729:. In his typically florid prose, he issued a
2831:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
1495:
977:began in July 1936. The Nationalists led by
898:
701:Announcement of the new government in Madrid
74:15 September 1923 – 28 January 1930
1204:. Gale Research Incorporated. p. 1157.
905:Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
823:Equestrian monument in Jerez de la Frontera
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455:a military coup d'état on 13 September 1923
183:20 February 1927 – 30 January 1930
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1488:
1474:
759:Nevertheless, other intellectuals such as
126:16 October 1924 – 2 November 1925
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529:The young Miguel grew up as part of what
16:Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930
924:
885:
817:
696:
634:
564:
1262:"SPANISH FARCE. Three Days' Plebiscite"
1199:
1170:"1911 Dura acción de castigo en el Rif"
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933:of Primo de Rivera by Flemish magazine
767:criticized the regime and were exiled.
304: 1902; died 1908)
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1285:
1093:
2766:Leaders of political parties in Spain
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1469:
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502:, went on to become fascist leaders.
114:High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco
2336:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
1202:Historic World Leaders: Europe (L-Z)
1001:Militar Directory of Primo de Rivera
874:
717:Militar Directory of Primo de Rivera
639:Primo de Rivera in military attire,
2761:Spanish Patriotic Union politicians
612:, bringing a close to his nation's
13:
1315:
1115:
1056:. Chapman & Hall. p. 179.
996:Civil Directory of Primo de Rivera
721:Civil Directory of Primo de Rivera
545:
14:
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1335:, 2nd ed. 1982, pp. 564–591.
1099:Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja
401:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
234:Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja
2731:People from Jerez de la Frontera
2387:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
2372:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
2321:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
1509:Acting prime ministers shown in
1135:Canal, Jordi (27 January 2023).
809:National Confederation of Labour
797:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
334:
2816:Grand Crosses of Military Merit
2305:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
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1279:
1254:
1221:
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711:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
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2846:Deaths from diabetes in France
2326:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
2300:French protectorate in Morocco
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857:José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez
505:
494:Some of his children, such as
1:
2776:Captains General of Catalonia
1342:(2012), Issue 74, pp 167–184.
1053:King Alfonso XIII and His Age
1036:
693:Establishment of dictatorship
640:
2821:Grand Crosses of Naval Merit
2674:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
2377:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
1458:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
1426:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
940:
23:, the first or paternal
7:
2801:Spanish lieutenant generals
2664:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
2654:Algeciras Conference (1906)
2331:First Melilla War (1893–94)
1389:20th Century Press Archives
1067:Quiroga, Alejandro (2022).
984:
871:called the vote "a farce".
471:and establish martial law.
457:with help from a clique of
10:
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2756:Foreign ministers of Spain
2578:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2367:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
1364:European History Quarterly
1288:La Aventura de la Historia
902:
830:paternalistic conservatism
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271:Church of La Merced, Jerez
171:Minister of State of Spain
18:
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2397:Battle of El Herri (1914)
2392:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
2382:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
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2341:Second Melilla War (1909)
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961:. The act ushered in the
899:Fall from power and death
894:with his navy staff, 1927
542:, and graduated in 1884.
453:, Primo de Rivera staged
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2659:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
2644:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
2639:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
2407:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
1433:Awards and achievements
1411:Fernando Primo de Rivera
1351:Excerpt and text search.
1308:(2nd ed 1982) pp 564–591
1186:Richard A. H. Robinson,
1016:
1011:1929 Spanish coup d'état
1006:1926 Spanish coup d'état
991:1923 Spanish coup d'état
920:Madrid's University City
775:Promoting infrastructure
707:1923 Spanish coup d'état
632:cancel in the morning."
536:General Military Academy
291:Casilda Sáenz de Heredia
214:Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart
2781:Spanish anti-communists
2568:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
2402:Battle of Annual (1921)
1380:Encyclopædia Britannica
1214:Murray Bookchin (1998)
574:First Melillan campaign
421:prime minister of Spain
145:Luis Aizpuru y Mondéjar
62:Prime Minister of Spain
2791:Primo de Rivera family
2593:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2563:Juan García y Margallo
2440:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2435:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
1448:Cover of Time Magazine
1200:Commire, Anne (1994).
937:
895:
825:
801:Workers' General Union
757:
702:
646:
623:The British historian
577:
216:(as Minister of State)
42:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2771:People of the Rif War
1366:(2007) 37#1 pp 7–34.
1218:. Publisher: AK Press
1157:The Spanish Civil War
1073:. Editorial Crítica.
928:
889:
821:
765:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
753:
700:
638:
598:Philippine Revolution
568:
358:Years of service
2796:Spanish nationalists
2751:Knights of Calatrava
2726:Burials in Andalusia
2695:Agadir Crisis (1911)
2669:Treaty of Fes (1912)
2649:Treaty of Fes (1894)
1980:Fernández-Villaverde
1807:Democratic Sexennium
1345:Quiroga, Alejandro.
749:José Ortega y Gasset
610:Spanish–American War
606:Pact of Biak na Bato
590:North African colony
512:Jerez de la Frontera
475:His dictatorial rule
95:Manuel García Prieto
2746:Marquesses of Spain
2516:Paul Prosper Henrys
2346:Zaian War (1914–21)
1534:Martínez de la Rosa
1417:Marquis of Estella
425:Bourbon Restoration
2588:José Millán-Astray
2531:Henry de Bournazel
2460:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
2156:Spain under Franco
1549:Álvarez Mendizábal
1441:Richard Swann Lull
1234:The New York Times
1176:. 10 October 2011.
1125:on 22 October 2018
938:
935:Weekblad Pallieter
896:
862:The New York Times
826:
703:
647:
578:
520:Marquis of Estella
463:generals close to
370:Lieutenant general
2703:
2702:
2627:
2626:
2430:Mohammed Ameziane
2351:Rif War (1921–26)
2255:
2254:
2181:Fernández-Miranda
1520:Queen Isabella II
1464:
1463:
1455:Succeeded by
1423:Succeeded by
975:Spanish Civil War
881:National Assembly
875:National Assembly
785:José Calvo Sotelo
761:Miguel de Unamuno
687:King Alfonso XIII
673:After 1918, post-
614:once-great empire
480:Alhucemas landing
469:1876 constitution
465:King Alfonso XIII
410:
409:
2853:
2603:Francisco Franco
2583:Dámaso Berenguer
2573:José Marina Vega
2450:Mhand n'Ifrutant
2420:
2419:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2163:
2162:
2079:
2078:
1936:
1935:
1814:
1813:
1527:
1526:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1438:Preceded by
1408:Preceded by
1402:Spanish nobility
1398:
1397:
1333:Spain, 1808–1975
1309:
1306:Spain, 1808–1975
1302:
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1113:
1112:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1030:
1027:
979:Francisco Franco
951:Dámaso Berenguer
947:Great Depression
912:Great Depression
792:Benito Mussolini
683:Battle of Annual
645:
642:
602:Emilio Aguinaldo
343:Military service
338:
305:
303:
260:
243:
241:
225:Personal details
210:
198:
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160:
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141:
124:
107:Dámaso Berenguer
103:
91:
72:
52:
38:
37:
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2850:
2741:Counts of Spain
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2678:
2623:
2619:Mohamed Meziane
2607:
2551:
2547:Thami El Glaoui
2535:
2526:Philippe Pétain
2494:
2475:Assou Oubasslam
2411:
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2191:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2131:Martínez Barrio
2101:Martínez Barrio
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:Second Republic
2066:
2052:Primo de Rivera
2035:Sánchez de Toca
2000:López Domínguez
1953:Martínez Campos
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:The Restoration
1923:
1914:Sierra Bullones
1811:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1593:Pérez de Castro
1576:Heredia-Spínola
1524:
1523:
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1514:
1503:
1497:Prime ministers
1494:
1460:
1451:
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1428:
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1413:
1376:
1368:Online version.
1355:Rial, James H.
1340:Historia Social
1331:Carr, Raymond.
1322:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
1318:
1316:Further reading
1313:
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1174:Diario de Cádiz
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963:Second Republic
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849:Patriotic Union
781:Barcelona Metro
777:
723:
715:Main articles:
713:
705:Main articles:
695:
655:Spanish Morocco
643:
594:Spanish Morocco
548:
546:Military career
508:
484:civil directory
436:baptism by fire
392:
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280:Patriotic Union
276:Political party
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2005:Vega de Armijo
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1374:External links
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1328:, Oxford 1983.
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263:Paris, France
257:16 March 1930
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2786:Alfonso XIII
2592:
2455:Ali Amhaouch
2445:Moha ou Said
2222:Calvo-Sotelo
2209:
2179:
2051:
2039:
1967:
1876:
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1452:8 June 1925
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1270:. Retrieved
1268:. 1926-09-18
1266:The Advocate
1265:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
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967:José Antonio
944:
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868:The Advocate
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828:Despite his
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496:José Antonio
493:
473:
458:
451:Picasso file
444:
440:Margallo War
429:
412:
411:
376:Battles/wars
352:Spanish Army
317:José Antonio
259:(1930-03-16)
209:Succeeded by
191:Alfonso XIII
178:
159:Succeeded by
134:Alfonso XIII
121:
102:Succeeded by
83:Alfonso XIII
69:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
2721:1930 deaths
2716:1870 births
2470:Abd el-Krim
2227:F. González
2161:(1936–1975)
2111:Chapaprieta
2077:(1931–1939)
1934:(1874–1931)
1878:Mendigorría
1812:(1868–1874)
1727:Mendigorría
1640:J. M. López
1630:A. González
1598:A. González
1525:(1833–1868)
799:(PSOE) and
736:coup d'état
675:World War I
663:Tragic Week
644: 1920
625:Hugh Thomas
570:Lithography
506:Early years
432:aristocrats
383:Melilla War
197:Preceded by
148: [
140:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
2710:Categories
2416:Key people
2197:Since 1975
1665:Miraflores
1420:1921–1930
1272:2022-01-20
1247:2022-01-20
1037:References
931:caricature
460:Africanist
240:1870-01-08
2556:Spaniards
2423:Moroccans
2057:Berenguer
2020:Romanones
2010:Canalejas
1969:Azcárraga
1782:O'Donnell
1762:O'Donnell
1742:O'Donnell
1737:Espartero
1722:Sartorius
1686:Salamanca
1675:Sotomayor
1620:Espartero
1566:Espartero
1560:Calatrava
1242:0362-4331
941:Aftermath
751:, wrote:
731:Manifesto
659:Barcelona
560:Barcelona
361:1884–1923
331:Signature
179:In office
122:In office
70:In office
2632:Treaties
2480:Aït Atta
2237:Zapatero
2211:Santiago
2041:Bugallal
1948:Jovellar
1904:Castelar
1899:Salmerón
1889:Figueras
1855:Malcampo
1767:Arrazola
1717:Lersundi
1609:Cortázar
1349:, 2007.
1294:: 54–60.
985:See also
727:dictator
600:against
552:Valencia
516:Fernando
312:Children
33:Orbaneja
19:In this
2485:Zayanes
2360:Battles
2247:Sánchez
2126:Casares
2116:Portela
2096:Lerroux
1990:Montero
1975:Silvela
1958:Sagasta
1943:Cánovas
1919:Sagasta
1909:Serrano
1872:Serrano
1860:Sagasta
1845:Serrano
1828:Serrano
1787:Narváez
1777:Narváez
1757:Istúriz
1747:Narváez
1712:Roncali
1702:Clonard
1697:Narváez
1680:Pacheco
1670:Narváez
1660:Narváez
1650:Olózaga
1571:Bardají
1554:Istúriz
1511:italics
1391:of the
1387:in the
1359:, 1986.
1159:, p. 17
1142:El País
971:Falange
813:sardana
629:juerga
584:of the
582:Berbers
447:Rif War
306:
298:
294:
249:, Spain
188:Monarch
131:Monarch
79:Monarch
25:surname
2683:Crises
2499:French
2217:Suárez
2170:Franco
2146:Negrín
2121:Barcía
2106:Samper
1963:Posada
1866:Topete
1839:Topete
1797:Havana
1752:Armero
1625:Ferrer
1615:Sancho
1603:Ferraz
1539:Toreno
1240:
1105:
1077:
892:Pasaia
679:Cortes
576:, 1893
556:Madrid
540:Toledo
488:Campsa
397:Awards
323:, and
321:Miguel
286:Spouse
2242:Rajoy
2232:Aznar
2205:Arias
2187:Arias
2141:Largo
2136:Giral
2091:Azaña
2030:Maura
1995:Moret
1985:Maura
1822:Madoz
1732:Rivas
1635:Rodil
1587:Alaix
1581:Frías
1544:Álava
1501:Spain
1017:Notes
929:1925
500:Pilar
325:Pilar
300:(
296:
247:Jerez
152:]
2314:Wars
2025:Dato
1833:Prim
1238:ISSN
1123:DR K
1103:ISBN
1075:ISBN
763:and
719:and
709:and
558:and
498:and
366:Rank
254:Died
230:Born
1772:Mon
1499:of
1393:ZBW
586:Rif
538:in
427:.
27:is
2712::
1894:Pi
1324:.
1292:90
1290:.
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641:c.
562:.
554:,
417:GE
415:,
319:,
302:m.
150:es
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1513:.
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238:(
35:.
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