898:
577:
709:
937:
933:, watched with dismay as the country's students took to the streets to protest the dictatorship and the king's support for it. A clandestine pamphlet portrayed Alfonso as Primo de Rivera's dancing partner. Yet the king did not have determination to remove Primo de Rivera. On 26 January 1930, the dictator asked the military leaders if he still had their support. Their lukewarm responses, and his recognition that the king no longer backed him, persuaded him to resign two days later. Primo de Rivera retired and moved to Paris, where he died a month and a half later at the age of 60 from a combination of fever and diabetes on 16 March 1930.
647:
61:
794:, started many years earlier, opened in 1924. His economic planners built dams to harness the hydroelectric power of rivers, especially the Duero and the Ebro, and to provide water for irrigation. For the first time, electricity reached some of Spain's rural regions. The regime upgraded Spain's railroads, and this helped the Spanish iron and steel industry prosper. Between 1923 and 1927, foreign trade increased 300%. Overall, his government intervened to protect national producers from foreign competition. Such economic nationalism was largely the brainchild of Primo de Rivera's finance minister,
964:, one of Primo de Rivera's opponents, to govern. This government promptly failed in its attempt to return to ordinary constitutional order. Different presidential candidates attempted to restore the legitimacy of the monarch, who had discredited himself by siding with the dictatorship. Eventually, municipal elections were called for on 12 April 1931. While monarchist parties won in the overall polls, republican candidates commanded the majority in urban centres, winning the elections in 41 provincial capitals including Madrid and Barcelona. In April 1931, General
347:
830:
894:. Although they met in the Cortes chamber, members of the regime-appointed assembly could only advise Primo de Rivera. They had no legislative power. In 1929, following guidance from the dictator, the assembly finally produced a new constitution draft. Among its provisions, it gave women the vote because Primo de Rivera believed their political views less susceptible to political radicalism. He intended to have the nation accept the new constitution in another plebiscite, to be held in 1930.
862:(UP), which was formally organized the following year. Primo de Rivera liked to claim that members of the UP were above the squabbling and corruption of petty politics, that they placed the nation's interests above their own. He thought it would bring ideal democracy to Spain by representing true public opinion. But the UP quite obviously was a political party, despite the dictator's naive protestations. Furthermore, it failed to attract enthusiastic support or even many members.
814:(UGT) were quick to cooperate with the government and its leaders affiliated themselves with the committees mentioned before. Individual workers also benefited because the regime undertook massive public works. The government financed such projects with huge public loans, which Calvo Sotelo argued would be repaid by the increased taxes resulting from economic expansion. Unemployment largely disappeared.
750:, Primo de Rivera announced: "Our aim is to open a brief parenthesis in the constitutional life of Spain and to re-establish it as soon as the country offers us men uncontaminated with the vices of political organization." In other words, he believed that the old class of politicians had ruined Spain, that they sought only their own interests rather than patriotism and nationalism.
754:
been brushed aside. As he travelled through Spain, his emotional speeches left no doubt that he was a
Spanish patriot. He proposed to keep the dictatorship in place long enough to sweep away the mess created by the politicians. In the meantime, he would use the state to modernize the economy and alleviate the problems of the working class.
870:, pressed the king to remove Primo de Rivera and restore constitutional government. To demonstrate his public support, Primo de Rivera ordered the UP to conduct a plebiscite in September. Voters could endorse the regime or abstain. About a third of those able to vote declined to go to the polls; despite this,
822:(CNT) was decreed illegal and, without the support of the PSOE, the general strikes organised by the organisation were dismantled violently by the army. To suppress the separatist fever in Barcelona, the regime tried to expunge Catalan culture. It was illegal to use Catalan in church services or to dance the
453:. He moved up the military ladder, promoted to brigadier general (1911), division general (1914), and lieutenant general (1919). He went on to serve as administrator of the Valencia, Madrid, and Barcelona military regions, distinguishing himself as a voice in favour of military withdrawal from Africa.
854:
Primo de Rivera chiefly failed because he did not create a viable, legitimate political system to preserve and continue his reforms. He seems to have sincerely wanted the dictatorship to be as brief as possible and initially hoped that Spain could live with the
Constitution of 1876 and a new group of
630:
Primo de Rivera went to Madrid to serve in the
Ministry of War with his uncle. Renowned for his amorous conquests, he reverted to the carefree days of his youth in Jerez. Then in 1902, he married a young Hispano-Cuban, Casilda Sáenz de Heredia. Their marriage was happy, and Casilda bore six children
928:
When Primo de Rivera lost the support of the king and the armed forces, his dictatorship was doomed. The
Spanish military had never unanimously backed his seizure of power, although it had tolerated his rule. But when Primo de Rivera began to inject politics into promotions for the artillery corps,
680:
in
Morocco, Radical republicans and anarchists in Catalonia had proclaimed a general strike. Violence had erupted when the government declared martial law. Anticlerical rioters had burned churches and convents, and tensions grew as socialists and anarchists pressed for radical changes in Spain. The
805:
in Italy, Primo de Rivera forced management and labor to cooperate by organizing 27 corporations (committees) representing different industries and professions. Within each corporation, government arbitrators mediated disputes over wages, hours, and working conditions. This gave
Spanish labor more
757:
Primo de Rivera began by appointing a supreme directorate of eight military men, with himself as president. He then decreed martial law and fired civilian politicians in the provinces, replacing them with middle-ranking officers. When members of the Cortes complained to the king, Alfonso dismissed
642:
of dancing, drinking and love-making with gypsies. He would be observed almost alone in the streets of Madrid, swathed in an opera cloak, making his way from one café to another, and on returning home would issue a garrulous and sometimes even intoxicated communiqué -- which he would often have to
753:
Although many leftists opposed the dictatorship, some of the public supported Primo de Rivera. Those
Spaniards were tired of the turmoil and economic problems and hoped a strong leader, backed by the military, could put their country on the right track. Others were enraged that the parliament had
781:
The dictator enjoyed several successes in the early years of his regime. Chief among them was
Morocco, which had been festering since the start of the 20th century. Primo de Rivera talked of abandoning the colony altogether, unless sufficient resources were available to defeat the rebellion, and
920:
As the economic boom ended, Spaniards gradually became tired of the dictatorship. The value of the peseta fell against foreign currencies, 1929 brought a bad harvest, and Spain's imports far outstripped the worth of its exports. Conservative critics blamed rising inflation on the government's
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them, and Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislative body. He also moved to repress separatists, who wanted to make the Basque provinces and
Catalonia independent from Spain. Despite some reservations, the great Spanish philosopher and intellectual,
826:. Furthermore, many of the dictator's economic reforms did not actually help the poor as huge public spending led to inflation, which the rich could cope with more easily. This led to a huge income disparity between the wealthy and working classes in Spain at the time.
782:
began withdrawing
Spanish forces. But when the Moroccans attacked the French sector, they drove the French and Spanish to unite to crush the defiance in 1925. He went to Africa to help lead the troops in person, and 1927 brought victory to the Franco-Spanish forces.
865:
On 3 December 1925 he moved to restore legitimate government by dismissing the military Directory and replacing it with civilians. Still, the Constitution remained suspended, and criticisms of the regime grew. By summer 1926, former politicians, led by conservative
544:
called "a hard-drinking, whoring, horse-loving aristocracy" that ruled "over the most starved and down-trodden race of agricultural labourers in Europe." Studying history and engineering before deciding upon a military career, he won admission to the newly created
850:
Primo de Rivera dared not tackle what was seen as Spain's most pressing problem, agrarian reform, because it would have provoked the great landholding elite. Writes historian Richard Herr, "Primo was not one to waken sleeping dogs, especially if they were big."
817:
But Primo de Rivera brought order to Spain with a price: his regime was a dictatorship. He censored the press. When intellectuals criticized the government, he closed El Ateneo, the country's most famous political and literary club. The largely anarchist
627:. That loss frustrated many Spaniards, Primo de Rivera included. They criticized the politicians and the parliamentary system which could not maintain order or foster economic development at home, nor preserve the vestiges of Spain's imperial glory.
1241:"SPANISH PLEBISCITE DRAWS RECORD VOTE; De Rivera at End Estimates Total Is Four Times That of Any General Election. ABSTENTIONISTS ARRESTED Barcelona Police Hold Those Who Agitated Against Signing Endorsement of Government"
488:
was marked by authoritarian nationalism and populism. Primo de Rivera initially said he would rule for only 90 days; however, he chose to remain in power, heading a military directorate. In December 1925, after the
501:
were created. Once economic tailwinds diminished, he lost the support of most of his generals, and he was forced to resign in January 1930 amid increasing inflation and civic unrest, dying abroad two months later.
181:
766:"The alpha and omega of the task that the military Directory has imposed is to make an end of the old politics. The purpose is so excellent, that there is no room for objections. The old politics must be ended."
929:
it provoked hostility and opposition. Troubled by the regime's failure to legitimize itself or to solve the country's woes, the king also began to draw away. Alfonso, who had sponsored the establishment of
692:(Spanish parliament) under the constitutional monarchy seemed to have no solution to Spain's unemployment, labor strikes, and poverty. In 1921, the Spanish army suffered a stunning defeat in Morocco at the
736:
On 13 September 1923, the indignant military, headed by Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera in Barcelona, overthrew the parliamentary government, upon which Primo de Rivera established himself as
2821:
992:
won the Civil War and established a far more authoritarian regime. By that time, many Spaniards regarded Primo de Rivera's relatively mild regime and its economic optimism with greater fondness.
890:
Nevertheless, buoyed by his victory, Primo de Rivera decided to promote a body tasked with the elaboration of a constitutional draft. On 10 October 1927, with the king in attendance, he opened a
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explaining the coup to the people. Resentful of the parliamentarians' attacks against him, King Alfonso tried to give Primo de Rivera legitimacy by naming him prime minister. In justifying his
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His army career gave him a role as junior officer in the colonial wars in Morocco, Cuba and the Philippines. He then held several important military posts including the captain-generalship of
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1888:
1737:
984:, a Spanish fascist party. Both José Antonio and his brother Fernando were arrested in March 1936 by the republic, and were executed in Alicante prison by Republican forces once the
968:
informed the King that he could not count on the loyalty of the armed forces. Alfonso XIII went into exile on 14 April 1931, not formally abdicating until 1941 in favour of his son,
660:
Between 1909 and 1923, Primo de Rivera's career blossomed, but he became increasingly discouraged with the fortunes of his country. He was wounded in action in October 1911 in the
790:
Primo de Rivera also worked to build infrastructure for his economically backward country. Spain had few cars when he came to power; by 1930, and Rivera aimed to expand this. The
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17:
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spending for public works projects. Although no one recognized it at the time, the final months of the year brought the international economic slump which turned into the
212:
155:
843:, Primo de Rivera was enough of a reformer and his policies were radical enough to threaten the interests of the traditional power elite. According to British historian
603:. For many years, the government had tried without success to crush the Berber rebels, wasting lives and money. He concluded Spain must withdraw from what was called
2846:
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1807:
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668:, he was promoted to brigadier general in 1911, the first graduate of the General Academy to receive such a promotion. Yet social revolution had flared briefly in
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region in northern Morocco, and promotions and decorations came steadily. Primo de Rivera became convinced that Spain probably could not hold on to its
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called the result "a record vote", noting that the turnout was four times higher than any Spanish election until then. Other media were more critical:
847:, "Spain needed radical reforms and he could only govern by the permission of the two most reactionary forces in the country—the Army and the Church."
478:. The coup enjoyed the acquiescence of the monarch, and Primo de Rivera was ensuingly tasked to form a government. He thereby proceeded to suspend the
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696:, which discredited the military's North African policies. By 1923, deputies of the Cortes called for an investigation into the responsibility of
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before her death in 1908, following the birth of Fernando. He later was sent on a military mission to France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1909.
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537:. His great-grandfather was Bértrand Primo de Rivera (1741–1813), a general and hero of the Spanish Resistance against Napoleon Bonaparte.
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The tranquility was, in part, due to the dictatorship's ways of accommodating the interests of Spanish workers. Imitating the example of
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if it could not dominate the colony. He was familiar with Cuba and the Philippines with the latter as an aide-de-camp during the
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Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production,"Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired on
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533:. Fernando later participated in the plot to restore the constitutional monarchy in 1875, ending the tumultuous
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497:. From 1927 a policy of public spending on infrastructures was pursued and state monopolies such as oil company
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During the crisis of the Restoration regime, specifically upon political turmoil in the wake of setbacks in the
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798:. Spain benefited from the European post-World War I boom, but the gains were concentrated with the wealthy.
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2020:
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Montes, Pablo. "La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la Historiografía: Una Confrontación Metodológica,"
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Smith, Angel. "The Catalan Counter-revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917–23,"
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politicians. The problem was to find new civilian leadership to take the place of the military.
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430:(8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930), was a Spanish dictator and military officer who ruled as
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1973:
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Posthumously promoted to the honorific rank of Captain General by the Francoist dictatorship
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and the armed forces for the debacle. Rumors of corruption in the army became rampant.
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The Origins of Franco’s Spain – The Right, the Republic and Revolution, 1931–1936
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government proved unable to reform itself or the nation and frustration mounted.
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Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923–30
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while leading the infantry regiment San Fernando as Colonel. Having returned to
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1924:
1332:
960:, Spain fell into economic and political chaos. Alfonso XIII appointed General
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says: "He would work enormously hard for weeks on end and then disappear for a
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Revolution from Above: The Primo De Rivera Dictatorship in Spain, 1923–1930
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In the early 1930s, as with most of the Western world during and after the
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Suarez, Eduardo (2006). "Tres días de abril que revolucionaron España".
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and became a hostage along with Filipino exiles in Hong Kong after the
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Miguel Primo de Rivera was born into a landowning military family of
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Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923–1930
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of 1909. After the army had called up conscripts to fight in the
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35:
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Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild
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influence than ever before and this might be the reason why the
902:
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1511:
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economic difficulties heightened social unrest in Spain. The
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Charles Petrie; Charles Alexander Petrie, Sir bart. (1963).
1133:
1148:"Primo de Rivera, 'el inventor del populismo de derechas'"
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In 1923, he began to create a new "apolitical" party, the
2817:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
1239:
TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES (1926-09-14).
901:
Primo de Rivera (second from right) visiting the port of
596:
529:, was Captain General in Madrid and the soon-to-be first
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in October 1893 in Cabrerizas Altas during the so-called
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Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella
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He showed courage and initiative in battles against the
1108:(2004). "Miguel Primo de Rivera, el espejo de Franco".
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ended Rifian anti-colonial resistance, he installed a
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Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictadura, populismo y nación
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of the heroic actions of Primo de Rivera during the
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Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1227:
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936
619:. in 1898 he watched the humiliating defeat in the
441:He was born into a landowning family of Andalusian
460:and the ensuing spillover of the enquiries of the
2718:
1396:Newspaper clippings about Miguel Primo de Rivera
976:. Two years later Primo de Rivera's eldest son,
703:
2847:Spanish military personnel of the Kert campaign
2837:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
1112:. Madrid: Ediciones B. pp. 152, 154, 162.
525:. His father was a retired colonel. His uncle,
434:from 1923 to 1930 during the last years of the
42: and the second or maternal family name is
2300:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
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18:Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella
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1201:(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970) p. 28.
740:. In his typically florid prose, he issued a
2842:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
1506:
988:began in July 1936. The Nationalists led by
909:
712:Announcement of the new government in Madrid
85:15 September 1923 – 28 January 1930
1215:. Gale Research Incorporated. p. 1157.
916:Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
834:Equestrian monument in Jerez de la Frontera
785:
466:a military coup d'état on 13 September 1923
194:20 February 1927 – 30 January 1930
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770:Nevertheless, other intellectuals such as
137:16 October 1924 – 2 November 1925
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540:The young Miguel grew up as part of what
27:Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930
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1273:"SPANISH FARCE. Three Days' Plebiscite"
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1181:"1911 Dura acción de castigo en el Rif"
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944:of Primo de Rivera by Flemish magazine
778:criticized the regime and were exiled.
315: 1902; died 1908)
14:
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2777:Leaders of political parties in Spain
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513:, went on to become fascist leaders.
125:High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco
2347:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
1213:Historic World Leaders: Europe (L-Z)
1012:Militar Directory of Primo de Rivera
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728:Militar Directory of Primo de Rivera
650:Primo de Rivera in military attire,
2772:Spanish Patriotic Union politicians
623:, bringing a close to his nation's
24:
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1067:. Chapman & Hall. p. 179.
1007:Civil Directory of Primo de Rivera
732:Civil Directory of Primo de Rivera
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25:
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1346:, 2nd ed. 1982, pp. 564–591.
1110:Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja
412:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
245:Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja
2742:People from Jerez de la Frontera
2398:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
2383:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
2332:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
1520:Acting prime ministers shown in
1146:Canal, Jordi (27 January 2023).
820:National Confederation of Labour
808:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
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2827:Grand Crosses of Military Merit
2316:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
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2311:French protectorate in Morocco
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868:José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez
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505:Some of his children, such as
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1:
2787:Captains General of Catalonia
1353:(2012), Issue 74, pp 167–184.
1064:King Alfonso XIII and His Age
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704:Establishment of dictatorship
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2832:Grand Crosses of Naval Merit
2685:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
2388:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
1469:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
1437:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
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34:, the first or paternal
7:
2812:Spanish lieutenant generals
2675:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
2665:Algeciras Conference (1906)
2342:First Melilla War (1893–94)
1400:20th Century Press Archives
1078:Quiroga, Alejandro (2022).
995:
882:called the vote "a farce".
482:and establish martial law.
468:with help from a clique of
10:
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2767:Foreign ministers of Spain
2589:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2378:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
1375:European History Quarterly
1299:La Aventura de la Historia
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841:paternalistic conservatism
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282:Church of La Merced, Jerez
182:Minister of State of Spain
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2393:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
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972:. The act ushered in the
910:Fall from power and death
905:with his navy staff, 1927
553:, and graduated in 1884.
464:, Primo de Rivera staged
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2670:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
2655:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
2650:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
2418:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
1444:Awards and achievements
1422:Fernando Primo de Rivera
1362:Excerpt and text search.
1319:(2nd ed 1982) pp 564–591
1197:Richard A. H. Robinson,
1027:
1022:1929 Spanish coup d'état
1017:1926 Spanish coup d'état
1002:1923 Spanish coup d'état
931:Madrid's University City
786:Promoting infrastructure
718:1923 Spanish coup d'état
643:cancel in the morning."
547:General Military Academy
302:Casilda Sáenz de Heredia
225:Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart
2792:Spanish anti-communists
2579:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
2413:Battle of Annual (1921)
1391:Encyclopædia Britannica
1225:Murray Bookchin (1998)
585:First Melillan campaign
432:prime minister of Spain
156:Luis Aizpuru y Mondéjar
73:Prime Minister of Spain
2802:Primo de Rivera family
2604:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2574:Juan García y Margallo
2451:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2446:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
1459:Cover of Time Magazine
1211:Commire, Anne (1994).
948:
906:
836:
812:Workers' General Union
768:
713:
657:
634:The British historian
588:
227:(as Minister of State)
53:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2782:People of the Rif War
1377:(2007) 37#1 pp 7–34.
1229:. Publisher: AK Press
1168:The Spanish Civil War
1084:. Editorial Crítica.
939:
900:
832:
776:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
764:
711:
649:
609:Philippine Revolution
579:
369:Years of service
2807:Spanish nationalists
2762:Knights of Calatrava
2737:Burials in Andalusia
2706:Agadir Crisis (1911)
2680:Treaty of Fes (1912)
2660:Treaty of Fes (1894)
1991:Fernández-Villaverde
1818:Democratic Sexennium
1356:Quiroga, Alejandro.
760:José Ortega y Gasset
621:Spanish–American War
617:Pact of Biak na Bato
601:North African colony
523:Jerez de la Frontera
486:His dictatorial rule
106:Manuel García Prieto
2757:Marquesses of Spain
2527:Paul Prosper Henrys
2357:Zaian War (1914–21)
1545:Martínez de la Rosa
1428:Marquis of Estella
436:Bourbon Restoration
2599:José Millán-Astray
2542:Henry de Bournazel
2471:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
2167:Spain under Franco
1560:Álvarez Mendizábal
1452:Richard Swann Lull
1245:The New York Times
1187:. 10 October 2011.
1136:on 22 October 2018
949:
946:Weekblad Pallieter
907:
873:The New York Times
837:
714:
658:
589:
531:Marquis of Estella
474:generals close to
381:Lieutenant general
2714:
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2441:Mohammed Ameziane
2362:Rif War (1921–26)
2266:
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2192:Fernández-Miranda
1531:Queen Isabella II
1475:
1474:
1466:Succeeded by
1434:Succeeded by
986:Spanish Civil War
892:National Assembly
886:National Assembly
796:José Calvo Sotelo
772:Miguel de Unamuno
698:King Alfonso XIII
684:After 1918, post-
625:once-great empire
491:Alhucemas landing
480:1876 constitution
476:King Alfonso XIII
421:
420:
16:(Redirected from
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2594:Dámaso Berenguer
2584:José Marina Vega
2461:Mhand n'Ifrutant
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1419:Preceded by
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990:Francisco Franco
962:Dámaso Berenguer
958:Great Depression
923:Great Depression
803:Benito Mussolini
694:Battle of Annual
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613:Emilio Aguinaldo
354:Military service
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2063:Primo de Rivera
2046:Sánchez de Toca
2011:López Domínguez
1964:Martínez Campos
1944:
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1940:The Restoration
1934:
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1379:Online version.
1366:Rial, James H.
1351:Historia Social
1342:Carr, Raymond.
1333:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
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268:16 March 1930
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2797:Alfonso XIII
2603:
2466:Ali Amhaouch
2456:Moha ou Said
2233:Calvo-Sotelo
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1978:
1887:
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1463:8 June 1925
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1281:. Retrieved
1279:. 1926-09-18
1277:The Advocate
1276:
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1256:. Retrieved
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879:The Advocate
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849:
839:Despite his
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507:José Antonio
504:
484:
469:
462:Picasso file
455:
451:Margallo War
440:
423:
422:
387:Battles/wars
363:Spanish Army
328:José Antonio
270:(1930-03-16)
220:Succeeded by
202:Alfonso XIII
189:
170:Succeeded by
145:Alfonso XIII
132:
113:Succeeded by
94:Alfonso XIII
80:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2732:1930 deaths
2727:1870 births
2481:Abd el-Krim
2238:F. González
2172:(1936–1975)
2122:Chapaprieta
2088:(1931–1939)
1945:(1874–1931)
1889:Mendigorría
1823:(1868–1874)
1738:Mendigorría
1651:J. M. López
1641:A. González
1609:A. González
1536:(1833–1868)
810:(PSOE) and
747:coup d'état
686:World War I
674:Tragic Week
655: 1920
636:Hugh Thomas
581:Lithography
517:Early years
443:aristocrats
394:Melilla War
208:Preceded by
159: [
151:Preceded by
101:Preceded by
2721:Categories
2427:Key people
2208:Since 1975
1676:Miraflores
1431:1921–1930
1283:2022-01-20
1258:2022-01-20
1048:References
942:caricature
471:Africanist
251:1870-01-08
2567:Spaniards
2434:Moroccans
2068:Berenguer
2031:Romanones
2021:Canalejas
1980:Azcárraga
1793:O'Donnell
1773:O'Donnell
1753:O'Donnell
1748:Espartero
1733:Sartorius
1697:Salamanca
1686:Sotomayor
1631:Espartero
1577:Espartero
1571:Calatrava
1253:0362-4331
952:Aftermath
762:, wrote:
742:Manifesto
670:Barcelona
571:Barcelona
372:1884–1923
342:Signature
190:In office
133:In office
81:In office
2643:Treaties
2491:Aït Atta
2248:Zapatero
2222:Santiago
2052:Bugallal
1959:Jovellar
1915:Castelar
1910:Salmerón
1900:Figueras
1866:Malcampo
1778:Arrazola
1728:Lersundi
1620:Cortázar
1360:, 2007.
1305:: 54–60.
996:See also
738:dictator
611:against
563:Valencia
527:Fernando
323:Children
44:Orbaneja
30:In this
2496:Zayanes
2371:Battles
2258:Sánchez
2137:Casares
2127:Portela
2107:Lerroux
2001:Montero
1986:Silvela
1969:Sagasta
1954:Cánovas
1930:Sagasta
1920:Serrano
1883:Serrano
1871:Sagasta
1856:Serrano
1839:Serrano
1798:Narváez
1788:Narváez
1768:Istúriz
1758:Narváez
1723:Roncali
1713:Clonard
1708:Narváez
1691:Pacheco
1681:Narváez
1671:Narváez
1661:Olózaga
1582:Bardají
1565:Istúriz
1522:italics
1402:of the
1398:in the
1370:, 1986.
1170:, p. 17
1153:El País
982:Falange
824:sardana
640:juerga
595:of the
593:Berbers
458:Rif War
317:
309:
305:
260:, Spain
199:Monarch
142:Monarch
90:Monarch
36:surname
2694:Crises
2510:French
2228:Suárez
2181:Franco
2157:Negrín
2132:Barcía
2117:Samper
1974:Posada
1877:Topete
1850:Topete
1808:Havana
1763:Armero
1636:Ferrer
1626:Sancho
1614:Ferraz
1550:Toreno
1251:
1116:
1088:
903:Pasaia
690:Cortes
587:, 1893
567:Madrid
551:Toledo
499:Campsa
408:Awards
334:, and
332:Miguel
297:Spouse
2253:Rajoy
2243:Aznar
2216:Arias
2198:Arias
2152:Largo
2147:Giral
2102:Azaña
2041:Maura
2006:Moret
1996:Maura
1833:Madoz
1743:Rivas
1646:Rodil
1598:Alaix
1592:Frías
1555:Álava
1512:Spain
1028:Notes
940:1925
511:Pilar
336:Pilar
311:(
307:
258:Jerez
163:]
2325:Wars
2036:Dato
1844:Prim
1249:ISSN
1134:DR K
1114:ISBN
1086:ISBN
774:and
730:and
720:and
569:and
509:and
377:Rank
265:Died
241:Born
1783:Mon
1510:of
1404:ZBW
597:Rif
549:in
438:.
38:is
2723::
1905:Pi
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1303:90
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652:c.
573:.
565:,
428:GE
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330:,
313:m.
161:es
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1500:e
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249:(
46:.
20:)
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