966:
740:
860:
932:
1195:(The Rural Godless) was produced. It was alleged to be so "popular" among the peasantry that it was 'read to tatters', and contradictorily it ceased publication in 1932. The supposedly popular nature of the atheist propaganda was also contradicted by cases of reported lynchings of antireligious propagandists and murder of LMG agitators. In a similar vein, in 1930, the LMG leadership advised that social surveys of believers in school classes where the majority of pupils were believers was harmful, and that such data should not, as a principle, be used. Another such anecdote can be found in the 1929 Moscow religion survey, in which 12,000 industrial workers were surveyed anonymously and only 3,000 returned the survey, of which 88.8% claimed to be atheists, and it was then declared that 90% of Moscow industrial workers were atheists.
1030:
discussed their concerns in the early years. The League also had to address the issue of atheists in its membership who may have sympathized with the religious believers and who may have had doubts about what they were doing. In answer to these, the League adopted a policy that any League member who entered a church (to conduct antireligious work by checking on the strength of believers or numbering them) had to first receive local branch approval beforehand in order so that he did not give the impression that he was going to the church to pray. In contrast the League in
Tashkent actually tried to translate the Quran into Uzbek so that more Muslims could read it, in hope that when Muslims were able to read what the Quran actually said, they would reject its content as fallacious.
1199:
1124:
superstitions and of religious prejudices, organizing for this purpose special study circles and lectures on antireligious propaganda. The League had grown from 87,000 members in 1926 to 500,000 in 1929 and it reached a peak of 5,670,000 in 1931 (dropping to 5.5 million in 1932) (it had intended to get 17 million, however, as its target). It declined to 2 million in 1938, but rose again to 3.5 million in 1941. The
Communist party at the time had 1.8 million members. Almost half of the LMG's membership, however, resided within the cities of Moscow and Leningrad and their metropolitan areas, which led to the LMG then creating 'cells' across the country in order to reach rural citizens for atheist propagation.
755:
887:
1026:, the Soviet press, and other institutions for the purpose of its antireligious campaign. It criticized many public institutions (including the Communist Party) for failing to adequately attack religious belief and instructed them on how to be more effective. The People's Commisariat of Education was heckled and Glavnauka, the Chief Administration for Science and Scholarship was also singled out for criticism. A spokesperson for the latter tried to justify their behaviour to the LMG by claiming that they had reduced the total number of historical buildings under its protection (mostly ancient churches and monasteries) from 7000 to 1000, by destroying them.
66:
713:
683:
917:
830:
618:
religion, of having few workers and peasants in its ranks, of using archaeology instead of aggressively attacking religion, of being indifferent to transforming the school system into a fundamentally antireligious atmosphere and of opportunistically citing works by non-Marxist
Western bourgeois atheists in publications. In response, Yaroslavsky claimed that they had supported antireligious education for years, but in contrast to the leftists who simply wanted to attack religion, he was working to replace the popular religious ideology with that of
1262:, while believers flocked to them in the thousands. In order to gain support for the war effort (both domestic and foreign), Stalin ended the antireligious persecution and the LMG was disbanded. Internal pressure to end the persecution came from the need to win the loyalty of religious Soviet citizens for the war effort, while external pressure came from the Allies, who would not support Stalin if he continued the campaign. Yaroslavsky turned his attention to other pursuits. In 1942, he even published a positive article about Orthodox writer
902:
728:
951:
981:
815:
875:
622:. He also pointed out correctly that Lenin had used the works of the 18th century French atheists and other bourgeois atheists to assist in the campaign to disseminate atheism in the USSR. He admitted that the effect of their efforts up to that point was less than he had hoped, which he implicitly blamed on the Moscow branch for their lack of cooperation, lack of support from the party and some branches of the Komsomol, and a ban operating on their activities in Ukraine, as well as an inadequate finances.
698:
1109:
845:
1000:
die away naturally and the leftist approach to attack all forms of religion as class enemies were both condemned as deviations from the party line. Yaroslavsky argued against the leftists (who had earlier criticized him) that if religion was simply a class phenomenon there would be no need to combat it if a classless society was truly being produced. He affirmed that an all-sided attack on religion was needed, but did not subscribe to the leftist deviation that had been condemned.
1093:
conducted in the following years wherein a meeting would be organized under pressure at which believers who attended would be risking their social status and would often find themselves in a minority, which would allow for a vote to close the structure. The LMG would take advantage of rifts between different believers, including that between the
Orthodox and Renovationists, in order to get either side to vote for the closure of each other's religious structures.
3442:
1285:
785:
800:
770:
614:, Lunin and others). The 1926 All-Union Conference on Antireligious Propaganda voted in favour of Yaroslavsky's views on the antireligious campaign, but the debate still continued. The Moscow group argued that the antireligious struggle should be led only by the party and the industrial proletariat, as opposed to the whole nation which Yaroslavsky wanted to mobilize to conduct the antireligious campaign.
1168:' (The Antireligious) appeared in 1926, and reached 17,000 circulation in 1929 (it was a 130-page publication), 30,000 in 1930 and 27,000 in 1931. Its material was often repeated over different issues and it was more primitive in its scholarly material than it had been intended. It was reduced to 64 pages in 1940, and produced between 40,000 and 45,000 in 1940-41 before it was finally cancelled.
1074:
to adopt modern methods and were attracting youth. It determined therefore that the fight against religion needed to be pressed, although it still, as
Yaroslavsky had said for years, warned against extreme antireligious ultra-left attacks. At the same meeting it demanded that no holidays should be allowed to coincide with important Church feast days; this policy was carried out in the same year.
1082:
religious believers at the time of recruitment, while only 28% remained believers at the end of their service. This data may have ignored the phenomena of soldiers who hid their religious convictions during their service and thus have some inaccuracy. These experiences nevertheless played a role in the LMG's approach to combatting religion in the military in the following decade.
1244:
religious beliefs. He called for patient and tactful individual work without offending the believers, but "re-educating" them. He claimed that religion had disappeared in some parts of the country but in other parts (especially in the newly annexed territories) it was strong, and he warned against starting brutal offensives in those areas.
1424:Воинствующее безбожие в СССР за 15 лет. 1917-1932 : сборник / Центральный совет Союза воинствующих безбожников и Институт философии Коммунистической академии; под редакцией М. Енишерлова, А. Лукачевского, М. Митина. - Москва : ОГИЗ : Государственное антирелигиозное издательство, 1932. - 525, 2 с. : ил., портр.
298:!" The League had international connections; it was part of the International of Proletarian Freethinkers and later of the Worldwide Freethinkers Union. By the mid-1930s, the Communist regime considered socialism to have been 'built', and the League adopted a new slogan: "Struggle against religion is struggle for
1042:
international bourgeoisie... Special attention must be paid to the renovationist currents in
Orthodoxy, Islam, Lamaism and other religions... These currents are but the disguises for more effective struggle against the Soviet power. By comparing ancient Buddhism, and ancient Christianity to communism, the
2271:
Curtiss, The
Russian Church, p. 205. N. Amosov, Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge utoroi piatiletki (M.: Gos. antir. izd., 1932) p. 11; Yaroslavsky, 'Zadachi antireligioznoi propagandy', Antireligioznik, no. 5 (May 1941) p. 2; Bol'shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 3rd edn, vol. 3 (Moscow 1970) p. 225;
1958:
and class enemies of all kinds, including bishops, priests, and lay believers, who were arrested, shot and sent to labour camps. Churches were closed down, destroyed, converted to other uses. The League of
Militant Atheists apparently adopted a five-year plan in 1932 aimed at the total eradication of
1243:
The climate of the campaign against religion was changing in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The regime slowly became more moderate in its approach to religion. Yaroslavsky, in 1941 warned against condemning all religious believers, but said that there were many loyal Soviet citizens still possessing
1210:
The non-serial LMG literature grew from 12 million printed pages in 1927 to 800 million in 1930 (making up at least 100 million pieces of printed antireligious literature). In 1941 sixty-seven books and brochures of antireligious propaganda were printed with a total circulation of 3.5 million copies.
1092:
The congress resolutions stated that religious temples should be shut only with the agreement of the majority of the working populace. There were, however, no qualifications for this majority to include religious believers associated with the given religious structure. This allowed the practice to be
1077:
The resolutions at the meeting called for local LMG branches to effect total public ostracism of the clergy. They ordered that priests should not be invited to private homes, donations to churches should be halted once and for all, and that trade unions should be pressured not to perform any work for
1141:
There can be no doubt that the fact that the new state of the USSR led by the communist party, with a program permeated by the spirit of militant atheism, gives the reason why this state is successfully surmounting the great difficulties that stand in its way - that neither "heavenly powers" nor the
1127:
The LMG alleged massive growth in the
Central Asian republics in the 1930s. The Central Asian Muslims, who had a long history of encountering Christian missionaries attempting to convert them away from Islam, were considered to pose a special issue for LMG activists who were told by Yaroslavsky that
594:
argued that it was an oversimplification to treat religion solely as a kind of class exploitation to be attacked, forgetting the complex nature of religions, as well as the individual believers. The CPSU Central
Committee supported Yaroslavsky's viewpoint on this issue, although this debate remained
289:
and scientific achievements, conducted so-called "individual work" (a method of sending atheist tutors to meet with individual believers to attempt to make them renounce their faith); most of the peasantry was unimpressed, and even the party apparatus regarded the League as meddling and inefficient.
1953:
One of the main activities of the League of Militant Atheists was the publication of massive quantities of anti-religious literature, comprising regular journals and newspapers as well as books and pamphlets. The number of printed pages rose from 12 million in 1927 to 800 million in 1930. All these
1073:
At its 1929 Congress, it admitted that there had been some growth in sectarian groups, but claimed that this was local rather than national phenomena. They said, however, that lay religious activists exceeded one million and that all of the religious communities including the old Orthodox had begun
1003:
The League not only attacked religion but also attacked deviations from what it saw as the proper line to combat religion in the USSR and, in effect, set the 'proper' line to follow in this sphere for party membership. Early Marxist beliefs that religion would disappear with the coming of a tractor
999:
The debate on how to best exterminate religion was argued among the Soviet leadership, until in the late 1920s and early 1930s, when it was resolved by Stalin who condemned the extremes of both sides, and Yaroslavsky followed suit. The do-nothing approach of the rightists who thought religion would
644:
The problems that Yaroslavsky outlined in his response were addressed in 1929 at the second congress. The CPSU Central Committee delegated to the LMG full powers to launch a great antireligious attack with the objective of completely eliminating religion from the country, granting them the right to
309:
The league was a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism". It published newspapers, journals, and other materials that lampooned religion; it sponsored lectures and films; it organized demonstrations and parades; it set up antireligious museums; and
1088:
The congress eliminated preferential treatment for different sects and declared unrelenting war against them, but contained the moderating statement to differentiate between the rank-and-file believers and the leadership, the latter of which were considered fully conscientious class enemies of the
1171:
The League also printed antireligious textbooks. An 'Antireligious Textbook for Peasants' was produced between 1927 and 1931, with a circulation of 18,000 for the first edition and 200,000 for the sixth. A similar textbook for urban people was created in 1931, followed by a universal amalgamated
1247:
He alleged that there were very few attempts to re-open churches and that this was a sign of the decline in religion. He branded those who tried to re-open churches as "former kulaks" and "falsifiers of figures". This report was contradicted, however, by the LMG's own figures (based on the 1937
1029:
The League concerned itself with the issue of active believers who had infiltrated its own membership and who were trying to prove their loyalty to the regime or even undermine the antireligious work of the League. League members who suspected each other of harbouring religious beliefs secretly
1218:
The League trained a massive number of antireligious propagandists and other workers. This work included lecture cycles. The League of Militant Atheists attempted to "control and exploit the Proletarian Freethinkers," a group founded by socialists in 1925, in order to diminish the influence of
1954:
legislative and publicistic efforts were, however, only incidental to the events of the 1930s. During this period religion, was quite simply, to be eliminated by means of violence. With the end of NEP came the start of forced collectivisation in 1929, and with it the terror, which encompassed
1081:
The congress also criticized the armed forces for failing to conduct adequate antireligious education among servicemen in the forces. The organization had set up cells in the armed forces in each unit beginning in 1927. In a study done on a unit in 1925, it was found that 60% of recruits were
617:
In 1929, when resolutions that would set the tone for intensive persecution of the next decade were set and Yaroslavsky's victory in the power struggle had been completed, there were a few last attacks made on Yaroslavsky and the organization for minimizing the class-enemy thesis in attacking
1567:
by Andrew Sorokowski (1988), Smoloskyp Publishers and the National Committee to Commemorate the Millenium of Christianity in Ukraine, p. 206: "At the same time, the League of Militant Atheists and Party activists wrecked churches and harassed believers. No religion was spared in the general
1123:
The LMG underwent great growth between 1929 and 1932, partly as a result of the requirement of Komsomol members to join it. The LMG's hold over the Komsomol is reflected in the latter's programme at its 10th congress that state 'The Komsomol patiently explains to the youth the harmfulness of
1132:
A careless approach to the matter of antireligious propaganda among these people can call up memories of this oppression and be interpreted by the most backward and the most fanatical part of the Muslim population as a repeat of the past, when Christian missionaries reviled the Mohammedan
1041:
All religions, no matter how much they 'renovate' and cleanse themselves, are systems of idea... profoundly hostile to the ideology of... socialism... Religious organizations... are in reality political agencies... of class groupings hostile to the proletariat inside the country and of the
341:
In November 1924, the Anti-Religious Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (b), and in December, the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee supported the project of creating an all-Union godless society. A special commission was set up to prepare for the congress of atheists.
1234:
The LMG had reduced the number of religious communities of all faiths from 50,000 in 1930 to 30,000 by 1938 and 8,000 by 1941. The last figure includes, however, 7,000 communities in the annexed western territories (so that only 1,000 actually remained in the rest of the country).
1009:
81:
584:
for differentiation between different religions, instead of genuine godlessness. It accused Yaroslavsky of attacking only the clergy rather than religion in general. Yaroslavsky protested this and affirmed that all religions were enemies of socialism including the
1096:
The congress called on antireligious education to be instituted from the first-grade up in schools. Two years later, further calls would be made by leading antireligious propagandist N. Amosov to institute antireligious education among pre-school children.
965:
1069:
In addition to what is stated above, the 1929 LMA Congress also issued a number of other orders that would form the basis of the LMG's activities (as well as the character of the antireligious persecution throughout the country) in the following decade.
611:
589:
schism in the Orthodox church, but that the methods of struggle against different religions should vary due to the large number of loyal Soviet citizens with religious beliefs who should be re-educated as atheists rather than treated as class enemies.
603:
602:) in April 1925 to form the All-Union League of the Godless at its first congress. Between 1925 and 1929 a power struggle took place in the new organization between Yaroslavsky and his followers, and the leadership of the former Moscow group (
746:
1214:
A textbook produced by the LMG in 1934 admitted the existence of sincere believers among the intellectuals; however, Yaroslavsky in 1937 claimed that all scholars and scientists who believe in God were insincere deceivers and swindlers.
739:
1583:
by Charles E. Ziegler (2009), p. 77: "A League of the Militant Godless, aided by the Komsomol, organized atheist lectures, satirized religious holidays, published anti-religious posters and pamphlets, and confiscated church bells and
662:
It is our duty to destroy every religious world-concept... If the destruction of ten million human beings, as happened in the last war, should be necessary for the triumph of one definite class, then that must be done and it will be
2097:
Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the
1163:
consistently ran 50,000-70,000 copies per issue, however, it changed from a monthly to a fortnightly in 1929 and continued to produce until it was closed in 1932. Yaroslavsky's scholarly monthly for the LMG central committee
607:
1502:
The principal vehicle for atheist propaganda was the League of (Militant) Godless, or LMG, headed by E.M. Yaroslavsky, which operated under close Party supervision and often in conjunction with its youth organization, the
670:
The League of Militant Atheists sometimes took a violent approach to those who would not accept the League's message. For example, "bishops, priests, and lay believers" were "arrested, shot, and sent to labour camps."
1230:
of many believers, especially village priests. By 1940, "over 100 bishops, tens of thousands of Orthodox clergy, and thousands of monks and lay believers had been killed or had died in Soviet prisons and the Gulag."
2442:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2402:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2389:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2379:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2306:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2206:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2184:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2147:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2137:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2118:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2043:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2033:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
1918:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
1905:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
1895:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
1853:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
1608:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
575:
The Moscow group tended to support the leftist side of the debate on how to destroy religion (i.e. in favour of attacking religion in all of its forms rather than moderation), and in 1924 it attacked Yaroslavsky,
791:
446:
345:
The first congress of the organization, which took place in April 1925, decided to create a single all-union anti-religious society, called the "Union of Atheists". Well known members of the Communist Party and
1808:
407:, a periodical of the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists, began to be published. Along with periodicals in Russian, the League of Militant Atheists published periodicals in other languages:
284:
and by the Party's orders with regards to religion, the League aimed at exterminating religion in all its manifestations and forming an anti-religious scientific mindset among the workers. It propagated
859:
294:", which was meant to tie in their atheist views with the Communist drive to 'build Socialism'. One of the slogans adopted at the 2nd congress proclaimed: "Struggle against religion is struggle for the
1882:/ гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. - Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926-. - 26 см. Т. 52: Сознание - Стратегия. - 1947. - 472 с., 22 л. ил., портр., цв. ил. : ил., карты, портр., табл. / С. 334-335
2024:
I. Bobryshev, 'K perevooruzheniiu na odnom iz boevykh uchastkov', and Yaroslavsky, 'Nauchites pravil'no vladet' oruzhiem marxizma' — both in Antireligioznik, no. 9 (Sept. 1929), pp. 57 and 65 resp.
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1226:
from the homes of believers. Under the slogan, "the Storming of Heaven," the League of Militant Atheists pressed for "resolute action against religious peasants" leading to the mass arrest and
1050:
In 1932 the Second Plenum of the LMG Central Council was ordered by Stalin to adopt an antireligious five-year plan with the intention of eliminating the Church and its influence in the USSR.
2334:
Tatiana A. Chumachenko. Edited and Translated by Edward E. Roslof. Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev years. ME Sharpe inc., 2002, p. 82.
3470:
1100:
This congress received much larger coverage in the Soviet press than the previous congress, although it was overshadowed by the German Communist congress that occurred at the same time.
310:
it led a concerted effort telling Soviet citizens that religious beliefs and practices were wrong and harmful, and that good citizens ought to embrace a scientific, atheistic worldview.
1248:
census) that found perhaps half the country still held religious beliefs, even if they had no structures to worship in any longer and they could no longer openly express their beliefs.
2128:
G. Struchkov, 'Antireligioznaia rabota v Krasnoi armii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie v SSSR za 15 let, M. Enisherlov, A Lukachevsky, M. Mitin (eds), M.: Gos. antirel., izd., 1932, p. 418
1061:" conducted by the Communists, with the LMG at the forefront of this campaign. Many priests were killed and imprisoned. Thousands of churches were closed, some turned into hospitals.
1037:
were obligated to join the League, and it directed all members of the CPSU to support the League's work. The extreme character of the line to be taken against religion is described:
2901:
923:
2325:
John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 205.
2221:
Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50.
2239:
John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 16.
276:), and educational institutions. By the beginning of 1941 it had about 3.5 million members from 100 ethnicities. It had about 96,000 offices across the country. Guided by
893:
481:
2961:
1146:
The enthusiasm of its new members was notably poor, however, as its dues were left unpaid and only a minority appeared to have great interest in antireligious work.
754:
829:
1821:А.Д. ЖАЛСАРАЕВ. РОССИЯ И БУДДИСТЫ БУРЯТИИ. 1917—2014. ЧАСТЬ 2 Взаимоотношения государственных органов России с буддистами Бурятии с 1917 г. по 2014 г. (часть 2)
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2561:
2053:
Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.
1085:
The 1929 Congress called on public institutions to treat antireligious propaganda as an inseparable part of their work and to provide regular funding for it.
886:
3096:
2949:
3485:
3040:
557:
3490:
1707:
1267:
2973:
1658:
Created in 1925, the League of the Militant Godless was the nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism.
1120:
In 1931, the LMG boasted that 10% of the nation's schoolchildren who were Young Pioneers or Komsomol members also concurrently held LMG memberships.
916:
1820:
1222:
The League of Militant Atheists aided the Soviet government in killing clergy and committed believers. The League also made it a priority to remove
1137:
Under the LMG's guidance, 'Godless collective farms', were formed. Yaroslavsky in 1932 thought that the campaign would be successful, when he said:
1323:
1273:
Most of LMG periodicals ceased to publish by September 1941. Its official disbandment date is unknown, but traced somewhere between 1941 and 1947.
1741:Судьбы христианского сектантства в Советской России (1917 — конец 1930-х годов) / Рецензенты д. и. н. В. С. Измозик, д. и. н. В. В. Молзинский. —
712:
2487:
1303:
727:
648:
In 1929, the Second Congress changed the society's name to The Union of Belligerent (or Militant) Atheists. At this Second Congress of Atheists,
3374:
2847:
2841:
2641:
901:
806:
466:
1313:
3144:
3060:
3028:
2835:
1398:
1318:
1308:
1023:
1159:, grew from 28,000 in 1928 to 200,000 in 1931, dropped to 150,000 after 1932, climbed to 230,000 in 1938 and went down 155,000 in 1939. The
980:
3108:
3055:
3050:
3045:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
950:
252:
1328:
682:
3505:
3362:
2877:
874:
3475:
3174:
2546:
1012:(LMG) and he claimed that if religion was only rooted in ownership of property, it could not explain the growth of the renovationists.
2015:
Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
1018:
It employed the powers given to it by the CPSU Central Committee at the 1929 congress to dictate orders to schools, universities, the
635:, came out on top despite the Moscow group's resistance in an effort to retain autonomy and the support for that group from the daily
3180:
2997:
1008:
had made this claim) were ridiculed by the League. The popularity of religion among nationalistic intellectuals was pointed out by
2175:
Antireligioznik, no. 3 (1932) p. 61. Also N. Amosov, 'Antireligioznoe vospitanie v deistvii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie..., p. 299
1843:
Daniel Peris. Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless 1st Edition. / Cornell University Press, 1998/ p. 74
844:
2343:
Dennis J. Dunn. The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, p. 85.
1266:, describing his alleged hatred of the Germans. After the death of Yaroslavsky in 1943, the chairman of the organization became
697:
658:, called for the extermination of religion "at the tip of the bayonet." There, Yaroslavsky also made the following declaration:
3500:
2907:
2157:
Amosov, N., Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge vtoroi piatiletki. Moscow: Gosudarskoe antireligioznoe izdatel'stvo, 1932, p. 30.
2955:
1708:"SOVIET LEADERS URGE ANTI-RELIGIOUS DRIVE; Society of Godless Congress Gets Warning That Foes of Regime Use Religion as Cloak"
1046:
are essentially trying to replace the communist theory by a cleansed form of religion, which therefore becomes more dangerous.
338:(The Godless at the Work-Bench, also known as "Bezbust") formed the like-minded Moscow Society of the Godless in August 1924.
3480:
3156:
2620:
2551:
1678:
1454:
1198:
3204:
1188:(Militant Atheism) in 1931 and it was published by the LMG central council. In 1932 it was swallowed up by Antireligioznik.
814:
3300:
3162:
2480:
1358:
799:
295:
256:
126:
761:
412:
3495:
266:
The league embraced workers, peasants, students, and intelligentsia. It had its first affiliates at factories, plants,
3084:
3065:
2260:
2083:
1645:
1526:
1489:
1363:
784:
2461:
University College London Institute of Archaeology Heritage Studies article on League and the Museums it established
1478:
Keep, John L. H. (2005). "10: Captive minds: faith, science, history". In Litvin, Alter L; Keep, John L. H. (eds.).
401:
from 1923 to 1931. This magazine published mainly works translated from foreign languages. Since 1931, the magazine
3138:
1694:
Paul Dixon, Religion in the Soviet Union, first published 1945 in Workers International News, and can be found at:
1298:
17:
2427:
2415:
Altnurme, Riho. "'Religious cults', particularly Lutheranism, in the Soviet Union in 1944-1949." Trames 6.1 (2002)
3416:
3386:
2516:
1804:
769:
328:, played a significant role in the League's establishment, and had a wide network of correspondents and readers.
2370:
Theodore R. Weeks. Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
1333:
3465:
3404:
3102:
2473:
2197:
Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, p. 9
2526:
2316:
Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, 10.
374:
and others participated in the foundation of the organization and Yemelyan Yaroslavsky was elected chairman.
3422:
3398:
3186:
2985:
1338:
1831:
1343:
3312:
3210:
3034:
2361:
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2004, p. 40
1078:
the churches in compliance with the policies in force. The party would adopt this resolution a year later.
3236:
2661:
1203:
987:
3250:
1868:
Sabrina Petra Ramet, Ed., Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press (1993). p. 5.
2248:
1758:
1373:
65:
3216:
1149:
The League printed masses of antireligious literature. These would mock religious belief. The weekly
1142:
exhortations of all the priests in all the world can prevent its attaining its aims it has set itself.
3344:
3320:
3288:
3132:
2937:
2919:
2913:
2871:
2568:
2536:
2352:
Peter N. Stearns. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 278.
1877:
1782:
1618:
1411:
3150:
2734:
2709:
2651:
2531:
2500:
1058:
581:
367:
572:
By 1932, 10 anti-religious newspapers and 23 anti-religious magazines were published in the USSR.
3427:
2931:
2853:
1937:
Alfred McClung Lee, Elizabeth Briant Lee. The Fine Art of Propaganda. Octagon Books, 1972, p. 90.
1928:
John Koehler. The Soviet Union's Cold War against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books, 2009, p. 6.
957:
619:
535:
363:
229:
207:
179:
1445:
Sacred causes : the clash of religion and politics, from the Great War to the War on Terror
332:
appeared first in December 1922, and the following year a Moscow monthly for industrial workers
3380:
3356:
3072:
2656:
2629:
2600:
2595:
2521:
1259:
1184:
908:
836:
689:
403:
379:
320:
1551:
1015:
The League occupied the leadership role in the antireligious campaign of the Communist Party.
598:
The Moscow group merged with the Society of Friends of the Godless Newspaper (associated with
3350:
3009:
2794:
2759:
2729:
2578:
2496:
1842:
1579:
1151:
704:
385:
263:
youth movement, those without specific political affiliation, workers and military veterans.
3332:
3268:
3078:
2889:
2774:
2679:
2610:
2573:
2465:
1255:
636:
546:
383:, the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists published the illustrated magazine
325:
281:
141:
8:
3244:
3224:
2979:
2865:
2809:
2779:
2744:
2634:
1695:
1564:
A Thousand Years of Christianity in Ukraine: An Encyclopedic Chronology by Osyp Zinkevych
1113:
1019:
719:
667:
The Central Council chose Yaroslavsky as its leader; he occupied this post continuously.
577:
355:
334:
191:
1116:, in which you can see a group of industrial workers throwing Jesus Christ to the trash.
3338:
3262:
3256:
2814:
2784:
2769:
2646:
2460:
2230:
Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 10.
2166:
Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961), p. 8.
1348:
1263:
1178:
1057:
in the Soviet Union, there was a "government-sponsored program of forced conversion to
972:
866:
416:
351:
2001:
Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 7.
3392:
3120:
3022:
2895:
2739:
2689:
2684:
2256:
2079:
1715:
1674:
1641:
1522:
1485:
1460:
1450:
1443:
522:
518:
485:
395:. The scientific society "Ateist" arose in 1921 in Moscow. It published the magazine
2272:
A Lukachevsky, '10 let zhurnala "Antireligioznik"', Bezbozh., no.2 (Feb. 1936) p. 8.
2062:
Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.
115:
The promotion of atheism and the extermination of religion in all its manifestations
3410:
3326:
3306:
3126:
2789:
2714:
2541:
1881:
1423:
942:
649:
561:
503:
470:
371:
2455:
3446:
3368:
3274:
3198:
3192:
2925:
2859:
2724:
2719:
2605:
2431:
2073:
1635:
1562:
1484:. Totalitarian movements and political religions. Psychology Press. p. 153.
1479:
1290:
1165:
851:
507:
391:
267:
3114:
3003:
2991:
2804:
2583:
2556:
1173:
1043:
450:
435:
427:
359:
248:
1108:
3459:
3294:
3280:
3090:
2819:
2799:
2694:
1719:
1514:
1415:
1368:
1219:
religion, particularly Catholic Christianity, in Central and Eastern Europe.
1054:
626:
586:
347:
82:
All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge
43:
1622:
1464:
2615:
2590:
2283:
Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)
1981:
Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)
1252:
1005:
244:
35:
1793:
255:
under influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the
2883:
2699:
776:
496:
47:
542:
2754:
2749:
2424:
2109:
Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.494"
1353:
674:
39:
1202:
The anti-religious activists remove the large (5000 kg) bell from the
3230:
2943:
2398:
2396:
2302:
2300:
1992:'Stenogrammy Vtorogo plenuma TsS SVB', Antirelioznik, Moscow, p. 116.
1914:
1912:
1891:
1889:
631:
299:
291:
277:
629:'s loyal aide in the secretariat and one of the founding editors of
3441:
2967:
2704:
1284:
1034:
938:
290:
The League's slogan was "Struggle against religion is struggle for
260:
2393:
2297:
1970:
Izuchenie sotsial'nykh kornei religii v SSSR' (M.: 1930) pp. 5-14.
1909:
1886:
1481:
Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium
303:
286:
272:
259:
from 1925 to 1947. It consisted of party members, members of the
240:
31:
1550:
by Theodore R. Weeks, John Wiley & Sons, 1st edition, 2010:
2764:
2294:
A. Lukachevsky, Izuchenie sots, kor. rel., Moscow, 1930. p. 19.
1864:
1862:
1860:
1671:
Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless
1637:
Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless
1594:
Childers, Barry. "The Plurality of Soviet Religious "Policy"".
1548:
Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945
821:
733:
language − Russian. Chicago. Amerikansky Bezbozhnik (newspaper)
654:
397:
302:", communism being the next stage after socialism according to
1211:
Up to 1940 there were about 2000 titles published every year.
1176:
began publishing a scholarly journal in the late 1920s called
3016:
2217:
2215:
2213:
1794:"DAS NEULAND", antireligiöse Zeitschrift in deutscher Sprache
1227:
2495:
1857:
3471:
Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union
1223:
2210:
994:
880:
language − Russian. Moscow. Bezbozhny Krokodil (magazine)
2193:
2191:
30:"Militant atheism" redirects here. For other uses, see
3169:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2411:
2409:
2075:
Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West
1696:
http://www.marxist.com/religion-soviet-union170406.htm
1329:
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union
1314:
Persecution of Christians in the Warsaw Pact countries
1155:
reached 500,000 copies per issue in 1931. The monthly
324:(Godless, Atheist) (1922–1941), founded and edited by
161:
The fight against religion is the fight for socialism!
3097:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2950:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
2253:
A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin
234:
212:
184:
2188:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1280:
675:
Atheistic periodicals published in various languages
2456:
Library of Congress articles on the Soviet archives
2406:
2425:Letters from Moscow, Gleb Yakunin and Lev Regelson
1442:
2004:
3457:
1519:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
1324:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
1191:From 1928 to 1932, a journal for peasants named
1640:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 2.
1410:This article includes content derived from the
1304:Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
835:language − Russian, German, Esperanto. Moscow.
2848:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2842:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2285:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. pp 130-34
1690:
1688:
1686:
1449:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
526:
389:and the scientific and methodological journal
3029:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2836:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2481:
1319:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
1309:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
1024:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization
222:
200:
172:
72:Членский билет Союза воинствующих безбожников
3151:Violence against Hindus in independent India
1983:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. p. 112.
1832:И. П. Цамерян, М. И. Шахнович. Атеизм в СССР
1739:Крапивин М. Ю., Лейкин А. Я., Далгатов А. Г.
1334:Persecution of Buddhists in the Soviet Union
3486:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union
3363:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2878:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
1951:. University of Cambridge. pp. 14–15.
1753:
1751:
1683:
595:unresolved at the Union that came in 1925.
457:
442:− transcription: "Khudasyzlyar") − in Uzbek
3491:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
2488:
2474:
1436:
1434:
64:
2998:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1399:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990)
1344:Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR
1811:. / У истоков массового атеизма./ С. 326
1759:"СОЮЗ ВОИНСТВУЮЩИХ БЕЗБОЖНИКОВ СССР это"
1748:
1440:
1394:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
1389:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
1384:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1379:USSR anti-religious campaign (1917–1921)
1251:An answer to this report was found when
1197:
1107:
454:
313:
195:'The League of Militant Godless'), also
2962:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
2071:
1431:
1414:, 1969–1978, which is partially in the
14:
3458:
2908:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1745:: С-Петербургского университета, 2003.
1270:, who led it until its disbandment.
1022:, the trade unions, the Komsomol, the
995:Authority on antireligious methodology
3157:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2469:
1946:
1633:
1949:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union
1593:
1477:
1258:. Churches were re-opened under the
924:Revolution and the Church (magazine)
186:Soyúz Voínstvuyushchikh Bezbózhnikov
3301:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
3251:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
3163:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2956:Christianization of the Sámi people
1947:Ramet, Sabrina (10 November 2005).
1359:Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam
1339:Persecution of Buddhists in Vietnam
645:mobilize all public organizations.
474:
257:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
127:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
24:
3506:Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia
1596:Florida State University Libraries
1112:1929 cover of the Soviet magazine
25:
3517:
3476:Organizations established in 1925
3145:Violence against Muslims in India
3139:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
3085:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
2449:
1364:Soviet anti-religious legislation
909:Derevenskiy Bezbozhnik (magazine)
837:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm (magazine)
747:Voyovnichny Bezvirnik (newspaper)
3440:
1673:Cornell University Press, 1998,
1299:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
1283:
1206:central Kiev USSR (now Ukraine).
1064:
979:
964:
949:
930:
915:
900:
885:
873:
858:
843:
828:
813:
798:
783:
768:
753:
738:
726:
711:
696:
681:
174:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников
59:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников
3417:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
3387:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2436:
2418:
2383:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2288:
2275:
2265:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2200:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2103:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2018:
1995:
1986:
1973:
1964:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1899:
1871:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1814:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1732:
1700:
1663:
1627:
1612:
986:language − Lithuanian. Kaunas.
760:language − Ukrainian. Kharkiv.
3405:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
3375:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
3109:Communist Romanian persecution
2078:. Intercultural Publications.
1878:Большая советская энциклопедия
1619:Большая советская энциклопедия
1602:
1587:
1571:
1556:
1540:
1531:
1508:
1471:
1238:
971:language − Georgian. Tbilisi.
892:language − Armenian. Yerevan.
720:Bezbozhnik u Stanka (magazine)
458:
13:
1:
3501:Persecution by atheist states
3423:2024 Istanbul church shooting
3399:Christchurch mosque shootings
3187:Religious violence in Nigeria
3181:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1404:
1103:
973:Mebrdzoli Ughmerto (magazine)
958:Bezbożnik Wojujący (magazine)
867:Yunyye Bezbozhniki (magazine)
377:In addition to the newspaper
70:Membership card of the league
3481:Religion in the Soviet Union
3313:War crimes in the Kosovo War
3103:Communist Polish persecution
2974:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2902:Crusades against schismatics
922:language − Russian. Moscow.
907:language − Russian. Moscow.
865:language − Russian. Moscow.
850:language − Russian. Moscow.
820:language − Russian. Moscow.
805:language − Yiddish. Moscow.
775:language − German. Kharkiv.
745:language − Ukrainian. Kiev.
718:language − Russian. Moscow.
703:language − Russian. Moscow.
688:language − Russian. Moscow.
247:organization of workers and
7:
1276:
988:Laisvoji mintis (newspaper)
956:language − Polish. Moscow.
943:Erdem ba Shazhan (magazine)
235:
213:
185:
169:League of Militant Atheists
54:League of Militant Atheists
27:Soviet Russian organization
10:
3522:
1441:Burleigh, Michael (2007).
1374:Tatar Union of the Godless
852:Antireligioznik (magazine)
790:language − Tatar. Moscow.
511:
29:
3496:Russian atheism activists
3437:
3345:South Thailand insurgency
3321:Walisongo school massacre
3289:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2938:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2914:European wars of religion
2828:
2672:
2507:
2072:Adappur, Abraham (2000).
1783:Фән һәм дин / فەن هەم دین
1552:"Antireligious Campaigns"
1412:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
565:
527:
489:
439:
431:
420:
223:
201:
173:
157:
147:
135:
119:
111:
103:
95:
87:
77:
63:
58:
2735:Extrajudicial punishment
1805:Вопросы Научного Атеизма
1204:St Volodymyr's Cathedral
807:Der Apikoires (magazine)
582:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich
368:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich
214:Óbshchestvo Bezbózhnikov
3428:Crocus City Hall attack
3175:Persecution of Tibetans
2932:French Wars of Religion
2854:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1537:Burleigh (2007), p. 49.
620:dialectical materialism
364:Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov
3381:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
3357:Maspero demonstrations
3205:Huế Phật Đản shootings
1634:Peris, Daniel (1998).
1207:
1193:Derevenskii bezbozhnik
1185:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm
1172:textbook. LMG member,
1144:
1135:
1117:
1053:Under the doctrine of
1048:
690:Bezbozhnik (newspaper)
665:
550:
404:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm
202:О́бщество безбо́жников
197:Society of the Godless
107:Volunteer organisation
3466:Atheist organizations
3351:Boko Haram insurgency
3010:Pontic Greek genocide
2920:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2730:Extrajudicial killing
2497:Religious persecution
1580:The History of Russia
1201:
1139:
1130:
1111:
1039:
792:Fen-em-Din (magazine)
705:Bezbozhnik (magazine)
660:
638:Komsomol'skaia Pravda
314:Origins and formation
142:Emel'ian Yaroslavskii
99:Between 1941 and 1947
3333:September 11 attacks
3269:1984 anti-Sikh riots
3133:Rawalpindi massacres
3079:White Terror (Spain)
2890:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2775:Population cleansing
1807:. Выпуск 18. 1975./
1182:. It was changed to
894:Anastvats (magazine)
762:Bezvirnik (magazine)
326:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
282:communist propaganda
219:Union of the Godless
3245:Bangladesh genocide
3225:Cultural Revolution
3217:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2980:Circassian genocide
2866:Rhineland massacres
2780:Population transfer
2745:Forced displacement
2552:Jehovah's Witnesses
1161:Bezbozhnik u Stanka
1114:Bezbozhnik u Stanka
1033:All members of the
1020:Soviet Armed Forces
937:language − Buryat.
578:Anatoly Lunacharsky
356:Anatoly Lunacharsky
335:Bezbozhnik u Stanka
55:
3339:2002 Gujarat riots
3263:Cambodian genocide
3257:Lebanese Civil War
3035:Soviet persecution
2872:Jerusalem massacre
2785:Sectarian violence
2770:Political violence
2430:2009-08-16 at the
1712:The New York Times
1349:Political religion
1208:
1118:
777:Neuland (magazine)
553:) – in Azerbaijani
536:Bezbożnik wojujący
528:"მებრძოლი ათეისტი"
352:Nadezhda Krupskaya
251:that developed in
236:Soyúz Bezbózhnikov
224:Сою́з Безбо́жников
53:
3453:
3452:
3393:Rohingya genocide
3121:Direct Action Day
3073:Šahovići massacre
3023:Armenian genocide
3017:Assyrian genocide
2904:(13th–15th cent.)
2898:(12th–16th cent.)
2896:Northern Crusades
2740:Forced conversion
2690:Cultural genocide
2685:Communal violence
2562:post–Cold War era
2547:Eastern Orthodoxy
1959:religion by 1937.
1679:978-0-8014-3485-3
1456:978-0-06-058095-7
1260:German occupation
822:Ateist (magazine)
519:Mebrdzoli Ateisti
423:) − in Ukrainian,
233:
211:
194:
183:
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
3513:
3445:
3444:
3411:2020 Delhi riots
3327:Kosheh massacres
3307:Bosnian genocide
3127:1946 Bihar riots
2790:Social cleansing
2715:Ethnic cleansing
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1174:I. A. Shpitsberg
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650:Nikolai Bukharin
567:
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512:"Эрдэм ба шажан"
504:Erdem ba Shazhan
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372:Nikolai Bukharin
268:collective farms
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3369:Yazidi genocide
3275:Revival Process
3211:Thích Quảng Đức
3199:Buddhist crisis
3193:Istanbul pogrom
3061:1970–1987
3056:1958–1964
3051:1928–1941
3046:1921–1928
3041:1917–1921
2926:Goa Inquisition
2860:Battle of Tours
2850:(c.550–c. 1200)
2844:(c. 324–c. 491)
2824:
2725:Ethnic violence
2720:Ethnic conflict
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2621:minority Muslim
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1291:Religion portal
1289:
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1256:invaded in 1941
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1224:religious icons
1166:Antireligioznik
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531:) – in Georgian
492:) – in Armenian
475:"דער אפיקוירעס"
426:"Xudasizlar" (
392:Antireligioznik
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3395:(2016–ongoing)
3390:
3389:(2014–ongoing)
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3377:(2014–ongoing)
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3353:(2009–ongoing)
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3153:(1947–ongoing)
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3141:(1947–ongoing)
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3115:Noakhali riots
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2710:Discrimination
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2662:Zoroastrianism
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2501:discrimination
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2450:External links
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1714:. 1929-06-13.
1699:
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1669:Daniel Peris,
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1044:Renovationists
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568:) – in Bashkir
554:
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478:
477:) - in Yiddish
463:
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424:
360:Pyotr Krasikov
348:Old Bolsheviks
318:The newspaper
315:
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306:ideology.
296:five-year plan
280:principles of
249:intelligentsia
221:(Russian:
199:(Russian:
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1515:Richard Overy
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1369:State atheism
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1065:1929 Congress
1062:
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1056:
1055:state atheism
1051:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1027:
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1021:
1016:
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1007:
1001:
989:
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939:Verkhneudinsk
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625:Yaroslavsky,
623:
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612:Kostelovskaia
609:
605:
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596:
593:
588:
587:Renovationist
583:
579:
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563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:" – in Polish
537:
533:
524:
520:
516:
514:) – in Buryat
509:
505:
501:
499:" − in German
498:
494:
487:
483:
479:
472:
468:
467:Der Apikoires
464:
459:"Фән һәм дин"
455:"فەن هەم دین"
452:
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67:
62:
57:
49:
45:
44:State atheism
41:
37:
33:
19:
3297:(1991–2001)
3277:(1984–1989)
3237:Famen Temple
3227:(1966–1976)
3037:(1922–1991)
3006:(1913–1922)
2537:Christianity
2527:Baháʼí Faith
2438:
2420:
2385:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
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2282:
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2226:
2202:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2089:. Retrieved
2074:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2020:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1955:
1952:
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1942:
1933:
1924:
1901:
1873:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1816:
1809:М. М. Шейман
1800:
1789:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1765:(in Russian)
1762:
1738:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1651:. Retrieved
1636:
1629:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1518:
1510:
1501:
1495:. Retrieved
1480:
1473:
1444:
1409:
1408:
1272:
1253:Nazi Germany
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1233:
1221:
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1028:
1017:
1014:
1006:Leon Trotsky
1002:
998:
669:
666:
661:
653:
647:
643:
637:
630:
624:
616:
599:
597:
591:
574:
571:
462:) − in Tatar
440:"Худасызляр"
432:"Xudasizlar"
402:
396:
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384:
378:
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344:
340:
333:
329:
319:
317:
308:
271:
265:
218:
196:
168:
166:
149:Volunteers
36:Antireligion
3383:(2014–2017)
3371:(2014–2017)
3365:(2013–2016)
3303:(1992–1996)
3265:(1975–1979)
3259:(1975–1990)
3165:(1948–1980)
3111:(1945–1989)
3105:(1945–1989)
3099:(1941–1945)
3093:(1939–1945)
3081:(1936–1975)
3066:legislation
3031:(1917–1990)
3025:(1915–1923)
3019:(1914–1924)
3000:(1912–1913)
2988:(1862–1877)
2970:(1857–1858)
2964:(1789–1801)
2952:(1683–1922)
2946:(1673–1829)
2940:(1609–1614)
2934:(1562–1598)
2928:(1561–1812)
2922:(1526–1791)
2916:(1522–1712)
2910:(1500–1526)
2886:(1184–1908)
2884:Inquisition
2795:Segregation
2760:Intolerance
2700:Desecration
2642:Neopaganism
2635:Persecution
2596:Persecution
2579:Persecution
2542:Catholicism
2522:Exclusivism
2098:Communists.
1568:onslaught."
1239:Disbandment
1010:Lukachevsky
604:Galaktionov
547:Azerbaijani
497:Das Neuland
421:"Безвірник"
48:New Atheism
3460:Categories
2880:(643–1526)
2755:Iconoclasm
2750:Hate crime
2680:Censorship
2569:Falun Gong
1769:2022-02-03
1725:2021-05-05
1653:2017-02-01
1497:2017-02-01
1405:References
1354:Red Terror
1264:Dostoevsky
1157:Bezbozhnik
1152:Bezbozhnik
1104:Activities
600:Bezbozhnik
592:Bezbozhnik
551:"Аллаhсыз"
490:"Անաստված"
447:Fen-em-Din
386:Bezbozhnik
380:Bezbozhnik
330:Bezbozhnik
321:Bezbozhnik
239:), was an
40:Antitheism
3231:Four Olds
2944:Test Acts
2810:Terrorism
2652:Rastafari
2601:Ahmadiyya
1720:0362-4331
1623:Социализм
1577:Compare:
1546:Compare:
1521:, p. 271
1503:Komsomol.
632:Kommunist
608:Polidorov
566:"Аллаһыҙ"
482:Anastvats
417:Ukrainian
413:Bezvirnik
300:communism
292:socialism
278:Bolshevik
241:atheistic
230:romanized
208:romanized
180:romanized
153:3,500,000
96:Dissolved
88:Formation
78:Successor
3447:Religion
2968:Utah War
2838:(64–313)
2815:Violence
2705:Domicide
2657:Yazidism
2574:Hinduism
2532:Buddhism
2508:By group
2428:Archived
1763:terme.ru
1517:(2006),
1465:76829103
1277:See also
1035:Komsomol
558:Allakhyz
543:Allahsyz
523:Georgian
486:Armenian
350:such as
273:kolkhozy
261:Komsomol
120:Location
3201:(1963)
2958:(1700s)
2673:Methods
2630:Judaism
2616:Sunnism
2606:Shi'ism
2517:Atheism
2091:14 July
1584:icons."
1089:state.
1059:atheism
562:Bashkir
471:Yiddish
304:Marxist
287:atheism
158:Remarks
137:Founder
112:Purpose
32:Atheism
3430:(2024)
3419:(2023)
3413:(2020)
3407:(2019)
3401:(2019)
3359:(2011)
3341:(2002)
3335:(2001)
3329:(2000)
3323:(2000)
3315:(1999)
3309:(1995)
3291:(1990)
3283:(1989)
3271:(1984)
3247:(1971)
3239:(1966)
3233:(1966)
3219:(1963)
3213:(1963)
3207:(1963)
3195:(1955)
3183:(1950)
3159:(1948)
3135:(1947)
3129:(1946)
3123:(1946)
3117:(1946)
3087:(1933)
3075:(1924)
2994:(1909)
2982:(1864)
2976:(1860)
2892:(1191)
2874:(1099)
2868:(1096)
2829:Events
2765:Pogrom
2611:Sufism
2259:
2255:p 136
2082:
1956:kulaks
1718:
1677:
1644:
1525:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1179:Ateist
1133:faith.
655:Pravda
627:Stalin
525::
508:Buryat
398:Ateist
46:, and
2862:(732)
2591:Islam
1228:exile
663:done.
451:Tatar
436:Uzbek
428:Uzbek
217:) or
2499:and
2257:ISBN
2093:2016
2080:ISBN
1743:СПб.
1716:ISSN
1675:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1461:OCLC
1451:ISBN
580:and
243:and
192:lit.
167:The
104:Type
91:1925
2820:War
2443:68.
2403:67.
2390:66.
2380:68.
2307:63.
2207:61.
2185:60.
2034:55.
1919:54.
1906:53.
1896:50.
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1911:^
1888:^
1880:/
1859:^
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1750:^
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1433:^
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20:)
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