Military history - Knowledge

5071:. Roberts emphasized the introduction of muskets that could not be aimed at small targets, but could be very effective when fired in volleys by three ranks of infantry soldiers, with one firing while the other two ranks reloaded. All three ranks march forward to demolish the enemy. The infantry now had the firepower that had been reserved to the artillery, and had mobility that could rapidly advance in the battlefield, which the artillery lacked. The infantry thereby surpassed the artillery in tactical maneuvering on the battlefield. Roberts linked these advances with larger historical consequences, arguing that innovations in tactics, drill and doctrine by the Dutch and Swedes 1560–1660 led to a need for more and better trained troops and thus for permanent forces (standing armies). Armies grew much larger and more expensive. These changes in turn had major political consequences in the level of administrative support and the supply of money, men and provisions, producing new financial demands and the creation of new governmental institutions. "Thus, argued Roberts, the modern art of war made possible—and necessary—the creation of the modern state". In the 1990s the concept was modified and extended by 3909: 5047: 4920: 4404: 4828: 3639: 160: 3533: 3607: 2158: 2594: 3835: 3630:, a Ming Chinese General that provided the original treatise, disseminated to Koreans, that aided in this venture. In these manuals, Qi "...gave detailed instructions in the use of small group tactics, psychological warfare, and other 'modern' techniques." Qi emphasized repetitive drilling, dividing men into smaller groups, separating the strong from weak. Qi's ethos was one of synthesizing smaller groups, trained in various tactical formations, into larger companies, battalions and armies. By doing this they could "operate as eyes, hands, and feet..." aiding to overall unit cohesion. 3512:(1363–1404) is credited with creating the most effective artillery power in Europe in the late fourteenth century, effectively creating the Burgundian estate. Philip's development of a large artillery army made the small country a reputable force against larger empires such as England and France. Philip had achieved this by establishing a large scale artillery manufacturing economy in Burgundy. Philip used his new cache of artillery to help the French capture an English-held fortress of Odruik. The artillery used to take Odruik used cannonballs measuring to about 450 pounds. 2325:

their current political views are moderately correlated with their historiographical interpretations. A clear position on the left-right continuum regarding capitalism was apparent in most cases. All groups agreed with the proposition, "historically, Americans have tended to view questions of their national security in terms of such extremes as good vs. evil." Though the Socialists were split, the other groups agreed that "miscalculation and/or misunderstanding of the situation" had caused U.S. interventionism." Kimball reports that:

3109: 4244: 5075:, who argued that developments in fortification and siege warfare caused the revolution. The concept of a military revolution based upon technology has given way to models based more on a slow evolution in which technology plays a minor role to organization, command and control, logistics and in general non-material improvements. The revolutionary nature of these changes was only visible after a long evolution that handed Europe a predominant place in warfare, a place that the industrial revolution would confirm. 3603:(1537–1598) made a failed invasion of Korea, which lasted six years, eventually pushed back by the Koreans with the aid of Ming China. Japan, using overwhelming firepower, had many early victories on the Korean peninsulas. Though the Koreans had similar manpower, "the curtain of arrows thrown up by defenders was wiped out by gunfire." After the Japanese were finally pushed back in 1598, sweeping military reforms took place in Korea, largely based on updating and implementing the volley technique with firearms. 2310:, for instance. Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, for example, have presented unique challenges to historians due to records that were destroyed to protect classified military information, among other reasons. Historians use their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted and systematic research strategy to piece together war histories. Despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. 4617: 2968: 3572: 13449: 9665: 13413: 12745: 10378: 8801: 2362: 8811: 13438: 4120: 35: 3494:

present-day materials, to determine the effectiveness of the weapon. The Gunpowder Research Group, who designed the recreation, found that at high elevations, the Loshult could fire as far as 1300 meters. Though inaccurate, missing targets further than 200 meters, the Loshult could fire a range of projectiles such as arrows and shot. It was determined that the Loshult could be effectively fired at ranks of soldiers and structures.

5097: 3462: 13425: 12756: 5233: 4502:). While Roman armies suffered several major losses, their large population and ability (and will) to replace battlefield casualties, their training, organization, tactical and technical superiority enabled Rome to stay a predominant military force for several centuries, utilizing well trained and maneuverable armies to routinely overcome the much larger "tribal" armies of their foes (see Battles of 3117: 3129: 2840: 3892:, designed to be sturdy, tended to last longer than other artifacts, and thus a great deal of surviving artifacts recovered tend to fall in this category as they are more likely to survive. Weapons and armor were also mass-produced to a scale that makes them quite plentiful throughout history, and thus more likely to be found in archaeological digs. 2440:

commemorate". Yet as Andrew Whitmarsh notes, "museums frequently portray a sanitised version of warfare." The actual bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Japan became the focus of an angry national controversy with veterans attacking curators and historians when the Smithsonian Institution planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995. The

3568:, the technique known as "volleying" or countermarch drills were implemented. Volley fire is an organized implementation of firearms, where infantry are structured in ranks. The ranks will alternate between loading and firing positions, allowing more consistent rates of fire and preventing enemies from taking over a position while members reload. 2951:. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water. Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of 3931:

evolved and empires grew, the increased need for order and efficiency lead to an increase in the number of records and writings. Officials and armies would have good reason for keeping detailed records and accounts involving any and all things concerning a matter such as warfare that, in the words of

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In Japan, at the same time during the sixteenth-century, this military evolution was also taking hold. These changes included a universal adoption of firearms, tactical developments for effective use, logistical restructuring within the military itself, and "the emergence of centralized and political

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network based at Michigan State University. H-War has six coeditors, and an academic advisory board that sets policy. It sponsors daily moderated discussions of current topics, announcements of new publications and conferences, and reports on developments at conferences. The H-Net family of lists has

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Korea also seemed to be adapting the volley technique, earlier than even the Japanese. "Koreans seem to have employed some kind of volley principle with guns by 1447, when the Korean King Sejong the Great instructed his gunners to shoot their 'fire barrels' in squads of five, taking turns firing and

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Curators debate how or whether the goal of providing diverse representations of war, in terms of positive and negative aspects of warfare. War is seldom presented as a good thing, but soldiers are heavily praised. David Lowenthal has observed that in today's museums, "nothing seems too horrendous to

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studied the influence of a historian's political position on current events on interpretive disagreement regarding the causes of 20th century wars. He surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He finds that

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As guns and artillery became more advanced and prevalent, so to did the tactics by which they were implemented. According to Historian Michael Roberts "...a military revolution began with the broad adoption of firearms and artillery by late sixteenth-century European armies." Infantry with firearms

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Written works from the Cabinet des Titres of the Imperial Library of Paris has found evidence of canons in France in 1338. The works illustrate canons being used on-board ships at the Rouen during that time. "...an iron Fire-arm, which was provided with forty-eight bolts, made of iron and freather;

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notes "all the long preparations and tentative experiments were made in China, and everything came to Islam and the West fully fledged, whether it was the fire lance or the explosive bomb, the rocket or the metal-barrel handgun and bombard." By the 1320s Europe had guns, but scholars state that the

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argued the Chinese were able to destroy buildings and walls using such devices. Such experimentation was not present in Western Europe, where the combination of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal were used exclusively for explosives and as a propellant in firearms. What the Chinese often referred to as

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would recognize the combat that our soldiers and Marines have waged in the alleys of Somalia and Iraq. The uniforms evolve, bronze gives way to titanium, arrows may be replaced by laser-guided bombs, but the heart of the matter is still killing your enemies until any survivors surrender and do your

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The Military Revolution is a conceptual schema for explaining the transformation of European military strategy, tactics and technology in the early modern period. The argument is that dramatic advances in technology, government finance, and public administration transformed and modernized European

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The successors of Caesar—Octavian and Mark Anthony—also fought a civil war with Caesar's assassins (Senators Brutus, Cassius, etc.). Octavian and Mark Anthony eventually fought another civil war between themselves to determine the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian emerged victorious and Rome was turned

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is the history of militaries: their conquests, their movements, and their technological innovations. There are many reasons for this. Kingdoms and empires, the central units of control in the ancient world, could only be maintained through military force. Due to limited agricultural ability, there

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as early as the 4th century, at first as experiments for life force and metal transmutation, and later experiments as pyrotechnics and incendiaries. By the 10th century, the developments in gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. The Chinese used incendiary devices based on

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One military historian, Jeremy Black, outlined problems 21st-century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea and recently air conflicts,

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In recent decades University level courses in military history remain popular; often they use films to humanize the combat experience. For example, Eugene P. A. Scleh, history professor at the University of Maine, has explored the advantages and problems of teaching a course of "Modern War and Its

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writings pertaining to the Trojan War, or even personal writings. Indeed, the earliest stories center on warfare, as war was both a common and dramatic aspect of life; the witnessing of a major battle involving many thousands of soldiers would be quite a spectacle, even today, and thus considered

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was able to surmise the approximate size of these cannons by comparing receipts for both the firearms and the corresponding amounts of gunpowder purchased. The receipts show a transaction for "25 Livres for 5 canons." Brackenbury was able to deduce, when comparing the costs of the cannons and the

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People interested in military history from all periods of time, and all subtopics, are increasingly turning to the Internet for many more resources than are typically available in nearby libraries. Since 1993, one of the most popular sites, with over 4000 members (subscriptions are free) has been

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Military museums specialize in military histories; they are often organized from a national point of view, where a museum in a particular country will have displays organized around conflicts in which that country has taken part. They typically take a broad view of warfare's role in the nation's

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This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto. The 144 books in question fall into two distinct classes: works aimed at a popular readership, written by journalists and men of letters outside academic circles, and professional work nearly always produced within the military

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Historical evidence shows that Oda Nobunaga implemented his volley technique successfully in 1575, twenty years before evidence of such a technique is shown in Europe. The first indications of the countermarch technique in Europe was by Lord William Louis of Nassau (1538–1574) in the mid-1590s.

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died in 1451, Mehmed once again became Sultan. He turned his attention to claiming the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Mehmed, like Philip, started mass-producing cannons by enticing craftsmen to his cause with money and freedom. For 55 days, Constantinople was bombarded with artillery fire,

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The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it. The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is largely due to the rapid change of military forces, and the art and science of

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According to Peter Fraser Purton, the best evidence of the earliest gun in Europe is the Loshult gun, dated to the fourteenth century. Discovered in 1861, the Loshult was made of bronze measured 11.8 inches in length. A replica of the Loshult was created, using similar gunpowder compounds with

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An illustration of a "pot-shaped gun" found in the Holkham Hall Milemete manuscript dated to 1326 shows earliest advent of firearms in European history. The illustration shows an arrow, set in the pot-shaped gun pointed directly at a structure. Archaeological evidence of such "gun arrows" were

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is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying

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boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failure and exaggerate success. Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records.

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exact time and method of migration from China remains a mystery. Evidence of firearms is found in Iran and Central Asia in the late fourteenth century. It was not until roughly 1442 that guns were referenced in India. Reliable references to guns in Russia begins around 1382.

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Professional historians normally focus on military affairs that had a major impact on the societies involved as well as the aftermath of conflicts, while amateur historians and hobbyists often take a larger interest in the details of battles, equipment and uniforms in use.

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seeks to not repeat past mistakes, and improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past. When certifying military history instructors the

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New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, and the training of soldiers and leaders. A rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it.

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This all brought an end to the dominance of armored cavalry on the battlefield. The simultaneous decline of the feudal system—and the absorption of the medieval city-states into larger states—allowed the creation of professional standing armies to replace the

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originated around 2000 BC. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon; while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the

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Since the 1940s, preparation for a major war has been based on technological arms races involving all sorts of new weapons systems, such as nuclear and biological, as well as computerized control systems, and the opening of new venues, such as seen in the

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Such items were also considered signs of prosperity or virtue, and thus were likely to be placed in tombs and monuments to prominent warriors. And writing, when it existed, was often used for kings to boast of military conquests or victories.

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World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of aircraft grew from mostly reconnaissance to strategic bombing and more. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the United States and Japan like the

2283:. Its four issues a year include scholarly articles reviews of new books, and a bibliography of new publications and dissertations. The Society has 2300 members, holds an annual convention, and gives out prizes for the best scholarship. 3490:, "dated by relation to a historical event (a feud with the Archbishop of Trier in 1331–36 leading to a siege), seem to confirm again that this was at least one of the types of guns like the Milemete used in these very early examples." 2329:

Of historians in the field of diplomatic history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None and 10% Conservative. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None and 40% are

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armies, tactics, and logistics. Since warfare was so central to the European state, the transformation had a major impact on modernizing government bureaucracies, taxation, and the national economy. The concept was introduced by

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establishment.... The study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession.

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was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed.

9294: 8766: 8261: 8231: 8136: 7459: 5005:(Princes' warfare) as wars were mainly carried out by imperial or monarchics states, decided by cabinets and limited in scope and in their aims. They also involved quickly shifting alliances, and mainly used mercenaries. 6835: 4403: 2508:, allowed him to take advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives by carefully examining documents and interviewing eyewitnesses. An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by 4372:

then erupted between the two Greek powers Athens and Sparta. Athens built a long wall to protect its inhabitants, but the wall helped to facilitate the spread of a plague that killed about 30,000 Athenians, including

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followers invented various siege weapons and siegecraft, including the Cloud Ladder (a four-wheeled, extendable ramp) to scale fortified walls during a siege of an enemy city. The warring states were first unified by

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could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved.

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Robert J. Bunker and Pamela Ligouri Bunker, "The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism."

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Writing, when used by the common man, also tended to record such events, as major battles and conquests constituted major events that many would have considered worthy of recording either in an epic such as the

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Images" entirely through films. Students said they found the documentaries more valuable than the dramas. However, military historians are frustrated by their marginal status in major history departments.

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and Alexander the Great, invaded Persia and won several major victories, establishing Macedonia as a major power. However, following Alexander's death at an early age, the empire quickly fell apart.

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were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A

2250:(RMA) which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies, such as gunpowder. It highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. 8141: 2345:

sponsored and published over 46,000 scholarly book reviews, thousands of which deal with books in military history broadly conceived. Knowledge itself has a very wide coverage of military history,

8226: 10020: 9660: 9181: 9455: 8945: 9415: 9400: 9372: 9329: 9228: 9224: 8771: 7442: 3478: 10060: 9339: 3172:. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the Battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the 9435: 9395: 8246: 5205:

A distinctive feature since 1945 is the absence of wars between major powers—indeed the near absence of any traditional wars between established countries. The major exceptions were the

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If these challenges were not sufficient for military historians, the limits of method are complicated by the lack of records, either destroyed or never recorded due to their value as a

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Kimball, Jeffrey. "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars",

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replaced cavalry. Empires adapted their strongholds to withstand artillery fire. Eventually drilling strategies and battlefield tactics were adapted for the evolution in firearms use.

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Jeffrey Kimball, "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars",

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At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them.

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The fire lance, the predecessor of the gun, was invented in China between the tenth and eleventh century. The barrel was originally designed out of bamboo shoots, later with metal.

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militaries were forever changed. This invention coupled with technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from

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were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military

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Robin D.S. Yates, "New Light on Ancient Chinese Military Texts: Notes on Their Nature and Evolution, and the Development of Military Specialization in Warring States China."

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The concept of a military revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has received a mixed reception among historians. Noted military historians Michael Duffy and

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For settled agrarian civilizations, the infantry became the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The

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had risen and conquered the Chen dynasty of the south. They invaded Vietnam (northern Vietnam had been in Chinese control since the Han dynasty), fighting the troops of

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during the end of the Republic. Caesar was also notable for his role in the civil war against the other member of the Triumvirate (Pompey) and against the Roman Senate.

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this in siege warfare against the Mongols starting in the mid 13th century. "Pots with wicks of flax or cotton were used, containing a combination of sulfur, saltpeter (

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Similar patterns of warfare existed in other parts of the world. In China around the 5th century armies moved from massed infantry to cavalry based forces, copying the

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exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gas-filled shells at the

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of 1990–91. Instead actual fighting has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies. The most recent example of a war between two nation states would be the

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on January 3, 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to moderate effect at the

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was invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer needed to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into underwater missile platforms.

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were sometimes deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were first used in India and later adopted by the Persians. War elephants were also used in the

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were the first military forces in history. This warrior statuette demonstrates that military culture was an important part of historical societies, c.480 BC,

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While successfully dealing with foreign opponents, Rome experienced numerous civil wars, notably the power struggles of Roman generals such as Marius and

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gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. Landings on a cruiser were another matter. This led to the development of an

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Illustration of an "eruptor", a proto-cannon, capable of firing cast-iron bombs filled with gunpowder, from the 14th century Ming dynasty book Huolongjing

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deemphasizes rote detail memorization and focuses on themes and context in relation to current and future conflict, using the motto "Past is Prologue."

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explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics.

9494: 3722:. Gas masks were invented in matter of weeks, and poison gas proved ineffective at winning battles. It was made illegal by all nations in the 1920s. 2715:

were a major component of many ancient armies, notably those of the Persians, Scythians, Egyptians, Nubians, Indians, Chinese, Koreans and Japanese.

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is the oldest evidence of a large scale battle in Europe. More than 4,000 warriors fought in a battle on the site in the 13th century BC.

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were invented by General Franco in the Spanish Civil War, directing the Nationalists to use them against Soviet tanks in the assault on Toledo. The

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In terms of the history profession in major countries, military history is an orphan, despite its enormous popularity with the general public.

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Empire. After the decline of central imperial authority, the Han dynasty collapsed into an era of civil war and continuous warfare during the

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and Rome started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the

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As weapons—particularly small arms—became easier to use, countries began to abandon a complete reliance on professional soldiers in favor of

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Over the course of the 18th–19th centuries all military arms and services underwent significant developments that included a more mobile

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worthy both of being recorded in song and art, but also in realistic histories, as well as being a central element in a fictional work.

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HM Iftekhar Jaim, and Jasmine Jaim, "The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century."

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culture. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s.

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V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton

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were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by

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was used in industrial warfare, the objective being to prevent the opposing nation to engage in war. Napoleon was the innovator.

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gunpowder apportioned, that they each iron cannon weighed approximately 25 lbs, while the brass cannons weighed roughly 22 lbs.

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After defeating Carthage the Romans went on to become the Mediterranean's dominant power, successfully campaigning in Greece, (

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conquered most of Eurasia. They took over China, Persia, Turkestan, and Russia. After Kublai Khan took power and created the

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from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the

2436:. The U.S. Army and the state National Guards operate 98 military history museums across the United States and three abroad. 71: 7231:

Chambers, John Whiteclay. "‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ (1930): the antiwar film and the image of the First World War."

10546: 10314: 10283: 9753: 9684: 8442: 5650: 4306:, much of Central Asia, and parts of Greece, India and Libya. The empire later fell to Alexander the Great after defeating 4568: 12698: 11193: 11144: 10293: 10071: 9949: 9939: 9729: 9575: 8730: 8635: 7875: 7870: 7681: 7514:

Reid, Brian Holden, and Joseph G. Dawson III, eds., "Special Issue: The Vistas of American Military History, 1800–1898",

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In Japan, the Medieval warfare period is considered by many to have stretched into the 19th century. In Africa along the

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Raphael, Kate (2009). "Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312)".

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performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first

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Researchers have been unable to determine the sizes of these cannons and others, outside the artifacts recovered. Sir

9758: 9724: 9709: 8303: 8287: 8022: 8006: 7980: 7840: 7835: 5317: 5312: 3417: 3291:, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by 2374: 2317:

organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, and national support of the militaries of different nations.

1540: 118: 52: 9812: 7370:

Lee, Wayne E. "Mind and Matter – Cultural Analysis in American Military History: A Look at the State of the Field",

6958:

The Shortest History of War: From Hunter-Gatherers to Nuclear Superpowers – A Retelling for Our Times

5791:

Barton C. Hacker, "Military institutions, weapons, and social change: Toward a new history of military technology."

4867:, the divisions of the empire ceased to cooperate with each other, and the Mongol Empire was only nominally united. 4263:

The Han defeated and drove the Xiongnus west, securing the city-states along the silk route that continued into the

13429: 12720: 10381: 10097: 9773: 9736: 9609: 9480: 9095: 8650: 7585: 5522: 5292: 5218: 2413: 1618: 17: 9934: 9880: 9741: 7475:

Noe, Kenneth W., George C. Rable and Carol Reardon. "Battle Histories: Reflections on Civil War Military Studies"

7361: 7320: 7300: 6802: 6740: 5735: 5495: 4808:, and collapsed due to political fragmentation of powerful regional military governors (jiedushi). The innovative 3524:

throwing cannonballs as large as 800 lbs at its walls. On May 29, 1453, Constantinople fell into Ottoman control.

85: 13365: 11640: 10536: 9840: 9822: 9655: 9319: 9100: 8575: 8570: 8465: 8221: 7930: 7608: 7344: 5808: 3398: 3094:

are excellent examples of how to destroy an enemy using a longbow. It dominated battlefields for over a century.

1963: 1601: 1388: 208: 13453: 7265:

Gill, John H. "From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history."

5816: 13322: 12976: 12817: 11559: 11004: 10457: 10408: 10278: 10226: 10199: 9961: 9558: 8970: 8905: 8695: 8670: 8485: 8475: 7865: 7850: 7770: 7735: 7405: 7053: 4946: 2925:, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the 2554: 2259: 2247: 2218: 1727: 56: 11188: 12929: 12785: 10987: 9797: 9689: 9563: 9289: 8781: 8655: 8535: 8319: 6028: 5129: 4832: 4181:, in which several states continued to fight with each other over territory. Philosopher-strategists such as 2198:

The essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations,

2144: 1591: 67: 10133: 13270: 13180: 12732: 12442: 11698: 11299: 11250: 10672: 10541: 10030: 9135: 8960: 8935: 8675: 8630: 8600: 8500: 8280: 8046: 7999: 7890: 6640: 5896: 5287: 4310:. After being ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, the Persian Empire was subsequently ruled by the Parthian and 4143: 2817: 2659: 2535: 2420:, the "D-Day Paratroopers Historical Center" (Normandy) for WWII airborne, or more generalist, such as the 2276: 2165: 2081: 780: 540: 9890: 6651: 5024:

to the rifle that replaced the musket, and virtual replacement of all types of cavalry with the universal

3238:, and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles. 12822: 12542: 12447: 12220: 12122: 11589: 11439: 11009: 10878: 10726: 10107: 10075: 10025: 9833: 9783: 9674: 9275: 9259: 9120: 9090: 9060: 9040: 9005: 8950: 8870: 8700: 8615: 8595: 8470: 8344: 8106: 7940: 7895: 7845: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7800: 7795: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7760: 7740: 7730: 7725: 7596: 7386: 7224: 7188: 5328: 5322: 5307: 5072: 5064: 3817: 3273: 2541: 2405: 2393: 2321: 2091: 1278: 1075: 946: 484: 9551: 7620:

Wolters, Timothy S. "Harvey A. DeWeerd and the Dawn of Academic Military History in the United States."

7312:

Karsten, Peter. "The 'New' American Military History: A Map of the Territory, Explored and Unexplored",

7253: 2771:, and other various steppe people were especially fearsome with this tactic. By the 3rd–4th century AD, 12653: 12628: 11081: 10992: 10963: 10256: 9989: 9763: 9125: 8875: 8856: 8840: 8745: 8680: 8645: 8560: 8550: 8510: 8490: 8329: 8111: 8056: 7965: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7905: 7900: 7885: 7880: 7805: 7790: 7765: 7704: 5302: 5297: 5206: 4981: 4636: 4408: 4098:

are centered on conflicts and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry.

3662: 2183:, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to 1555: 10212: 7485:

Porch, Douglas. "Writing History in the 'End of History' Era: Reflections on Historians and the GWOT"

2705:

from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the

2157: 13480: 13475: 13084: 12812: 12293: 11801: 11678: 11139: 11129: 11107: 10975: 10921: 10779: 10736: 10401: 9344: 9010: 8940: 8665: 8620: 8555: 8530: 8520: 8505: 8096: 7975: 7920: 7855: 7825: 7720: 7646:– from Michigan State University Department of History, H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences Online 7429: 7353:

Kohn, Richard H. "The Social History of the American Soldier: A Review and Prospectus for Research",

7136:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

5574:

http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/researching-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars/

4702:

began rapidly expanding throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, initially led by

3972: 3968: 3317: 2709:

in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, a transition from chariot warfare from centuries earlier.

2299:

the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political "tasking" in how forces are used.

1665: 1173: 517: 391: 225: 7745: 6238: 3773:

which comprised the making of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and more advanced nuclear bombs. In the

3606: 2217:

As an applied field, military history has been studied at academies and service schools because the

13417: 13265: 13255: 13052: 12778: 12576: 12467: 12422: 12182: 12065: 11456: 11429: 11409: 11291: 11183: 11171: 11166: 10055: 10035: 9592: 9526: 8915: 8625: 8590: 8545: 8540: 8457: 8435: 8359: 8311: 8066: 5909: 5831:

P.R.S. Moorey, "The emergence of the light, horse‐drawn chariot in the Near‐East c. 2000–1500 BC."

5628: 5262: 5125: 5079: 4770: 4661:. The Middle East and North Africa used similar, if often more advanced, technologies than Europe. 4412: 2487: 2425: 2409: 2223: 2116: 1983: 1530: 1223: 1036: 884: 6201: 5696: 5665:

Richard Jensen, "Military history on the electronic frontier: Knowledge fights the War of 1812."

3599:

called the First Great East Asian War, when Japan was trying to take control and subjugate Korea.

2895:

helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the

2593: 2428:. For the Italian alpine wall one can find the most popular museum of bunkers in the small museum 13448: 13227: 13115: 13010: 12713: 12399: 10883: 10652: 10558: 10207: 5976: 4591: 4522: 4503: 4080: 2702: 2231: 2188: 2069: 2051: 1807: 1366: 1288: 1233: 1113: 826: 489: 368: 45: 9582: 9546: 7548: 7003: 4541:. The battle was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Republic in its entire history. 3191:

was ignited by a lit match or hot coal held in the other hand. In the mid-15th century came the

2645:

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in the ancient world are:

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Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660–1792 Perspective", pp. 95–115; and Michael Duffy,

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were relatively few areas that could support large communities, therefore fighting was common.

3735: 3719: 3658: 3456: 1936: 1911: 1633: 1545: 1418: 1293: 889: 866: 292: 191: 7538:

The Military Revolution Debate: Readings On The Military Transformation Of Early Modern Europe

6708:

The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe

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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

3515:

Large artillery was a major contributing factor to the fall of Constantinople at the hands of

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Mary Aiken Littauer, "The military use of the chariot in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age."

5570:

Documenting Shock and Awe: Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom

5449: 5252: 5017: 4624: 4386: 4299: 4287: 4178: 3336:

Organizational changes resulting in better training and intercommunication, made the concept

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Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are:

2828:

against the Romans. One of the most important military transactions of the ancient world was

2706: 2492: 2239: 2235: 1525: 1458: 1411: 1060: 1023: 986: 904: 856: 740: 550: 343: 247: 9974: 7043:

The complete soldier: military books and military culture in early Stuart England, 1603-1645

6706:

Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective", in Clifford J. Rogers, ed.,

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also one pound of saltpetre and half a pound of sulphur to make the powder propel arrows."

3195:, allowing the gun to be aimed and fired while held steady with both hands, as used in the 3103: 2780: 2631: 1916: 1818: 1675: 1670: 1488: 1453: 1188: 1003: 861: 797: 651: 621: 198: 7088:

The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

6526:

Aircraft carriers: a graphic history of carrier aviation and its influence on world events

2914:

that allowed Roman soldiers to board enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the

2275:

Academic historians concerned with military topics have their own scholarly organization,

8: 13387: 13381: 13307: 13222: 13167: 13042: 12907: 12853: 12760: 12195: 12152: 12047: 11833: 11823: 11771: 11673: 11663: 11613: 11584: 10958: 10579: 10574: 10462: 9850: 8755: 8428: 8385: 7910: 7375: 5991: 5923: 5100: 5041: 4992: 4640: 4507: 4393: 4147: 4135: 3944: 3917: 3913: 3863: 3807: 3619: 3576: 3309: 3212: 3173: 3091: 2829: 2784: 2733: 2722: 2514: 2421: 2366: 2314: 1767: 1752: 1628: 1515: 1493: 1468: 1428: 1338: 1148: 1048: 998: 765: 755: 720: 512: 502: 252: 176: 10172: 9587: 7457:

Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century

7453:

Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century

7102:

A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE–1500 CE.

6610:"Recently Deciphered 4,500-Year-Old Pillar Shows First Known Record of a Border Dispute" 6145:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

5670: 4691:

was firmly implanted, and there existed many landlords in Europe. Landlords often owned

3470: 3244:

were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the

2392:, among others. A military museum may be dedicated to a particular or area, such as the 13332: 12897: 12462: 12278: 12190: 12157: 12023: 11998: 11898: 11883: 11868: 11828: 11796: 11668: 11519: 11478: 11267: 10709: 10502: 9895: 9679: 7543:

Sharman, Jason C. "Myths of military revolution: European expansion and Eurocentrism."

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Grimsley, Mark. "Why Military History Sucks", Nov. 1996, War Historian.org, online at

5714:

Andrew Whitmarsh, "'We Will Remember Them': Memory and Commemoration in War Museums."

5695:

R. Cody Phillips,, "The Guide to US Army Museums" (Center for Military History, 2005)

4620: 3834: 3087: 2729:, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. 13302: 13297: 13285: 13280: 13152: 13142: 13062: 13005: 12949: 12693: 12603: 12283: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12230: 12162: 12132: 12112: 11761: 11703: 11526: 11387: 11279: 11255: 11245: 11200: 10916: 10873: 10816: 10741: 10507: 10047: 8810: 7574: 7567:

Schleh, Eugene P. "All Quiet on the Western Front: A History Teacher's Reappraisal."

7497: 7384:

Lynn, John A. "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History",

7203: 7160: 6941: 6925: 6920: 6900: 6492: 6468: 6420: 6344: 6148: 6107: 5833: 5750: 5511: 5487:

John A. Lynn, "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History",

5455: 5372: 5210: 5137: 4996: 4931: 4914: 4785: 4723: 4707: 4680:

employed Medieval tactics and weapons well after they had been supplanted in Europe.

4673: 4530: 4369: 4362: 4350: 4275: 3952: 3790: 3782: 3770: 3755: 3715: 3646: 3502: 3433: 3421: 3394: 3390: 3288: 3277: 3150: 3121: 2896: 2807: 2745: 2690: 2530: 2519: 2137: 2046: 1993: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1851: 1834: 1829: 1802: 1747: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1303: 1273: 1163: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1108: 1098: 1013: 966: 936: 775: 568: 545: 479: 12412: 8272: 7991: 7507:

Reid, Brian Holden. "American Military History: the Need for Comparative Analysis."

5199: 3401:, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the 3168:

were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the

3108: 3070:

were often used by combatants. Egyptians shot arrows from chariots effectively. The

2736:

effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In battles such as the

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Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance

6489:

A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War

6456: 6395: 6087: 5919: 5344: 5267: 5257: 5191: 5111: 5055: 5029: 4898: 4611: 4515: 4491: 4456: 4452: 4440: 4189:

wrote various manuscripts on ancient warfare (as well as international diplomacy).

4076: 4065: 4019: 3992: 3813: 3747: 3727: 3711: 3705: 3657:

were first used in the First World War. The French were the first to introduce the

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and mercenaries that had been the standard military component of the Middle Ages.

4788:, the Sui collapsed and was followed by the Tang dynasty, who fought with various 4026:

was the center of several prehistoric conquests. Mesopotamia was conquered by the

2380:

history. They typically include displays of weapons and other military equipment,

2199: 13327: 13094: 13089: 12902: 12708: 12703: 12374: 12369: 12288: 12268: 12097: 12018: 12003: 11949: 11908: 11776: 11514: 11446: 11240: 10756: 10694: 10684: 10657: 10622: 10347: 9921: 9597: 7712: 7615: 7589: 7555: 7494:

Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military History, 1865–1920.

7463: 7446: 7412: 7365: 7348: 7324: 7307: 7260: 7210: 7167: 7060: 7010: 6951: 6806: 6744: 6679: 6658: 6460: 6323: 6208: 6175: 6052: 6032: 5914: 5820: 5757: 5739: 5703: 5654: 5635: 5616: 5580: 5526: 5499: 5133: 5009: 5001: 4883: 4836: 4758: 4742: 4556: 4526: 4471: 4467: 4432: 4378: 4311: 4303: 4279: 4248: 4151: 4031: 3855: 3829: 3689: 3678: 3537: 3509: 3429: 3413: 3330: 3299: 3249: 3145: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2870: 2803: 2776: 2760: 2726: 2303: 2243: 2211: 1921: 1906: 1824: 1780: 1722: 1378: 1373: 1263: 1253: 1168: 1143: 1080: 921: 851: 841: 693: 678: 601: 573: 363: 358: 338: 181: 7660: 5647: 4875: 4784:, who had cavalry mounted on elephants. After decades of economic turmoil and a 13442: 13290: 13202: 13197: 12954: 12875: 12870: 12801: 12683: 12658: 12524: 12452: 12349: 12308: 12298: 12273: 12210: 12167: 12035: 11976: 11971: 11944: 11873: 11848: 11791: 11647: 11547: 11306: 11114: 10848: 10667: 10617: 10231: 9859: 9855: 9506: 7562:

Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies

5373:"Military History Instructor Course (MHIC) | US Army Combined Arms Center" 5336: 5238: 5161: 5068: 4954: 4950: 4887: 4793: 4789: 4750: 4669: 4534: 4460: 4268: 4243: 4158:

and unify Northern India. Most of Southern Asia was unified under his grandson

3956: 3839: 3786: 3611: 3374: 3305: 3269: 3231: 3158: 3067: 2788: 2686: 2649: 2291: 2096: 1844: 1268: 1228: 1206: 1193: 1183: 1153: 1065: 1018: 821: 812: 703: 656: 636: 626: 596: 563: 451: 408: 373: 348: 215: 148: 9244: 7404:(Routledge, 2001), 948 pp; detailed guide to the historiography of 500 topics 6447:

Stavros, Matthew (October 2013). "Military Revolution in Early Modern Japan".

6168: 6091: 5609: 4856: 4852: 2933:

invented ships with watertight bulkhead compartments while the 2nd century BC

13469: 13393: 13349: 13312: 13242: 13217: 13127: 13025: 12971: 12966: 12663: 12432: 12142: 12107: 11993: 11986: 11954: 11903: 11878: 11853: 11635: 11601: 11507: 11370: 11343: 11324: 11036: 10843: 10679: 10519: 10492: 10221: 8825: 8804: 7673: 6929: 6140: 5861: 5282: 5277: 5190:. Many of the technologies commonly seen on main battle tanks today, such as 4958: 4805: 4766: 4677: 4487: 4436: 4206: 4170: 4155: 3940: 3928: 3778: 3674: 3654: 3596: 3541: 3356: 3337: 3313: 3227: 3133: 3007: 2976: 2956: 2940: 2850: 2795: 2772: 2693:. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with 2635: 2180: 1943: 1931: 1787: 1707: 1623: 1606: 1463: 1318: 1298: 976: 971: 951: 931: 846: 817: 792: 668: 646: 631: 606: 446: 353: 311: 306: 203: 6400: 6383: 4616: 2967: 2452:

The documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between

13192: 13132: 12880: 12838: 12749: 12492: 12364: 12339: 12042: 11961: 11536: 11404: 11394: 11355: 11331: 11076: 10801: 10699: 8420: 7222:

Chambers II, John Whiteclay. "The New Military History: Myth and Reality",

7193: 7022: 6933: 5183: 5149: 5107: 4984:, was the first African commander to use gunpowder on the continent in the 4966: 4942: 4927: 4902: 4864: 4848: 4809: 4769:

centuries later, until the Arab Empire eventually came to an end after the

4754: 4734:

then took over the Arab Empire, though the Umayyads remained in control of

4595: 4495: 4354: 4315: 4225: 4174: 4113: 4104: 4008: 3642: 3579:

in 1575. Key to Oda success during the battle was the deployment of 10,000

3571: 3565: 3063: 3012: 2952: 2930: 2892: 2813: 2756: 2639: 2586: 2130: 2056: 2036: 2031: 1926: 1871: 1505: 1500: 1323: 1238: 981: 715: 616: 413: 297: 9472: 7470:

The Past as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military Profession

7107:

De Salazar, Gonzalo, "War, Peace and Civilization" , (Madrid: MAEC, 2016).

4341:. The Greeks successfully stopped two Persian invasions, the first at the 4209:

after a series of military conquests, creating the first empire in China.

3812:

Prehistoric warfare refers to war that occurred between societies without

13344: 13232: 13157: 13074: 12993: 12986: 12843: 12668: 12344: 12127: 11933: 11863: 11564: 11311: 11031: 10826: 10769: 10704: 10689: 10612: 9602: 8814: 7027: 5727:

Otto Mayr, "The 'Enola Gay' Fiasco: History, Politics, and the Museum."

5247: 5179: 5171:

involving the United States, the Soviet Union, and more recently, China.

4879: 4870:

In New Zealand, prior to European discovery, oral histories, legends and

4860: 4777: 4762: 4727: 4582:, and other barbaric groups invaded Rome, which continued to suffer from 4560: 4217: 4213: 4163: 4088: 4023: 3996: 3751: 3739: 3615: 3545: 3487: 3425: 3386: 3359:

introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used heavily in the

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Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century

6890:

Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present

6865:

Archer, I. John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig, and Timothy H. E. Travers.

6099: 5519: 5436:

The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States

4563:

in the east and controlled Northern Africa and Central Europe up to the

4459:

invaded Carthage, Hannibal was forced to follow and was defeated at the

13398: 13237: 13079: 13037: 12981: 12384: 12200: 11625: 11066: 10941: 10936: 10165: 9808: 7605:

The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present

7530: 7358: 7317: 7110:

De Salazar, Gonzalo, "Crime and Armed Conflict" , (Madrid: MAEC, 2018).

6799: 6737: 6000: 5870: 5732: 5537:

John Whiteclay Chambers, "The new military history: myth and reality."

5492: 5168: 5082:

have strongly criticised it as misleading, exaggerated and simplistic.

4813: 4735: 4587: 4499: 4428: 4330: 4295: 4139: 3980: 3774: 3743: 3701: 3693: 3627: 3561:

and institutional relationships indicative of the early modern order."

3265: 3235: 3200: 2992: 2698: 2602: 2501: 2473: 2385: 2361: 2307: 1998: 1968: 1690: 1054: 12678: 7341: 6783:

The first total war: Napoleon's Europe and the birth of modern warfare

6237:. California Center for Military History. May 18, 2006. Archived from 6025: 5931: 5813: 5020:

to open order formations and the transfer of emphasis from the use of

3252:

and Second World Wars. Air-deployed naval mines were used to mine the

13172: 13069: 12998: 12892: 12865: 12354: 12327: 11818: 11756: 11473: 11262: 11176: 11161: 10999: 10833: 10791: 10602: 10085: 6046:"A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China" 5434:

William H McNeill, "Modern European History" in Michael Kammen, ed.,

5121: 5051: 4974: 4938: 4871: 4817: 4812:

followed next, inventing new weapons of war that employed the use of

4715: 4699: 4688: 4648: 4599: 4583: 4564: 4538: 4424: 4423:

Meanwhile, Rome was gaining power, following a rebellion against the

4228:, and proto-Vietnamese Nanyue. They also came into conflict with the 4182: 4119: 4109: 4035: 3341: 3284: 3223: 3208: 3192: 3154: 3141: 3057: 3022: 2987: 2944: 2764: 2598: 2497: 1988: 1812: 1762: 1712: 1702: 1697: 1562: 1353: 1348: 1313: 750: 436: 403: 272: 7155:

Barnett, Correlli, Shelford Bidwell, Brian Bond, and John Terraine.

6950:(1977), 1465 pp; comprehensive summary focused on wars and battles; 5942: 3162:

the "fire drug" arrived in Europe, fully fleshed out, as gunpowder.

34: 12673: 12334: 11888: 11736: 11274: 11051: 10982: 10774: 10627: 10585: 10442: 10424: 10393: 9503: 7643: 7640:

of the International Commission of Military History – from Brill.nl

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The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present

6794:

John Bennett Walters, "General William T. Sherman and Total War."

5682:

Stephen Wood, "Too serious a business to be left to military men""

5214: 5195: 5187: 5096: 5025: 5021: 4962: 4821: 4710:. While their attempts to invade Europe by way of the Balkans were 4684: 4632: 4559:, the Romans had expanded to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and to 4552:

into an empire with a huge standing army of professional soldiers.

4475: 4444: 4382: 4374: 4358: 4252: 4099: 4094: 4012: 3984: 3766: 3580: 3549: 3520: 3326: 3257: 3204: 3196: 3071: 3037: 3031: 2948: 2907: 2874: 2821: 2674: 2664: 2577: 2523: 2509: 2500:(484–425 BC) who is often called the "father of history". Next was 2203: 2184: 2161: 2003: 1978: 1611: 1243: 1218: 831: 386: 328: 240: 13437: 12770: 7081:

The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost

6592:"Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle" 5186:, armored warfare technology came to a head with the start of the 4893:

They proceeded to massacre the Moriori and enslave the survivors.

4598:, western Rome collapsed and was eventually conquered in 476. The 4353:, a naval battle where the Greek ships were deployed by orders of 4108:

contains a detailed study on ancient warfare, including topics on

3866:

was one of the first wars in recorded history, fought between the

3385:

were successfully used militarily in India against the British by

3074:

was developed around 500 BC in China, and was used heavily in the

12919: 12085: 12075: 11893: 11838: 11531: 11494: 11417: 11399: 11382: 11365: 11016: 10970: 10811: 10784: 10637: 10632: 10607: 10477: 7157:

Old Battles and New Defences: Can We Learn from Military History?

6732:

Geoffrey Parker, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660 – A Myth?"

5894:

Jeffrey Rop, "Reconsidering the Origin of the Scythed Chariot."

5848:

The encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present

4894: 4801: 4731: 4644: 4264: 4229: 4186: 4124: 4047: 4039: 4004: 3976: 3964: 3948: 3933: 3901: 3879: 3440: 3352: 3348: 3079: 3047: 3042: 2972: 2922: 2888: 2859: 2844: 2768: 2730: 2718: 2712: 2694: 2679: 2669: 2654: 2626: 2610: 2013: 1973: 1737: 1571: 1567: 909: 894: 770: 431: 426: 396: 315: 277: 5451:

A Guide to British Military History: The Subject and the Sources

3461: 2533:(100–44 BC) enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as 12389: 12318: 12137: 12092: 11746: 11731: 11223: 10863: 10746: 10487: 10482: 7655: 6988:(3rd ed. 2006) 704 pp; very useful summary across world history 4844: 4781: 4746: 4692: 4655: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4237: 4201: 4197: 4159: 3988: 3960: 3921: 3885: 3871: 3466: 3216: 3165: 3052: 3027: 3017: 2926: 2878: 2869:

In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between

2855: 2573: 2565: 2505: 1520: 916: 733: 469: 7050:

Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History

4056:

began growing as an ancient power, but eventually fell to the

12648: 12147: 11688: 11683: 11021: 10946: 7379: 7215:

Bucholz, Arden. "Hans Delbruck and Modern Military History."

6274:

Balloons at War: Gasbags, Flying Bombs & Cold War Secrets

4797: 4665: 4658: 4579: 4545: 4431:, the Romans defeated the neighboring power of Carthage. The 4416: 4291: 4283: 4128: 4127:(right) and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient 4061: 4057: 4053: 4027: 3889: 3867: 3843: 3731: 3409: 3116: 2863: 2569: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2453: 2341: 991: 527: 522: 6066:

Gunpowder, explosives and the state: a technological history

3215:, which was simple and reliable, becoming standard with the 2429: 11134: 10597: 10592: 7635: 7238:

Charters, David A., Marc Milner, and J. Brent Wilson. eds.

6721:

The Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe, a Revision,

5175: 4753:

stopped short a Muslim invasion. The Abassids defeated the

4483: 4448: 4233: 4221: 4193: 4069: 4043: 3875: 3666: 3002: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2253: 267: 262: 7521:

Riseman, Noah. "The Rise of Indigenous Military History."

5146:

strategic bombing of enemy cities and industrial factories

3762:

in 1945, quickly and controversially ending World War II.

3439:

In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled

3128: 2839: 2210:

used, and how these changed over time. On the other hand,

12961: 11726: 11718: 10428: 6830:

Alex Roland, "Was the Nuclear Arms Race Deterministic?."

4575: 3397:. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though 3347:

Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers.

3222:

At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European

2176: 140: 9627: 4166:, though the empire collapsed not long after his reign. 3086:, even though the English were eventually defeated. The 4537:(legionary battle standards) were taken as trophies to 3847: 2891:

were involved in more complicated sea-land operations.

7424:

Moyar, Mark. "The Current State of Military History",

7017:

The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare

3916:

relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of

3661:

in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first

2937:

invented rudders and sculled oars for their warships.

2472:. Other prominent records in military history are the 2432:

at Olang / Kronplatz in the heard of the dolomites of

8302: 8021: 7644:

H-WAR, daily discussion group for military historians

7594:

Spiller, Roger. "Military History and its Fictions."

7489:

2006 70(4): 1065–1079. on war on terror, 2001–present

7172:

Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography"

5474:

Eugene P. A. Scleh, "Teaching History Through Film",

3939:

Notable militaries in the ancient world included the

3340:

possible, allowing the use of infantry, cavalry, and

2286: 10061:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

7468:

Murray, Williamson and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds.

7248:"Military Histories Old and New: A Reintroduction", 6817:

Mark E. Neely Jr, "Was the Civil War a Total War?."

5398:"Becoming a Military History Instructor in the Army" 5228: 4586:

and other internal strifes. Despite the attempts of

3436:

first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century.

3408:

In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in

2806:

was later invented in India and soon adopted by the

2388:, and exhibits on civilian life during wartime, and 2234:

that had taken place during the period known as the

7525:(2014) 12#12 pp. 901–911. cover 20th century. 7434:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. 7252:Vol. 112, no. 4 (October 2007), pp. 1070–1090 7072:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. 3363:, and continued to be used in modern wars like the 3316:then improved the submarine design by creating the 2752:, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated. 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10021:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 9879: 7287:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History 6770:Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power 3700:became important in World War I, in which several 7665: 6965:World military leaders: a biographical dictionary 6897:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 5118:and the major parties during the two World Wars. 3677:, with a 75 mm gun, and the British had the 2306:. Scholars still do not know the exact nature of 13467: 7233:Historical journal of film, radio and television 7186:Black, Jeremy. "Determinisms and Other Issues", 7067:Battle: A Cultural History of Combat and Culture 6757:The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800 6695:The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800 4965:was later adopted by European armies during the 4878:warriors were held in high esteem. One group of 4820:(see section below) against enemies such as the 3416:was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by 2759:, who had the ability to shoot on horseback—the 9274: 7440:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 7436:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 7074:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6341:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 5846:Richard Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, 5447: 4381:, the Athenian navy was decisively defeated by 2230:managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of 8855: 7703: 7637:International Bibliography of Military History 7560:Schleh, Eugene P. "Books About Film and War." 7451:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich. 5514:, "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." 4988:, that lasted for fourteen years (1529–1543). 3796: 2564:changes, only its superficial manifestations. 12786: 10409: 9488: 9260: 8841: 8436: 8288: 8007: 7689: 6565:The Nuclear Arms Race: Technology and Society 6513:Tank: the progress of a monstrous war machine 5943:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998). 4623:(1346) between the English and French in the 2638:and the nation states of the early to middle 2138: 8450: 8409:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 7577:"Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." 7297:Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History 7240:Military History and the Military Profession 7149: 6622: 6433: 6371:. Woolwich: The Royal Artillery Institution. 5178:technology. While tanks were present in the 4886:, where they developed the largely pacifist 4643:, changing military tactics and the role of 2885:, the navy became of increasing importance. 9502: 7545:European Journal of International Relations 6366: 5553: 4949:), the technology later spread west to the 4146:. The same region was soon re conquered by 3842:with depictions of war and peace, from the 3450: 3381:At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased 2689:and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed 2356: 12793: 12779: 10416: 10402: 9495: 9481: 9267: 9253: 8848: 8834: 8443: 8429: 8295: 8281: 8014: 8000: 7696: 7682: 6907:The Reader's Companion to Military History 6905:Cowley, Robert, and Geoffrey Parker, eds. 5989:H. T. Wallinga, "The Trireme and History" 5716:Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 4874:include many stories of battles and wars. 4567:. However, Aurelius marked the end of the 4463:, ending the role of Carthage as a power. 4451:. He famously won the encirclement at the 2548: 2145: 2131: 10124:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7143:Encyclopedia of American Military History 6911:Complete text online free of 1996 edition 6414: 6399: 6300:The Age of Firearms: a pictorial history. 3696:flew, but it wasn't practical for usage. 3614:weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by 3465:The first Western image of a battle with 2899:, ending the Persian invasion of Greece. 2866:. The Greeks later advanced these ships. 2202:, the logistics, leadership, technology, 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 12239:List of military strategies and concepts 7656:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 7374:, 93 (March 2007), 1116–1142. Fulltext: 6993:Encyclopedia of War and American Society 6972:The Oxford Companion to Military History 6915:Dear, I. C. B., and M. R. D. Foot, eds. 6888:Brownstone, David, and Irene M. Franck. 5780:New Glory: Expanding America's Supremacy 5352:History of physical training and fitness 5144:were examples. On the largest scale the 5095: 5045: 4918: 4826: 4615: 4402: 4242: 4138:invaded Northwestern India and defeated 4118: 3907: 3833: 3708:with a decent unobstructed flight deck. 3637: 3605: 3570: 3531: 3527: 3460: 3420:, which made new and improved versions. 3272:used naval mines extensively during the 3157:, oil, resin, ground charcoal and wax." 3127: 3115: 3107: 2966: 2947:were used to protect inhabitants in the 2838: 2775:became widely adopted by the Parthians, 2725:, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue 2592: 2360: 2254:Popular versus academic military history 2156: 1104:List of military strategies and concepts 7395:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. 7295:Hughes, Matthew, and W. Philpott, eds. 6881:Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975 6874:Warfare in the Western World, 1775–1882 6446: 6381: 6139: 6077: 5974:John S. Morrison, "The Greek Trireme." 5358: 5202:, would be developed during this time. 5174:Modern war also saw the improvement of 5012:, the transition from use of battalion 4897:culture also developed in the isolated 4470:decisive victory over Macedonia at the 4177:had risen and collapsed. This led to a 4064:, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, 3882:region lasted for several generations. 3878:. The border conflict over the fertile 14: 13468: 7496:U. Press of Kansas 1990. 270 pp. 6946:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. 6940:(2 vol 1996), comprehensive textbook; 6652:"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals" 6482: 6480: 6478: 6338: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6011:Moerbeek, Martijn (January 21, 1998). 5995:Vol. 43, Fasc. 1/2, 1990 pp. 132–149. 5883:Hippeis: the cavalry of Ancient Greece 5035: 4571:, and Rome quickly fell into decline. 4377:. After a disastrous campaign against 3801: 3633: 3424:arrived in the mid-19th century also. 2351:Knowledge:WikiProject Military history 12774: 10397: 9476: 9248: 8829: 8424: 8276: 7995: 7677: 7664: 6589: 6563:Paul P. Craig and John A. Jungerman, 6486: 6362: 6360: 6334: 6332: 5912:, "The African elephant in warfare." 5085: 4991:The period spanning between the 1648 4529:in the east. In a decisive battle at 4447:'s invasion of Italy by crossing the 3144:evolving slowly from formulations by 2959:is often necessary to capture forts. 2504:whose impartiality, despite being an 2246:. An important recent concept is the 13424: 12755: 10423: 6080:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5924:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093538 4908: 4533:Romans were defeated and the golden 4150:after defeating the Macedonians and 3447:was the world's first torpedo boat. 2444:led to cancellation of the exhibit. 57:adding citations to reliable sources 28: 12800: 12699:Idealism in international relations 10066:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 8023:Military history of North America 7516:American Nineteenth Century History 6979:The Art of War in the Western World 6719:Jacob, F. & Visoni-Alonzo, G., 6630:General Surena; The Hero of Carrhae 6475: 6114: 4635:came into use some time during the 4605: 4192:The Warring States era philosopher 4046:were the first nation to introduce 3187:, were held in one hand, while the 2447: 2334: 24: 8304:Military history of South America 7652:– from AmericanHistoryProjects.com 7402:Reader's Guide to Military History 7122:Encyclopedia of military biography 6858: 6662:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6357: 6329: 6167:Calvert, J.B. (February 19, 2006) 5751:"Herodotus: The father of history" 4835:forces over the Muscovites at the 4257:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 4247:Lifelike soldier statues from the 4240:, and other steppe civilizations. 3823: 3734:was independently invented by the 3428:arrived in the late 19th century. 3179:The first infantry firearms, from 2287:Historiography of military history 25: 13497: 7629: 7031:(London: Bickers & Son, 1870) 5318:Military history of South America 5313:Military history of North America 5155: 4761:, but were later defeated by the 4361:, and the land engagement of the 4345:, where the Persians were led by 4154:. He also went on to conquer the 3920:, 743–720 BC, from his palace at 3760:dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3618:) was the deciding factor of the 2721:became an important tool. In the 2375:Category:Military and war museums 13447: 13436: 13423: 13412: 13411: 12754: 12744: 12743: 10377: 10376: 10218:Palestinian expulsion and flight 9156:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8926:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8809: 8800: 8799: 8137:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7650:Web Sources for Military History 7603:Winter, Jay, and Antoine Prost. 7192:, 68 (Oct. 2004), 1217–1232. in 7115:The Oxford History of Modern War 6917:Oxford Companion to World War II 6772:(2011) pp. 219–264 on 1815–1914. 6578:The Cold War: A Military History 6491:. University of Oklahoma Press. 6261:Bayonets: An Illustrated History 5293:Military history of ancient Rome 5231: 5219:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4941:weapons were first developed in 4075:The earliest recorded battle in 3595:This was on display during what 3248:. They were used heavily in the 2943:are important in warfare. Early 2918:, resulting in a Roman victory. 2701:would later adopt more flexible 158: 33: 13366:List of social science journals 10081:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 10016:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 9823:Causes of the Armenian genocide 6840: 6824: 6811: 6788: 6775: 6762: 6749: 6726: 6713: 6700: 6687: 6666: 6645: 6634: 6602: 6590:Curry, Andrew (24 March 2016). 6583: 6570: 6557: 6544: 6531: 6518: 6505: 6408: 6375: 6305: 6292: 6279: 6266: 6253: 6227: 6214: 6194: 6181: 6161: 6071: 6058: 6038: 6018: 6013:"The battle of Salamis, 480 BC" 6005: 5983: 5968: 5957:from the original on 2021-06-23 5936: 5903: 5888: 5875: 5853: 5840: 5825: 5809:American Journal of Archaeology 5800: 5785: 5772: 5763: 5744: 5721: 5708: 5689: 5676: 5667:The Journal of Military History 5659: 5640: 5621: 5598: 5585: 5562: 5544: 5539:The Journal of Military History 5379:from the original on 2016-04-22 4602:continued to prosper, however. 4525:took the offensive against the 4255:, which was meant to guard the 3769:, the main powers engaged in a 2414:The National World War I Museum 2353:and encourage readers to join. 2313:Military historians have often 2281:The Journal of Military History 44:needs additional citations for 13323:Science and technology studies 10353:Gunpowder and gun transmission 10227:Zionism as settler colonialism 9295:Federated States of Micronesia 8767:British Indian Ocean Territory 7428:(2007), 50: 225–240 online at 7250:The American Historical Review 7219:vol 55#3 (1993) pp. 517+. 7097:(Routledge, 2021); since 1793. 6895:Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. 6417:World Monarchies and Dynasties 6147:. Princeton University Press. 5531: 5505: 5481: 5468: 5441: 5428: 5419: 5390: 5365: 5067:in the 1950s as he focused on 4953:, from where it spread to the 4947:Technology of the Song dynasty 4318:'s greatest rivals during the 4278:Persian Empire was founded by 4271:period in the 3rd century AD. 4220:, which expanded into Central 2962: 2621: 2555:History of military technology 2518:, recording the expedition of 2320:In the early 1980s, historian 2279:. Since 1937 it has published 2248:Revolution in Military Affairs 2200:military doctrine on each side 13: 1: 7666:Military history by continent 7600:2006 70(4): 1081–1097. online 7333:17#3 (1984) pp. 355–384 7275:10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752 7182:10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485 6974:(2001) 1071 pp; online at OUP 6909:(2001) coverage by scholars. 6849:Small Wars & Insurgencies 6552:World War 2: New Technologies 6539:A history of chemical warfare 6339:Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). 6313:Torpedoes and Torpedo-vessels 5608:(May, 1984) 17#3 pp. 355–384 5454:. Pen and Sword. p. 24. 3405:, and had a higher accuracy. 2881:, which was defeated. In the 2468:) c. 2700 BC near the modern 9276:Military history of Oceania 8262:United States Virgin Islands 7176:42#1 (2023) pp. 99–121 6967:(Infobase Publishing, 2007). 6938:Warfare In The Western World 6461:10.1080/10371397.2013.831733 6343:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 5572:History Associations, 2015. 5288:Society for Military History 4722:, the Arabs expanded to the 4695:to protect their territory. 4521:In 54 BC the Roman triumvir 4357:and the Persians were under 4144:Battle of the Hydaspes River 3097: 2832:'s gift of 500 elephants to 2818:Battle of the Hydaspes River 2536:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2277:Society for Military History 2166:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 7: 12221:Operational manoeuvre group 9985:German resistance to Nazism 9841:Persian famine of 1917–1919 8857:Military history of Africa 7622:Journal of Military History 7597:Journal of Military History 7579:Journal of American History 7509:Journal of American History 7487:Journal of Military History 7387:Journal of Military History 7372:Journal of American History 7225:Journal of Military History 7200:Rethinking Military History 7189:Journal of Military History 6796:Journal of Southern history 6641:s:Great Battles of Bulgaria 6541:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 6367:Brackenbury, Henry (1865). 6211:. Accessed on May 18, 2006. 6055:. Accessed on May 17, 2006. 5516:Journal of American History 5489:Journal of Military History 5329:Journal of Military History 5323:Military history by country 5308:Military history of Oceania 5224: 4969:of the early 16th century. 4930:against Spain, painting by 3818:Tollense valley battlefield 3797:Periods of military history 3564:Tactically, beginning with 3219:by the early 17th century. 2542:Commentarii de Bello Civili 2406:Western Front (World War I) 2394:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2238:, and more recently in the 2189:international relationships 1602:Military–industrial complex 1076:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 13502: 12654:Peace and conflict studies 12543:Infantry fighting vehicles 11082:Front; Russian land forces 9990:Nazi foreign policy debate 7705:Military history of Europe 7624:(Jan 2021) 85#1 pp 95–133. 7479:53#3 2007. pp. 229+. 7390:, 61 (Oct. 1997), 777–789. 7357:, 86 (June 1981), 553–67. 7355:American Historical Review 7281:Why Military History Sucks 7095:Encyclopedia of modern war 6487:Swope, Kenneth M. (2013). 6235:"Early Underwater Warfare" 6178:. Accessed on May 18, 2006 5550:Morillo, Pevkovic, pp. 4–5 5303:Military history of Europe 5298:Military history of Africa 5207:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 5200:advanced targeting systems 5159: 5089: 5039: 4982:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi 4912: 4609: 4409:Great Ludovisi sarcophagus 4314:dynasties, which were the 3827: 3805: 3688:On December 17, 1903, the 3454: 3176:they would be used again. 3101: 2552: 2372: 2347:with over 180,000 articles 13407: 13374: 13358: 13105: 12831: 12808: 12741: 12709:International cooperation 12641: 12616: 12483: 12476: 12398: 12317: 12229: 12181: 12056: 11932: 11717: 11679:Combat information center 11656: 11577: 11487: 11216: 11209: 11140:Infantry fighting vehicle 11090: 10922:Unified combatant command 10892: 10755: 10567: 10435: 10371: 10340: 10304: 10198: 10152: 10138:Second Sino-Japanese War 10116: 10046: 9998: 9960: 9920: 9796: 9618: 9537: 9513: 9386: 9363: 9282: 9169: 9144: 8863: 8795: 8754: 8714: 8456: 8383: 8310: 8237:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8155: 8029: 7954: 7711: 7671: 7518:, 7 (June 2006), 139–321. 7316:, 36 #3, (1984), 389–418 7228:, 55 (July 1991), 395–406 7150:Historiography and memory 6734:Journal of Modern History 6311:George Elliot Armstrong, 6092:10.1017/S1356186309009717 6064:Brenda J. Buchanan, ed., 5769:Farah, Karls, pp. 137–138 5518:(2007) 93(4): 1158–1160. 4411:depicts a battle between 4333:rose to power, including 4251:, discovered near modern 2529:The memoirs of the Roman 2232:technological development 1666:Loss-of-strength gradient 518:Combat information center 12624:Lists of wars by country 12066:List of military tactics 11184:Self-propelled artillery 11072:Special units by nation: 10515:Protocols and structure: 10056:Auschwitz bombing debate 9742:Indian Rebellion of 1857 9593:Late Bronze Age collapse 9527:List of military museums 9441:Northern Mariana Islands 8911:Central African Republic 8516:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8451:Military history of Asia 8257:Turks and Caicos Islands 7536:Rogers, Clifford J. ed. 7419:What is Military History 7400:Messenger, Charles, ed. 7138:(4 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2019). 7134:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. 7131:(2 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2020). 7113:Townshend, Charles, ed. 7041:Lawrence, D. R. (2009). 7036:African Military History 6867:World History of Warfare 6736:48#2 (1976) pp 195–214; 6415:Middleton, John (2004). 6369:Ancient Cannon in Europe 6222:The Submarine: A History 5950:. Routledge. p. 8. 5448:Ian F W Beckett (2016). 5263:List of military writers 5126:William Tecumseh Sherman 4786:failed invasion of Korea 4490:) and defeating several 4476:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 4349:, and the second at the 3854:Much of what we know of 3451:Early guns and artillery 2410:International Spy Museum 2357:Military and war museums 2340:H-WAR, sponsored by the 2224:Combat Studies Institute 1984:Military science fiction 1469:Technology and equipment 885:List of military tactics 13011:international relations 12721:International relations 12714:Crimes against humanity 11361:Other infantry weapons: 11077:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 10648:Functional specialties: 10006:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 9865:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 9406:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8777:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7581:2007 93(4): 1158–1160. 7406:excerpt and text search 7127:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. 6798:14.4 (1948): 447–480. 6401:10.1111/1468-229X.12144 6382:Crombie, Laura (2016). 6202:The "Invincible" Armada 6169:"Cannons and Gunpowder" 6044:Selby, Stephen (2001). 6035:. Accessed May 16, 2006 5718:(2001) vol 7 pp. 11–15. 5491:61 (Oct. 1997), 777–89 5425:Cowley, Parker, p. xiii 4523:Marcus Licinius Crassus 4474:), in the Middle East ( 4302:went on to conquer the 4081:Battle of the Ten Kings 4007:Confederation, Ancient 3548:mercenaries armed with 2773:heavily armored cavalry 2549:Technological evolution 2396:for military aircraft, 2052:Wartime sexual violence 1808:Full-spectrum dominance 1619:Supply-chain management 13338:Quantum social science 12689:Conscientious objector 10797:Special reconnaissance 10537:Awards and decorations 10129:"Battle for Australia" 10011:Soviet offensive plans 9980:Broad vs. narrow front 9819:Late Ottoman genocides 8187:British Virgin Islands 7751:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7511:2007 93(4): 1154–1157. 7426:The Historical Journal 6834:51.2 (2010): 444–461. 6832:Technology and Culture 6189:A History of Artillery 6015:Accessed May 16, 2006. 5918:46.182 (1947): 42–49. 5812:76.2 (1972): 145–157. 5794:Technology and Culture 5731:39.3 (1998): 462–473. 5729:Technology and culture 5273:Military globalization 5103: 5059: 5050:Dutch forces storming 4934: 4840: 4706:, and later under the 4628: 4480:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 4420: 4260: 4132: 3924: 3851: 3720:Second Battle of Ypres 3650: 3623: 3584: 3553: 3474: 3457:History of the firearm 3344:in a coordinated way. 3140:There is evidence for 3137: 3125: 3113: 2980: 2929:. The 12th century AD 2847: 2614: 2591: 2560:The nature of warfare 2490:has been challenged), 2398:Deutsches Panzermuseum 2370: 2349:. Its editors sponsor 2169: 1964:Awards and decorations 1937:Peace through strength 1912:Low-intensity conflict 1546:Conscientious objector 1419:Area of responsibility 13375:Other categorizations 13228:International studies 13213:History of technology 13148:Communication studies 13031:public administration 11709:Torpedo Data Computer 11699:Ship gun fire-control 10358:Torsion mangonel myth 10290:Sri Lankan Civil War 9389:and other territories 9071:São Tomé and Príncipe 8931:Republic of the Congo 8127:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7607:(Cambridge UP, 2005) 7393:Mearsheimer, John J. 7235:14.4 (1994): 377–411. 6991:Karsten, Peter. ed., 6970:Holmes, Richard, ed. 6936:, and Mark Grimsley. 6919:(2005; 2nd ed. 2010) 6869:(2nd ed. 2008) 638 pp 6851:27.2 (2016): 325–344. 6026:"The Medieval Castle" 5900:62.2 (2013): 167–181. 5837:18.2 (1986): 196–215. 5797:35.4 (1994): 768–834. 5669:76.4 (2012): 523–556 5253:Ancient Greek warfare 5160:Further information: 5099: 5090:Further information: 5049: 4922: 4913:Further information: 4830: 4619: 4610:Further information: 4406: 4387:Battle of Aegospotami 4288:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4282:after conquering the 4246: 4216:was succeeded by the 4179:Warring States period 4122: 3911: 3837: 3828:Further information: 3806:Further information: 3754:was developed by the 3663:armored troop carrier 3641: 3609: 3574: 3535: 3528:Early firearm tactics 3464: 3455:Further information: 3287:was built in 1624 by 3131: 3119: 3111: 2970: 2842: 2798:developed the use of 2596: 2558: 2364: 2236:Industrial Revolution 2160: 551:Torpedo data computer 541:Ship gun fire-control 13208:Historical sociology 12570:Specific modern wars 12518:Vehicles and weapons 12443:Military occupations 11042:Carrier strike group 9975:"Blitzkrieg" concept 9846:Powder keg of Europe 9721:Franco-Prussian War 8691:United Arab Emirates 7547:24.3 (2018): 491513 7034:Lamphear, John, ed. 6942:online vol 1 to 1871 6289:8.2 (2011): 131–138. 6241:on February 17, 2006 5977:The Mariner's Mirror 5945:"A History of India" 5684:Museum International 5595:(Random House, 1987) 5478:(1973) 3#3 pp 12–16. 5359:Notes and references 5196:high caliber cannons 4757:Chinese army at the 4726:in the west and the 4398:Philip II of Macedon 3517:Mehmed the Conqueror 3283:The first navigable 3104:History of gunpowder 3078:. The English/Welsh 2632:New Egyptian Kingdom 2082:Military occupations 1917:Military engineering 1819:Unrestricted Warfare 1676:Force multiplication 569:Military manoeuvrers 53:improve this article 13388:Geisteswissenschaft 13382:Behavioral sciences 13308:Political sociology 13223:Information science 13168:Development studies 12733:Peace organizations 12196:Operations research 11674:Director (military) 11664:Fire-control system 10575:Command and control 10311:Russo-Georgian War 10284:Sovereignty dispute 10263:Iranian Revolution 10093:"Polish death camp" 10070:In relation to the 9779:Myth of English aid 9770:War of the Pacific 9547:Albigensian Crusade 9146:States with limited 8718:limited recognition 8142:Trinidad and Tobago 8037:Antigua and Barbuda 7956:States with limited 7376:History Cooperative 7269:41.1 (2022): 6–84. 6710:(1995), pp. 95–115. 6618:. December 7, 2018. 6259:Martin J. Brayley, 5980:27.1 (1941): 14–44. 5686:38.1 (1986): 20–26. 5606:The History Teacher 5559:Black (2004), p. ix 5348:, scholarly journal 5340:, scholarly journal 5332:, scholarly journal 5213:1980–1988, and the 5152:was total warfare. 5101:Franco-Prussian War 5042:Military Revolution 5036:Military Revolution 4993:Peace of Westphalia 4831:The victory of the 4488:Gaius Julius Caesar 4427:. During the three 4148:Chandragupta Maurya 4136:Alexander the Great 3918:Tiglath-Pileser III 3808:Prehistoric warfare 3802:Prehistoric warfare 3746:to detect objects. 3634:Modern technologies 3620:Battle of Chaldiran 3577:Battle of Nagashino 3443:was developed. The 3310:American Revolution 3213:flintlock mechanism 3174:Battle of Agincourt 3092:Battle of Agincourt 2830:Chandragupta Maurya 2785:Eastern Han dynasty 2734:Alexander the Great 2723:Sicilian Expedition 2422:Canadian War Museum 2367:Canadian War Museum 2181:history of humanity 1768:Penal military unit 1753:Rules of engagement 1429:Command and control 1049:Operations research 513:Director (military) 503:Fire-control system 253:Command and control 134:Part of a series on 13443:Society portal 12930:auxiliary sciences 12191:Military operation 12158:Tactical objective 11669:Fire-control radar 11585:Military equipment 11527:Anti-ship missiles 10879:Electronic-warfare 10742:Military maneuvers 10727:Combat occupations 10503:Commanding officer 10463:Occupational roles 10326:Syrian revolution 10238:Malayan Emergency 10213:1948 Palestine war 9946:Spanish Civil War 9896:War guilt question 9705:American Civil War 9685:Invasion of Russia 9661:New Russian School 8077:Dominican Republic 7614:2021-08-04 at the 7588:2021-07-14 at the 7575:Spector, Ronald H. 7571:8.4 (1978): 66–69. 7569:Film & History 7564:8.1 (1978): 11–14. 7554:2022-01-16 at the 7531:10.1111/hic3.12205 7462:2018-04-27 at the 7445:2018-04-27 at the 7417:Morillo, Stephen. 7411:2016-03-12 at the 7364:2019-04-26 at the 7347:2021-11-10 at the 7323:2019-04-26 at the 7314:American Quarterly 7306:2022-01-16 at the 7285:Higham, John, ed. 7259:2021-08-27 at the 7209:2009-12-08 at the 7166:2009-11-23 at the 7124:(Bloomsbury 2020). 7104:(Routledge, 2021). 7093:Parkinson, Roger. 7076:(Routledge, 2018). 7059:2023-01-09 at the 7038:(Routledge, 2007). 7009:2018-08-04 at the 7000:The Face of Battle 6986:Dictionary of Wars 6821:37.1 (1991): 5–28. 6805:2018-12-15 at the 6743:2018-12-15 at the 6683:New Zealand A to Z 6678:2007-09-28 at the 6657:2009-01-03 at the 6322:2023-06-20 at the 6272:John Christopher, 6207:2006-05-12 at the 6174:2007-07-01 at the 6051:2008-05-18 at the 6031:2006-06-22 at the 5881:Leslie J. Worley, 5819:2016-04-24 at the 5756:2005-12-31 at the 5738:2018-12-17 at the 5702:2017-05-02 at the 5653:2018-12-15 at the 5648:H-War book reviews 5634:2018-12-15 at the 5615:2016-12-25 at the 5579:2015-08-03 at the 5541:55.3 (1991): 395+. 5525:2021-07-14 at the 5498:2021-07-14 at the 5476:Film & History 5142:American Civil War 5136:'s burning of the 5116:Napoleon Bonaparte 5104: 5092:Industrial warfare 5086:Industrial warfare 5060: 4986:Ethiopian–Adal War 4957:of Persia and the 4935: 4841: 4704:Rashidun Caliphate 4629: 4625:Hundred Years' War 4569:Five Good Emperors 4421: 4343:Battle of Marathon 4320:Roman-Persian Wars 4261: 4133: 3991:), Early Imperial 3925: 3852: 3783:ballistic missiles 3651: 3624: 3601:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 3585: 3554: 3475: 3434:light machine guns 3422:Springfield rifles 3361:American Civil War 3246:American Civil War 3211:, and finally the 3170:Hundred Years' War 3146:Chinese alchemists 3138: 3126: 3114: 3084:Hundred Years' War 2981: 2906:, the war between 2883:Greco-Persian Wars 2848: 2834:Seleucus I Nicator 2750:Roman-Persian Wars 2615: 2371: 2260:William H. McNeill 2170: 1877:Counter-insurgency 1798:Command of the sea 1743:Jewish laws on war 1718:Geneva Conventions 1254:Divide and conquer 1044:Military operation 1009:Tactical objective 508:Fire-control radar 485:Electronic-warfare 68:"Military history" 13463: 13462: 13303:Political economy 13298:Political ecology 13153:Community studies 13143:Cognitive science 13106:Interdisciplinary 13006:Political science 12768: 12767: 12694:Anti-war movement 12637: 12636: 12629:Conflicts by time 12254:Counter-offensive 12244:Military campaign 12163:Target saturation 12113:Counterinsurgency 11762:International law 11704:Gun data computer 11573: 11572: 10910:Armies by country 10874:Close air support 10839:Aircraft carriers 10508:Executive officer 10391: 10390: 10194: 10193: 10072:Armenian genocide 9935:Polish–Soviet War 9930:Burning of Smyrna 9916: 9915: 9906:Reichstag inquiry 9829:Patriotic consent 9700: 9699: 9675:War in the Vendée 9639:French Revolution 9621:century conflicts 9610:Peloponnesian War 9571:Eighty Years' War 9470: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9456:Wallis and Futuna 9364:Associated states 9242: 9241: 9173:other territories 8946:Equatorial Guinea 8823: 8822: 8760:other territories 8418: 8417: 8390:other territories 8270: 8269: 8159:other territories 7989: 7988: 7477:Civil War History 7289:(2015) 654 pages 7267:War & Society 7246:Citino, Robert M. 7174:War & Society 7141:Tucker, Spencer. 7120:Trevor, N et al. 7086:Nolan, Cathal J. 7079:Nolan, Cathal J. 6819:Civil War History 6673:"Chatham Islands" 6628:Suren-Pahlav S., 6287:Arms & Armour 5865:(1988): 211–248. 5834:World Archaeology 5512:Ronald H. Spector 5438:(1980) pp. 99–100 5402:The Griffon 108th 5345:War & Society 5138:Shenandoah Valley 4999:is also known as 4997:French Revolution 4945:China (see also: 4932:Sebastiaen Vrancx 4924:Eighty Years' War 4915:Gunpowder warfare 4909:Gunpowder warfare 4833:Polish-Lithuanian 4771:Battle of Baghdad 4730:in the east. The 4724:Iberian Peninsula 4674:Kingdom of Sennar 4455:. However, after 4370:Peloponnesian War 4363:Battle of Plataea 4351:Battle of Salamis 4050:into their army. 3791:nuclear submarine 3771:Nuclear arms race 3756:Manhattan Project 3748:Molotov cocktails 3716:Battle of Bolimov 3503:Henry Brackenbury 3395:Anglo-Mysore Wars 3391:Kingdom of Mysore 3383:artillery rockets 3304:was developed by 3289:Cornelius Drebbel 3276:, as part of the 3234:at the Battle of 3151:potassium nitrate 3122:English Civil War 2897:Battle of Salamis 2860:3rd millennium BC 2858:were used in the 2746:Battle of Carrhae 2520:Cyrus the Younger 2155: 2154: 2047:Horses in warfare 1994:Anti-war movement 1897:Gunboat diplomacy 1887:Disaster response 1835:Philosophy of war 1830:Principles of war 1803:Deterrence theory 1748:Right of conquest 1671:Lanchester's laws 1439:Principles of war 1129:Counter-offensive 1109:Military campaign 1014:Target saturation 937:Counterinsurgency 546:Gun data computer 480:Close air support 442:Aircraft carriers 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 13493: 13481:Military science 13476:Military history 13451: 13441: 13440: 13427: 13426: 13415: 13414: 13318:Regional science 13163:Cultural studies 13138:Business studies 12795: 12788: 12781: 12772: 12771: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12746: 12724: 12607: 12598: 12589: 12580: 12564: 12555: 12546: 12537: 12528: 12514: 12505: 12496: 12481: 12480: 12423:Military tactics 12264:Defence in depth 12118:Defeat in detail 11814:Armoured warfare 11752:Military science 11542:Close-in weapons 11214: 11213: 11125:Wheeled vehicles 11120:Tracked vehicles 10917:Chain of command 10580:Defense ministry 10418: 10411: 10404: 10395: 10394: 10380: 10379: 10363:War and genocide 10187: 10173:Résistancialisme 10160:Battle of France 10142:Nanjing Massacre 9996: 9995: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9837: 9787: 9669: 9652: 9625: 9624: 9552:Catharism debate 9538:pre-18th century 9520:Military history 9497: 9490: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9446:Pitcairn Islands 9416:French Polynesia 9401:Christmas Island 9330:Papua New Guinea 9310:Marshall Islands 9283:Sovereign states 9269: 9262: 9255: 9246: 9245: 9234: 9233:(United Kingdom) 9229:Tristan da Cunha 9225:Ascension Island 9217: 9204: 9195: 9171:Dependencies and 8864:Sovereign states 8850: 8843: 8836: 8827: 8826: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8772:Christmas Island 8458:Sovereign states 8445: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8410: 8398:Falkland Islands 8312:Sovereign states 8297: 8290: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8227:Saint Barthélemy 8157:Dependencies and 8030:Sovereign states 8016: 8009: 8002: 7993: 7992: 7713:Sovereign states 7698: 7691: 7684: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7661: 7492:Reardon, Carol. 6995:(3 vols., 2005). 6984:Kohn, George C. 6963:Grossman, Mark. 6852: 6844: 6838: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6809: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6747: 6730: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6670: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6515:(Penguin, 2003). 6511:Patrick Wright, 6509: 6503: 6502: 6484: 6473: 6472: 6449:Japanese Studies 6444: 6431: 6430: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6336: 6327: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6198: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6137: 6112: 6111: 6075: 6069: 6068:(Ashgate, 2006). 6062: 6056: 6042: 6036: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5981: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5907: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5804: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5748: 5742: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5663: 5657: 5644: 5638: 5625: 5619: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5568:Bergen, Hilary, 5566: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5509: 5503: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5404:. Archived from 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5369: 5268:Maritime history 5258:Military science 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5184:Second World War 5130:March to the Sea 5112:Battle of Sadowa 5069:Sweden 1560–1660 5056:Franco-Dutch War 5030:mounted infantry 4899:Hawaiian Islands 4882:migrated to the 4672:states like the 4612:Medieval warfare 4606:Medieval warfare 4600:Byzantine empire 4453:Battle of Cannae 4441:Second Punic War 4407:The 3rd-century 4347:Darius the Great 4298:. His successor 4259:, 3rd century BC 4160:Ashoka the Great 4131:, 5th century BC 4020:fertile crescent 3912:Siege engine in 3814:recorded history 3781:) and missiles ( 3728:Battle of Midway 3712:Chemical warfare 3706:aircraft carrier 3649:used during WWII 3471:Siege of Orléans 3430:Automatic rifles 3365:Invasion of Iraq 3254:North Vietnamese 3189:explosive charge 2826:Second Punic War 2802:in warfare. The 2755:There were also 2742:Second Punic War 2738:Battle of Cannae 2607:Battle of Kadesh 2605:fighting at the 2589: 2512:(430–355 BC) in 2448:Early historians 2426:Musée de l'Armée 2402:Lange Max Museum 2335:Online resources 2244:information ages 2219:military command 2175:is the study of 2173:Military history 2147: 2140: 2133: 1902:Humanitarian aid 1840:Security dilemma 1661:Power projection 1444:Economy of force 1424:Chain of command 1139:Defence in depth 1124:Commerce raiding 942:Defeat in detail 258:Defense ministry 162: 153: 152: 143: 131: 130: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 18:Military History 13501: 13500: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13435: 13403: 13370: 13354: 13328:Science studies 13112:Administration 13101: 12827: 12804: 12802:Social sciences 12799: 12769: 12764: 12737: 12718: 12704:Humanitarianism 12633: 12612: 12601: 12592: 12583: 12577:Napoleonic Wars 12574: 12558: 12552:Modern warships 12549: 12540: 12531: 12522: 12508: 12499: 12490: 12477:Other namespace 12472: 12394: 12313: 12225: 12177: 12143:Rapid dominance 12052: 11928: 11713: 11652: 11569: 11515:Naval artillery 11495:Guided missiles 11483: 11205: 11086: 10888: 10751: 10747:Combat training 10695:Security forces 10685:Military police 10623:Airborne forces 10563: 10431: 10422: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10367: 10348:Conflict thesis 10336: 10300: 10190: 10181: 10148: 10112: 10042: 9994: 9956: 9922:Interwar period 9912: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9851:Schlieffen Plan 9831: 9792: 9781: 9696: 9663: 9646: 9631: 9620: 9614: 9598:Dorian invasion 9583:Fall of Babylon 9539: 9533: 9532: 9509: 9501: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9388: 9382: 9365: 9359: 9340:Solomon Islands 9278: 9273: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9215: 9202: 9193: 9174: 9172: 9165: 9149: 9147: 9140: 8859: 8854: 8824: 8819: 8791: 8759: 8750: 8731:Northern Cyprus 8717: 8710: 8452: 8449: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8391: 8389: 8379: 8306: 8301: 8271: 8266: 8160: 8158: 8151: 8025: 8020: 7990: 7985: 7957: 7950: 7876:North Macedonia 7707: 7702: 7667: 7632: 7627: 7616:Wayback Machine 7590:Wayback Machine 7556:Wayback Machine 7523:History Compass 7464:Wayback Machine 7447:Wayback Machine 7413:Wayback Machine 7397:(1988). 234 pp. 7366:Wayback Machine 7349:Wayback Machine 7331:History Teacher 7325:Wayback Machine 7308:Wayback Machine 7261:Wayback Machine 7211:Wayback Machine 7198:Black, Jeremy. 7168:Wayback Machine 7152: 7061:Wayback Machine 7011:Wayback Machine 6977:Jones, Archer, 6926:Doughty, Robert 6883:(2002), 256 pp. 6879:Black, Jeremy. 6876:(2001) 240 pp. 6872:Black, Jeremy. 6861: 6859:Further reading 6856: 6855: 6845: 6841: 6829: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6807:Wayback Machine 6793: 6789: 6781:David A. 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2377: 2359: 2337: 2322:Jeffrey Kimball 2304:military secret 2289: 2256: 2212:just war theory 2151: 2122: 2121: 2072: 2062: 2061: 2027: 2019: 2018: 1959: 1949: 1948: 1922:Multilateralism 1907:Law enforcement 1867: 1857: 1856: 1825:Just war theory 1783: 1773: 1772: 1723:Geneva Protocol 1693: 1683: 1682: 1656: 1646: 1645: 1587: 1577: 1576: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1414: 1404: 1403: 1369: 1359: 1358: 1289:Network-centric 1209: 1199: 1198: 1101: 1091: 1090: 1039: 1029: 1028: 977:Rapid dominance 882: 872: 871: 827:Electromagnetic 736: 726: 725: 712: 665: 613: 589: 579: 578: 574:Combat training 555: 532: 498:Combat systems: 494: 456: 452:Auxiliary ships 418: 378: 320: 243: 233: 232: 172: 146: 145: 144: 139: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13499: 13489: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13445: 13433: 13421: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13384: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13271:social science 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13203:Global studies 13200: 13198:Gender studies 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13181:social science 13177:Environmental 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13118: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13003: 13002: 13001: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12876:macroeconomics 12873: 12871:microeconomics 12863: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12798: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12775: 12766: 12765: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12684:Global studies 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12659:Peace movement 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12639: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12556: 12547: 12538: 12529: 12515: 12506: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12458:Related lists: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12428:History lists: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12408:Military lists 12404: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12375:Defense policy 12372: 12370:Defense budget 12367: 12362: 12360:Public policy: 12357: 12352: 12350:United Nations 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12323: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12311: 12309:Scorched earth 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12235: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12211:Deep operation 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12083: 12073: 12068: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11924:Unconventional 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11874:Disinformation 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11782:Post-classical 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11657:Combat systems 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11648:Field hospital 11645: 11644: 11643: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11581: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11512: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11491: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11425:Shoulder-fired 11414: 11413: 11412: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11329: 11325:Service rifles 11321: 11320: 11319: 11309: 11304: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11238: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11220: 11218: 11211: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11007: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10886: 10884:Reconnaissance 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10849:Auxiliary ship 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10761: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10737:Basic training 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10668:Reconnaissance 10665: 10660: 10655: 10653:Communications 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10618:Special forces 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10421: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10398: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10320:Responsibility 10317: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10276: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10251: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10232:New Historians 10229: 10224: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10098:Responsibility 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9893: 9887: 9885: 9874: 9862: 9856:Spirit of 1914 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9826: 9816: 9813:Fischer thesis 9802: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9776: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9756: 9754:Paraguayan War 9751: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9680:Napoleonic era 9677: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9658: 9653: 9644:Pre-revolution 9635: 9633: 9629:Coalition Wars 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9507:historiography 9500: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9436:Norfolk Island 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9396:American Samoa 9392: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9366:of New Zealand 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9249: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9218: 9205: 9196: 9182:Canary Islands 9178: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8853: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8807: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8247:Sint Eustatius 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8192:Cayman Islands 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7946:United Kingdom 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Czech Republic 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7631: 7630:External links 7628: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7601: 7592: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7541: 7534: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7502:978-0700604661 7490: 7483: 7481:online edition 7473: 7466: 7449: 7432: 7422: 7415: 7398: 7391: 7382: 7368: 7351: 7339:10.2307/493146 7327: 7310: 7293: 7283: 7277: 7263: 7254:online version 7243: 7236: 7229: 7220: 7213: 7204:online edition 7196: 7184: 7170: 7161:online edition 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7117:(2nd ed. 2005) 7111: 7108: 7105: 7100:Roy, Kaushik. 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7065:Lynn, John A. 7063: 7048:Lee, Wayne E. 7046: 7039: 7032: 7020: 7015:Keegan, John. 7013: 6998:Keegan, John. 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6956:Dyer, Gwynne. 6954: 6944: 6923: 6913: 6903: 6893: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6870: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6839: 6823: 6810: 6787: 6774: 6768:John France, 6761: 6748: 6725: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6665: 6644: 6633: 6621: 6601: 6582: 6576:Jeremy Black, 6569: 6556: 6550:Ryan Jenkins, 6543: 6530: 6517: 6504: 6498:978-0806185026 6497: 6474: 6455:(3): 243–261. 6432: 6426:978-0765680501 6425: 6407: 6374: 6356: 6350:978-1843834489 6349: 6328: 6304: 6291: 6278: 6265: 6252: 6226: 6213: 6193: 6180: 6160: 6154:978-0691178141 6153: 6141:Andrade, Tonio 6113: 6086:(3): 355–370. 6070: 6057: 6037: 6017: 6004: 5982: 5967: 5935: 5910:William Gowers 5902: 5887: 5874: 5852: 5839: 5824: 5799: 5784: 5771: 5762: 5743: 5720: 5707: 5688: 5675: 5658: 5639: 5629:H-War policies 5620: 5597: 5591:Paul Kennedy, 5584: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5530: 5504: 5480: 5467: 5461:978-1473856677 5460: 5440: 5427: 5418: 5389: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5341: 5337:War in History 5333: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239:History portal 5226: 5223: 5162:Modern warfare 5157: 5156:Modern warfare 5154: 5087: 5084: 5040:Main article: 5037: 5034: 5014:infantry drill 4961:of India. The 4955:Safavid Empire 4951:Ottoman Empire 4910: 4907: 4776:In China, the 4751:Charles Martel 4607: 4604: 4461:Battle of Zama 4269:Three Kingdoms 4169:In China, the 4042:and Persians. 3846:city-state of 3840:Standard of Ur 3825: 3822: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3670: 3655:Flame throwers 3635: 3632: 3529: 3526: 3486:discovered in 3479:Joseph Needham 3452: 3449: 3306:David Bushnell 3270:Saddam Hussein 3232:Spanish Armada 3159:Joseph Needham 3136:firing a shell 3132:A 155 mm 3102:Main article: 3099: 3096: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2964: 2961: 2941:Fortifications 2873:, king of the 2789:Three Kingdoms 2707:Warring States 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2623: 2620: 2583: 2553:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2449: 2446: 2358: 2355: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2292:Historiography 2288: 2285: 2269: 2268: 2255: 2252: 2177:armed conflict 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2087:Military terms 2084: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1845:Tripwire force 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367:Administrative 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294:New generation 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269:Fleet in being 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1207:Grand strategy 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1194:Scorched earth 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066:Deep operation 1063: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 995: 994: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 892: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 867:Unconventional 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 815: 813:Disinformation 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 784: 783: 778: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 737: 732: 731: 728: 727: 724: 723: 718: 711: 710: 709: 708: 707: 706: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 664: 663: 662: 661: 660: 659: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 612: 611: 610: 609: 604: 599: 590: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 566: 564:Basic training 561: 554: 553: 548: 543: 538: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 493: 492: 490:Reconnaissance 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 417: 416: 411: 409:Special forces 406: 401: 400: 399: 389: 384: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 319: 318: 309: 304: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 244: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 229: 228: 223: 213: 212: 211: 206: 196: 195: 194: 187:Post-classical 184: 179: 173: 168: 167: 164: 163: 155: 154: 136: 135: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13498: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13394:Human science 13392: 13390: 13389: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13350:Vegan studies 13348: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13313:Public health 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13247:Philosophies 13246: 13244: 13243:Media studies 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13218:Human ecology 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13128:Anthrozoology 13126: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13104: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13053:developmental 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13026:public policy 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12977:legal systems 12975: 12973: 12972:legal history 12970: 12968: 12967:jurisprudence 12965: 12964: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12796: 12791: 12789: 12784: 12782: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12763: 12762: 12752: 12751: 12740: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12722: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12664:Peace process 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12640: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12605: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12582: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12562: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12544: 12539: 12535: 12530: 12526: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12512: 12507: 12503: 12498: 12494: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12206:Expeditionary 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12108:Counterattack 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11914:Psychological 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Combined arms 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11636:Military base 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11537:Depth charges 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11371:Anti-tank gun 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11344:Assault rifle 11342: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11332:Battle rifles 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11300:Infantry guns 11297: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11194:Anti-aircraft 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:General staff 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10844:Landing craft 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10493:Enlisted rank 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10412: 10407: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10383: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305:Post-Cold War 10303: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10279:Falklands War 10277: 10275: 10274:Iran–Iraq War 10272: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222:Ongoing Nakba 10219: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10185: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153:Western Front 10151: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10134:Bengal famine 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10048:The Holocaust 10045: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999:Eastern Front 9997: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9871: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9785: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9730:Paris Commune 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9715:Turning point 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9667: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9619:18th and 19th 9617: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9564:Islamic views 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9536: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:New Caledonia 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Easter Island 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Guinea-Bissau 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8844: 8839: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8806: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8741:South Ossetia 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8403:French Guiana 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8148: 8147:United States 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8010: 8005: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7982: 7981:South Ossetia 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7841:Liechtenstein 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7217:The Historian 7214: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7023:Lacroix, Paul 7021: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6930:Ira D. Gruber 6927: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6771: 6765: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6547: 6540: 6537:Kim Coleman, 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6419:. Routledge. 6418: 6411: 6402: 6397: 6394:(344): 3–19. 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6298:Robert Held, 6295: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6220:Tom Parrish, 6217: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5782:, 2005. p. 30 5781: 5775: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5422: 5408:on 2016-04-20 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283:Roman warfare 5281: 5279: 5278:Naval history 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211:Iran–Iraq War 5208: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4995:and the 1789 4994: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4975:feudal levies 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959:Mughal Empire 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4736:Islamic Spain 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4678:Fulani Empire 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Constantine I 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504:Aquae Sextiae 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443:started with 4442: 4438: 4437:naval warfare 4434: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4396:, underneath 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284:Median Empire 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4207:Qin Shi Huang 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:Shang dynasty 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4114:war elephants 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4013:Carthaginians 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3995:(notably the 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975:(notably the 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:(notably the 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3929:nation states 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779:spy satellite 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675:Schneider CA1 3668: 3665:. Many early 3664: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3643:Yokosuka D4Y3 3640: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3610:The advanced 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597:Kenneth Swope 3593: 3589: 3583:arquebusiers. 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:Heavy cavalry 3539: 3534: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357:Jean Martinet 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338:combined arms 3334: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3314:Robert Fulton 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3278:Iran–Iraq War 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228:Francis Drake 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3134:M198 howitzer 3130: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2979:ships in 1281 2978: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2957:Siege warfare 2955:and earlier. 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2851:Naval warfare 2846: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:War elephants 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Indo-Iranians 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:horse archers 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697:pikemen. The 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636:Shang dynasty 2633: 2628: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531:Julius Caesar 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2493:The Histories 2489: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2330:Conservative. 2328: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Warrior caste 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1944:Show of force 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:Peacebuilding 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788:Air supremacy 1786: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728:Islamic rules 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708:Court-martial 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Arms industry 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224:Broken-backed 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061:Expeditionary 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 989: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 932:Counterattack 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 881: 876: 875: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 857:Psychological 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 793:Combined arms 791: 789: 786: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 735: 730: 729: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 666: 658: 655: 654: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 632:Fortification 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 614: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 592: 591: 588: 583: 582: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 453: 450: 448: 447:Landing craft 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 317: 313: 312:Standing army 310: 308: 305: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 242: 237: 236: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 210: 207: 205: 204:pike and shot 202: 201: 200: 197: 193: 190: 189: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 171: 166: 165: 161: 157: 156: 150: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 13452: 13428: 13416: 13386: 13193:Food studies 13133:Area studies 12944: 12886:mathematical 12881:econometrics 12839:Anthropology 12759: 12748: 12727: 12723:}} 12719:{{ 12606:}} 12602:{{ 12597:}} 12595:World War II 12593:{{ 12588:}} 12584:{{ 12579:}} 12575:{{ 12569: 12563:}} 12559:{{ 12554:}} 12550:{{ 12545:}} 12541:{{ 12536:}} 12532:{{ 12527:}} 12523:{{ 12517: 12513:}} 12509:{{ 12504:}} 12500:{{ 12495:}} 12491:{{ 12457: 12427: 12407: 12379: 12365:Conscription 12359: 12340:Peace treaty 12326: 12031:Subterranean 11919:Radiological 11859:Conventional 11808: 11787:Early modern 11766: 11693: 11630: 11546: 11506: 11468: 11451: 11416: 11405:Combat knife 11395:Flamethrower 11360: 11356:Sniper rifle 11323: 11312:Machine guns 11298: 11235: 11097: 11071: 11061: 11026: 10931: 10900:Organization 10853: 10807:Naval units: 10806: 10802:Signal corps 10764: 10732:Development: 10731: 10721: 10700:Border guard 10663:Intelligence 10647: 10586:Armed Forces 10584: 10553: 10514: 10472: 10452: 10253:Six-Day War 10249:Algerian War 10220: / 10179:Vichy France 10171: 10164: 10074: / 9962:World War II 9858: / 9525: 9519: 9518: 9387:Dependencies 9373:Cook Islands 9221:Saint Helena 9192: 9096:South Africa 9086:Sierra Leone 8891:Burkina Faso 8756:Dependencies 8686:Turkmenistan 8651:Saudi Arabia 8386:Dependencies 8252:Sint Maarten 8232:Saint Martin 7636: 7621: 7604: 7595: 7578: 7568: 7561: 7544: 7537: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7493: 7486: 7476: 7469: 7452: 7435: 7425: 7418: 7401: 7394: 7385: 7371: 7354: 7330: 7313: 7296: 7286: 7266: 7249: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7216: 7199: 7194:Project MUSE 7187: 7173: 7156: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7101: 7094: 7090:(2 vol 2006) 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7026: 7016: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6934:Roy K. Flint 6916: 6906: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6848: 6842: 6831: 6826: 6818: 6813: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6777: 6769: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6733: 6728: 6720: 6715: 6707: 6702: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6668: 6661: 6647: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6559: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6512: 6507: 6488: 6452: 6448: 6416: 6410: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6368: 6340: 6312: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6260: 6255: 6243:. Retrieved 6239:the original 6229: 6221: 6216: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6163: 6144: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6040: 6020: 6007: 5990: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5959:. Retrieved 5938: 5913: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5882: 5877: 5860: 5855: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5765: 5746: 5728: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5666: 5661: 5642: 5623: 5605: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5569: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5515: 5507: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5470: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5421: 5410:. Retrieved 5406:the original 5401: 5392: 5381:. Retrieved 5367: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5204: 5176:armored tank 5173: 5165: 5150:World War II 5120: 5108:conscription 5105: 5080:Jeremy Black 5077: 5061: 5007: 5000: 4990: 4979: 4971: 4967:Italian Wars 4943:Song dynasty 4936: 4928:Dutch Revolt 4903:Kamehameha I 4892: 4869: 4865:Yuan dynasty 4849:Genghis Khan 4842: 4810:Song dynasty 4792:groups, the 4775: 4763:Seljuk Turks 4740: 4728:Indus Valley 4698:The Islamic 4697: 4682: 4663: 4653: 4630: 4596:Theodosius I 4573: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4520: 4512:Tigranocerta 4496:Gaius Marius 4465: 4435:centered on 4422: 4391: 4367: 4355:Themistocles 4324: 4316:Roman Empire 4273: 4262: 4226:Wiman Joseon 4211: 4191: 4175:Zhou dynasty 4168: 4156:Nanda Empire 4134: 4105:Arthashastra 4103: 4093: 4087: 4085:Indian epics 4074: 4052: 4017: 4003:dynasties), 3938: 3926: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3861: 3853: 3850:, c. 2600 BC 3811: 3764: 3724: 3710: 3687: 3652: 3625: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3566:Oda Nobunaga 3563: 3559: 3555: 3514: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3438: 3426:Machine guns 3412:. 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It used 3694:helicopter 3628:Qi Jiguang 3592:loading." 3550:arquebuses 3418:Winchester 3274:Tanker War 3266:Iraqi Navy 3236:Gravelines 3224:fire ships 3201:wheel lock 2993:Cataphract 2945:hill-forts 2794:The early 2781:Byzantines 2744:, and the 2731:Macedonian 2603:Abu Simbel 2597:Relief of 2502:Thucydides 2474:Trojan War 2386:propaganda 2384:, wartime 2373:See also: 2308:Greek fire 2102:War crimes 2092:Operations 1999:Foot drill 1969:Battle cry 1882:deterrence 1541:Harassment 1516:Specialism 1339:Technology 1334:Succession 1279:Liberation 1214:Asymmetric 1149:Empty fort 1055:Blitzkrieg 1024:Withdrawal 987:Investment 766:Camouflage 761:Biological 699:Underwater 674:Amphibious 593:Aerospace 460:Air units: 437:Submarines 226:fourth-gen 221:industrial 209:napoleonic 79:newspapers 13277:Planning 13256:economics 13173:Education 13070:Sociology 13048:cognitive 12999:semiotics 12950:political 12908:technical 12893:Geography 12866:Economics 12484:Templates 12355:Mediation 12335:Alliances 12328:Diplomacy 12304:Offensive 12284:Defensive 12279:Deception 12249:Attrition 12133:Guerrilla 12081:Airbridge 11899:Loitering 11819:Artillery 11757:Diplomacy 11578:Equipment 11532:Torpedoes 11474:Land mine 11430:Anti-tank 11263:Field gun 11241:Artillery 11177:Gun truck 11162:Scout car 11000:Battalion 10893:Structure 10792:Artillery 10710:Logistics 10658:Engineers 10603:Air force 10086:Pius Wars 9881:Treaty of 9540:conflicts 9290:Australia 9036:Mauritius 8782:Hong Kong 8736:Palestine 8661:Sri Lanka 8656:Singapore 8536:Indonesia 8375:Venezuela 8320:Argentina 8202:Greenland 8117:Nicaragua 8092:Guatemala 7846:Lithuania 6469:144268167 6108:162999079 5992:Mnemosyne 5122:Total war 5052:Coevorden 4939:gunpowder 4872:whakapapa 4818:gunpowder 4773:in 1258. 4716:Byzantium 4689:feudalism 4649:artillery 4641:antiquity 4637:Dark Ages 4584:inflation 4565:Black Sea 4539:Ctesiphon 4508:Vercellae 4425:Etruscans 4183:Confucius 4152:Seleucids 4110:espionage 4040:Assyrians 4032:Akkadians 4028:Sumerians 3985:Gandharas 3945:Assyrians 3941:Egyptians 3540:in 1525. 3445:HNoMS Rap 3342:artillery 3285:submarine 3209:snaphance 3193:matchlock 3155:aconitine 3142:gunpowder 3098:Gunpowder 3058:Trebuchet 3023:Janissary 2988:Artillery 2975:boarding 2971:Japanese 2820:, and by 2777:Sasanians 2765:Scythians 2761:Parthians 2691:phalanxes 2599:Ramses II 2498:Herodotus 2464:(current 2456:(current 1989:War novel 1892:Grey-zone 1852:War games 1813:Overmatch 1763:War crime 1713:Desertion 1703:Ceasefire 1698:Armistice 1585:Logistics 1563:Mercenary 1551:Volunteer 1482:Personnel 1454:Engineers 1399:Sociology 1354:World war 1349:Total war 1329:Strategic 1319:Religious 1304:Political 1299:Perpetual 1274:Irregular 1189:Offensive 1164:Defensive 1159:Deception 1119:Attrition 967:Guerrilla 962:Formation 905:Airbridge 837:Loitering 751:Artillery 404:Artillery 339:Engineers 302:Irregular 273:Air force 13418:Category 13286:regional 13281:land use 13116:business 13085:internet 13043:abnormal 12945:military 12935:economic 12925:cultural 12898:physical 12859:physical 12849:cultural 12750:Category 12674:Pacifism 12604:Cold War 12561:Aircraft 12380:Related: 12231:Strategy 12216:Maneuver 12153:Swarming 11982:Mountain 11950:Airborne 11889:Infantry 11844:Chemical 11809:By type: 11737:Strategy 11560:Missiles 11488:Sea/Air: 11457:Infantry 11418:Missiles 11275:Howitzer 11091:Vehicles 11057:Squadron 11052:Flotilla 11047:Division 10983:Regiment 10959:Division 10859:Fighters 10822:Littoral 10812:Warships 10775:Infantry 10757:Branches 10643:Reserves 10628:Commando 10532:Uniforms 10443:Military 10436:Concepts 10425:Military 10382:Category 10200:Cold War 10103:Slovakia 9690:Waterloo 9559:Crusades 9504:Military 9305:Kiribati 9227: / 9223: / 9216:(France) 9210: / 9188: / 9184: / 9136:Zimbabwe 9111:Tanzania 8961:Ethiopia 8956:Eswatini 8936:Djibouti 8901:Cameroon 8886:Botswana 8805:Category 8726:Abkhazia 8676:Thailand 8631:Pakistan 8611:Mongolia 8606:Maldives 8601:Malaysia 8501:Cambodia 8365:Suriname 8355:Paraguay 8340:Colombia 8167:Anguilla 8102:Honduras 8072:Dominica 8047:Barbados 7966:Abkhazia 7916:Slovenia 7911:Slovakia 7891:Portugal 7756:Bulgaria 7612:Archived 7586:Archived 7552:Archived 7460:Archived 7455:(2018) 7443:Archived 7438:(2018) 7409:Archived 7362:Archived 7359:in JSTOR 7345:Archived 7321:Archived 7318:in JSTOR 7304:Archived 7257:Archived 7242:, (1992) 7207:Archived 7164:Archived 7159:(1986). 7057:Archived 7045:. 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