Military history of Pakistan

2559: 716: 170: 1473:). During the conflict, the co-ordination between the armed forces of Pakistan were ineffective and unsupported. The army, navy, marines and air force were not consulted in major decisions, and each force led their own independent operations without notifying the higher command. To release the pressure from East Pakistan the Pakistan Army opened new front on the western sector when a 2,000-strong Pakistani force attacked the Indian outpost at Longewala held by 120 Indian soldiers of 23 Punjab regiment. The attack was backed by a tank regiment but without air support. The battle was decisively won by the Indian army with the help of the Indian Air Force, and was an example of poor co-ordination by Pakistan. 2519:

and massed a force of around 30,000 men to re-take the Kargil hills. The Pakistani-backed forces were not detected very early in the operation and were not adequately prepared as they still needed another month or so before they properly established themselves on the Kargil hills, as they were short on heavy weaponry, ammunition, food, shelter, and medicine. However Pakistani troops initially managed to retain most of the heights in spite of continuous Indian attacks. Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators; according to official count, an estimated 25-30% of the intruded area and high ground had returned to Indian control.

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facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions senior Pakistani military and intelligence officers help plan and execute major military operations. By September 1996, the Taliban under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar seized control of Kabul. However, the stability in Afghanistan led Osama bin Laden and Zawahiri to come to Afghanistan, which caused the Taliban to implement a very strict interpretation of Islamic law. The Taliban continued to capture more Afghan territory until by 2001 they controlled 90% of the country.

2567: 570: 543:, the British took steps to avoid further rebellions taking place including changing the structure of the Army. They banned Indians from the officer corp and artillery corp to ensure that future rebellions would not be as organised and disciplined and that the ratio of British soldiers to Indians would be drastically increased. Recruiting percentages changed with an emphasis on Sikhs and Gurkhas whose loyalties and fighting prowess had been proven in the conflict and new caste- and religious-based regiments were formed. 6345: 5634: 241: 562: 6737: 6288: 487:(1748–1799) was a group of small states in the Punjab that emerged in a political vacuum created by rivalry between the Mughals, Afghans and Persians. The Confederacy drove out the Mughals, repelled several Afghan invasions and in 1764 captured Lahore. However, after the retreat of Ahmed Shah Abdali, the Confederacy suffered instability as disputes and rivalries emerged. The Sikh empire (1799–1849) was formed on the foundations of the Confederacy by 2075:. He was credited as the "technical father" of Pakistan's atom project by a recent International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, (IISS) dossier on history of the Pakistan's nuclear development, with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the father of Pakistan's nuclear developmental programme. Munir Ahmad Khan, an expert in Plutonium technology, had also laid the foundation and groundbreaking work for the Plutonium reprocessing technology. Khan, built the 6298: 1282: 861: 1957: 5083: 2688:. In 2000, when a LTTE offensive code-named Operation Ceaseless Waves overran Sri Lankan military positions in the north and captured the Elephant Pass Base and entered Jaffna, and it was being feared that the LTTE would run down thousands of Sri Lankan troops stationed in Jaffna, Pakistan supplied multi-barrel rocket launcher systems and other weaponry, which halted the offensive. 1264:

Syrian government decorated Flight Lieutenant Sattar Alvi when he shot down an Israeli Mirage over the Golan Heights. The PAF pilots then became instructors in the Syrian Air Force at Dumayr Air Base and after the war Pakistan continued to send military advisers to Syria and Jordan. Apart from military advisers, no Pakistani ground forces participated in this war.

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CIA in the 1980s and could be trusted by Pakistan. With Pakistan's backing, the Taliban emerged as one of the strongest factions in Afghanistan. Pakistan then decided to the end the infighting in Afghanistan and backed the Taliban in their takeover of Afghanistan to bring stability to its western border and establish a pro-Pakistan regime in Kabul.

1697:, which feared a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran, aided Pakistan's military in putting down the insurrection. After three days of fighting the Baloch tribals were running out of ammunition and withdrew by 1976. The army had suffered 25 fatalities and around 300 casualties in the fight while the rebels lost 5,000 people as of 1977. 1122:. While on the offensive both armies occupied some of the other country's territory, resulting in a stalemate as per Pakistan but Pakistan was able to occupy much territory of India. The US had imposed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan during the war and Pakistan was affected more as it lacked spare parts for its 1569:, foreign policy, and science policy was rapidly changed. The funding of science was exponentially increased, with classified projects at Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Kahuta Research Laboratories. Bhutto also funded the classified military science and engineering projects entrusted and led by Lieutenant-General 929:

commands were formed. Shahid M Amin, who had served in the Pakistani foreign service, wrote, "It is also a fact, that these pacts did undoubtedly secure very substantial US military and economic assistance for Pakistan in its nascent years and significantly strengthened it in facing India, as seen in the 1965 war."

1897:, who in turn reappointed Zia as Chief of Army Staff until 1990. Junejo however gradually fell out with Zia as his political and administrative independence grew – such as by asking his Minister of State to sign the Geneva Accord, which President Zia disliked. After a large-scale explosion at a munitions store in 2816:

decided to use force to end the Lal Masjid threat. Once the operation ended, the newly formed Pakistani Taliban, an umbrella group of all militants based out of FATA, vowed revenge and a wave of attacks and suicide bombings erupted all over North-West Pakistan and major Pakistani cities throughout 2007.

697:.They helped expel Rommel from North Africa, turned back the Japanese at Imphal and helped break the Gothic line in northern Italy, thus opening a third front into Germany. The British Indian Army suffered 179,935 casualties in the war (including 24,338 killed, 64,354 wounded, 11,762 missing and 79,481 2827:

Public opinion turned decisively against the Pakistani Taliban when a video showed the flogging of a girl by the Pakistani Taliban in Swat Valley. This forced the army to launch a decisive attack against the Taliban occupying Swat Valley in April 2009. After heavy fighting the Swat Valley was largely

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After the failure of the 1989 attempt to re-take the glacier, which was occupied illegally by India in 1984, a new and much more daring plan was developed by the Pakistan Army to re-take the glacier by blocking the Indian supplies reaching the Indian base at the top of the glacier. The plan was ready

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Pakistan solicited funds for the Taliban, bankrolled Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranged training for Taliban fighters, recruited skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planned and directed offensives, providing and

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Jordan and Iraq decorated East Pakistani Flight Lieutenant Saif-ul-Azam. Israelis also praised the performance of PAF pilots. Eizer Weizman, then Chief Of Israeli Air Force wrote in his autobiography about Air Marshal Noor Khan (Commander PAF at that time): "...He is a formidable person and I am glad

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The US was disillusioned by a war in which both countries fought each other with equipment which had been sold for defensive purposes and to stop the spread of communism. Pakistan claimed that it was compelled to act by the Indian attempt to fully integrate Indian-controlled Kashmir into the union of

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The coup d'état was condemned by most world leaders but was mostly supported by Pakistanis. The new military government of Musharraf was heavily criticised in the US, Saudi Arabia, and UK. When US President Bill Clinton went on his landmark trip to South Asia, he made a last minute stop in Pakistan

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through a telephonic conversation to pull his troops out of Kargil a d as Indian Prime Minister had already opted for UN ceasefire. Later on 5 July 1999, Sharif announced withdrawal of Pakistan army from Kargil. The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal also declined. Official counts later

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In the winter of 1998, a modified version of the plan was approved due to the fact that months earlier both India and Pakistan had conducted nuclear tests. Pakistan believed that it now had a working nuclear deterrent and believed that once it had taken the Kargil hills, the international community,

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Pakistan controls the glacial valley five kilometres southwest of Gyong La. The Pakistan Army has been able to get up to the crest of the Saltoro Ridge and had occupied these areas during 1998 and 1999 bit due to ceasefire they have to retake positions, while the Indians cannot come down and abandon

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The embargo continued for five years and in 1995, the Brown Amendment authorised a one-time delivery of US military equipment, contracted for prior to October 1990, worth US$ 368 million. However, the additional 28 F-16 aircraft costing US$ 658 million and already paid for by Pakistan were

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Under Zia, defence spending increased an average 9 percent per annum during 1977–1988 while development spending rose 3 percent per annum; by 1987–88 defence spending had overtaken development spending. For the 1980s as a whole, defence spending averaged 6.5 percent of GDP. This contributed strongly

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In 1969, South Yemen, which was under a communist regime and a strong ally of the USSR, attacked and captured Mount Vadiya inside the province of Sharoora in Saudi Arabia. Many PAF officers as well Army personnel who were serving in Khamis Mushayt training the Saudi Air Force (the closest airbase to

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After Dominion status ended in 1956 with the formation of a Constitution and a declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, the military took control in 1958 and held power for more than 10 years. During this time, Pakistan had developed close military relations with many Middle Eastern countries

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rulers. In 1186–87, he conquered Lahore, bringing the last of Ghaznevid territory under his control and ending the Ghaznavid Empire. Muhammad Ghori returned to Lahore after 1200 to deal with a revolt of the Rajput Ghakkar tribe in the Punjab. He suppressed the revolt, but was killed during a Ghakkar

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The militants then expanded their base of operations and moved into the neighbouring Swat Valley and imposed a very harsh Sharia Law. The Army launched an offensive to re-take the Swat Valley in 2007 but was unable to clear it of the militants who had fled into the mountains and waited for the Army

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was amongst these fighters. Pakistan responded to deploy its 10th Mountaineering Division under Major-General Noel Israel. After a week of fighting, the army suffered major casualties with hundreds of fighters being captured. However, army was unable to capture al-Zawahiri who either escaped or was

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as president, but infighting continued. Lawlessness was rampant and became a major hindrance to trade between Pakistan and the newly independent Central Asian states. Pakistan appointed the Taliban to protect its trade convoys because most of the Taliban were Pashtun and were trained by the ISI and

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when it sent its forces into Kashmir. Kashmir had a Muslim majority population and according to 3rd June Plan 1947, the princely states decision of choosing nation was given to population of those states. By late October, the overthrow of the maharaja seemed imminent. He sought military assistance

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The British Indian Army's strength was about 189,000 in 1939. There were about 3,000 British officers and 1,115 Indian officers. The army was expanded greatly to fight in World War II. By 1945, the strength of the Army had risen to about 2.5 million men, and is considered the largest volunteer

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1,974 Pakistani troops deployed to the peacekeeping mission under UN Resolution 1925 for: "the protection of civilians, humanitarian personnel and human rights defenders under imminent threat of physical violence and to support the Government of the DRC in its stabilization and peace consolidation

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and install an ISI director-general Lieutenant-General Ziauddin Butt as Chief of Army Staff. Musharraf, who was out of the country, boarded a commercial flight to return to Pakistan, but senior army generals refused to accept Musharraf's dismissal. Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to prevent the

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The Pakistani-backed forces took over the bunker complex around April and May 1999, but the winter snows had melted earlier than usual and an Indian reconnaissance team sent to inspect the bunkers was wiped out by them. The Indian Army, alerted to the presence of these militants, responded quickly

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Pakistan again assisted during the Yom Kippur War, sixteen PAF pilots volunteered for service in the Air Forces of Egypt and Syria. The PAF contingent deployed to Inchas Air Base (Egypt) led by Wing Commander Masood Hatif and five other pilots plus two air defence controllers. During this war, the

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and as far south as Multan. Amongst his conquests were Kashmir in 1819 and Peshawar in 1834, although the Afghans made two attempts to recover Peshawar. After the Maharaja's death the empire was weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. The British annexed the Sikh Empire in 1849

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The militants, emboldened by their success in FATA, moved into Islamabad where they sought to impose an extremist Sharia government on Pakistan. Their base of operations was the Lal Masjid in Islamabad. After a 6-month standoff, fighting erupted again in July 2007 when the Pakistani Military

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tanks, nearly 200 artillery guns and over 1,000 TOW anti-tank missiles, which considerably enhanced Pakistan's defence capability. During the course of the war, Pakistan experienced several air intrusions by Afghan/Soviet pilots and claimed to have shot down eight of these aircraft over the years

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The US lifted its arms embargo in 1975 and once again became a major source for military hardware, but by then Pakistan had become heavily dependent on China as an arms supplier. Heavy spending on defence re-energized the Army, which had sunk to its lowest morale following the debacle of the 1971

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with an overall strength of ten infantry brigades and one armoured brigade with thirteen tanks. Many brigades and battalions within these divisions were below half strength, but Pakistani personnel continued to arrive from all over India, the Middle East and North Africa and from South East Asia.

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as chief jurist for Bhutto's case. Mushtaq Hussain was publicly known to hate Bhutto, and had played a controversial role in Bhutto's removal as foreign minister in 1965. As his judge, Hussain disrespected Bhutto and his hometown and denied any appeals. Under Zia's direction and Hussain's order,

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Pakistan received over a billion dollars in US military aid between 1954 and 1965. This aid greatly enhanced Pakistan's defence capability as new equipment and weapons were brought into the armed forces, new military bases were created, existing ones were expanded and upgraded, and two new Corps

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Fighting between the Communist government in Kabul and the Mujahideen forces continued until 1992 when the Mujahideen forces, led by Ahmed Shah Massoud, removed the Soviet-backed government of Mohammad Najibullah. By 1993, the rival factions who were vying for power agreed on the formation of a

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as the Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan's army. However, Khan ousted Mirza when he became highly dissatisfied by Mirza's policies. As president and commander-in-chief, Ayub Khan appointed himself a 5-star Field Marshal and built relationships with the United States and the West. A formal alliance

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and its vanguard of elephants, new monstrosities to the invaders. Therefore, Alexander proceeded southwest along the Indus valley. Along the way, he engaged in several battles with smaller kingdoms before marching his army westward across the Makran desert towards modern Iran. Alexander founded

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Pakistan contributed over 7,200 troops for the humanitarian mission in Somalia. They were heavily engaged in peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance to a region wracked with senseless factional violence. Thirty-nine Pakistani peacekeepers were killed in an ambush by Somali militias. Pakistani

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Pakistan contributed 3,000-strong contingent consisting of two Battalion Groups (PAKBAT-1 and PAKBAT-2) and a National Support (NS) Headquarters to form part of the United Nations Protection Force. These troops provided security and protection to various UN agencies, organisation and personnel

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The Pakistani government and military tried another peace deal with the militants in Swat Valley in 2008. This was roundly criticised in the West as abdicating to the militants. Initially pledging to lay down their arms if Sharia Law was implemented, the Pakistani Taliban used Swat Valley as a

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After the end of the Six-Day War, Pakistani advisors remained to train the Jordanian forces. In 1970, King Hussein of Jordan decided to remove the PLO from Jordan by force after a series of terrorist acts attributed to the PLO, which undermined Jordanian sovereignty. On September 16, King

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began a rapid program of reforming and expanding its military. A series of conferences on Kashmir was held from December 1962 to February 1963 between India and Pakistan. Both nations offered important concessions and a solution to the long-standing dispute seemed imminent. However, after the

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for retreating from Kargil under American pressure. Growing fiscal deficits and debt-service payments due to sanctions from nuclear weapon tests in 1998 had led to a financial crisis. When asked about his reason for backing down from Kargil, Sharif said that Pakistan had only enough fuel and

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American and British advisers trained Pakistani personnel and the US was allowed to create bases within Pakistan's borders to spy on the Soviet Union. In this period, many future Pakistani presidents and generals went to American and British military academies, which led to the Pakistan army

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The Pakistani Armed Forces initially numbered around 150,000 men, many scattered around various bases in India and needing to be transferred to Pakistan by train. The independence created large-scale communal violence in India. In total, around 7 million Muslims migrated to Pakistan and

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The Pakistan Army had been massing over 30,000 troops and 500 commandos to launch a decisive offensive against the Pakistani Taliban's sanctuaries. After a few weeks of softening up the targets with air strikes, artillery and mortar attacks, the Army moved in a three-pronged attack on South

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After the Soviet withdrawal, Pakistan for the first time since 1947, was not concerned about a threat on two fronts. Further, the emergence of five independent Muslim republics in Central Asia raised hopes that they might become allies and offer Pakistan both the political support and the

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This allowed Rahimuddin Khan to act as an absolute martial law administrator, unanswerable to the central government. Both Zia-ul-Haq and Rahimuddin Khan supported the declaration of a general amnesty in Balochistan to those willing to give up arms. Rahimuddin then purposefully isolated

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purposes. The arrival of the new high-technology weaponry proved to be quite helpful in organising stiff resistance against the Soviet Union. Many Army regulars fought in Afghanistan along with the resistance and contributed to the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989.

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Throughout that time, the foundations were laid down to develop a military nuclear capability. This included the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons design, development and testing programme. The fuel cycle program included the uranium exploration, mining, refining, conversion and

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The PAEC also played its part in the success and development of the uranium-enrichment programme by producing the uranium hexafluoride gas feedstock for enrichment. PAEC was also responsible for all the pre- and post-enrichment phases of the nuclear fuel cycle. By 1986 PAEC Chairman

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launched an investigation and cited that arms were smuggled from the coastal areas of Balochistan. The Navy acted immediately, and entered the conflict. Vice-Admiral Patrick Simpson, commander of Southern Naval Command, began to launch a series of operations under a naval blockade.

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river in the east, and the Ghaznavid dynasty lasted until 1187. In 1160, Muhammad Ghori conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids and became its governor in 1173. He marched eastwards into the remaining Ghaznavid territory and Gujarat in the 1180s, but was rebuffed by Gujarat's

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Pakistan, by supplying high-tech military equipment such as 22 Al-Khalid main battle tanks, 250,000 rounds of mortar ammunition and 150,000 hand grenades, and sending army officers to Sri Lanka, played a key role in the ultimate defeat of Tamil Tigers in May 2009.

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highway that serviced the logistics base from which supplies were ferried through helicopter to the Indian Army at the top of the Siachen Glacier. The Indian Army routinely abandoned the bunkers in the winter due to the cold and snow and re-occupied them in the spring.

1424:. They agreed upon a coalition government, with Bhutto as president and Mujibur as prime minister, and put political pressure on Khan's military government. Pressured by the military, Khan postponed the inaugural session, and ordered the arrests of Mujibur and Bhutto. 2010:

Soon after Bhutto assumed control of Pakistan, he established nuclear weapons development. On January 20, 1972, Abdus Salam, after being requested by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, arranged and managed a secret meeting of academic scientists and engineers with Bhutto in

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Pakistani troops working under the auspices of the UN were first deployed in Congo and formed part of the UN Operation in Congo (UNOC). Their mission was to ensure a stable withdrawal of Belgian Colonial forces and a smooth transition of Congo to self-government.

1114:, was launched later that year. Rebellion was fostered among local Kashmiris to attack the Indian Army for their independence. Pakistan Army had a qualitative superiority over their neighbours. This caused a full-fledged war across the international border (the 1105:

unprepared. The skirmish occurred between the border police of both countries due to poorly defined borders and later the armies of both countries responded. The result was decisive for the Pakistan army which was commended at home. Emboldened by this success,

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Since the conflict began, Pakistan has lost more than three times the number of its soldiers compared to the number of US troops killed in Afghanistan. However, as of 2009, the confirmed bodycount of militants killed by the Pakistan Army reached 7,000.

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introduced the Pressler Amendment, which imposed an embargo on all economic and military aid to Pakistan for developing nuclear weapons. This caused very negative publicity in Pakistan towards the US as many people in Pakistan, and particularly the

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on December 13, 2001, resulted in the deaths of fourteen people, including the five perpetrators. Claim is that the attacks were carried out by Indian terrorists who used to disturb the peace in India, This led to a military standoff between

2047:. He is also credited with recruiting hundreds of Pakistani scientists, engineers, and mathematicians to the nuclear weapons development program; he later formed and headed the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), the special weapons division of the 2811:

members, stop the Talibanization of the region and stop attacks in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, the militants did not hold up their end of the bargain and began to regroup and rebuild their strength from the previous 2 years of conflict.

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ammunition for 3 days and the nuclear missiles were not ready at that time. This comment made many Pakistanis brand Sharif a traitor as Army doctrine called for having at least 45 days of fuel and ammunition and to have nuclear missiles ready.

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influence. Therefore, Pakistan and the US signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement and American aid began to flow into Pakistan. This was followed by two more agreements. In 1955, Pakistan joined the South East Asian Treaty Organization

2591:. In a coup d'état, the generals ousted Sharif's administration and took over the airport. The plane landed with only a few minutes of fuel, and Musharraf assumed control of the government. Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled. 118:. Many of the early leaders of the military had fought in both world wars. Military history and culture is used to inspire and embolden modern-day troops, using historic names for medals, combat divisions, and domestically produced weapons. 1027:. The Pakistan Army had to be continually sent to secure the country's western borders. Afghan–Pakistan relations were to reach their lowest points in 1955 when diplomatic relations were severed with the ransacking of Pakistan's embassy in 358:

conquered the bulk of Khorasan|Khorasan]], marched on Peshawar in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of Punjab (1007), Balochistan (1011), Kashmir (1015) and Qanoch (1017). By the end of his reign in 1030, Mahmud's empire extended from

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was used as a refueling stop when India denied Pakistan overflight permissions prior to the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. Pakistan has sent military advisers, ammunition and other equipment to Sri Lanka during previous offensives against the

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Sino-Indian war, Pakistan had gained an important new ally in China and Pakistan then signed a bilateral border agreement with China that involved the boundaries of the disputed state, and relations with India again became strained.

2457:– the world's highest battlefield. The Glacier was under control of Pakistan from 1965 due to capture during war, but that area was not ceded for battle and as battlefield, India occupied illegally these areas in 1984 by launching 2278:

who were fighting the Soviets. Apprehensive of the two-front threat to Pakistan from India and from Soviet-occupied Afghanistan, the United States in 1981 offered a military aid package of over $ 1.5 billion, which included 40

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Fearing a communist expansion into India, the US for the first time gave large quantities of weapons to India. The expansion of the Indian armed forces was viewed by most Pakistanis as being directed towards Pakistan rather than

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Pakistan initially garrisoned its troops in military bases and forts in the tribal areas until several high-profile terrorist attacks inside Pakistan and assassination attempts on Pervez Musharraf in May 2004. Musharraf ordered

389:" and referred to the Turkic slave soldiers who became rulers throughout the Islamic world), seized the throne of the Sultanate in 1211. Several Turko-Afghan dynasties ruled their empires from Delhi: the Mamluk (1211–1290), the 6253: 895:

to persuade India to join an anti-communist pact, it turned towards Pakistan, which in contrast with India was prepared to join such an alliance in return of military and economic aid and also to find a potential ally against

2015:. It was there that Bhutto orchestrated, administered, and led the scientific research on nuclear weapons as he announced the official nuclear weapons development programme. In 1972, Pakistan's core intelligence service, the 1508:

and first Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Armed Forces. Taking authority in January 1972, Bhutto started a nuclear deterrence programme under Munir Ahmad Khan and his adviser Abdus Salam. In July 1972, Bhutto reached the

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Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the

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and the US was not pleased with this development, as the Soviets at that time became the chief benefactor to Afghanistan. Some sections of the American press blamed Pakistan for driving Afghanistan into the Soviet camp.

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fearing a nuclear war, would urge a secession of hostilities. Pakistan would emerge with an improved tactical advantage along the LOC and bring the Siachen Glacier conflict to the forefront of international resolution.

2405:, the Saudi government reached an agreement with Pakistan to have several brigades brought into the country to help in its defence. These brigades were placed under the orders of the Ministry of Defense and deployed in 873:

from India, for which he signed an instrument of accession with India due to forcefulness of Indian Government. The Pakistan army was pushed back by the Indians but not before taking control of the northwestern part of

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During the Soviet occupation of neighbouring Afghanistan, the alliance between the United States and Pakistan was greatly strengthened as the US needed Pakistan as a staging area from which to send weapons to the

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on the basis of self-assessed mismanagement and corruption. Successive governments have made sure that the military was consulted before they took key decisions, especially when those decisions related to the

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and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974 when around 15,000 Balochs fought the Pakistan Army, Navy and the Air Force. Following the successful recovery of

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into Pakistan's border areas began with the transfer of power in 1947 and became a continual irritant. Many Pashtun Afghans regarded the 19th century Anglo-Afghan border treaties (historically called the

6222: 5044: 413:– almost all of the Indus plain came under the rule of these large Indo-Islamic sultanates. Perhaps the greatest contribution of the sultanate was its temporary success in insulating South Asia from the 4035: 3110: 2461:, and captured the top of the Glacier by establishing a military base that it still maintains at a cost of more than US$ 1 million per day. Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to retake the whole 2901:

More than six hundred Pakistani troops formed part of the UN contingent forces that were deployed to ensure a smooth withdrawal of Dutch colonial forces from West New Guinea before the government of

2133:) were imposed on the country by several other countries, particularly the US. Having been developed under both Bhutto and Zia, the nuclear development programme had fully matured by the late 1980s. 4741: 2141:, greatly contributed to the uranium enrichment programme under both governments. A Q Khan established an administrative proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to 814:, only 2,300 were actually available. The neutral British officers were asked to fill in the gap and nearly 500 volunteered along with many Polish and Hungarian officers to run the medical corps. 1252:

Hussein declared martial law. The next day, Jordanian tanks attacked the headquarters of Palestinian organisations in Amman. The head of Pakistan's training mission to Jordan, Brigadier-General

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were mostly obsolete. Pakistan also had a dangerously low ammunition reserve of only one week. By August 15, 1947, both India and Pakistan had operational control over their armed forces.

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in the late 1980s but was put on hold due to the fear that this operation could lead to an all-out war with India. Pakistan had recently been placed under US military sanctions for developing

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archives and other sources) a large number of terrorist operations against Pakistan, which also suffered from an influx of weaponry and drugs from Afghanistan. Pakistan took in 3 million

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as a unit of Pakistan Navy. Instead, Chiefs of Staff were appointed in the three branches and Bhutto appointed all 4 star officers as the Chief of Staff in the Pakistan Armed Forces. General

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Pakistan had over 1,000 troops as part of UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slovenia. It provided security that ensured that there was no further fighting between Serbs and Croats.

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Clashes erupted between the Pakistani troops and al-Qaeda and other militants joined by local rebels and pro-Taliban forces. The Pakistani actions were presented as a part of the

2657:. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation, which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian and Pakistani troops from the International Border. 6147: 2221:. Pakistan was hosting a very large Afghan refugee population and drugs from Afghanistan had infiltrated Pakistan where the use of heroin was growing into a widespread problem. 99:. Political leaders of Pakistan are aware that the military has stepped into the political arena through coup d'état to establish military dictatorships, and could do so again. 6212: 6097: 1971: 5967: 1621:, which at that time was quite lawless and run by tribal justice. The ethnic Balochis saw this as a violation of their territorial rights. Emboldened by the stand taken by 773:

Pakistan was forced to accept a smaller share of the armed forces as most of the military assets, such as weapons depots, military bases, etc., were located inside the new

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in June 1982 were of Soviet origin and were then covertly transferred into Afghanistan through Pakistan. Later, when American support for the Mujahideen became obvious,

770:, they had agreed that the British Indian Army of 11,800 officers and 500,000 enlisted personnel was to be divided to the ratio of 64% for India and 36% for Pakistan. 1795:

who became Chief Martial Law Administrator in 1978. Zia-ul-Haq was appointed by Bhutto after Bhutto forced seventeen senior general officers to retire. Zia appointed

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peacekeepers. At present, Pakistan has the largest number of its personnel acting under the United Nations with the number standing at 10,173 as of 31 March 2007.

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The military government collapsed as a result of the war, and control of the country was handed over to the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Bhutto became the country's first

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After a 2-year conflict from 2004 until 2006, the Pakistani military negotiated a ceasefire with the Tribesmen from the region in which they pledged to hunt down

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On August 18, 2008, Musharraf resigned as president under impeachment pressure from the coalition government. He was succeeded on September 6, 2008 by

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and other high-technology American weaponry were transferred through Pakistan into Afghanistan. However some of these weapons may have been siphoned off by the

5623: 1565:'s democratic era but the India–Pakistan military balance, which was near parity during the 1960s, was growing decisively in India's favour. Under Bhutto, the 4039: 2044: 751:

regiments compared to the forty armoured, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments that went to India. At the Division Council, which was chaired by

3264: 2362:, the influx of so many refugees – believed to be the largest refugee population in the world – into several other regions had a lasting impact on Pakistan. 455:, and occupied most of Balochistan and the Indus plain. After Nadir Shah's death, the kingdom of Afghanistan was established in 1747 by one of his generals, 169: 3114: 1190:

helicopters but that aid was abruptly stopped under intense Indian pressure. Pakistan in this period was partially able to enhance its military capability.

5408: 5315: 4733: 1048: 6598: 4621: 2506:, Northern Light Infantry Forces and Pak Kashmiri militants planned to take over the abandoned Indian bunkers on various hills that overlooked the vital 1555: 2145:. He then established Pakistan's gas-centrifuge program based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. Khan is considered to be the founder of Pakistan's 1182:

fighters and enough equipment for three infantry divisions. France supplied some Mirage aircraft, submarines. The Soviet Union gave Pakistan around 100

5254: 3699: 1761: 3158: 2804:. However, the offensive was poorly coordinated and the Pakistan Army suffered heavy casualties and public support for the attack quickly evaporated. 6406: 5175: 2125:

and the strategic importance of Pakistan to the United States was gone. Once the full extent of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was revealed,

1070:. The US also pumped in large sums of money and military supplies to Pakistan as it saw Pakistan as being a check against Soviet expansionist plans. 5561:

Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An Army, its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999. Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books.

4968: 4673: 4426: 2831:

The next phase of the Pakistan Army's offensive was the formidable Waziristan region. A US drone attack killed the leader of the Pakistani Taliban,

877:(roughly 40% of Kashmir), which Pakistan still controls, the rest remaining under Indian control except for the portion ceded by Pakistan to China. 864:

Area shaded in green is Pakistani-controlled Kashmir and area shaded in orange is Indian-controlled Kashmir; the remainder is under Chinese control.

5228: 4991: 2752:

by severing ties with the Taliban and immediately deploying more than 72,000 troops along Pakistan's western border to capture or kill Taliban and

1672:

In time, the Baloch nationalist insurgency erupted and sucked the armed forces into the province, pitting the Baloch tribal middle classes against

1244:, Jordan and Syria. PAF pilots downed about 10 Israeli planes including Mirages, Mysteres and Vautours without losing a single plane of their own. 1143:

and by July 1967, the US withdrew its military assistance advisory group. In response to these events, Pakistan declined to renew the lease on the

755: 4570: 6334: 5277: 4865: 5545:

Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan : (The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army) (The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army)

5377: 4838: 3615: 3306: 5346: 3187: 2076: 1518:

As part of re-organizing the country, Bhutto disbanded the "Commander-in-Chief" title in the Pakistan Armed Forces. He also decommissioned the

4887: 4168: 2570:

An American admiral reviews Pakistani troops in February 2008. The two countries have had close military ties since September 2001.

2472:

The line between where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the

2092:), further advancements were made to enrich uranium and consolidate the nuclear development programme. On March 11, 1983, the PAEC under 4031: 2769: 1912:

President Zia dismissed the Junejo government on several charges in May 1988. He then called for elections in November. Zia-ul-Haq died in a

1299: 4944: 4643: 4474: 3870: 3732: 2997:

Pakistan had over 2,000 troops consisting of engineer elements present for construction process taking place in East Timor after civil war.

1783:

During the 1977 elections, rumours of widespread voter fraud led to the civilian government under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto being overthrown in a

6396: 6177: 4763: 1346: 4450: 2843:. Under his leadership, the Pakistani Taliban launched another wave of terrorist attacks throughout Pakistan, killing hundreds of people. 1147:

military facility, which ended in 1969. Eventually, US–Pakistan relations grew measurably weaker as the US became more deeply involved in

5821: 4591: 3080: 2582:

Fearing that the Army might take over, Sharif attempted to dismiss his own appointed Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General

1975: 1318: 1005: 5105: 471:) had asserted the independence of Sind, from the end of Aurangzeb's reign. Most of Balochistan came under the influence of the Khan of 5616: 4395: 4277: 4142: 3136: 2984:

On the request of the United Nations, Pakistan provided one Infantry battalion to form part of UNMIH from March 8, 1995, to 1998.

1682: 1446: 460: 329: 6537: 6439: 5014: 3844: 3483: 2615: 1325: 6457: 4602: 3216: 3090: 1942: 1158:

continued the massive build-up of the Indian military and a US arms embargo forced Pakistan to look at other options. It turned to

4318: 1546:. Because the co-ordination between the armed forces were unsupported and ineffective, in 1976, Bhutto also created the office of 51:) encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern 6202: 5198: 2715: 2117:, and was witnessed by other senior scientists belonging to Pakistan Armed Forces and the PAEC. To compound matters further, the 789: 300:. The Indo-Greek Kingdom ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the Central Asian 133:

with India after acquiring nuclear capabilities. In addition, there have been several minor border skirmishes with neighbouring

6706: 4913: 4578: 3564: 2824:

springboard to launch further attacks into neighbouring regions and reached to within 60 kilometres (37 mi) of Islamabad.

2495:

and the Pakistani military hierarchy believed that they did not have the proper military deterrent if the situation escalated.

2322:

Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. They were then flown into Afghanistan and provided the Mujahideen with support. After

5587: 4368: 1771:

Tensions later resurfaced in the province with the Pakistan Army being involved in attacks against an insurgency known as the

1332: 6772: 6636: 6547: 6542: 6012: 5609: 5468: 4198: 4111: 3819: 3794: 3763: 2793: 2229:

weaponry, Pakistan tried to develop a domestic weapons industry, which yielded some successes such as the development of the

2173:

in 1998, Pakistan, to the distaste of the international community, successfully carried out six underground nuclear tests in

1449:

of Pakistan Army, to curb and liberate East Pakistan from the resistance. The navy and army crackdown and brutalities during

5438: 2067:. He was appointed PAEC Chairman on January 20, 1972, at the Multan Conference of senior scientists and engineers. Earlier, 1034:

Pakistan used American weaponry to fight the Afghan incursions but the weaponry had been sold under the pretext of fighting

719:

Members of the newly-formed Pakistani Security Guard standing at attention during parade review for Pakistan’s Leader Jinnah

141:, the military is engaged in a protracted low intensity conflict along Pakistan's western border with Afghanistan, with the 6629: 6411: 5929: 3926: 1416:

had refused to accept an AL government and declared he would "break the legs" of any of his party members who attended the

459:, and included Kashmir, Peshawar, Daman, Multan, Sindh and Punjab. In the south, a succession of autonomous dynasties (the 4250: 4220:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§PAEC's contribution to Uranium enrichment programme, the Project-706.". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

3358: 2776:

area (in the FATA), which escalated into armed resistance by local tribesmen. March 2004 marked the beginning of the

657:

force in history. There were about 34,500 British officers and 15,740 Indian officers. The Army took part in campaigns in

373:

raid on his camp on the Jhelum River in 1206. Muhammad Ghori's successors established the first Indo-Islamic dynasty, the

6327: 6217: 6122: 5695: 2453:

After the 1971 war, another border flare-up occurred between India and Pakistan in 1984. The area of the dispute was the

2256: 1581:

war. The high defence expenditure took money from other development projects such as education, health care and housing.

1314: 999: 743:. The division of the British Indian Army occurred on June 30, 1947, in which Pakistan received six armoured, eight 3328: 2063:) production, enrichment and fuel fabrication and reprocessing facilities. These facilities were established in PAEC by 1420:. Capitalizing on West Pakistani fears of East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded to form a coalition with AL leader 6603: 5773: 5768: 5077: 4511: 4340: 2954:

peacekeepers also played a major part in the rescue of US forces when they tried to capture wanted warlords during the

2820:

to leave to take over the valley again. The militants then launched another wave of terrorist attacks inside Pakistan.

192:

The region of modern-day Pakistan (part of British Raj before 1947) formed the most-populous, easternmost and richest

3892: 2839:. A power struggle engulfed the Pakistani Taliban for the whole of September but by October a new leader had emerged, 1901:, Junejo vowed to bring those responsible for the significant damage caused to justice, implicating several times the 1488:. The official war between India and Pakistan ended after a fortnight on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing 5896: 5867: 5687: 5566: 5552: 5533: 5510: 4552: 4542: 4229: 4087: 4062: 4012: 3987: 3962: 3543: 3523: 3471: 3368: 3300: 3258: 3085: 2048: 1997: 1365: 957:, and declared martial law on October 7, 1958. President Mirza personally appointed his close associate General 710: 4619:

Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"

6624: 6619: 6137: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5733: 5677: 3044: 2919: 2882: 2725: 2681: 1574: 2551: 1625:

in 1971, the Baloch and Pashtun nationalists had also demanded their "provincial rights" from then-Prime Minister

6532: 6472: 6449: 6062: 6057: 5952: 5891: 4003:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§The Theoretical Physics Group, A cue from Manhattan Project?". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1979: 1566: 1547: 1531: 1505: 1389: 556: 115: 5400: 5307: 1760:

from provincial policy. He also put down all civil disobedience movements, effectively leading to unprecedented

6582: 6462: 6427: 6320: 6182: 6157: 5972: 5962: 5670: 3675: 3595: 3447: 2595:

for a few hours but spent more than five days touring and visiting India. Pakistan was also suspended from the

2193:) on May 30, proving Pakistan's nuclear capability. These tests were supervised and observed by physicist 1686: 1527: 1481: 1303: 1119: 827: 552: 488: 111: 4618: 6740: 6467: 6268: 6142: 6022: 5743: 5250: 4988: 2749: 2535:

suggested a total loss of around 453 soldiers from the Pakistani side and 500 soldiers from the Indian side.

2326:

was elected in 1980, US aid for the Mujahideen through Pakistan significantly increased. In retaliation, the

2261: 1708:

groups to form and steadily gain momentum. Despite the overthrow of the Bhutto government in 1977 by General

1630: 1543: 1417: 96: 3691: 6714: 6656: 6432: 6162: 6087: 5987: 3640: 1946: 1130:, and other equipment, while India's quantitative edge making up for theirs. The war ended in a ceasefire. 21: 5601: 2346:) who were forced to leave their country. Although the refugees were controlled within Pakistan's largest 2307:

in its sudden southward plunge made the American stake in an independent Pakistan all the more important.

1339: 6748: 6527: 6187: 6102: 6082: 5957: 4965: 4418: 2473: 2385: 2319: 2028: 2016: 1902: 1772: 224:. But his battle weary troops refused to advance further into India to engage the formidable army of the 5220: 2940:

operating there and also provided humanitarian assistance such as medical care to the local population.

2426:

it lacked. As long as Afghanistan was in chaos, Pakistan would lack direct access to the new republics.

2165:, which became operational by 1998. After India succeeded with five underground nuclear tests (codename 1216: 6552: 6384: 6232: 6167: 6132: 6047: 6037: 5997: 5977: 5705: 5700: 5655: 4567: 4471: 2955: 2709: 2142: 2032: 1894: 1470: 1458: 1383: 1115: 1084: 855: 87: 5281: 4861: 4828: 4103: 3290: 3248: 2314:(SSG) became actively involved in the conflict against the Soviets. The SSG created a unit called the 1515:

with Indira Gandhi of India, and brought back 93,000 POWs and recognised East-Pakistan as Bangladesh.

6661: 6577: 6152: 6107: 6042: 6017: 6007: 5992: 5847: 5789: 5665: 5660: 5369: 5194: 3611: 3408: 3180: 2315: 1801: 1729: 1658: 1379: 1207: 958: 834: 752: 339: 152:

In addition, Pakistani troops have also participated in various foreign conflicts, usually acting as

5338: 495:", and was referred to as the Maharaja of Lahore. His empire eventually extended as far west as the 6112: 6077: 6032: 6027: 5944: 5922: 5579: 4891: 3058: 2024: 1837: 797: 782: 767: 4936: 4704:"21 years of Kargil Vijay Diwas: How the Indian Armed Forces fought and won back Indian territory" 1019:) as void and were trying to re-draw the borders with Pakistan or to create an independent state ( 6719: 4651: 3866: 3724: 2684:. Many Sri Lankan officers are trained in Pakistan, the cadre which include Sri Lankan President 2596: 2162: 1805: 1705: 1292: 1268:

the battlefield), took active part in this battle in which the enemy was ultimately driven back.

1179: 1031:

and again in 1961 when the Pakistan Army had to repel a major Afghan incursion in Bajaur region.

886: 838: 763: 4053:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Dr A.Q. Khan, Nothing Succeed like Success?". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1966:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

86:, the military has remained one of the country's most powerful institutions and has on occasion 6752: 6744: 6391: 4629: 4583: 4506: 4483: 4447: 3786: 3780: 2934: 2503: 2351: 2210: 2161:

had begun work on the 50 MW plutonium and tritium production reactor at Khushab, known as

2138: 2040: 1882: 1859: 1796: 1765: 1753: 1618: 1401: 811: 472: 293: 249: 213: 4588: 4305: 6374: 6348: 5748: 5641: 4391: 2311: 2246: 2150: 2146: 1852: 1813: 1622: 1614: 1477: 1450: 1421: 1257: 1203: 830: 501: 79: 74:, as the Pakistani Armed Forces have played, and continue to play, a significant role in the 4273: 4134: 3391: 1685:

in the Iraqi embassy, shipped by both Iraq and Soviet Union for the Baluchistan resistance,

1248:

that he is Pakistani and not Egyptian." No Pakistani ground forces participated in the war.

1236:. When the Six-Day War started, Pakistan assisted by sending a contingent of its pilots and 937:

to which Pakistan sent military advisers, a practice which continues into the 21st century.

280:, which ruled the region from 321 to 185 BC. The Mauryas Empire was itself conquered by the 29:, which included many troops from present-day Pakistan. In picture are troops of the famous 5826: 2761: 2741: 2720: 2666: 2634: 2056: 1890: 1666: 1634: 1590: 1462: 1260:), took command of the Jordanian Army's 2nd division and helped Jordan during this crisis. 778: 732: 138: 60: 5011: 3836: 3490: 2772:(FATA) region and take forceful action against al-Qaeda members in Pakistan's mountainous 2295:, began helping the Mujahideen in setting up training camps and arming them. US President 807:

5 million Sikhs and Hindus to India with over a million people dying in the process.

523: 8: 6724: 6242: 5915: 4077: 3075: 2765: 2621: 2523: 2431: 2389: 2331: 2089: 1906: 1898: 1792: 1788: 1709: 1641:

coalition, he refused to negotiate with the provincial governments led by chief minister

1633:. But while Bhutto admitted the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Balochistan to a 1626: 1562: 1413: 1253: 1107: 594: 518: 296:, capitalised and conquered southern Afghanistan and Pakistan around 180 BC, forming the 273: 265: 205: 103: 71: 26: 4599: 3412: 3222: 2213:, believed they had been abandoned after they risked a great deal in helping thwart the 6692: 6682: 6572: 6511: 5852: 5584: 5224: 4768: 3437: 2797: 2695: 2685: 2653:

between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the US-led

2599:

while Musharraf pledged to clean corruption out of politics and stabilise the economy.

2566: 2458: 2130: 2126: 2085: 1717: 1596: 1439: 1123: 837:, had made it clear to Pakistan that in case of war with India, no other member of the 736: 701:

soldiers). Many future military officers and leaders of Pakistan fought in these wars.

602: 335: 297: 122: 6312: 5190: 3668:

On Eagles' Wings: The Personal Story of the Leading Commander of the Israeli Air Force

3063:

1,313 Pakistani troops deployed to the peacekeeping mission under UN Resolution 2145.

1764:

within the province. Due to martial law, his reign (1977–1984) was the longest in the

6687: 6297: 5562: 5548: 5529: 5522: 5506: 5073: 4538: 4336: 4293: 4225: 4083: 4058: 4008: 3983: 3958: 3815: 3790: 3759: 3671: 3591: 3539: 3519: 3467: 3443: 3385: 3364: 3296: 3254: 3130: 2840: 2781: 2646: 2252: 2194: 2134: 1732:

over the Balochistan Province. The provincial military government under the famously

1701: 1539: 1535: 1454: 1442: 1140: 1090: 869: 774: 728: 456: 369: 234: 197: 75: 4905: 3556: 2828:

pacified by July 2009 although isolated pockets of Taliban activity continued.

1855:, greatly contributing to the eventual withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. 1832:

was introduced into the country's legal system by 1978, contributing to current-day

1118:) broke out between India and Pakistan. The air forces of both countries engaged in 6677: 6504: 5811: 5710: 4360: 3978:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Development of Weapons in 1972". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

2836: 2832: 2789: 2654: 2603: 2583: 2448: 2377: 2335: 2166: 2158: 2096:

carried out the first successful cold test of a working nuclear device near at the

2093: 2068: 2064: 1551: 1519: 1511: 1435: 759: 484: 414: 355: 257: 201: 92: 64: 5596: 4190: 3953:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§A Man in a Hurry for the Bomb". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1431:, the army and navy attempted to impose order. Khan's military government ordered 208:

overthrew the Achaemenid Empire in 334 BCE and marched eastwards. After defeating

5804: 5738: 5725: 5591: 5460: 5430: 5018: 4995: 4972: 4800: 4625: 4606: 4595: 4574: 4556: 4454: 3332: 2896: 2650: 2638: 2492: 2454: 2423: 2359: 2339: 2266: 1878: 1877:

economic policies of the previous civilian government, which included aggressive

1867: 1757: 1741: 1725: 1642: 1570: 1530:; Admiral Mohammad Shariff, as first 4-star admiral in the navy and as the first 1485: 1094: 1054: 954: 464: 394: 374: 245: 6344: 5633: 5308:"Pakistani Contribution to United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia (UNOROFOR)" 4246: 4026: 4024: 3922: 2084:

After Chief Martial Law Administrator (later president) and Chief of Army Staff

405:(1451–1526). Although some kingdoms remained independent of Delhi – in Gujarat, 5799: 4999: 4796:"Kargil Vijay Diwas 20th Anniversary: Facts about 1999 India-Pakistan conflict" 2777: 2410: 2406: 2381: 2343: 2299:

had accepted the view that the Soviet aggression was a potential threat to the

2205: 1809: 1784: 1602: 1484:

to the allied forces upon which 93,000 soldiers, officers and civilians became

1232:

to help in their training and military preparations for any potential war with

1024: 950: 800: 785: 678: 650: 582: 574: 569: 561: 536: 468: 410: 289: 240: 153: 5278:"US airstrike kills 11 Pakistani soldiers in 'cowardly and unprovoked attack'" 3756:

South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh

2922:

performed recovery missions on the Kuwaiti Island of Bubiyan located north of

1469:, war broke out between the separatist supporters in Bangladesh and Pakistan ( 6766: 6499: 6494: 6291: 5857: 5524:

Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, The Army, And America's War On Terror

5106:"'Pak played key role in Lanka's victory over Tamil Tigers' - Indian Express" 4976: 4478: 4078:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento; National Security News Service (2007).

4021: 2745: 2323: 2234: 2186: 2174: 2153:

uranium enrichment programme, which was originally launched by PAEC in 1974.

1889:

Zia lifted martial law in 1985, holding party-less elections and handpicking

1863: 1821: 1733: 1489: 1428: 1405: 1397: 1098: 946: 892: 822: 818: 793: 724: 630: 626: 452: 444: 422: 309: 305: 301: 281: 277: 225: 221: 217: 107: 42: 30: 4497: 3181:"Ranking of military and civilian police contributions to the UN Operations" 1978:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

5907: 5631: 5370:"Former Yugoslavia/ Bosnia/ Kosovo / Eastern Slovenia (Feb 1992 – To Date)" 4734:"21 years since India's Kargil war victory: Defence minister pays tributes" 3005: 2575: 2531: 2527: 2522:

Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile

2300: 2296: 2292: 2214: 2178: 2118: 2114: 2101: 2097: 1833: 1737: 1694: 1662: 1466: 1432: 1393: 1155: 1020: 987: 979: 918: 909: 666: 540: 402: 4549: 1812:

on charges of authorising the murder of a political opponent. Under Zia's

6301: 5842: 5794: 2923: 2801: 2355: 2218: 2122: 2036: 1938: 1913: 1848: 1721: 1199: 1163: 1148: 1102: 1016: 1011: 983: 662: 606: 590: 565:

Punjabi Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army arrive in France, 1914

532: 496: 438: 418: 285: 134: 83: 4888:"afp.google.com, Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election: officials" 4600:

Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"

796:. General Messervy was succeeded in this post in February 1948, by 5715: 2992: 2780:

in South Waziristan. It was reported that al-Qaeda's second-in-command

2773: 2485: 2284: 2275: 2265:

Mujahideen gather outside a Soviet garrison, preparing for to launch a

1844: 1677: 1606: 1526:, infamous for his role in Bangladesh Liberation War, become the first 1523: 1493: 1409: 448: 209: 177: 173: 130: 56: 3211: 1916:

on August 17, 1988, which was later proven to be highly sophisticated

735:

and the subsequent transfer of power to the two countries resulted in

284:, which ruled the region from 185 to 73 BC. Other regions such as the 4502: 4459: 3212: 2902: 2729: 2672: 2190: 2111: 1874: 1713: 1673: 1610: 1461:

throughout the later months resulted in further resentment among the

1035: 744: 723:

On June 3, 1947, the British Government announced its plan to divide

610: 426: 360: 308:

who ruled until 375 AD. The region was then conquered by the Persian

3285: 3243: 3221:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex; Baltimore: Penguin Books. Archived from 2043:, headed the nuclear weapons program as he was the prime minister's 1550:

for maintaining the co-ordination between the armed forces. General

1281: 1178:

for military aid. China in particular gave Pakistan over 900 tanks,

149:

militants, as well as those who support or provide shelter to them.

5816: 4764:"20 years of Kargil war: India, Pakistan remain tense over Kashmir" 3286: 3244: 2966: 2808: 2753: 2733: 2630: 2507: 2373: 2347: 2230: 2182: 1917: 1650: 1211: 1187: 1144: 1097:

in 1962. A small border skirmish between India and Pakistan in the

963: 933:

developing along Western models, especially following the British.

901: 748: 740: 642: 634: 622: 578: 230: 181: 146: 102:

The Pakistani Armed Forces were created in 1947 by division of the

52: 25:

The roots of the Pakistan army traces back to the pre-independence

5136:"Sri Lanka's Faustian bargain with Pakistan: Exit LTTE, enter ISI" 3812:

War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh

3782:

The Pakistan Cauldron: Conspiracy, Assassination & Instability

860: 288:

were left unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The

3031: 3018: 2948: 2676: 2642: 2588: 2462: 2369: 2170: 1167: 1151:

and as its broader interest in the security of South Asia waned.

1111: 874: 674: 646: 618: 386: 351: 193: 185: 142: 5176:"Pakistan airforce pilots played key role in Sri Lankan victory" 3644: 3329:"The Mughal Legacy: The Golden Age of Northern India, 1526–1858" 2649:

media, coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a

2071:

was serving as Director of Nuclear Power and Reactors Division,

1653:. Tensions erupted and an armed resistance began to take place. 953:

took over the country, deposed the government of Prime Minister

621:

and suffered very heavy casualties. Many troops from modern day

5251:"Pakistan public opinion turning against Taliban - Yahoo! News" 5037:"Pakistan military 'offers assistance' to Sri Lankan Air Force" 4641: 4247:"The Pressler Amendment and Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program" 4165:"Lankan Muslims in Dubai supplied N-materials to Pak: A Q Khan" 4038:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from 3023:

2,000 Pakistani troops participated in peace keeping missions.

2913: 2698:

pilots also lead a bombing campaign against LTTE forces in 2008

2402: 2304: 2012: 1870:, who ruled for an unprecedented seven years under martial law. 1840:, and instilling a sense of religious purpose within the youth. 1829: 1749: 1646: 1638: 1438:, Commander of Eastern Naval Command of the Pakistan Navy, and 1237: 1233: 1225: 1175: 975: 905: 690: 686: 658: 638: 614: 535:

ruled from 1858 to 1947, the period when India was part of the

476: 398: 390: 378: 364: 347: 269: 253: 5519: 3387:

The Punjaub, being a brief account of the country of the Sikhs

3010:

1,500 Pakistani troops participated in peace keeping process.

67:, when Pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation. 4581:

VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on

4244: 2979: 2847:

Waziristan. The war ended with a decisive Pakistani victory.

2626: 2020: 1924:

to large fiscal deficits and a rapid buildup of public debt.

1241: 1229: 1171: 1159: 1067: 1058: 1028: 922: 914: 897: 694: 682: 670: 598: 417:

in the 13th century; nonetheless the sultans eventually lost

406: 343: 126: 4674:"21 years of Kargil Vijay Diwas: Timeline of the Kargil war" 2197:

and other senior academic scientists from PAEC and the KRL.

1775:. Attempted uprisings have taken place as recently as 2005. 2864: 2327: 2280: 2226: 2107: 2072: 1601:

The Baloch rebellion of the 1970s was the most-threatening

1183: 1127: 971: 967: 480: 5275: 4906:"BBC NEWS – South Asia – Bhutto's widower wins presidency" 3719: 3717: 2587:

landing of the airline, which then circled the skies over

2051:(PAEC) that developed the designs of the nuclear weapons. 78:

and shaping of the country. Although Pakistan was founded

5022: 4833: 3758:(1st ed.). Amsterdam University Press. p. 102. 2511: 2365: 3948: 3946: 3944: 2606:, duly elected as Pakistan's 11th president since 1956. 2291:

The Pakistani military, aided by the US and financed by

272:

left behind by Alexander were defeated and conquered by

6342: 4354: 4352: 3714: 2861:

United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan

2081:, a plutonium reprocessing plant located in Islamabad. 1408:. However talks on sharing power failed and President 921:, later renamed the Central Asian Treaty Organization ( 817:

By October 1947, Pakistan had raised four divisions in

5495:

A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections

4937:"nytimes.com, Zardari Is Elected Pakistan's President" 2303:

region. The uncertain scope of the final objective of

1932: 868:

Pakistan experienced combat almost immediately in the

320: 88:

overthrown democratically elected civilian governments

4036:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme" 4032:(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies 3941: 3548: 1700:

Although major fighting had broken down, ideological

200:

for almost two centuries, starting from the reign of

4349: 1561:

Pakistan's defence spending rose by 200% during the

447:

covered much of India. In 1739, the Persian emperor

334:

In 712 CE, an Arab Muslim military commander called

268:'s Greek and Persian armies withdrew westwards, the 204:(522–485 BC). The first major conflict erupted when 4589:

The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang

4080:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

2660: 2526:was weakened further. On 15 June 1999 US President 1542:, as first 4-star air force general, and the first 1306:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 810:Of the estimated requirement of 4,000 officers for 312:Empire which ruled large parts of it until 565 AD. 5521: 4935:Perlez, Jane; Masood, Salman (September 6, 2008). 4532: 3635: 3633: 3356: 3036:1,600 Pakistani troops in peace keeping missions. 2416: 2023:was close to developing an atomic bomb, under its 993: 581:. The Kullah or conical top was typically worn by 443:From the 16th to the 19th century, the formidable 6612: 3809: 3295:. London: William Heinemann. pp. Ch. LXIII. 2744:in the United States, Pakistan joined the US-led 2027:. Partially in response, defence expenditure and 1791:). The new ruler was Chief of Army Staff General 6764: 5500: 5301: 5299: 5128: 3253:. London: William Heinemann. pp. Ch. LXII. 2035:Bhutto increased by 200%. In the initial years, 1224:Pakistan had sent numerous military advisers to 1193: 982:(later known as CENTO), which was to defend the 324:Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle. 125:, the military has fought three major wars with 5542: 3814:. University of California Press. p. 141. 3630: 2703: 1824:in 1978) the following initiatives were taken: 1584: 1556:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 704: 5276:Zahid Hussain; Michael Evans (June 12, 2008). 4333:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 4224:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 4057:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 4007:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 3982:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 3957:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 3173: 2574:Many people in Pakistan blamed Prime Minister 2225:not delivered. Unable to purchase American or 1736:General Rahimuddin began to act as a separate 1133: 70:The military holds a significant place in the 6520: 6328: 5923: 5617: 5296: 5188: 4598:Stanford Journal of International Relations; 1629:in exchange for a consensual approval of the 1499: 1049:People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations 908:and Iran would be ideal countries to counter 5937: 5069:Pakistan and Islamic Militancy in South Asia 4934: 4612: 4448:Confirm ground position line on Siachen: BJP 3508: 229:several new Macedonian/Greek settlements in 5191:"Killing scares media away from Waziristan" 5162:"Pakistan played a key role in LTTE defeat" 5005: 4982: 3081:Military history of the North-West Frontier 2854: 2633:which amassed troops on either side of the 1843:Pakistan fought a war by proxy against the 1006:Military history of the North-West Frontier 451:invaded India, defeated the Mughal Emperor 129:. It has also fought a limited conflict at 6670: 6335: 6321: 5930: 5916: 5624: 5610: 4989:"India to withdraw troops from Pak border" 4644:"Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff" 4628:(Belfer Center for International Affairs, 4245:Federation of American Scientists, (FAS). 3419:A Year on the Punjab Frontier, in 1848-49. 2288:while losing one F-16 from its own fleet. 1661:banning the NAP and charged them all with 1617:wanted to establish military garrisons in 330:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 47: 5401:"United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)" 5367: 5305: 4959: 4335:. Cornell University Press. p. 440. 4319:Amnesty International file on Afghanistan 3383: 3279: 3237: 2736:. The bombing was called Pakistan's 9/11. 1998:Learn how and when to remove this message 1665:, to be tried by a specially constituted 1366:Learn how and when to remove this message 1139:India, but this had little impact to the 762:, and was composed of the leaders of the 248:depicting Alexander and Porus during the 5678:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 5012:"Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops" 4561: 4191:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 3893:"1979: Deposed Pakistani PM is executed" 3692:"Meddling in Bahrain's internal affairs" 3536:Pakistan's Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal 3414:A year on the Punjab frontier in 1848–49 3407: 3401: 3377: 3363:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 3. 3215:; Aubrey De Sélincourt (trans.) (1954). 3091:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 2719: 2565: 2557: 2260: 1943:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 1427:Faced with popular unrest and revolt in 1215: 859: 714: 568: 560: 522: 475:, apart from some coastal areas such as 319: 239: 188:respectively, from modern day's Pakistan 168: 20: 5520:Jessica Stern and Hassan Abbas (2004). 4916:from the original on September 30, 2009 4472:Guns to fall silent on Indo-Pak borders 4419:"Siachen: The world's highest cold war" 4096: 4082:. Steerforth Press, 2007. p. 165. 3929:from the original on September 28, 2007 3778: 3772: 3665: 3456: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3352: 3350: 1778: 1744:independent of the central government. 1554:, a 4-star general, was made the first 1465:. With India assisting and funding the 1396:(AL) winning a substantial majority in 1392:in Pakistan were held in 1970 with the 698: 106:. Pakistan was given units such as the 6765: 6407:Cabinet Committee on National Security 6401:National Assembly Committee on Defence 5280:. London: Times Online. Archived from 5221:"Pakistan attacks Waziristan compound" 5065: 5047:from the original on February 21, 2022 4862:"Clinton Embarks on Visit to Pakistan" 4841:from the original on December 26, 2008 4330: 4324: 4253:from the original on November 17, 2015 4219: 4114:from the original on November 10, 2010 4052: 4030: 4002: 3977: 3952: 3803: 3585: 3567:from the original on December 19, 2006 3528: 3435: 3205: 3135:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2609: 2543: 1881:, were gradually reversed; Pakistan's 1800:Bhutto was executed in 1979 after the 1042: 940: 110:, which had seen intensive service in 6316: 5911: 5774:War with Islamic State (2022–Present) 5605: 5411:from the original on October 24, 2017 5380:from the original on October 24, 2017 5349:from the original on October 15, 2017 5318:from the original on October 24, 2017 5086:from the original on October 23, 2017 5034: 4776:from the original on 10 November 2020 4714:from the original on 10 November 2020 4684:from the original on 10 November 2020 4642:Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery. 4416: 4201:from the original on November 9, 2011 4132: 3873:from the original on January 11, 2007 3847:from the original on February 9, 2006 3810:Sisson, Richard; Leo E. Rose (1992). 3289:; Bernadotte Perrin (trans.) (1919). 3267:from the original on February 6, 2023 3247:; Bernadotte Perrin (trans.) (1919). 2724:View of the Marriott hotel after the 176:soldiers of the three territories of 5398: 4826: 4820: 4514:from the original on October 1, 2009 4429:from the original on August 23, 2016 4359:BBC, News Page (December 20, 2000). 4071: 3618:from the original on January 6, 2017 3476: 3424: 3347: 2716:Pakistan's role in the War on Terror 2240: 1950: 1816:(which was declared legal under the 1676:. The sporadic fighting between the 1304:adding citations to reliable sources 1275: 479:, which were ruled by the Sultan of 159: 5471:from the original on April 19, 2009 5441:from the original on April 19, 2009 5336: 4868:from the original on April 21, 2005 4568:Kargil: where defence met diplomacy 4495: 4392:"PAKISTAN'S SUPPORT OF THE TALIBAN" 4358: 4145:from the original on April 22, 2009 3903:from the original on March 18, 2007 3835:BBC, News page (January 17, 2005). 3834: 3753: 3747: 3735:from the original on March 16, 2006 3702:from the original on March 20, 2011 3643:. Scramble Magazine. Archived from 3554: 3516:The History and culture of Pakistan 3464:The History and Culture of Pakistan 3193:from the original on March 27, 2009 2770:Federally Administered Tribal Areas 1933:Development of atomic bomb projects 900:. By 1954, the US had decided that 777:, while those that were in the new 315: 46: 13: 5487: 5339:"United Nations mission in Bosnia" 5257:from the original on June 15, 2009 5231:from the original on June 18, 2009 5201:from the original on June 18, 2009 5116:from the original on July 10, 2014 4947:from the original on July 22, 2016 4398:from the original on June 15, 2010 4389: 3357:Heath, Ian; Michael Perry (2005). 2442: 1412:declared martial law. PPP leader 1271: 1078: 849: 164: 14: 6784: 5666:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 5573: 4859: 4808:from the original on 26 July 2019 4744:from the original on 26 July 2020 4371:from the original on May 17, 2006 4280:from the original on May 12, 2006 3555:Ali, Mahmud (December 24, 2003). 3390:. London: Smith, Elder. pp. 3309:from the original on June 2, 2007 3086:History of the Pakistan Air Force 2616:2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 2396: 2049:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1712:, Chief of Army Staff, calls for 803:, who served until January 1951. 711:History of the Pakistan Air Force 546: 527:Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 415:Mongol invasion from Central Asia 6736: 6735: 6343: 6296: 6287: 6286: 5661:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan 5632: 5585:Fifty Years of the Pakistan Army 4361:"Analysis: Who are the Taliban?" 4271: 3923:"1State and Pakistan Economy II" 3837:"Pakistan risks new battlefront" 3484:"THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR CONFLICT" 2920:Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers 2682:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 2675:enjoy a strong relationship and 2661:Military assistance to Sri Lanka 2334:, carried out (according to the 1955: 1862:were put down by the province's 1575:Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers 1280: 1093:as being weakened following the 990:from Soviet communists designs. 432: 304:. Their empire morphed into the 82:after its independence from the 59:. The history of the modern-day 5453: 5423: 5392: 5361: 5330: 5269: 5243: 5213: 5189:David Montero (June 22, 2006). 5182: 5168: 5154: 5098: 5059: 5028: 4928: 4898: 4880: 4853: 4788: 4756: 4726: 4696: 4666: 4635: 4526: 4489: 4465: 4441: 4410: 4383: 4312: 4265: 4238: 4213: 4183: 4157: 4126: 4046: 3996: 3971: 3915: 3885: 3859: 3828: 3684: 3659: 3604: 3579: 2756:militants fleeing Afghanistan. 2502:Some elements of the Pakistani 2417:Taliban takeover of Afghanistan 2257:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations 2200: 1669:Tribunal of handpicked judges. 1548:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 1506:Chief Martial Law Administrator 1291:needs additional citations for 1000:Afghanistan–Pakistan Skirmishes 994:Border clashes with Afghanistan 557:Indian Army during World War II 6583:Strategic Plans Division Force 6254:British Indian Ocean Territory 3588:Yeager : An Autobiography 3321: 3143: 3103: 2530:urged Pakistan Prime Minister 1315:"Military history of Pakistan" 1101:in April 1965 caught the 978:was formed and was called the 925:) when Iraq withdrew in 1959. 841:would come to Pakistan's aid. 553:Indian Army during World War I 512: 1: 5066:Ramsey, Syed (January 2017). 4496:Ali, Tariq (April 19, 2001). 4104:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb" 3096: 2792:, and had connections to the 2479: 1631:Pakistan Constitution of 1973 1194:Involvement in Arab conflicts 1110:, an infiltration attempt in 1010:Armed tribal incursions from 6773:Military history of Pakistan 6358:Military history of Pakistan 4535:Kargil : A Wake Up Call 4417:Easen, Nick (May 20, 2002). 4390:Online, Human Rights Watch. 3045:Democratic Republic of Congo 3015:January 2005 – December 2006 2905:could take over the island. 2704:War in the North-West region 2538: 2469:their strategic high posts. 2318:who were SSG men dressed as 1980:Knowledge's inclusion policy 1947:Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan 1927: 1585:Baloch nationalist uprisings 1073: 1053:After India's defeat in the 844: 705:Birth of the modern military 507: 421:and western Pakistan to the 409:(central India), Bengal and 220:), he conquered much of the 39:military history of Pakistan 16:Aspect of Pakistan's history 7: 6397:Senate Committee on Defence 5547:. Oxford University Press. 5505:. Oxford University Press. 5465:United Nations Peacekeeping 5435:United Nations Peacekeeping 4533:Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). 4321:URL Accessed March 22, 2006 3612:"Indo-Pakistan War of 1965" 3590:. Random House Publishing. 3417:. London: Richard Bentley. 3069: 2989:January 2001 – January 2004 2474:Actual Ground Position Line 1903:Inter-Services Intelligence 1773:Balochistan Liberation Army 1134:Rebuilding the armed forces 788:was appointed as the first 10: 6789: 6657:Pakistani Defence Industry 6543:National Command Authority 6385:Prime Minister of Pakistan 4550:Online summary of the Book 4453:December 11, 2008, at the 3779:Farwell, James P. (2011). 3439:Pakistan: A Modern History 2858: 2713: 2710:War in North-West Pakistan 2707: 2664: 2613: 2562:President Pervez Musharraf 2552:1999 Pakistani coup d'état 2483: 2446: 2250: 2244: 2143:Khan Research Laboratories 1936: 1895:Prime Minister of Pakistan 1858:Secessionist uprisings in 1594: 1588: 1500:Recovery from the 1971 War 1471:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1390:first democratic elections 1384:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1377: 1197: 1116:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1085:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1082: 1046: 1003: 997: 884: 856:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 853: 708: 550: 516: 436: 327: 6733: 6705: 6662:Defence Housing Authority 6649: 6591: 6565: 6487: 6448: 6420: 6412:National Security Council 6364: 6355: 6282: 6241: 6201: 5943: 5884: 5866: 5835: 5782: 5724: 5686: 5648: 5501:Stephen P. Cohen (1998). 5368:Pakistan Army, Official. 5306:Pakistan Army, Official. 5195:Christian Science Monitor 5110:archive.indianexpress.com 5035:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. 4971:December 5, 2008, at the 4594:January 18, 2012, at the 3384:Steinbach, Henry (1846). 3002:June 2003 – December 2004 2893:October 1962 – April 1963 2620:A militant attack on the 2330:, under Afghan President 2181:on May 28 (codename 1920:by unknown perpetrators. 1730:Martial Law Administrator 1380:Bangladesh Liberation War 1208:Black September in Jordan 880: 835:Commander-in-Chief, India 756:Lord Mountbatten of Burma 6003:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5938:Military history of Asia 5876:UN peacekeeping missions 5543:Gul Hassan Khan (1994). 4498:"Bitter Chill of Winter" 3867:"Balochistan insurgency" 3218:Herodotus: the Histories 3059:Central African Republic 2918:After the Gulf War, the 2855:UN peacekeeping missions 2785:not among the fighters. 2372:weapons captured by the 2019:, secretly learned that 1838:religious fundamentalism 1447:Eastern Military Command 1443:Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi 1404:(PPP) won a majority in 891:With the failure of the 768:Indian National Congress 491:who proclaimed himself " 6264:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5812:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) 5580:Pakistan Military Guide 4966:"Who will strike first" 4860:World, People's Daily. 4624:August 4, 2011, at the 3754:Roy, Rituparna (2010). 3557:"Rise of Pakistan army" 3360:The Sikh army 1799–1849 2945:April 1992 – March 1995 2931:March 1992 – March 1996 2597:Commonwealth of Nations 2163:Khushab Reactor Complex 1905:(ISI) Director-General 1724:then appointed General 887:Foreign aid to Pakistan 790:Army Commander-in-Chief 539:. Following the famous 76:Pakistani establishment 33:striking a pose. ~1895. 6599:Awards and decorations 5590:April 4, 2006, at the 5374:Pakistan Army Official 5017:July 14, 2018, at the 4630:Harvard Kennedy School 4507:London Review of Books 4331:Safran, Nadav (1988). 4274:"Why do they hate us?" 3666:Weizman, Ezer (1977). 3586:Yeager, Chuck (1986). 3442:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2963:May 1996 – August 1997 2879:August 1960 – May 1964 2737: 2571: 2563: 2465:but was unsuccessful. 2270: 2211:Pakistani Armed Forces 2139:metallurgical engineer 2106:. The test was led by 1883:Gross National Product 1766:history of Balochistan 1754:Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti 1402:Pakistan Peoples Party 1221: 1141:Johnson Administration 865: 812:Pakistani Armed Forces 720: 586: 566: 528: 338:conquered most of the 325: 261: 250:Battle of the Hydaspes 214:Battle of the Hydaspes 189: 34: 6450:Joint Chiefs of Staff 6375:President of Pakistan 6349:Pakistan Armed Forces 5790:Arab–Israeli conflict 5642:Pakistan Armed Forces 5497:(4th ed. 2014); 416pp 4912:. September 6, 2008. 4272:News, Village Voice. 4197:. February 12, 2004. 3055:April 2014 – Present 2723: 2569: 2561: 2312:Special Service Group 2264: 1818:Doctrine of Necessity 1814:military dictatorship 1623:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1615:Pakistan Armed Forces 1478:Pakistan Armed Forces 1451:Operation Searchlight 1422:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1258:President of Pakistan 1219: 1204:North Yemen Civil War 863: 831:Sir Claude Auchinleck 718: 572: 564: 526: 502:Second Anglo-Sikh War 323: 243: 172: 24: 6473:Chief of Naval Staff 6178:United Arab Emirates 5827:Grand Mosque seizure 5399:Pak Army, Official. 4979:, December 20, 2001. 4654:on December 20, 2009 4481:November 26, 2003 – 3725:"Wars fought by PAF" 3647:on December 17, 2001 3641:"Pakistan Air Force" 3436:Talbot, Ian (2005). 3409:Edwardes, Herbert B. 3335:on February 28, 2009 3287:Plutarchus, Mestrius 3245:Plutarchus, Mestrius 3041:July 2010 – Present 2742:September 11 attacks 2667:Sri Lankan civil war 2635:International Border 2235:JF-17 Strike Fighter 2057:Uranium Hexafluoride 1891:Muhammad Khan Junejo 1779:Second military rule 1649:and Mufti Mahmud in 1619:Balochistan Province 1591:Balochistan conflict 1532:Chief of Naval Staff 1300:improve this article 1089:Pakistan viewed the 821:and one division in 779:Dominion of Pakistan 401:(1414–1451) and the 139:September 11 attacks 61:military of Pakistan 48:تاريخ عسكری پاكِستان 6725:Bangladesh genocide 6693:Shaheen (Air Force) 6463:Chief of Army Staff 6371:Commander-in-Chief 6205:limited recognition 5868:Foreign deployments 5597:History of Pak Army 5284:on January 22, 2009 5025:, October 17, 2002. 5002:, October 16, 2002. 4579:Chief of Army Staff 4222:Long Road to Chagai 4171:on January 13, 2012 4055:Long Road to Chagai 4005:Long Road to Chagai 3980:Long Road to Chagai 3955:Long Road to Chagai 3785:. Potomac. p. 3696:The Express Tribune 3161:on January 20, 2013 3151:"Welcome to nginx!" 3076:Indo-Pakistani Wars 2956:Battle of Mogadishu 2768:to be stationed in 2637:(IB) and along the 2610:Standoff with India 2544:Third military rule 2432:Burhanuddin Rabbani 2401:When Iraq occupied 2390:reverse engineering 2378:invasion of Lebanon 2332:Mohammad Najibullah 2310:Pakistan's ISI and 2206:US Senator Pressler 2121:had withdrawn from 2090:Operation Fair Play 2088:came to power (see 1907:Akhtar Abdur Rahman 1789:Operation Fair Play 1722:military government 1627:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1528:Chief of Army Staff 1476:The result was the 1445:, Commander of the 1414:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1120:massive air warfare 1108:Operation Gibraltar 1043:Alliance with China 941:First military rule 649:) and received the 595:British Indian Army 519:British Indian Army 363:in the west to the 354:Empire. In 997 CE, 274:Chandragupta Maurya 266:Alexander the Great 206:Alexander the Great 104:British Indian Army 72:history of Pakistan 27:British Indian Army 6650:Business interests 6613:Ranks and insignia 6573:Civil Armed Forces 6468:Chief of Air Staff 6440:Defence Production 5853:Somalian civil war 5848:Sudanese civil war 5688:India and Pakistan 5493:Cloughley, Brian. 5227:. March 16, 2006. 5072:. Alpha Editions. 5041:The Economic Times 4994:2003-11-30 at the 4941:The New York Times 4829:"COUP IN PAKISTAN" 4605:2009-01-08 at the 4573:2012-12-16 at the 4555:2007-09-28 at the 4510:. pp. 18–27. 4457:– April 29, 2006, 4304:has generic name ( 4139:globalsecurity.org 4042:on March 14, 2012. 3698:. March 17, 2011. 3614:. GlobalSecurity. 3028:May 2006 – Present 2798:Taliban insurgency 2738: 2696:Pakistan Air Force 2686:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 2572: 2564: 2459:Operation Meghdoot 2271: 2131:Pressler amendment 2127:economic sanctions 2086:General Zia-ul-Haq 2029:funding of science 1787:of July 1977 (See 1718:civil disobedience 1687:Naval Intelligence 1605:to Pakistan since 1597:Baloch nationalism 1544:Chief of Air Staff 1459:continued killings 1440:Lieutenant-General 1222: 1220:General Zia-ul-Haq 866: 801:Sir Douglas Gracey 786:Sir Frank Messervy 721: 587: 567: 529: 336:Muhammad bin Qasim 326: 298:Indo-Greek Kingdom 276:, who founded the 262: 190: 121:Since the time of 35: 6760: 6759: 6701: 6700: 6645: 6644: 6561: 6560: 6553:Armed Forces Band 6483: 6482: 6310: 6309: 6247:other territories 5905: 5904: 5744:Panjshir Uprising 5503:The Pakistan Army 5376:. Pakistan Army. 5337:Nations, United. 4477:May 27, 2012, at 3899:. April 4, 1979. 3821:978-0-520-07665-5 3796:978-1-59797-982-5 3765:978-90-8964-245-5 3225:on April 16, 2007 3117:on March 14, 2019 3067: 3066: 2841:Hakimullah Mehsud 2782:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2622:Indian Parliament 2524:Pakistani economy 2253:Operation Cyclone 2247:Soviet–Afghan War 2241:Soviet–Afghan War 2195:Samar Mubarakmand 2135:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2025:nuclear programme 2008: 2007: 2000: 1853:Soviet–Afghan War 1540:Zulfiqar Ali Khan 1536:Air Chief Marshal 1455:Operation Barisal 1418:National Assembly 1376: 1375: 1368: 1350: 1091:military of India 1023:) for the ethnic 945:In 1958, retired 870:First Kashmir War 775:Dominion of India 457:Ahmad Shah Abdali 397:(1320–1413), the 393:(1290–1320), the 342:(stretching from 198:Achaemenid Empire 160:550 BCE – 1857 CE 112:World Wars I 6780: 6739: 6738: 6668: 6667: 6610: 6609: 6533:Public Relations 6518: 6517: 6418: 6417: 6381:Chief Executive 6347: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6300: 6290: 6289: 6259:Christmas Island 5945:Sovereign states 5932: 5925: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5711:Siachen conflict 5636: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5558: 5539: 5527: 5516: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5142:. April 22, 2019 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5032: 5026: 5009: 5003: 4986: 4980: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4894:on July 7, 2009. 4890:. Archived from 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4804:. 26 July 2019. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4772:. 26 July 2019. 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4740:. 26 July 2020. 4738:The Week (India) 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4710:. 26 July 2020. 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4680:. 26 July 2020. 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4650:. Archived from 4639: 4633: 4616: 4610: 4609:– Hosted on IPCS 4565: 4559: 4548: 4537:. Vedams Books. 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4493: 4487: 4469: 4463: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167:. Archived from 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3950: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3552: 3546: 3534:Shahid M. Amin, 3532: 3526: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3496:on March 4, 2009 3495: 3489:. Archived from 3488: 3480: 3474: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3433: 3422: 3421: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331:. Archived from 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3292:Plutarch's Lives 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3250:Plutarch's Lives 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3157:. Archived from 3147: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113:. Archived from 3107: 2967:Eastern Slovenia 2865: 2837:targeted killing 2833:Baitullah Mehsud 2790:War on Terrorism 2655:War on Terrorism 2604:Asif Ali Zardari 2584:Pervez Musharraf 2449:Siachen conflict 2430:government with 2382:Stinger Missiles 2159:Munir Ahmad Khan 2094:Munir Ahmad Khan 2078:New Laboratories 2069:Munir Ahmad Khan 2065:Munir Ahmad Khan 2003: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1762:social stability 1752:leaders such as 1695:Iranian military 1567:education system 1552:Muhammad Shariff 1520:Pakistan Marines 1512:Shimla Agreement 1436:Mohammad Shariff 1371: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1308: 1284: 1276: 826:Mountbatten and 760:Viceroy of India 700: 573:Soldiers of the 485:Sikh Confederacy 356:Mahmud of Ghazni 316:Muslim conquests 252:near modern-day 202:Darius the Great 93:Kashmir conflict 50: 49: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6729: 6697: 6666: 6641: 6608: 6587: 6557: 6548:Nursing Service 6538:Selection Board 6516: 6479: 6444: 6416: 6360: 6351: 6341: 6311: 6306: 6278: 6246: 6237: 6218:Northern Cyprus 6204: 6197: 5939: 5936: 5906: 5901: 5880: 5862: 5831: 5805:Black September 5778: 5739:Bajaur Campaign 5734:Waziristan 1948 5720: 5682: 5644: 5630: 5592:Wayback Machine 5576: 5555: 5536: 5528:. M.E. Sharpe. 5513: 5490: 5488:Further reading 5485: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5304: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5019:Wayback Machine 5010: 5006: 4996:Wayback Machine 4987: 4983: 4973:Wayback Machine 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4827:NewsHour, PBS. 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4801:Hindustan Times 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4636: 4626:Wayback Machine 4617: 4613: 4607:Wayback Machine 4596:Wayback Machine 4577:– India's then 4575:Wayback Machine 4566: 4562: 4557:Wayback Machine 4545: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4494: 4490: 4470: 4466: 4455:Wayback Machine 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4301: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4051: 4047: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3951: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3518:, pg. 143–144, 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3434: 3425: 3406: 3402: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3303: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3111:"Archived copy" 3109: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3072: 2897:West New Guinea 2863: 2857: 2835:in August in a 2748:and helped the 2718: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2669: 2663: 2639:Line of Control 2618: 2612: 2546: 2541: 2493:nuclear weapons 2488: 2482: 2455:Siachen Glacier 2451: 2445: 2443:Siachen Glacier 2424:strategic depth 2419: 2399: 2360:Rahimuddin Khan 2340:Afghan refugees 2259: 2249: 2243: 2203: 2100:under codename 2062: 2045:science adviser 2004: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1970:Please help by 1969: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1937:Main articles: 1935: 1930: 1879:nationalisation 1868:Rahimuddin Khan 1866:ruler, General 1797:Mushtaq Hussain 1781: 1758:Ataullah Mengal 1742:military regime 1726:Rahimuddin Khan 1716:and widespread 1643:Ataullah Mengal 1599: 1593: 1587: 1571:Zahid Ali Akbar 1502: 1492:, which became 1463:East Pakistanis 1386: 1378:Main articles: 1372: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1309: 1307: 1297: 1285: 1274: 1272:The War of 1971 1214: 1198:Main articles: 1196: 1136: 1095:Sino-Indian War 1087: 1081: 1079:The War of 1965 1076: 1055:Sino-Indian War 1051: 1045: 1008: 1002: 996: 955:Feroz Khan Noon 943: 889: 883: 858: 852: 850:The war of 1947 847: 713: 707: 559: 551:Main articles: 549: 521: 515: 510: 441: 435: 375:Delhi Sultanate 332: 318: 246:Charles Le Brun 196:of the Persian 167: 165:Ancient empires 162: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6758: 6757: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6578:National Guard 6575: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6521:Inter-Services 6515: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6424: 6422: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6294: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640:involving the 5638:Armed conflict 5629: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5582: 5575: 5574:External links 5572: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5540: 5534: 5517: 5511: 5498: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5452: 5422: 5391: 5360: 5329: 5295: 5268: 5242: 5212: 5181: 5167: 5153: 5140:Business Today 5127: 5097: 5079:978-9386367433 5078: 5058: 5027: 5004: 5000:Times of India 4981: 4958: 4927: 4897: 4879: 4852: 4819: 4787: 4755: 4725: 4708:Economic Times 4695: 4665: 4634: 4611: 4560: 4543: 4525: 4488: 4464: 4440: 4409: 4382: 4348: 4342:978-0801494840 4341: 4323: 4311: 4264: 4237: 4230: 4212: 4182: 4156: 4125: 4095: 4088: 4070: 4063: 4045: 4020: 4013: 3995: 3988: 3970: 3963: 3940: 3914: 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2231:Al-Khalid Tank 2202: 2199: 2177:region of the 2171:Pokhran region 2151:gas-centrifuge 2060: 2041:Nobel laureate 2033:Prime Minister 2006: 2005: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1856: 1841: 1810:death sentence 1785:bloodless coup 1780: 1777: 1720:remained. The 1603:civil disorder 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1501: 1498: 1374: 1373: 1288: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1195: 1192: 1135: 1132: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1044: 1041: 1025:Pashtun people 998:Main article: 995: 992: 951:Iskander Mirza 949:and President 942: 939: 882: 879: 854:Main article: 851: 848: 846: 843: 706: 703: 651:Victoria Cross 583:Punjabi Muslim 575:129th Baluchis 548: 547:The World Wars 545: 537:British Empire 517:Main article: 514: 511: 509: 506: 434: 431: 317: 314: 302:Indo-Scythians 290:Greco-Bactrian 244:A painting by 212:in the fierce 166: 163: 161: 158: 154:United Nations 97:foreign policy 80:as a democracy 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6785: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Establishment 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Bahria (Navy) 6686: 6684: 6683:Askari (Army) 6681: 6679: 6678:Fauji (Joint) 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 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5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5568: 5567:0-8059-9594-3 5564: 5560: 5556: 5554:0-19-577447-7 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5535:0-7656-1497-9 5531: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5514: 5512:0-19-577948-7 5508: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5405:Pakistan Army 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5312:Pakistan Army 5309: 5302: 5300: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4977:The Economist 4974: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4678:Deccan Herald 4675: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4544:81-7095-074-0 4540: 4536: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4479:archive.today 4476: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4307: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4231:969-8500-00-6 4227: 4223: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4089:9781586421373 4085: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4064:969-8500-00-6 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4014:969-8500-00-6 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3989:969-8500-00-6 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MacMillan. 3669: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3544:0-19-579801-5 3541: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524:1-901458-67-9 3521: 3517: 3514:Nigel Kelly, 3511: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472:1-901458-67-9 3469: 3465: 3462:Nigel Kelly, 3459: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3370:1-84176-777-8 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3351: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3302:0-674-99110-9 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3266: 3262: 3260:0-674-99110-9 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 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Reagan 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Kharan region 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1999: 1991: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1964:This article 1962: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885:rose greatly. 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864:authoritarian 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822:Supreme Court 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Supreme Court 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:authoritarian 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Supreme Court 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490:East Pakistan 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429:East-Pakistan 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:West Pakistan 1403: 1399: 1398:East Pakistan 1395: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: – 1316: 1312: 1311:Find sources: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1289:This article 1287: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1099:Rann of Kutch 1096: 1092: 1086: 1071: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:Major-General 938: 934: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 893:United States 888: 878: 876: 871: 862: 857: 842: 840: 836: 832: 829: 828:Field Marshal 824: 823:East Pakistan 820: 819:West Pakistan 815: 813: 808: 804: 802: 799: 795: 794:Pakistan Army 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 764:Muslim League 761: 757: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:British India 717: 712: 702: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:Shahamad Khan 628: 627:Khudadad Khan 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 584: 580: 576: 571: 563: 558: 554: 544: 542: 538: 534: 525: 520: 505: 503: 498: 494: 493:Sarkar-i-Wala 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 453:Muhammad Shah 450: 446: 445:Mughal empire 440: 433:Mughal Empire 430: 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Retrieved 3159:the original 3155:www.dawn.com 3154: 3145: 3119:. Retrieved 3115:the original 3105: 3006:Sierra Leone 2849: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2787: 2758: 2739: 2694: 2690: 2670: 2619: 2601: 2593: 2581: 2576:Nawaz Sharif 2573: 2549: 2532:Nawaz Sharif 2528:Bill Clinton 2521: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2471: 2467: 2452: 2437: 2428: 2420: 2400: 2364: 2316:Black Storks 2309: 2301:Persian Gulf 2297:Jimmy Carter 2293:Saudi Arabia 2290: 2272: 2223: 2215:Soviet Union 2204: 2201:US sanctions 2179:Chagai Hills 2155: 2119:Soviet Union 2115:Ishfaq Ahmad 2102: 2098:Kirana Hills 2083: 2077: 2053: 2009: 1994: 1985: 1972:spinning off 1965: 1922: 1911: 1888: 1834:sectarianism 1817: 1782: 1770: 1746: 1710:Zia-ul-Haque 1699: 1692: 1671: 1663:high treason 1655: 1600: 1579: 1560: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1475: 1467:Mukti Bahini 1433:Rear-Admiral 1426: 1394:Awami League 1387: 1362: 1353: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1310: 1298:Please help 1293:verification 1290: 1266: 1262: 1250: 1246: 1223: 1156:Soviet Union 1153: 1137: 1088: 1064: 1052: 1033: 1021:Pashtunistan 1009: 988:Persian Gulf 980:Baghdad Pact 944: 935: 931: 927: 919:Baghdad Pact 890: 867: 839:Commonwealth 816: 809: 805: 772: 753:Rear Admiral 737:independence 722: 667:North Africa 655: 588: 541:Sepoy Mutiny 530: 492: 489:Ranjit Singh 442: 382: 340:Indus region 333: 263: 191: 151: 137:. After the 123:independence 120: 101: 69: 55:and greater 38: 36: 18: 6671:Foundations 6302:Asia portal 6203:States with 6123:Philippines 6063:South Korea 6058:North Korea 5953:Afghanistan 5885:Anti-piracy 5843:Bosnian War 5783:Middle East 5726:Afghanistan 5656:Martial law 5415:October 23, 5384:October 23, 5353:October 23, 5322:October 23, 5288:October 19, 5261:January 14, 5090:October 23, 4812:10 November 4780:10 November 4748:10 November 4718:10 November 4688:10 November 4584:Daily Times 4484:Daily Times 4302:|last= 4135:"A.Q. Khan" 4133:John Pike. 3933:January 25, 3907:January 25, 3877:January 24, 3729:Pak Tribune 3571:January 24, 3165:February 2, 2924:Kuwait City 2802:Afghanistan 2750:US military 2651:nuclear war 2356:martial law 2352:Balochistan 2276:Mujahideens 2219:Afghanistan 2167:Pokharan-II 2123:Afghanistan 2037:Abdus Salam 2031:under then- 2013:Multan city 1939:Project-706 1914:plane crash 1860:Balochistan 1849:Afghanistan 1830:Islamic law 1804:upheld the 1200:Six-Day War 1164:North Korea 1103:Indian Army 1017:Durand Line 1012:Afghanistan 984:Middle East 904:along with 833:, the last 792:of the new 663:East Africa 641:(including 607:Mesopotamia 591:World War I 533:British Raj 513:British Raj 497:Khyber Pass 439:Mughal Army 419:Afghanistan 286:Khyber Pass 135:Afghanistan 84:British Raj 6741:Categories 6392:Parliament 6365:Leadership 6183:Uzbekistan 6158:Tajikistan 6073:Kyrgyzstan 6053:Kazakhstan 5973:Bangladesh 5963:Azerbaijan 5749:Soviet War 5235:August 25, 5225:Al Jazeera 5205:August 25, 4769:Al Jazeera 4205:October 8, 4118:October 8, 3677:0026257904 3597:0553256742 3538:, pg. 44, 3500:October 7, 3466:, pg. 98, 3449:1403964599 3121:October 7, 3097:References 3050:efforts." 2993:East Timor 2910:March 1991 2774:Waziristan 2740:After the 2714:See also: 2486:Kargil War 2480:Kargil War 2251:See also: 2189:(codename 1976:relocating 1893:to be the 1845:Communists 1806:High Court 1793:Zia-ul-Haq 1683:ammunition 1678:insurgency 1607:Bangladesh 1595:See also: 1538:(General) 1524:Tikka Khan 1494:Bangladesh 1410:Yahya Khan 1400:while the 1326:newspapers 1254:Zia-ul-Haq 1186:tanks and 1047:See also: 1004:See also: 962:including 917:) and the 885:See also: 747:and eight 709:See also: 645:in modern 637:fought in 597:fought in 500:after the 449:Nader Shah 437:See also: 429:Dynasty). 381:Dynasty, ( 350:) for the 328:See also: 210:King Porus 178:Sattagydia 174:Achaemenid 57:South Asia 6749:Air Force 6707:Criticism 6637:Air Force 6592:Personnel 6512:Air Force 6433:Secretary 6421:Ministers 6269:Hong Kong 6223:Palestine 6148:Sri Lanka 6143:Singapore 6023:Indonesia 5897:Venezuela 5836:Worldwide 5764:1996-2001 5461:"MINUSCA" 5431:"MONUSCO" 4910:bbc.co.uk 4872:April 10, 4845:April 10, 4648:salon.com 4503:Tariq Ali 4460:The Hindu 4433:April 10, 4402:April 10, 4284:April 10, 4175:March 11, 3739:April 10, 3651:April 10, 3622:April 10, 3213:Herodotus 3197:April 16, 2903:Indonesia 2871:Location 2762:XII Corps 2730:Islamabad 2673:Sri Lanka 2645:. 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