692:
572:
637:
seniority and "year groups" that go back to the admirals’ days as cadets in the naval college. They are a very tightly knit group, and great importance is placed on consultation among the factions within these year groups. The Navy's operational forces are organized as two independent groups: the Gulf Force and the
Pacific (West) Force. Each group has its own headquarters, a destroyer group, an auxiliary vessel group, a Marine Infantry Group, and a Special Forces group. The Gulf and Pacific Forces are not mirror images of each other, as independence of organization is permitted. Both are subdivided into regions, with Regions 1, 3, and 5 on the Gulf, and 2, 4, and 6 on the Pacific. Each region is further divided into sectors and zones, so a proliferation of headquarters and senior officers exists. The Navy also has an air arm with troop transport, reconnaissance, and surveillance aircraft.
867:
625:
905:: (Defense against natural disasters). The Army should always be ready to help the civil population in case of disaster. This includes preventive measures. For example, between August and November, military forces are sent to Mexican coastal areas to aid the public in the event of hurricanes or floods. For the Mexican people, the DN3 plan is the most important peacetime operation of the Army. The Army provides food, shelter, medicine, and medical services to the people who need them. This also includes reconstruction of roads and communication services. Because calling the implementation DN3 plan is an acceptance of severe problems, the DN3 plan was not invoked in the
847:
752:
196:
176:
527:
656:
51:
799:
continuing presence of authority and to allow for an immediate critical response. Dispersion by regional military zones has facilitated local recruitment of non-commissioned officers (Army sergeants, Navy petty officers) and enlisted men and women, allowing them to be stationed near family during their military service, an important cultural consideration. On the other hand, mobility is expected of commissioned officers to give them experience, and historically, to prevent any senior officer from remaining too long and becoming a warlord.
101:
155:
542:
88:
482:
114:
512:
1087:
1043:
832:
1160:
467:
497:
965:
808:
1023:
816:
decreased to 0.5 percent of the GDP, and in 2007 had an annual expenditure of US$ 4 billion. Since
President CalderĂłn assumed office in December 2006, he has submitted legislation increasing the budget, in order to fight the drug war against the narcotics cartels, and narcotic drug trafficking in general. In 2012, Mexico spent US$ 7.1 billion on its military, amounting to 0.6 percent of GDP.
460:(1940–1946) was the last revolutionary-era general to serve as president and military coups were a thing of the past. Mexico's armed forces are notable in Latin America for their absence from politics. Mexico's revolutionary military leaders established a culture of civilian supremacy and placed state power in the hands of civilian professional politicians.
610:, but it is dispersed in four regions: Northeast Mexico, Northwest Mexico, Central Mexico, and Southern Mexico. The Air Force maintains a total of 18 air bases, and has the additional capability of opening temporary forward operating bases in austere conditions for some helicopters and light aircraft.
980:
The armed forces are generally made up of professionals. Military service age and obligation as of 2012 is 18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation is 12 months; conscripts serve only in the Army; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary. Women are eligible for
663:
The Naval
Infantry are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Mexican Navy. The main task of the InfanterĂa de Marina is to guarantee the maritime security of the country's ports and external and internal defense of the country, to accomplish these responsibilities the corps is trained
984:
Legally, every
Mexican man is obligated to a year of military service consisting of a few hours of drill or social services on weekends, not true military training. Most conscripts will have received at most only one marksmanship session at a rifle range by the time they have completed their service
886:
DN2: Preparation of the military forces to protect the internal security of the country. This would include police actions against guerrilla forces, counter-drug operations, and, originally, political control. Up until 1970, the
Mexican Army was used as a repressive force to maintain the virtual PRI
862:
DN1: Preparation of the military forces to repel external aggressions. No military armed force can leave
Mexican territory without a declaration of war, and approval of the Congress. The last time this was invoked was in 1942, to send an expeditionary force to the Philippines, after war was declared
682:
The
Mexican Maritime Search and Rescue is the Mexican Navy's SAR Unit, which is responsible for improving the quality and effectiveness of the Navy's response to Mexico's maritime emergencies. The Mexican Navy historically has been responsible for the search and rescue operations using its available
1066:
In a similar way in
Article 26: "No member of the army shall, in time of peace, be quartered in private dwellings without the consent of the owner, nor may he impose any obligation whatsoever. In time of war the military may demand lodging, equipment, provisions, and other assistance, in the manner
951:
Mexican citizens who have chosen to be career soldiers are signed for an initial 3-year contract and, at the end of it, are encouraged to sign for another 2-year contract. If they choose to do so, this 2nd term would become final, unless they undertake mandatory exams and tests to become corporals,
815:
In 1989, Mexico's military budget was 0.7 percent of the country's Gross
National Product (GNP). In 1999, Mexico's military budget increased to 0.9 percent of its GDP, to US$ 4.0 billion. Since the year 2000, however, with the economic boost that the country has experienced, the defense budget was
798:
The Army and the Navy are regionally organized, with central, national headquarters in Mexico City and subordinate, regional headquarters. Historically, this has proven to be effective because military's main deployments have been domestic. Troops are stationed throughout the country to serve as a
794:
The
President picks the secretaries, who do not have to serve as such for his entire presidential term (sexenio, sexennium, six-year term). During the PRI's single-party rule, ministerial selection was a strict, pro-forma exercise by seniority. However, both Presidents Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)
636:
The Secretariat of the Navy, the Navy's national headquarters, is located in Mexico City, and is smaller than the Army's headquarters. The "Junta (or Council) of Admirals" plays a unique consultative and advisory role within the headquarters, an indication of the institutional importance placed on
579:
There are five main components of the Army: a national headquarters, territorial commands, and independent units. The Secretary of National Defense, through the Commanding General of the Army, commands the Army by means of a very centralized system and a large number of general officers. The Army
1054:
Article 129 of the 1917 Political Constitution of the Mexican United States establishes that: "No military authority may, in time of peace, perform any functions other than those that are directly connected with military affairs", but the Army's temporary replacement of civil police forces, in
410:
to select a monarch for Mexico. Many Mexican republicans fought the French army, winning a brief victory on 5 May 1862. The French withdrew all military support for Emperor Maximilian in 1867. Liberal republicans returned to power and executed Maximilian and two Mexican generals supporting his
667:
The Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007–09 into 30 Naval Infantry Battalions, a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups. The Naval Infantry are responsible for port
790:
Moreover, the Air Force commander and his staff are attached to the Secretariat of National Defense; no Air Force officer has risen to the hierarchy's most trusted, senior positions. This subordination has allowed the Army to identify its organization as the "Secretariat of National Defense"
786:
the President is the Army's only five-star general. This is comparable to most other countries with a presidential system of government, such as the United States. Instead, a Secretary, who is a serving officer—an Army four-star general or a Navy admiral—heads each department and branch (The
1050:
Regarding military personnel labor conditions, discipline, and the chain of command as fundamental to the military, Article 123-B establishes: "Military and naval personnel and members of the public security corps, and personnel of the foreign service, shall be governed by their own laws."
587:
Presently, there are 12 "Military Regions", which are further broken down into 44 subordinate "Military Zones." In both cases, a numbering system is used for designation. There is no set number of zones within a region, and these can therefore be tailored to meet operational needs, with a
724:") plays a role similar to a traditional volunteer militia (organized on an as-needed basis) in the rural communities. Today, Rural Defense teams work with both local law enforcement and the National Guard towards the goal of hindering organized crime and the threat of the drug cartels.
914:. More recently, the DN3 plan was invoked in 2009 when an epidemic of swine flu threatened the population and in 2010 after the states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Nuevo LeĂłn, Chiapas, Oaxaca and Guerrero were severely affected by floods caused by a number of hurricanes and tropical storms.
909:
that left large areas of Mexico City in ruins, since the authorities did not want to recognize there was an emergency in the capital, while the army was called to the city, it was just a peacekeeping force. This later became a severe questioning on the government. The Mexican Army
1106:: three officers (one from each service) as members of the mission's HQ, and two officers and one NCO attached to the Chilean battalion, by an agreement between the two countries. Mexican authorities have expressed their interest to increase their participation in the future.
1009:
This document (Military National Service Identity Card) is an important form of Mexican national identification, and its existence was formerly always requested by private and public employers, however, this identity document has ceased being required for obtaining a
863:
against Germany and Japan, following the sinking of two Mexican ships by U-boats. In 1990, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari asked the permission of the Congress to send troops to the Gulf War, but it was refused, since there was no declaration of war against Iraq.
787:
Secretariats of National Defense and the Navy). Each minister serves in a dual capacity: as a full cabinet member reporting to the President, and as the operational commander of their branch, but because of politics and rank, the Navy is subordinate to the Army.
781:
Officially, as there is no Minister of Defense, the Mexican military's two components are not under the command of a single commander except the President, who is Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (Comandante Supremo De Las Fuerzas Armadas). According to the
402:, Santa Anna was ousted and civilian liberals took power, passing a series of laws removing military privileges and decreasing its power. The conservative military and the Roman Catholic Church allied in an unsuccessful attempt to oust the liberal reformers in a
998:(pre-military identity card) is returned to the conscript with an added page certifying his status as having fulfilled his national military service and identifies the military branch, the unit, rank, etc. The document then acquires full status as the
640:
The Navy maintains significant infrastructure, including naval dockyards that have the capability of building ships, such as the Holzinger class offshore patrol vessel. These dockyards have a significant employment and economic impact in the country.
415:. DĂaz had political ambitions to become President of Mexico, rebelling twice against civilian presidents, succeeding in 1876. He ruled Mexico continuously from 1884 to 1911, when he was forced from power by Mexican revolutionaries supporting
993:
The drafted men attend and participate in weekend sessions, which are of social service in nature, with an emphasis being placed on education, history, physical fitness, and military discipline for one complete year. Afterward, the
709:
Chief among the independent troops is an Army Corps consisting of two mechanized infantry brigades located in Mexico City plus a motorized brigade, with a full complement of combat and support troops. In addition, there are
456:, systematically downsized the overall size of the armed forces and drastically reduced its share of the national budget, while at the same time creating a professional and largely apolitical junior officer corps. President
438:
Revolutionary generals were unable to come to a power arrangement after their victory over Huerta, plunging the country into a new stage of civil war. The large-scale conflict largely ended with Constitutionalist General
1621:
447:
in 1915. From 1920 until 1940, revolutionary generals held the presidency of Mexico, with a number of rival generals staging unsuccessful coups. During this same period, these generals, especially ObregĂłn,
1038:
specifically provides for military jurisdiction over all military crime and discipline; military tribunals execute jurisdiction over military personnel, per the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).
1386:
739:, -as a separate service of the armed forces under the direct control and responsibility of the Secretariats of National Defense and Public Security along similar lines as to the reorganized
683:
resources. However, aware of the importance of safeguarding human life at sea and the growing demand of sea rescue, the High Command of the Navy created the Maritime Search and Rescue unit.
321:
in the eighteenth century. After Mexican independence in 1821, the military played an important political role, with army generals serving as heads of state. Following the collapse of the
743:
in order to contribute to overall national defense and help protect public order and safety. The relevant amendments to the Constitution were approved in March 2019 by both chambers.
235:
394:, bringing about independence. Iturbide became Emperor of Mexico, but was forced to abdicate by military officers. Mexico became a republic with a weak central government. General
2821:
1530:
Moyano, Inigo Guevara. Adapting, Transforming, and Modernizing Under Fire: The Mexican Military, 2006-11. No. 50. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2011.
382:
The Spanish crown established a standing military in the late eighteenth century to shore up the defense of New Spain against foreign attacks. With the outbreak of the
435:
in the south. The Constitutionalists defeated the Federal Army in July 1914 and it was dissolved. Only revolutionary armies remained, which were not a unified force.
691:
571:
1189:
1128:
after the tsunami disaster; only military support personnel were deployed, though, not combat forces. This includes the relief efforts in New Orleans after
1497:
Carriedo, Robert. Military professionalism and political influence: a case study of the Mexican military, 1917-1940. Vol. 93. University of Florida, 1992.
2534:
1784:
423:, Madero demobilized them and retained the federal forces. Madero was overthrown and murdered in a military coup in February 1913. Federal Army General
2339:
1390:
1098:
began being discussed, with strong resistance from some members of the Congress. However, in 2016 the first group of the Mexican Armed Forces joined
795:
and Vicente Fox (2000–06) strayed from precedent and reached down to the junior levels to select "more progressive" officers to lead the forces.
1553:
606:. It also follows the continental staff system, with the usual A1, A2, A3, and A4 sections. The tactical forces form what is loosely called an
2813:
2801:
1501:
1099:
1429:
2655:
1948:
2206:
1411:
1030:
As the President of Mexico is Commander in Chief of the armed forces, the chain of command and military discipline are subordinated to
1369:
2302:
1603:
866:
819:
Since 2012, Mexico has spent over US$ 3 billion in equipment purchases as part of a modernization effort, including the purchase of
1076:
762:
357:
168:
406:. In 1862 France invaded Mexico to collect debts repudiated by the liberal government and Conservatives approached France's ruler
2527:
1648:
2698:
2595:
2461:
2216:
2085:
2349:
1199:
1115:
911:
1749:
1714:
791:(SecretarĂa de la Defensa Nacional—SEDENA). As a result, the Army chief holds the nominal title of "Secretary of Defense."
2645:
2178:
2063:
677:
411:
regime. An important liberal military leader against the French and their conservative Mexican collaborators was General
717:
All these independent troops are located in Mexico City where they act as a ready reserve and as centers of excellence.
2520:
2080:
1989:
1697:
1174:
511:
17:
526:
2797:
2660:
2555:
1911:
1799:
1739:
1521:
629:
2585:
2487:
1906:
1881:
1661:
1031:
973:
770:
728:
361:
188:
161:
1026:
Armored Personnel Carrier VCR-TT 6X6 on Madero Street in downtown Mexico City after Independence Day celebrations.
2404:
1999:
1938:
1579:
VerĂłnica MacĂas "Para Las Fuerzas Armadas y Justicia 150,326 mdp". El Economista Peridico de Negocios y Economia.
774:
2751:
2148:
1876:
1533:
Williams, Edward J. "The Evolution of the Mexican Military and Its Implications for Civil-Military Relations."
473:
395:
2211:
2116:
1871:
1719:
541:
2419:
2317:
2221:
2201:
2021:
2004:
1901:
1184:
1035:
624:
201:
141:
496:
2869:
2825:
2600:
2560:
2126:
2026:
1953:
1687:
1641:
1459:
1229:
906:
855:
706:
Several other military organizations exist that are independent of the Army and Navy command structures.
699:
466:
383:
846:
575:
Military parade commemorating the 205th anniversary of the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.
2841:
2781:
2665:
2580:
2429:
2250:
2141:
2131:
1804:
1759:
1095:
766:
377:
481:
2610:
2334:
2053:
2036:
1958:
1891:
820:
751:
2771:
2731:
2703:
2640:
2620:
2236:
2231:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1865:
1856:
1734:
399:
293:
895:
of students and unsuspecting bystanders. After 1980, these operations nearly entirely ceased (see
533:
449:
2817:
2756:
2650:
2635:
2307:
2168:
1896:
1704:
1056:
879:
740:
736:
181:
60:
1764:
875:
2565:
2372:
2277:
2183:
2173:
2031:
2011:
1709:
1634:
1309:
1204:
783:
650:
428:
349:
273:
63:/Mexican Military Academy for sacrificing themselves in battle during the Mexican-American war.
714:
units (1 division and more than 100 independent regional battalions) and a parachute brigade.
387:
2736:
2625:
2615:
2575:
2444:
2297:
2287:
2163:
2111:
2041:
1994:
1933:
1754:
1404:
1060:
732:
329:, former revolutionary generals systematically downsized the size and power of the military.
1274:
871:
758:
2776:
2721:
2683:
2590:
2570:
2456:
2292:
2267:
2262:
2153:
1692:
1677:
1604:
Manaut, RaĂşl BenĂtez. MĂ©xico: la nueva dimensiĂłn de las fuerzas armadas en los años noventa
1547:
1455:
1362:
1225:
1137:
932:
548:
457:
453:
345:
1814:
668:
security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.
427:, now president, was challenged by a coalition of revolutionaries in northern Mexico, the
8:
2833:
2805:
2793:
2766:
2761:
2746:
2741:
2726:
2693:
2409:
2399:
2282:
2188:
2068:
2016:
1839:
1819:
892:
755:
416:
365:
158:
731:, in his inaugural message to the Armed Forces on 1 December 2018, officially asked the
655:
2439:
2414:
1977:
1963:
1779:
1179:
952:
or apply to study in any of the available Military Specialist Technical Schools or for
326:
148:
1326:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968; reprinted By Greenwood Press 1981.
50:
2829:
2688:
2480:
2364:
2344:
2329:
2226:
2158:
2099:
2073:
1886:
1861:
1851:
1669:
1611:
1517:
1129:
888:
597:
503:
424:
403:
341:
106:
56:
1337:
Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1910-1940
1324:
Mexican Militarism, 1910–1940: The Political Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army
518:
440:
129:
2382:
2136:
1829:
1824:
1724:
1011:
581:
391:
364:, and maintain two independent chains of command, with no joint command except the
306:
243:
488:
412:
2849:
2845:
2496:
2451:
2434:
2424:
2387:
2322:
2272:
1809:
1121:
695:
584:
in its headquarters. The Army is the largest branch of Mexico's armed services.
432:
258:
77:
1006:; this status is recorded in the National Defense and Navy Secretariats' files.
154:
2837:
2715:
2121:
1943:
356:. The Army and Navy are controlled by two separate government departments, the
1616:
2863:
2809:
2711:
2501:
2354:
2048:
1165:
902:
851:
288:
2512:
927:
Officer candidates for the three services are trained in military colleges;
602:
The Air Force national headquarters is embedded in the Army headquarters in
2392:
2193:
1789:
1133:
969:
836:
619:
566:
444:
420:
407:
337:
333:
322:
221:
119:
93:
2605:
628:
Photo of the Independence Day parade (16 September) in Mexico City at the
332:
The Mexican military forces are composed of two independent entities: the
2377:
1145:
928:
603:
134:
386:, the royal army fought insurgents for independence. Royal army officer
1774:
1769:
1744:
1729:
1194:
1086:
664:
and equipped to take on any type of operations from Sea, Air and Land.
1682:
1513:
1125:
843:
The Mexican Army works around three preparedness missions, or plans:
318:
1554:
The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition - Jordi DĂez and Ian Nicholls
1042:
831:
2312:
1794:
953:
940:
1626:
1275:"Presupuesto de Egresos de la FederaciĂłn para el Ejercicio Fiscal"
2707:
956:
in the E.M.C.A. (Escuela Militar de Clases de las Armas) (Army).
936:
721:
1567:
Jane's Pocket Book of Modern Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles
964:
1657:
1509:
807:
398:
was to dominate politics for decades. Following the disastrous
314:
1022:
1141:
1103:
887:
dictatorship. The most controversial use of the military was
659:
The Mexican Navy commemorate June 1st, National Maritime Day.
985:
and are not integrated nor operate with regular army units.
698:
commemorating the 205th anniversary of the beginning of the
1585:
896:
2844:) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of
1594:
1363:"ConstituciĂłn PolĂtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
720:
In times of need, a special "Rural Defense Corps" (or "
317:. The Spanish crown established a standing military in
1485:
Generals in the Palacio: The Military in Modern Mexico
1352:. Westport CT: Praeger Security International 2005, 15
1120:
The Mexican Armed Forces has been deployed to several
1002:(Military National Service Identity Card), informally
588:
corresponding increase or decrease in troop strength.
390:
changed sides and made a pact with insurgent general
1387:"Ley Orgánica del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos"
1190:
Grupo AeromĂłvil de Fuerzas Especiales del Alto Mando
1155:
1077:
Mexico–United States border § Border incursions
1494:. Westport CT: Praeger Security International 2005.
1339:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968.
1298:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1977.
1617:Photos/MEXICAN ARMY, NATIONAL MARINE AND AIR FORCE
1136:officially entered its former territory since the
1124:to provide disaster relief, and most recently, to
912:provided aid to the US following Hurricane Katrina
1574:Jane's Tank and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide
1535:Mexico's Political Stability: The Next Five Years
2861:
850:A Mexican soldier wearing the identification of
1430:"What's behind Mexico's military buying binge?"
1612:Unofficial Military Forum MEXICAN ARMED FORCES
1140:. Mexican relief efforts were concentrated in
1081:
2542:
2528:
1642:
1502:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1307:Archer, Christon I. “Military: 1821–1914” in
968:Infantry Sergeant Cadet 2nd class, holding a
419:. Although revolutionary forces defeated the
40:
2828:) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of
1576:. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. 2000.
1562:. MĂ©xico: Editorial Hechos Confiables. 2000.
1070:
988:
2179:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1055:specific cases, before the creation of the
27:Armed forces of the United States of Mexico
2535:
2521:
1649:
1635:
1548:Entry for Mexico in the CIA World Factbook
1109:
1067:laid down in the respective martial law."
49:
1492:Mexico's Military on the Democratic Stage
1487:. New York: Oxford University Press 1992.
1350:Mexico's Military on the Democratic Stage
854:, hands out masks to citizens during the
1255:
1243:
1085:
1041:
1021:
963:
865:
845:
830:
806:
750:
690:
654:
623:
570:
1427:
1218:
14:
2862:
1063:and in the mass communications media.
1000:Cartilla del Servicio Militar Nacional
891:in the 1960s, which included the 1968
344:, while the Mexican Navy includes the
59:also known as Los Niños Héroes at the
2516:
1630:
1405:"Ley Orgánica de la Armada de México"
1393:from the original on 29 January 2019.
1296:The Army in Bourbon Mexico, 1760–1810
1200:Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina
1116:Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina
959:
686:
632:(Museum of the Photographic Archive).
1282:Congressional Budget of the Republic
1656:
1456:"CIA – The World Factbook – Mexico"
1448:
1375:from the original on 13 March 2021.
1226:"CIA – The World Factbook – Mexico"
678:Maritime Search and Rescue (Mexico)
24:
1477:
1417:from the original on 22 June 2017.
1175:Brigada de Fusileros Paracaidistas
946:
671:
25:
2881:
2798:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela
1800:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1541:
313:) are the military forces of the
2656:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1622:Video 2006 Mexican Forces Parade
1569:. New York: Collier Books. 1974.
1428:Partlow, Joshua (15 June 2015).
1158:
591:
540:
525:
510:
495:
480:
465:
340:. The Mexican Army includes the
194:
174:
153:
112:
99:
86:
1558:Sergio Aguayo Quezada (Editor)
1421:
1397:
1379:
1355:
1017:
555:
517:Constitutionalist Army General
1565:Christopher F. Foss. (Editor)
1342:
1329:
1316:
1301:
1288:
1267:
1132:. This was the first time the
644:
630:Museo Archivo de la FotografĂa
13:
1:
1720:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1500:
1261:
1249:
1211:
763:Secretary of National Defense
746:
735:to consider reactivating the
169:Secretary of National Defense
2782:United States Virgin Islands
2727:Collectivity of Saint Martin
2149:Institutional stock exchange
1785:Second American intervention
1586:National Defense Secretariat
1185:Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales
1094:As of 2005, intervention in
981:voluntary military service.
917:
839:band performs in the ZĂłcalo.
811:Mexican Army Special Forces.
775:Vidal Francisco SoberĂłn Sanz
358:National Defense Secretariat
7:
2350:Water supply and sanitation
1715:Spanish reconquest attempts
1537:. Routledge, 2019. 143-158.
1460:Central Intelligence Agency
1230:Central Intelligence Agency
1151:
1082:United Nations peacekeeping
1059:, has been much debated in
922:
907:1985 Mexico City earthquake
777:, during a military parade.
729:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
700:Mexican War of Independence
613:
560:
474:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
396:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
384:Mexican War of Independence
162:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
10:
2886:
2822:San Andrés and Providencia
1750:Second French intervention
1698:Control of Central America
1122:Central American countries
1113:
1096:UN peacekeeping operations
1074:
1014:for international travel.
972:like that depicted in the
826:
767:Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda
675:
648:
617:
595:
564:
378:Military history of Mexico
375:
371:
2790:
2767:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2674:
2548:
2543:Military of North America
2474:
2363:
2258:
2249:
2107:
2098:
1985:
1976:
1949:Tropical cyclone rainfall
1847:
1838:
1668:
1506:The Military Balance 2018
1071:Activities outside Mexico
989:National military service
939:, for the Air Force, and
870:The president of Mexico,
802:
311:Fuerzas Armadas de MĂ©xico
287:
282:
272:
257:
252:
242:
230:
220:
212:
207:
187:
167:
147:
140:
128:
76:
68:
48:
42:Fuerzas Armadas de Mexico
39:
34:
2777:Turks and Caicos Islands
1990:Administrative divisions
741:National Guard in France
737:National Guard of Mexico
582:continental staff system
294:Military ranks of Mexico
2405:Handcrafts and folk art
2174:National stock exchange
1912:Protected natural areas
1740:Second Mexican Republic
1705:Supreme Executive Power
1110:Natural disaster relief
974:Heroic Military Academy
880:2017 Chiapas earthquake
348:(Marine Corps) and the
202:José Rafael Ojeda Durán
182:Luis Cresencio Sandoval
61:Heroic Military Academy
2699:British Virgin Islands
2217:States by unemployment
2207:Science and technology
1710:First Mexican Republic
1310:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1205:Mexican Special Forces
1091:
1047:
1027:
977:
883:
859:
840:
812:
784:Constitution of Mexico
778:
703:
660:
651:Mexican Naval Infantry
633:
576:
429:Constitutionalist Army
310:
41:
2816:) is not listed. The
2804:) is not listed. The
2704:Caribbean Netherlands
2646:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2445:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1939:Territorial evolution
1755:Second Mexican Empire
1572:Christopher F. Foss.
1560:El Almanaque Mexicano
1089:
1045:
1025:
967:
869:
849:
834:
821:Blackhawk helicopters
810:
771:Secretary of the Navy
754:
733:Congress of the Union
694:
658:
627:
574:
534:Plutarco ElĂas Calles
502:Federal Army General
450:Plutarco ElĂas Calles
325:during the 1910–1920
315:United Mexican States
189:Secretary of the Navy
2462:World Heritage Sites
1877:Environmental issues
1735:Mexican–American War
1693:First Mexican Empire
1504:(14 February 2018).
1294:Archer, Christon I.
1138:Mexican-American War
1102:, the UN mission in
1036:Mexican Constitution
1034:. Article 13 of the
458:Manuel Avila Camacho
400:Mexican–American War
346:Naval Infantry Force
303:Mexican Armed Forces
35:Mexican Armed Forces
2794:dependent territory
2661:Trinidad and Tobago
2556:Antigua and Barbuda
2117:Automotive industry
2005:Chamber of Deputies
1688:War of Independence
1284:. 2024. p. 40.
893:Tlatelolco massacre
761:accompanied by the
417:Francisco I. Madero
388:AgustĂn de Iturbide
366:President of Mexico
2870:Military of Mexico
2596:Dominican Republic
2318:Indigenous peoples
2222:Telecommunications
2081:State legislatures
2022:Federal government
1902:Metropolitan areas
1780:Mexican Revolution
1490:Camp, Roderic Ai,
1483:Camp, Roderic Ai.
1348:Camp, Roderic Ai,
1180:Fuerzas Especiales
1092:
1090:Mexican Navy Mi-17
1048:
1046:Mexican army HMMWV
1028:
978:
960:Conscript soldiers
884:
872:Enrique Peña Nieto
860:
841:
813:
779:
759:Enrique Peña Nieto
704:
687:Independent forces
661:
634:
577:
443:defeating General
431:and forces led by
327:Mexican Revolution
264:US$ 15.652 billion
149:Commander-in-chief
18:Military of Mexico
2857:
2856:
2830:Clipperton Island
2677:other territories
2510:
2509:
2470:
2469:
2245:
2244:
2094:
2093:
2064:Political parties
2027:Foreign relations
1972:
1971:
1760:Restored Republic
1678:Pre-Columbian era
1130:Hurricane Katrina
856:2009 flu pandemic
598:Mexican Air Force
504:Victoriano Huerta
425:Victoriano Huerta
362:Naval Secretariat
342:Mexican Air Force
299:
298:
278:0.97% (2024 est.)
268:
244:Reserve personnel
213:Military age
107:Mexican Air Force
16:(Redirected from
2877:
2762:Saint Barthélemy
2675:Dependencies and
2549:Sovereign states
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2490:
2483:
2430:National symbols
2256:
2255:
2197:
2142:Renewable energy
2132:Economic history
2105:
2104:
1983:
1982:
1845:
1844:
1825:Chiapas conflict
1725:Texas Revolution
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1610:
1602:
1595:Navy Secretariat
1593:
1584:
1527:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1335:Lieuwen, Edwin.
1333:
1327:
1322:Lieuwen, Edwin.
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1222:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1032:civilian control
943:, for the Navy.
580:uses a modified
544:
529:
514:
499:
484:
469:
392:Vicente Guerrero
350:Naval Aviation (
283:Related articles
266:
265:
231:Active personnel
199:
198:
197:
179:
178:
177:
157:
118:
116:
115:
105:
103:
102:
92:
90:
89:
78:Service branches
55:Monument to the
53:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:are not listed.
2850:Serranilla Bank
2846:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2806:Federated state
2786:
2676:
2670:
2544:
2541:
2511:
2506:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2359:
2335:Public holidays
2308:Nationality law
2303:Life expectancy
2241:
2195:
2090:
2054:Law enforcement
1968:
1959:Water resources
1834:
1810:Mexican miracle
1664:
1655:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1544:
1524:
1480:
1478:Further reading
1475:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1436:. United States
1434:Washington Post
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1118:
1112:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1020:
991:
962:
949:
947:Career soldiers
925:
920:
829:
805:
749:
696:Military parade
689:
680:
674:
672:The Coast Guard
653:
647:
622:
616:
600:
594:
569:
563:
558:
551:
549:Lázaro Cárdenas
545:
536:
530:
521:
515:
506:
500:
491:
485:
476:
470:
454:Lázaro Cárdenas
433:Emiliano Zapata
380:
374:
319:colonial Mexico
263:
195:
193:
175:
173:
124:
113:
111:
100:
98:
87:
85:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2855:
2854:
2838:Navassa Island
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Cayman Islands
2719:
2716:Sint Eustatius
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2237:Water scarcity
2234:
2232:Transportation
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2189:Pension system
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:Municipalities
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Extreme points
1879:
1874:
1869:
1866:Climate change
1859:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1542:External links
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1498:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1447:
1420:
1396:
1378:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1300:
1287:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1150:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1057:Federal Police
1019:
1016:
990:
987:
961:
958:
948:
945:
931:for the Army,
924:
921:
919:
916:
828:
825:
804:
801:
748:
745:
712:Special Forces
688:
685:
676:Main article:
673:
670:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
618:Main article:
615:
612:
596:Main article:
593:
590:
565:Main article:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
546:
539:
537:
531:
524:
522:
519:Alvaro ObregĂłn
516:
509:
507:
501:
494:
492:
486:
479:
477:
471:
464:
441:Alvaro ObregĂłn
376:Main article:
373:
370:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
274:Percent of GDP
270:
269:
261:
255:
254:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
224:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
191:
185:
184:
171:
165:
164:
151:
145:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
123:
122:
109:
96:
82:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:United States
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:Nueva Esparta
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:United States
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:States by HDI
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:States by GDP
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Manufacturing
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2086:Supreme Court
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1523:9781857439557
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1304:
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2278:Demographics
2122:Central bank
2058:
2032:Human rights
2012:Constitution
1830:War on drugs
1805:World War II
1790:Cristero War
1683:Colonial era
1609:(in Spanish)
1601:(in Spanish)
1592:(in Spanish)
1583:(in Spanish)
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1018:Military Law
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620:Mexican Navy
608:Air Division
607:
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567:Mexican Army
556:Organization
445:Pancho Villa
437:
421:Federal Army
408:Napoleon III
381:
351:
338:Mexican Navy
334:Mexican Army
331:
323:Federal Army
302:
300:
222:Conscription
130:Headquarters
120:Mexican Navy
94:Mexican Army
29:
2757:Puerto Rico
2651:Saint Lucia
2601:El Salvador
2298:Immigration
2164:Land reform
2112:Agriculture
1934:Territories
1872:Earthquakes
1820:Peso crisis
1815:Lost Decade
1465:23 February
1235:24 November
1146:New Orleans
996:precartilla
933:Guadalajara
929:Mexico City
645:The Marines
604:Mexico City
253:Expenditure
236:ranked 18th
135:Mexico City
2818:Department
2752:Montserrat
2747:Martinique
2742:Guadeloupe
2581:Costa Rica
2457:Television
2415:Literature
2293:Healthcare
2268:Censorship
2263:Corruption
2196:(currency)
2154:Irrigation
1775:Porfiriato
1770:Yaqui Wars
1745:La Reforma
1730:Pastry War
1212:References
1195:Ixtoc-Alfa
1075:See also:
769:, and the
747:Leadership
727:President
142:Leadership
57:Boy Heroes
2814:Venezuela
2802:Venezuela
2737:Greenland
2636:Nicaragua
2611:Guatemala
2420:Monuments
2410:Languages
2283:Education
2202:Petroleum
2159:Labor law
2127:Companies
2069:President
2017:Elections
1907:Mountains
1840:Geography
1765:Caste War
1514:Routledge
1313:. 904–910
1262:IISS 2018
1250:IISS 2023
1126:Indonesia
918:Personnel
874:, visit
756:President
404:civil war
234:411,947 (
208:Personnel
159:President
2864:Category
2826:Colombia
2684:Anguilla
2621:Honduras
2591:Dominica
2566:Barbados
2497:Category
2440:Religion
2400:Folklore
2059:Military
2037:Intersex
1995:Congress
1978:Politics
1964:Wildlife
1954:Volcanos
1795:Maximato
1662:articles
1412:Archived
1391:Archived
1370:Archived
1152:See also
1100:MINUSTAH
1061:Congress
1012:passport
1004:Cartilla
954:sergeant
941:Veracruz
923:Officers
876:Juchitán
614:The Navy
561:The Army
547:General
532:General
487:General
472:General
360:and the
336:and the
200:Admiral
180:General
2732:Curaçao
2708:Bonaire
2694:Bermuda
2626:Jamaica
2606:Grenada
2561:Bahamas
2481:Outline
2388:Cuisine
2365:Culture
2355:Welfare
2345:Smoking
2330:Poverty
2251:Society
2227:Tourism
2100:Economy
2074:Cabinet
1892:Islands
1887:Forests
1862:Climate
1852:Borders
1670:History
1440:15 June
937:Jalisco
827:Mission
722:Rurales
372:History
307:Spanish
69:Founded
2836:) and
2834:France
2641:Panama
2631:Mexico
2576:Canada
2571:Belize
2502:Portal
2452:Sports
2383:Cinema
2313:People
2137:Energy
2000:Senate
1922:States
1917:Rivers
1857:Cities
1660:
1658:Mexico
1520:
1510:London
803:Budget
452:, and
267:(2024)
259:Budget
248:98,653
117:
104:
91:
2689:Aruba
2616:Haiti
2488:Index
2435:Radio
2425:Music
2323:Women
2288:Flags
2273:Crime
2194:Peso
1897:Lakes
1415:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1142:Texas
1104:Haiti
289:Ranks
2848:and
2792:The
2714:and
2712:Saba
2586:Cuba
2393:Wine
2042:LGBT
1944:Time
1518:ISBN
1467:2015
1442:2015
1237:2009
1144:and
897:EZLN
301:The
72:1821
2820:of
2808:of
2796:of
2378:Art
2184:Oil
2049:Law
903:DN3
899:).
352:FAN
226:Yes
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