563:
955:
Police of
Nicaragua was a revolutionary agency when created. This body is unaided by the national military, since it exists as a completely separate entity; however, in accordance with Article 92, the President may order the army to intervene on the National Police's behalf. There is also a volunteer police force that aids the National Police force, not just in times of dire need. The National Police Force is organized into several different tiers: the national specialized organizations (i.e. investigation departments), support organizations (i.e. Police Academy), police delegations (i.e. department, municipal), and advisory structures (i.e. National Council). Those wishing to become members of the National Police Force must pass through rigorous hours of training and multiple examinations.
342:
730:. The size of the army declined from a peak strength of 97,000 troops to an estimated 15,200 in 1993, accomplished by voluntary discharges and forced retirements. Under the Sandinistas, the army general staff embodied numerous branches and directorates artillery, combat readiness, communications, Frontier Guards, military construction, intelligence, counterintelligence, training, operations, organization and mobilization, personnel, and logistics. Most of these bodies appear to have been retained, although they have been trimmed and reorganized. The Nicaraguan Air Force and
366:
840:
680:
human rights violations so common under…US-backed regimes.” These organizations were also unable to find any examples of: state-sponsored death squads, use of physical torture propagated by the state, and very few disappearances/executions. Although, the investigations led by human rights organizations excluded unruly soldiers acting violently on their own accord. In this context, it was discovered that the government's “usual response…was to investigate and discipline those responsible.”
723:, continued in his pre-Chamorro position. Facing domestic pressure to remove Humberto Ortega and the risk of curtailment of United States aid as long as Sandinistas remained in control of the armed forces, Chamorro announced that Ortega would be replaced in 1994. Ortega challenged her authority to relieve him and reiterated his intention to remain at the head of the EPS until the army reform program was completed in 1997. This date was later advanced to the first half of 1995.
775:
against any person or entity deemed a threat to the state, society, or economy.” The
Sovereign Security Law provided the Ortega administration the right to infringe upon the basic human rights protected in the Nicaraguan constitution, if deemed necessary. Also, CPCs “have been replaced by Family, Community, and Life Cabinets (Gabinetes).” These cabinets are linked to the police and provide the government with a means to keep communities under constant surveillance.
414:
1625:
474:
390:
672:. Simultaneously, with the introduction of Patriotic Military Service (1983), a conscription system, EPS forces reached approximately 80,000 active-duty members by 1990. Patriotic Military Service required males, ranging in age from seventeen to twenty-six, to serve four years in the military (two years active duty and two years in the reserves). This conscription system did not require women to enlist; however, they could do so voluntarily.
771:
erased the shift towards being an apolitical force from 1995 to 2006. Then in 2014, President Ortega supported a constitutional reform removing the defense and governance ministries “from the security forces’ chain of command, reducing oversight and leaving Ortega in charge of appointing military and police commanders.” This action enhanced
President Ortega’s political and personal control over the nation’s security forces and personnel.
486:
865:
832:
426:
462:
354:
402:
438:
873:
450:
378:
590:
however, the
National Guard soon became the personal tool of the Somoza dynasty. Expanded to more than 10,000 during the civil war of 1978–79, the guard consisted of a reinforced battalion as its primary tactical unit, a Presidential Guard battalion, a mechanized company, an engineer battalion, artillery and antiaircraft batteries, and one security company in each of the country's sixteen departments.
1570:
954:
The
National Police of Nicaragua, established in 1979, was created to maintain domestic tranquility, prevent crime, ensure security for all civilians, prosecute offenders, and enforce any other nationally mandated laws. As a non-political, non-partisan, and non-deliberative organization, the National
928:
The
Nicaraguan military, Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua, exists in a top-down hierarchy and is partitioned into multiple ranks. In order to become a Lieutenant, Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel, a candidate must attend Staff College (ESEM). Alternatively, one may begin a military career as
945:
Nicaragua has a small military force with only 9,412 members as of 2010. This number includes 1,500 officers (16%), 302 non-commissioned officers (3%), and 7,610 troops (81%). This relatively small armed force is supported by an extremely small $ 41 million-dollar defense budget (2010). Such a small
675:
The
Patriotic Military Service system was an extremely unpopular initiative taken by the Sandinista government. Draft dodging was rampant as young men fled the country in order to avoid conscription. Additionally, massive demonstrations and antidraft protests plagued the country. The unpopularity of
581:
The long years of strife between the liberal and conservative political factions and the existence of private armies led the United States to sponsor the
National Guard as an apolitical institution to assume all military and police functions in Nicaragua. The marines provided the training, but their
616:
in 1957 over a border dispute, the
National Guard was not involved in any conflict with its neighbors. The guard's domestic power, however, gradually broadened to embrace not only its original internal security and police functions but also control over customs, telecommunications, port facilities,
589:
Upon the advent of the United States Good
Neighbor Policy in 1933, the marines withdrew. Having reached a strength of about 3,000 by the mid-1930s, the guard was organized into company units, although the Presidential Guard component approached battalion size. Despite hopes for an apolitical force,
778:
In the contemporary period, multiple changes have taken place in the military regarding purpose and structure. The military currently serves as a force for national defense, public security, civil defense, and national development. In 2014, an expansion of institutional powers granted the military
770:
Under President Ortega, multiple changes have occurred strengthening FSLN control over the national military. During 2010, the national assembly “passed changes that allowed politicization of the country’s security forces, while expanding these agencies’ domestic powers.” This change effectively
679:
Armed Forces performed very well in terms of human rights under the Sandinistas. Upon visiting Nicaragua, human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Americas Watch, and the Human Rights Commission of the Organization of American States found “little evidence of the extreme types of
932:
The Nicaraguan navy offers training other than that offered through ESEM, a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences, and Officers School. Candidates seeking to advance in the Nicaraguan navy may attend navy-specific training to become Lieutenant Commanders, Commanders, Captains, fleet Admirals,
774:
President Ortega has also strengthened his ability to control the general population through two different national security initiatives. In 2015, the Sovereign Security Law, “erased barriers between internal and external security, and gave the Ortega government wide discretion to use coercion
761:
In 1995, the National Army of Nicaragua (Ejército de Nicaragua), having never previously been fully apolitical evolved, through constitutional reforms, into a more traditional Central American military. As ties to the FSLN weakened, military leaders turned over power regularly without “fuss,”
707:
Chamorro's authority over the EPS was very limited. There were no Ministry of Defense offices and no vice ministers to shape national defense policies or exercise civilian control over the armed forces. Under the Law of Military Organization of the Sandinista Popular Army enacted just before
936:
Despite offering advancement through ESEM training, Officers School, and a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences, most high-ranking officers choose to receive their formal military education from training opportunities in Mexico, Spain, France, China, Russia, and Cuba.
586:. Sandino opposed the United States-backed military force, which was composed mostly of his political enemies, and continued to resist the marines and the fledgling National Guard from a stronghold in the mountainous areas of northern Nicaragua.
748:
In November and December 1992, the EPS was deployed alongside the National Police to prevent violence during demonstrations by the National Workers' Front for improved pay and benefits. The EPS and the Frontier Guards also assist the police in
929:
a Lieutenant, with the opportunity for advancement, by obtaining a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences. Individuals may also attend Officers School, to gain the rank of Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, and General Staff or Army General.
946:
military budget has resulted in severe deficiencies in terms of manpower (i.e. cannot supply and employ) and modern weaponry. This budget represents approximately 2.84% of the country's overall expenditures.
562:
779:
with the opportunity for greater involvement in international security initiatives. The National Army of Nicaragua also has the highest public approval ratings of any Nicaraguan institution.
700:, former defense minister and commander in chief of the EPS under the Sandinistas, remained at the head of the armed forces. By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became
59:
604:
United States military aid to the National Guard continued under the Rio de Janeiro Treaty of Mutual Defense (1947), but stopped in 1976 after relations with the administration of
608:(1967–72, 1974–79) worsened. Some United States equipment of World War II vintage was also purchased from other countries—Staghound armored cars and M4 Sherman medium tanks from
2483:
1006:
656:
593:
The National Guard's main arms were rifles and machine guns, later augmented by antiaircraft guns and mortars. Although Nicaragua was not actively involved in
1368:
2196:
753:
control. A small EPS contingent works alongside demobilized Contras in a Special Disarmament Brigade to reduce the arsenal of weapons in civilian hands.
651:
716:
presented to the government. Only an overall budget had to be submitted to the legislature, thus avoiding a line-item review by the National Assembly.
601:. Additional shipments of small arms and transportation and communication equipment followed, as well as some training and light transport aircraft.
1434:
708:
Chamorro's election victory, Humberto Ortega retained authority over promotions, military construction, and force deployments. He contracted for
2475:
2463:
1315:
2317:
1558:"Capabilities of Police and Military Forces in Central America – A Comparative Analysis of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua"
665:, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. Opposition to the overwhelming FSLN influence in the security forces did not surface until 1980.
986:
1974:
1668:
219:
719:
Sandinista officers remained at the head of all general staff directorates and military regions. The chief of the army, Major General
741:
and to deal with internal disturbances. Its primary task has been to prevent disorder and violence wrought by armed bands of former
2059:
726:
The army reform measures were launched with deep cuts in personnel strengths, the abolition of conscription, and disbanding of the
2189:
1822:
1208:
Millett, Richard L. (2018). "Nicaragua: An Uncertain Future". In Kline, Harvey F.; Wade, Christine J.; Wiarda, Howard J. (eds.).
668:
Meanwhile, the EPS developed, with support from Cuba and the Soviet Union, into the largest and best equipped military force in
2360:
2257:
1900:
727:
661:. These two groups, contrary to the original Puntarenas Pact were controlled by the Sandinistas and trained by personnel from
1722:
1352:
17:
1740:
1732:
1745:
2307:
2142:
2039:
1712:
1681:
2182:
1873:
1707:
1327:
762:
refrained from becoming involved in the political realm, and the overall size of the military significantly decreased.
1557:
1003:
2459:
2322:
2217:
1915:
1598:
2247:
1772:
1379:
1984:
1969:
1797:
1777:
2531:
2413:
1863:
1817:
1661:
2107:
2008:
1979:
1964:
1895:
1702:
2112:
2102:
1885:
1807:
1787:
212:
190:
2487:
2262:
2222:
1812:
1802:
1767:
858:
2503:
2443:
2327:
2242:
704:
to President Chamorro as commander in chief. Chamorro also retained the Ministry of Defense portfolio.
638:
576:
2272:
2149:
2029:
1951:
1853:
1654:
1586:
693:
2433:
2393:
2365:
2302:
2282:
2082:
1941:
1878:
1848:
605:
518:
720:
583:
2479:
2418:
2312:
2097:
2024:
1868:
643:
626:
597:, it qualified for United States Lend-Lease military aid in exchange for U.S. base facilities at
1023:
2227:
2044:
2034:
1994:
1910:
1858:
1755:
311:
197:
676:
the draft was believed to have been a large factor in the Sandinista election defeat in 1990.
2398:
2287:
2277:
2237:
2087:
2054:
1905:
1836:
972:
902:
506:
1956:
2438:
2383:
2345:
2292:
2252:
2232:
2135:
2069:
1989:
1946:
1929:
1689:
551:
321:
152:
8:
2495:
2467:
2455:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2388:
2355:
2049:
1590:
990:
612:
and F-51 Mustang fighter aircraft from Sweden. Except for minor frontier skirmishes with
2158:
2092:
2077:
1792:
1782:
1294:
1246:
598:
2491:
2350:
1697:
1604:
1594:
1348:
1323:
1298:
1250:
162:
2163:
1630:
1286:
1238:
817:
689:
531:
48:
2511:
2507:
1010:
738:
731:
697:
669:
547:
543:
301:
147:
142:
134:
2499:
2377:
1717:
371:
2525:
2471:
2373:
1727:
1574:
1314:
513:
202:
2174:
1608:
845:
594:
242:
2267:
1290:
1273:
1242:
1225:
737:
Since 1990 the mission of the EPS has been to ensure the security of the
701:
419:
696:(Unión Nacional Oppositora – UNO) and the defeated FSLN party, General
620:
1677:
1646:
1580:
825:
539:
479:
395:
864:
831:
750:
613:
58:
2369:
1735:
1573:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
742:
566:
Nicaraguan military members train during a visit by the U.S. Navy
491:
167:
1085:
Bras, Marisabel. "Consolidation of the Revolution, 1979-80". In
878:
713:
709:
609:
455:
443:
431:
1638:
1369:"Communist Military Aid to Nicaragua:Trends and Implications"
897:
617:
radio broadcasting, the merchant marine, and civil aviation.
467:
383:
347:
66:
765:
662:
632:
407:
359:
2506:) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of
1435:"The 'New' Nicaraguan Military: Sandinista To The 'Corps'"
178:
1109:
Tartter, Jean R. "Sandinista People's Army, 1979-90". In
1212:(Ninth ed.). New York: Westview Press. p. 387.
756:
582:
efforts were complicated by a guerrilla movement led by
987:"World Factbook Redirect — Central Intelligence Agency"
641:, the Sandinistas established a new national army, the
1342:
683:
1620:
933:Generals, Major Generals and Generals of the Army.
621:
Military under the Sandinista government, 1979–1990
1272:
1224:
1013:Rank Order – Military expenditures – dollar figure
1555:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1420:
1408:
1347:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Osprey. p. 20, 45.
734:were also subordinate to the army general staff.
2523:
1343:Caballero Jurado, Carlos; Thomas, Nigel (2005).
1713:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
1187:Tartter, Jean R. "Armed forces after 1990". In
1063:Tartter, Jean R. "National Guard, 1927-79". In
1024:"NationMaster – Nicaraguan Military statistics"
2204:
2190:
1662:
1564:– via Florida International University.
1316:International Institute for Strategic Studies
792:
71:
40:
2490:) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of
1556:De LeĂłn-Escribano, Carmen Rosa (July 2011).
1132:. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 114.
570:
1562:Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center
1310:
1308:
940:
688:Under an agreement between President-elect
2197:
2183:
1669:
1655:
908:
57:
1322:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 444.
1305:
766:National Army of Nicaragua, 2006–present
561:
1578:
1210:Latin American Politics and Development
1207:
1188:
1110:
1086:
1064:
14:
2524:
1676:
1270:
1222:
1127:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
331:Industria Militar Coronel Santos LĂłpez
271:1,129,649 females, age 15–49
269:1,051,425 males, age 15–49,
259:1,315,186 females, age 15–49
257:1,309,970 males, age 15–49,
2178:
1650:
1432:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
757:National Army of Nicaragua, 1995–2006
712:procurement and drafted the military
1723:United States occupation (1912–1933)
1274:"Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo"
1226:"Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo"
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
923:
24:
1585:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1397:
1257:
1194:
1030:
949:
891:
684:Nicaraguan Armed Forces, 1990–1995
25:
2543:
2460:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela
1616:
1378:. 8 December 1987. Archived from
1136:
1116:
1092:
1070:
648:(Ejército Popular Sandinista—EPS)
2318:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1623:
1568:
1345:Central American wars, 1959 - 89
871:
863:
838:
830:
542:. There are three branches: the
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
400:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1433:Premo, Daniel L. (March 1996).
1426:
1414:
1361:
1336:
1216:
1130:Nicaragua: The First Five Years
1746:Post-Sandinista period (1990–)
1549:
1016:
997:
979:
965:
220:Commander-in-Chief of the Army
13:
1:
1741:Sandinista period (1979–1990)
1445:: 117 – via Gale Group.
1271:Thaler, Kai M. (April 2017).
1223:Thaler, Kai M. (April 2017).
958:
538:) are the military forces of
2444:United States Virgin Islands
2389:Collectivity of Saint Martin
1439:MACLAS Latin American Essays
918:
913:
782:
536:Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua
213:Rosa Adelina Barahona Castro
42:Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua
27:Military forces of Nicaragua
7:
2060:Water supply and sanitation
224:Julio César Avilés Castillo
121:; 29 years ago
90:; 99 years ago
10:
2548:
2484:San Andrés and Providencia
1582:Nicaragua: a country study
1579:Merrill, Tim, ed. (1994).
1128:Walker, Thomas W. (1985).
793:Armoured fighting vehicles
650:, and a police force, the
630:
624:
577:National Guard (Nicaragua)
574:
557:
198:Supreme Commander-in-Chief
2452:
2429:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2336:
2210:
2205:Military of North America
2129:
2068:
2020:
2016:
2007:
1937:
1928:
1844:
1835:
1763:
1754:
1728:Somoza Family (1936–1979)
1688:
1587:Federal Research Division
1320:The Military Balance 2024
1301:– via Project Muse.
1253:– via Project Muse.
816:
745:and Sandinista soldiers.
694:National Opposition Union
571:National Guard, 1925–1979
512:
502:
497:
335:
327:
320:
310:
300:
295:
287:
275:
263:
251:
241:
233:
228:
218:
208:
196:
189:
173:
161:
133:
115:
84:
77:
65:
56:
39:
34:
2439:Turks and Caicos Islands
1849:Administrative divisions
1708:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
973:"Nicaragua Armed Forces"
941:Military size (manpower)
606:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
519:Nicaragua military ranks
78:"Fatherland and Freedom"
909:Anti-aircraft equipment
787:
644:Sandinista Popular Army
627:Sandinista Popular Army
528:Nicaraguan Armed Forces
35:Nicaraguan Armed Forces
2361:British Virgin Islands
1540:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1528:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1516:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1504:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1492:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1480:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1468:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1456:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1421:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1409:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
567:
535:
103:; 45 years ago
72:
41:
2532:Military of Nicaragua
2478:) is not listed. The
2466:) is not listed. The
2366:Caribbean Netherlands
2308:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1291:10.1353/jod.2017.0032
1243:10.1353/jod.2017.0032
903:Type 58 assault rifle
721:JoaquĂn Cuadra Lacayo
584:Augusto CĂ©sar Sandino
565:
507:Nicaraguan Revolution
101:2 September 1979
18:Military of Nicaragua
1916:Territorial disputes
1318:(13 February 2024).
1279:Journal of Democracy
1231:Journal of Democracy
2456:dependent territory
2323:Trinidad and Tobago
2218:Antigua and Barbuda
1591:Library of Congress
1191:, pp. 207–210.
1067:, pp. 195–197.
283:63,133 females
209:Minister of Defense
99:(as National Guard)
2258:Dominican Republic
1985:Telecommunications
1385:on 23 January 2017
1009:2007-09-30 at the
853:65 more in store.
657:PolicĂa Sandinista
568:
328:Domestic suppliers
2519:
2518:
2492:Clipperton Island
2339:other territories
2172:
2171:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2003:
2002:
1924:
1923:
1901:Political parties
1896:National Assembly
1864:Foreign relations
1831:
1830:
1530:, pp. 29–30.
1506:, pp. 28–29.
1354:978-0-85045-945-6
889:
888:
818:Main battle tanks
652:Sandinista Police
524:
523:
336:Foreign suppliers
276:Reaching military
234:Military age
73:Patria y Libertad
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2424:Saint Barthélemy
2337:Dependencies and
2211:Sovereign states
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2108:National symbols
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1965:Economic history
1960:
1935:
1934:
1842:
1841:
1761:
1760:
1703:Spanish conquest
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:Nicaragua portal
1628:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1276:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1192:
1185:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1107:
1090:
1083:
1068:
1061:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
994:
989:. Archived from
983:
977:
976:
969:
924:Military careers
877:
875:
874:
867:
844:
842:
841:
834:
797:
796:
739:national borders
498:Related articles
490:
488:
487:
478:
476:
475:
466:
464:
463:
454:
452:
451:
442:
440:
439:
430:
428:
427:
418:
416:
415:
406:
404:
403:
394:
392:
391:
382:
380:
379:
370:
368:
367:
358:
356:
355:
346:
344:
343:
316:0.9% (2012 est.)
288:Active personnel
266:military service
254:military service
185:
182:
180:
135:Service branches
129:
127:
122:
111:
109:
104:
98:
96:
91:
79:
75:
61:
52:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:are not listed.
2512:Serranilla Bank
2508:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2468:Federated state
2448:
2338:
2332:
2206:
2203:
2173:
2168:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2117:
2113:Public holidays
2064:
1999:
1975:Nicaragua Canal
1958:
1920:
1886:Law enforcement
1827:
1823:Water resources
1808:Protected areas
1750:
1684:
1675:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1601:
1569:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1313:
1306:
1269:
1258:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1186:
1137:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1093:
1084:
1071:
1062:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:
998:
985:
984:
980:
975:. 25 July 2006.
971:
970:
966:
961:
952:
950:Civilian police
943:
926:
921:
916:
911:
894:
892:Light equipment
872:
870:
839:
837:
795:
790:
785:
768:
759:
698:Humberto Ortega
686:
670:Central America
637:To replace the
635:
629:
623:
579:
573:
560:
485:
483:
482:
473:
471:
470:
461:
459:
458:
449:
447:
446:
437:
435:
434:
425:
423:
422:
413:
411:
410:
401:
399:
398:
389:
387:
386:
377:
375:
374:
365:
363:
362:
353:
351:
350:
341:
339:
282:
277:
270:
265:
258:
253:
237:18 years of age
177:
157:
125:
123:
120:
107:
105:
102:
100:
94:
92:
89:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2500:Navassa Island
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Cayman Islands
2381:
2378:Sint Eustatius
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Stock Exchange
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Municipalities
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Climate change
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Mosquito Coast
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1617:External links
1615:
1614:
1613:
1599:
1566:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1425:
1413:
1396:
1360:
1353:
1335:
1329:978-1032780047
1328:
1304:
1256:
1215:
1193:
1135:
1115:
1113:, p. 199.
1091:
1069:
1029:
1015:
996:
993:on 8 May 2007.
978:
963:
962:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
893:
890:
887:
886:
884:
881:
868:
861:
855:
854:
851:
848:
835:
828:
822:
821:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
767:
764:
758:
755:
685:
682:
639:National Guard
625:Main article:
622:
619:
575:Main article:
572:
569:
559:
556:
522:
521:
516:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:
495:
494:
372:Czech Republic
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
318:
317:
314:
312:Percent of GDP
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:65,170 males,
279:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
187:
186:
175:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
150:
145:
139:
137:
131:
130:
117:
113:
112:
86:
82:
81:
69:
63:
62:
54:
53:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2544:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:United States
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:Nueva Esparta
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:United States
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Ethnic groups
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1639:Official site
1637:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:0-8444-0831-X
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:public domain
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1542:, p. 30.
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1518:, p. 29.
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1494:, p. 37.
1493:
1488:
1482:, p. 18.
1481:
1476:
1470:, p. 17.
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. 16.
1457:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1423:, p. 11.
1422:
1417:
1411:, p. 12.
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1089:, p. 41.
1088:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1000:
992:
988:
982:
974:
968:
964:
956:
947:
938:
934:
930:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
885:
882:
880:
869:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
849:
847:
836:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
780:
776:
772:
763:
754:
752:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
677:
673:
671:
666:
664:
660:
658:
653:
649:
646:
645:
640:
634:
628:
618:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
585:
578:
564:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
520:
517:
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
496:
493:
481:
469:
457:
445:
433:
421:
409:
397:
385:
373:
361:
349:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
252:Available for
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
203:Daniel Ortega
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
136:
132:
118:
114:
87:
83:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2434:Sint Maarten
2297:
2150:Bibliography
2030:Demographics
1952:Central Bank
1891:Armed Forces
1890:
1874:Human rights
1854:Constitution
1642:(in Spanish)
1581:
1561:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1416:
1387:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1375:
1363:
1344:
1338:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1209:
1189:Merrill 1994
1129:
1111:Merrill 1994
1087:Merrill 1994
1065:Merrill 1994
1018:
999:
991:the original
981:
967:
953:
944:
935:
931:
927:
846:Soviet Union
777:
773:
769:
760:
747:
736:
725:
718:
706:
687:
678:
674:
667:
654:
647:
642:
636:
603:
595:World War II
592:
588:
580:
527:
525:
306:$ 32 million
278:age annually
243:Conscription
163:Headquarters
116:Current form
29:
2419:Puerto Rico
2313:Saint Lucia
2263:El Salvador
1942:Agriculture
1879:LGBT rights
1773:Earthquakes
1733:Sandinistas
1550:Works cited
1389:27 December
702:subordinate
420:North Korea
296:Expenditure
2480:Department
2414:Montserrat
2409:Martinique
2404:Guadeloupe
2243:Costa Rica
2098:Mass media
2088:Literature
2025:Corruption
1959:(currency)
1869:Government
1778:Ecoregions
1736:v. Contras
1285:(2): 160.
1237:(2): 159.
959:References
631:See also:
191:Leadership
108:1979-09-02
76:(English:
2476:Venezuela
2464:Venezuela
2399:Greenland
2298:Nicaragua
2273:Guatemala
2045:Languages
2035:Education
1995:Transport
1911:President
1859:Elections
1818:Volcanoes
1798:Mountains
1756:Geography
1678:Nicaragua
1299:152214826
1251:152214826
919:Personnel
914:EW radars
809:Quantity
783:Equipment
751:narcotics
552:Air Force
540:Nicaragua
480:Venezuela
396:Indonesia
229:Personnel
153:Air Force
2526:Category
2488:Colombia
2346:Anguilla
2283:Honduras
2253:Dominica
2228:Barbados
2159:Category
2055:Religion
1957:CĂłrdoba
1906:Politics
1837:Politics
1682:articles
1609:30623751
1007:Archived
859:T-72B1MS
812:Details
690:Chamorro
614:Honduras
322:Industry
179:ejercito
2394:Curaçao
2370:Bonaire
2356:Bermuda
2288:Jamaica
2268:Grenada
2223:Bahamas
2136:Outline
2103:Museums
2078:Cuisine
2070:Culture
2009:Society
1990:Tourism
1947:Banking
1930:Economy
1788:Islands
1698:Nicarao
1690:History
1376:CIA.gov
1004:CIA.gov
806:Origin
728:militia
710:weapons
692:of the
599:Corinto
558:History
532:Spanish
503:History
492:Vietnam
264:Fit for
174:Website
168:Managua
124: (
106: (
93: (
85:Founded
49:Spanish
2498:) and
2496:France
2303:Panama
2293:Mexico
2238:Canada
2233:Belize
2164:Portal
2050:Health
1970:Energy
1813:Rivers
1680:
1607:
1597:
1577::
1351:
1326:
1297:
1249:
879:Russia
876:
843:
820:(~82)
803:Image
800:Model
743:Contra
714:budget
610:Israel
550:, and
546:, the
489:
477:
465:
456:Russia
453:
444:Poland
441:
432:Mexico
429:
417:
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
302:Budget
291:45,000
45:
2351:Aruba
2278:Haiti
2143:Index
2093:Music
1793:Lakes
1783:Fauna
1383:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1295:S2CID
1247:S2CID
898:AK-47
514:Ranks
468:Syria
384:India
348:China
67:Motto
2510:and
2454:The
2376:and
2374:Saba
2248:Cuba
2083:Film
1605:OCLC
1595:ISBN
1391:2023
1349:ISBN
1324:ISBN
850:~62
826:T-55
788:Army
732:Navy
663:Cuba
633:FSLN
548:Army
544:Navy
526:The
408:Iran
360:Cuba
181:.mil
148:Navy
143:Army
126:1995
119:1995
95:1925
88:1925
2482:of
2470:of
2458:of
1287:doi
1239:doi
883:50
183:.ni
2528::
2372:,
1603:.
1593:.
1589:,
1560:.
1443:16
1441:.
1437:.
1399:^
1374:.
1307:^
1293:.
1283:28
1281:.
1277:.
1259:^
1245:.
1235:28
1233:.
1229:.
1196:^
1138:^
1118:^
1094:^
1072:^
1032:^
554:.
534::
247:No
2502:(
2494:(
2486:(
2474:(
2462:(
2380:)
2368:(
2198:e
2191:t
2184:v
1670:e
1663:t
1656:v
1611:.
1393:.
1357:.
1332:.
1289::
1241::
1026:.
659:)
655:(
530:(
128:)
110:)
97:)
80:)
51:)
47:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
