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998:, slowly adopted European and Dutch culture and heavily westernized. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Minahasan people had completely adopted a more European culture, clothing and lifestyle until the revival of ancient Minahasan culture in the late 20th century. Although even until today there are some Minahasan who are more Dutch or European cultured. This makes the Minahasan people a unique group of people among other Indonesians. And it was described that Minahasa itself is a lonely outpost of Western culture and Christianity, a bastion of loyalty to colonial power. Where Minahasan are actually the subject of a study called
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1426:'s New Order era the Minahasa is bolstering its regional autonomy scheme, among others by positioning itself to profile a unique cultural entity & identity. The three main Minahasa NGO's active in the cultural revival movement are: 'Yayasan Suara Nurami' (The Voice from Within Foundation); 'Minahasa Wangko' (Minahasa the Great) both founded by Bert Supit and 'Peduli Minahasa' (Take care of Minahasa).
743:, Western education in Minahasa started much earlier than in other parts of Indonesia. The Dutch government eventually took over some of these schools and also set up others. Because the schools taught in Dutch, the Minahasans had an early advantage in the competition for government jobs and places in the colonial army. Minahasans remain among the educated elite today.
881:
own autonomous state of North
Sulawesi in June 1957. By this time the central government had the situation in southern Sulawesi pretty much under control but in the north they had no strong local figure to rely upon and there were rumors that the United States, suspected of supplying arms to rebels in Sumatra, was also in contact with the Minahasan leaders.
262:), contains numerous loan words from Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch - a result of contact with European powers from 1523 onwards. While Manado Malay bears some similarities with other varieties of Malay spoken in eastern Indonesia, it also displays many differences. It has been termed both a creole language and a dialect or variety of Malay.
952:) were often female and Minahasa culture does not show any particular discrimination against women. Important decisions concerning the community were made democratically. Owing to the virtual equality in birth a person's rise in status was mainly dependent on personal achievements and the expression of personal virtues.
230:-majority region in a Muslim-majority country (Indonesia). The indigenous inhabitants of Minahasa are 'Austronesian' people who are the descendants of earlier migrations from further North. Prior to contact with Europeans, people living in the Minahasan peninsula primarily had contact with the people of
1225:
dance is originally a
Portuguese folk dance and was adopted into Minahasan society. The dancer would use a European style ball dress for the ladies and usually a formal European attire for the men, usually consisting of a plain shirt a vest dress or dancing shoes and a wide brimmed hat (a fedora or a
977:
and means 'soul/spirit substance'. This spiritual and physical force is expressed as courage, eloquence, virility and fertility. Even without the actual practice of headhunting and other old traditions and customs these core elements of original
Minahasa culture are still held in high regard. To this
903:
The effect of both the
Sumatran and Sulawesi rebellions was to strengthen exactly those trends the rebels had hoped to weaken. Central authority was enhanced at the expense of local autonomy, radical nationalism gained over pragmatic moderation, the power of the communists and Sukarno increased while
726:
The Dutch helped unite the linguistically diverse
Minahasa confederacy, and in 1693 the Minahasa scored a decisive military victory against the Bolaang to the south. The Dutch influence flourished as the Minahasans embraced European culture and Christian religion. Missionary schools in Manado in 1881
713:
Spain renounced her possessions in
Minahasa by means of a treaty with the Portuguese in return for a payment of 350,000 ducats. Minahasan rulers sent Supit, Pa'at and Lontoh (their statues are located in Kauditan, about 30 km to Bitung) where they made an alliance treaty with the Dutch. Together
734:
Portuguese activity apart, Christianity became a force in the early 1820s when a
Calvinist group, the Netherlands Missionary Society, turned from an almost exclusive interest in Maluku to the Minahasa area. The wholesale conversion of the Minahasans was almost complete by 1860. With the missionaries
316:
faith – so strongly, in fact, that when
Indonesia became independent in 1945 certain factions of political elites of the region even pleaded with the Dutch to let it become a province of the Netherlands. The centuries-old strong bond between the Minahasa and the Netherlands has recently been studied
880:
Negotiations between the central government and the
Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in southern Sulawesi, but the Minahasan leaders were dissatisfied with the agreements and the movement split. Inspired, perhaps, by fears of domination by the south, the Minahasan leaders declared their
730:
Relations with the Dutch were often less than cordial (a war was fought around
Tondano between 1807 and 1809) and the region did not actually come under direct Dutch rule until 1870. The Dutch and the Minahasans eventually became so close that the north was often referred to as the 12th province of
705:
and Minahasa was used to plant coffee that came from South America because of its rich soil. Manado was further developed by Spain to become the center of commerce for the Chinese traders who traded the coffee in China. With the help of native allies the Spanish took over the Portuguese fortress in
445:
Subsequently, a new group of people arrived in Pulisan peninsula. Owing to numerous conflicts in this area, they then moved inland and established villages surrounding a large lake. These people were therefore called Tondano, Toudano or Toulour (meaning water people). This lake is now the Tondano
353:
North Sulawesi never developed any large empire. In 670, the leaders of the different tribes, who all spoke different languages, met by a stone known as Watu Pinawetengan. There they founded a community of independent states, who would form one unit and stay together and would fight any outside
690:
The Portuguese and Spaniards left reminders of their presence in the north in subtle ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words not found elsewhere in Indonesia, like garrida for an enticing woman and buraco for a bad man, can still be found in Minahasa. In the 1560s the Portuguese
616:
occurs in a treaty with the Dutch signed in 1790. A common misconception is that the unity among different ethnic groups arose as a result of a historical alliance to fight the Bolaang-Mongondow kingdom. However, the creation of Minahasan unity was in fact almost exclusively the product of the
386:
The province of North Sulawesi was the location of one of the first southward Austronesian migrations patterns in the late third and second millennia BC. The generally-accepted hypothesis is that the Austronesian people originally inhabited Taiwan, before migrating and colonising areas in the
222:
people. Although the Minahasan pre-Christian creation myth entails some form of ethnic unification, before the nineteenth century the Minahasa region was in no way unified. Instead, a number of politically independent groups (walak) existed together, often in a permanent state of conflict.
771:
As a large percentage of Minahasans was formally equalised to the European legal class, young men were also obliged to serve as conscripts when mandatory military service for Europeans was introduced in 1917. Older men (as off 32) were obliged to join the Home guard (Dutch: Landstorm).
904:
that of Hatta waned, and Sukarno was able to establish guided democracy in 1959. Five years after, Sukarno signed Law No. 13, creating the new province of North Sulawesi as enacted by the People's Representative Council, ending a long dream of a province of their own for the Minahasa.
433:
The groups Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan then established their main territories which were Maiesu, Niaranan, and Tumaratas respectively. Soon several villages were established outside these territories. These new villages then became a ruling center of a group of villages called
717:
By the early 17th century the Dutch had toppled the Ternate sultanate, and then set about eclipsing the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the usual case in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch colluded with local powers to throw out their European competitors. In 1677 the Dutch occupied
722:
and, two years later, the Dutch governor of Maluku, Robert Padtbrugge, visited Manado. Out of this visit came a treaty with the local Minahasan chiefs, which led to domination by the Dutch for the next 300 years although indirect government only commenced in 1870.
620:
Among the Minahasan heroes in the wars against Bolaang-Mongondow are: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the war near Lilang village), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (in the war along Amurang Bay).
49:
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Bellwood, P (1995) 'Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion, and Transformation', in Bellwood, P, Fox, J, & Tryon, D (eds), The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, pp.103–114, Canberra, Australian National University
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In March 1957, the military leaders of both southern and northern Sulawesi launched a confrontation with the central government, with demands for greater regional autonomy. They demanded more local development, a fairer share of revenue, help in suppressing the
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rebels confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform. Jakarta responded by bombing Menado city in February 1958, and then invading the Minahasa in June 1958, but were only able to end the Permesta revolt in 1961.
249:
There are nine languages that are indigenous to the Minahasan peninsula. All languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, and five of these (Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tontemboan, and Tonsawang) comprise the
1207:
is the fierce and famous Minahasan wardance which reminds of the old Minahasa warrior societies. The dancers wear red garments which in the old times was a color exclusive for the accomplished headhunter. This dance is similar to the Moluccan
426:(dividing of ritual). At that meeting the descendants were divided into three groups named Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan corresponding to the groups mentioned above. At the place where this meeting took place a memorial stone called
652:(VOC), which was given concrete form in the treaty of 1679 (which can be found in the Corpus Diplomaticus Neerlando-Indicum 1934, vol. III, no 425). From 1801 to 1813, the Netherlands were occupied by the French imperial forces of
349:
The word 'Minahasa' is made up of the prefix ma-, the infix -in-, and the independent word esa 'one'. In English this translates as 'become one' or 'united'. The name Minahasa appears in written sources for the first time in 1789.
617:
colonisation and Christian conversion enacted by the Dutch. The colonial administration and Dutch missionaries undertook various policies which resulted in ethnic unification and the increased use of the Manado Malay language.
1089:
in Indonesia. It has the highest density of church buildings in Indonesia, with approximately one church for every 100m road. This is due to a successful missionary campaign by European Christians in Northern Sulawesi.
254:, while three (Bantik, Toratan, and Sangir) are part of the Sangiric group. Another language (Ponosakan) is considered moribund and is part of the Gorontalo-Mongondow microgroup. The language of wider communication,
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Another popular minahasan cuisine is rica-rica and dabu-dabu. Rica-rica is dishes usually fish or meat, cooked in spicy red chili, shallots, garlic, and tomato, while dabu-dabu is a type of condiment similar to
763:
and therefore particularly competent and trustworthy as soldiers. As KNIL soldiers the Minahasans fought alongside the Dutch to subdue rebellions in other parts of the archipelago, such as for instance the
387:
northern Philippines, the southern Philippines, Borneo, and Sulawesi before splitting into separate groups, with one heading west to Java, Sumatra, and Malaya, while the other moved east towards Oceania.
955:
Leadership positions and higher status were acquired via two main mechanisms: the deployment of wealth and the show of bravery. The first was achieved via 'status selematans', ceremonial feasts called
759:
A relatively large number of Minahasans pursued professional military careers in the colonial army (KNIL). Next to the South Moluccan Ambonese, the Minahasa Menadonese were also considered a
900:
and US pilots) were destroyed. US policy shifted, favoring Jakarta, and in June 1958 central government troops landed in Minahasa. The Permesta rebellion was finally put down in mid-1961.
994:
Although after the Dutch came to Minahasa and after the treaty of 1699 between the Dutch and the Minahasan people, most Minahasan people. especially the upperclass and the ones living in
841:
Illegal exports flourished and in June 1956 Jakarta ordered the closure of Manado port, the busiest smuggling port in the republic. Local leaders refused and Jakarta backed down. Soon
357:
Until well into the 19th century, the Minahasa was made up of rivaling warrior societies that practiced headhunting. Only during 'Pax Neerlandica' of the formal colonisation of the
884:
The possibility of foreign intervention finally drove the central government to seek military support from southern Sulawesi. Permesta forces were driven out of central Sulawesi,
1325:
by Scott Merrifield and Martinus Salea. It gives an overview of the classification and distribution of the languages, based on a detailed study of the phonology and vocabulary.
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Amurang in the 1550s, and Spanish settlers also established a fort at Manado, so that eventually Spain controlled all of the Minahasa. It was in Manado where one of the first
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were among the first attempts at mass education in Indonesia, giving their graduates a considerable edge in gaining civil service, military and other positions of influence.
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There are the nine groups in North Sulawesi which are originally differentiated ethnically and linguistically. Of these nine, only the first five are of Minahasan descent:
2448:
1927:
2403:(in Indonesian) (4th ed.). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya, Seni dan Film; Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. 2010 . pp. 382–83.
710:(Mestizo) communities in the archipelago developed during the 16th century. The first King of Manado (1630) named Muntu Untu was in fact the son of a Spanish Mestizo.
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island and from Morotai in Maluku (from whose airfield the rebels had hoped to fly bombing raids on Jakarta). The rebels' few planes (supplied by the US and flown by
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Oriental commerce: containing a geographical description of the principal places in the East Indies, China, and Japan, with their produce, manufactures, and trade
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traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and the Portuguese, the first Europeans to arrive, landed in Minahasa via the port of Makasar, but also landed at the
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the Netherlands. A Manado – based political movement called Twaalfde Provincie even campaigned for Minahasa's integration into the Dutch state in 1947.
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811:, as the first republican governor of eastern Indonesia, was decisive in winning Minahasan support for the republic. A contra-revolution such as the
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Minahasan cuisine is very spicy, and can feature ingredients not typically found in other parts of Indonesia. For example, dog (RW, short for
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687:. Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the Spanish and Portuguese influence was limited by the power of the Ternate sultanate.
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Until the dominance of Dutch influence in the 17th and 18th century, the Minahassans lived in warrior societies that practised headhunting.
1846:
Brickell, Timothy C. (2020). "Language contact in North Sulawesi: Preliminary observations". In Conners, Thomas J.; Utsumi, Atsuko (eds.).
683:. The abundance of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European traders sailing to and from the spice island of
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day the deployment of wealth, bravery, obstinacy and the eloquence of verbal resistance are important to social mobility in the Minahasa.
542:
535:
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527:
1156:, in reference to a popular local dish: a rice porridge made with corn, smoked fish, greens, and chilies. Known outside the province as
830:, there was a general feeling that the central government was inefficient, development was stagnating and money was being plugged into
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eventually gained the upper hand in 1655, built their own fortress in 1658 and expelled the last of the Portuguese a few years later.
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and with Chinese and Malay traders from within the Indonesian archipelago. From the 1500s onwards, the region had contact with the
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Lundström-Burghoorn, W. 1981. Minahasa civilization: A tradition of change. Gothenburg, Sweden: ACTA Universitatis Gothoburgensis
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Schouten, M. J. C. 1983. Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677 – 1983. Leiden: KITLV Press
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Schouten, M. J. C. 1983. Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677 – 1983. Leiden: KITLV Press
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Minahassers in Indonesië en Nederland: migratie en cultuurverandering, Menno Hekker, Disertasi Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1993
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Bowden, John (December 2005), "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay",
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arrived in North Sulawesi. Half-way through the 17th century, there was a rapprochement between the Minahasan chiefs and the
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then decided to meet and talk about this. They met in Awuan (north of the current Tonderukan hill). That meeting was called
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1172:, made of chopped chilli, shallots, and green tomato mixed with a little vinegar or lime juice. Another vegetables is
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1982:
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Schouten, M.J.C (1983) 'Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society', pp. 12–13, Leiden, KITLV Press
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293:, which are altogether seven of the fifteen regional administrations in the province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
414:(nine times three). They multiplied quickly. But soon there were disputes among these people. Their leaders named
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2067:"Cross-border Communities and Deterritorialising Identities. Assessing the Diaspora Triangle: Migrant-host-home"
1552:
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Tontemboan Bible, by M. Adriani-Gunning and J. Regar, published in 1907 by Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland.
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1240:. Minahasa music is highly influenced by that of the European colonials; their festivals feature large
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There is a considerable number of people from the Minahasa living in the Netherlands, as part of the
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Stoel, R. 2005. Focus in Manado Malay: grammar, particles, and intonation. Leiden:CNWS publications
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243:
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1399:, currently the orthography used for indigenous Minahasan languages closely matches that used for
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2005:
Henley, David (1993), "A superabundance of centers: Ternate and the contest for North Sulawesi",
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Visser, Leontine E. (1989), "Foreign Textiles in Sahu Culture", in Gittinger, Mattiebelle (ed.),
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1124:), python snake or the local called it patola are commonly eaten. Other than these exotic meats,
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1787:
877:' (Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam) rebellion was a reformist rather than a separatist movement.
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Godee-Molsbergen. E.C. 1928. Geschiedenis van de Minahassa tot 1829. Weltevreden:Landsdrukkerij
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Minahasans are the most populous ethnic group in the Minahasan peninsula of North Sulawesi, a
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538:. They then established a kingdom called Manado which ended in 1670 and became walak Manado.
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Dotulong, B. 2010. Kamus Malayu Manado – Indonesia – Toundano. Jakarta: Percetakan Gramedia
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has adopted policies to strengthen local autonomy, the very idea that Permesta fought for.
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On the Question of Contemporary Identity in Minahasa, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.
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http://www.minahasaraya.net/frame1.htm?http&&&www.minahasaraya.net/bamboo.htm
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rebellion in Southern Sulawesi, and a cabinet of the central government led jointly by
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242:. Ultimately, however, it was the Dutch who colonized the region; firstly through the
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1977:, Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, pp. 81–90,
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Lobel, Jason William (2015). "Ponosakan: A Dying Language of Northeastern Sulawesi".
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are abundant in Manado and other port cities in North Sulawesi. Popular fish such as
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did the state of permanent internal warfare and the practice of headhunting subside.
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Blust, R. 2013. The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open
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Historically, the Minahasa region was located within the sphere of influence of the
246:(VOC) and, from 1817 onwards, through the administration of the Dutch nation state.
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Native people inhabiting the northeastern part of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Schouten, Mieke: Minahasa and Bolaangmongondow, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1981.
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The Minahasan indigenous religion is Malesung with Tonaas Walian as their leader.
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Leadership and Social Mobility in a Southeast Asian society. Minahasa, 1677–1983.
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At 93% of the population, the Minahasa Regency has one of highest proportions of
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the Minahasa people identified strongly with the Dutch language, culture and the
300:. The links with the Ternate people are evidenced by lexical borrowings from the
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1490:, Indonesian military commander, founder of Indonesian Special Forces (Kopassus)
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held some sway over North Sulawesi, and the area was often visited by seafaring
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1523:, Indonesian national hero, Foreign Minister of Indonesia, Minister of Finance
127:(United States, Malaysia, Philippines, United Kingdom, Singapore, Netherlands)
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308:(Ternate Malay). The Minahasa people, however, resisted Islamization. In the
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1082:, a language of Minahasa. It was edited by M. Adriani-Gunning and J. Regar.
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430:(Stone of Dividing) was then built. It is a favourite tourist destination.
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Godee Molsbergen, E.C. : Geschiedenis van de Minahasa tot 1829, 1928.
1908:. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 650–653.
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fishing town. The provincial capital Manado is often referred to as Kota
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because of the cat logo used by the battery), forest rat, and fruit bat (
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Ancient Minahasa society was both competitive and egalitarian. Important
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The Japanese occupation of 1942–45 was a period of deprivation, and the
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Nationalism and regionalism in colonial Indonesia: The case of Minahasa
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1658:, first Indonesian female physician, first Indonesian specialist in
1471:, businessman, Indonesian commercial television pioneer, founder of
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In 1907, Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland published a Bible in the
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1581:, Indonesian national hero, first Indonesian representative to the
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Native Minahasan music includes percussions such as gong, drum and
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1153:
874:
855:
842:
765:
653:
641:
235:
190:
54:
1529:, Indonesian national hero, pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia
457:
In the following years, more groups came to Minahasa. There were:
390:
According to Minahasa mythology the Minahasans are descendants of
2960:
2561:
1423:
1395:
While there is not much known about the origin of ideogramatical
1381:
1257:
1125:
866:
827:
819:
664:
663:
At the time of the first contact with Europeans the sultanate of
586:
576:
559:
is now located. These people were the ancestors of the subethnic
523:
380:
274:
799:
that followed, there was bitter division between pro-Indonesian
2888:
2308:
F.S. Watuseke: Sedjarah Minahasa. Tjetakan kedua. Manado, 1969.
1315:
1269:
1177:
1169:
1149:
995:
983:
969:
Headhunting helped the warrior gain a religious concept called
949:
897:
680:
676:
571:
560:
511:
466:
270:
266:
207:
2506:
1422:
Ever since the overall de-centralisation following the end of
3681:
3366:
2636:
1930:
from the original on 2020-06-04 – via Encyclopedia.com.
1566:, Indonesian national hero, Information Minister of Indonesia
1036:
823:
668:
645:
239:
1180:
flower buds sauteed with shallots, chilli and green tomato.
48:
3423:
2804:
2501:
2378:
Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society
2357:
Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society
2344:
2236:
Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society
1744:(Jakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Cahaya Pineleng, 2007), p. 35
1472:
1265:
831:
2183:
Watuseke, F.S. (1956). "Bahasa-bahasa didaerah Minahasa".
780:
1761:
1759:
53:
Minahasan man wearing traditional attire in a parade in
1945:, North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, p. 223,
779:
in WWII many Menadonese soldiers were held captive as
1756:
1221:
dance that's still widely performed in Minahasa. The
818:
As the young republic lurched from crisis to crisis,
656:
and the Minahasa came under English control. In 1817
2435:
The Minahasa – Sociale Struktuur – De Kabasaran Dans
2400:
Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa
1699:
1679:, second Indonesian female physician, specialist in
1975:
To Speak with Cloth: Studies in Indonesian Textiles
826:trade seriously weakened Minahasa's economy. As in
2345:Minahasa website (English and Indonesian language)
1906:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
1616:Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
1290:In Minahasa, five distinct languages are spoken:
701:The Spanish had already set themselves up in the
3694:
2278:
2201:
1272:, which form the basis of a song genre known as
991:, until the practice was outlawed by the Dutch.
755:Minahasa reserve troops, Tondano Landstorm, 1948
545:, who in the early 18th century landed first in
1505:, Indonesian national hero, second governor of
2541:
1900:Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen, eds. (2009).
735:came mission schools, which meant that, as in
2527:
807:. The appointment of a Manadonese Christian,
640:In the second half of the 16th century, both
2285:. New York: Black, Parry & Co. pp.
1773:
1771:
1164:is supposed to improve health and vitality.
534:(Bajo). They landed in the place now called
484:. These were the ancestors of the subethnic
364:
2467:, by Scott Merrifield, Martinus Salea, 1996
2206:. Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. p. 137.
1895:
1893:
1850:. NUSA 68. Vol. 68. pp. 159–190.
2534:
2520:
1614:, Indonesian national hero, member of the
1019:Religion of Minahasan people in Indonesia
795:bombed Manado heavily in 1945. During the
442:, comparable to the present-day district.
2045:10.6241/concentric.ling.200512_31(2).0006
1899:
1768:
1605:, badminton player, gold medalist at the
962:and the latter originally via successful
473:. These people were the ancestors of the
304:; moreover, Manado Malay originates from
40:Mina Hassa / Manado / Kawanua / Touwenang
2182:
2064:
1998:
1943:Weapons & Fighting Arts of Indonesia
1890:
1845:
1439:
1410:
1187:
1069:
1054:
930:
922:
786:
750:
631:
448:
368:
335:
2380:(Publisher: KITLV Press, Leiden, 1998)
2359:(Publisher: KITLV Press, Leiden, 1998)
2238:(Publisher: KITLV Press, Leiden, 1998)
2146:(Publisher: KITLV Press, Leiden, 1998)
1940:
14:
3695:
2224:. Leiden: KITLV Press. pp. 45–61.
2219:
2204:Geschiedenis van de Minahassa tot 1829
2030:
2024:
2004:
1972:
1966:
1848:Aspects of regional varieties of Malay
1841:
1839:
1198:war dance, performed at a parade, 2006
1108:, or "fine hair" in Tontemboan), cat (
834:. Circumstances favored the spread of
775:During the Japanese occupation of the
2515:
2215:
2213:
2202:Godée Molsbergen, Everhardus (1928).
1798:
973:, which is similar to the Malay term
2335:Arsip Nasional RI No. 134, 162, 169.
660:rule was re-established until 1949.
82:Regions with significant populations
1836:
1406:
803:and those favoring Dutch-sponsored
612:The first recorded use of the term
265:Minahasa Raya is the area covering
24:
2480:(Asian Anthropology, Vol 1, 2002.)
2210:
2033:Concentric: Studies in Linguistics
911:, the Indonesian government under
25:
3734:
2495:
1429:
815:one in the Moluccas was averted.
1702:
1629:Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2019
698:made some converts in Minahasa.
402:were divided into three groups:
398:. Initially, the descendants of
47:
2470:
2458:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2391:
2370:
2349:
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2228:
2195:
2176:
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2157:
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2112:
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2094:
2058:
1934:
1354:, in Manado Malay it is called
1312:Summer Institute of Linguistics
1268:, all constructed out of local
746:
627:
555:and finally to the place where
354:enemies if they were attacked.
2465:North Sulawesi Language Survey
2299:Government of Minahasa Regency
1827:
1792:
1780:
1747:
1734:
1553:Indonesian War of Independence
1318:, United States published the
13:
1:
2076:, no. 19, archived from
1728:
72:
1447:, National hero of Indonesia
1279:
1217:Another famous dance is the
981:Minhasa dead were buried in
675:(off the northeast coast of
7:
1695:
1592:Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue
1005:
849:
797:Revolution for independence
530:. These were the subethnic
461:people from the islands of
10:
3739:
3703:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
2543:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
2268:Minahasa (history) Website
2256:Minahasa (history) Website
2074:SEARC Working Paper Series
2065:Jacobsen, Michael (2002),
1660:obstetrics and gynaecology
1646:, Indonesian national hero
1560:, Indonesian national hero
1551:, military officer during
1488:Alexander Evert Kawilarang
1433:
1283:
1136:), tuna, red snapper, and
1097:
1093:
1009:
927:Maengket traditional dance
918:
873:. At least initially the '
853:
495:who were the ancestors of
422:(dividing of language) or
331:
291:Southeast Minahasa Regency
3563:
3467:
3350:
3212:
3097:
2887:
2803:
2560:
2549:
2279:Milburn, William (1813).
1579:Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
1521:Alexander Andries Maramis
1453:Kristania Virginia Besouw
365:Origin of Minahasa people
181:
176:
156:
151:
136:
131:
86:
81:
71:
66:
46:
2185:Pembina Bahasa Indonesia
1588:Yaakov Baruch Palilingan
1498:Indonesian national hero
1229:
1183:
650:Dutch East India Company
317:and explained using the
244:Dutch East India Company
3608:Bangka Belitung Chinese
1740:Paul Richard Renwarin,
1558:Robert Wolter Mongisidi
1436:List of Minahasa people
1397:Minahasa writing system
1390:– Portuguese', "caballo
1380:origin. In the town of
813:Republik Maluku Selatan
2220:Henley, David (1996).
1941:Draeger, Donn (1972),
1650:Nagita Slavina Tengker
1625:Jolene Marie Rotinsulu
1514:, singer, vocalist of
1503:Bernard Wilhelm Lapian
1448:
1419:
1362:– Portuguese word for
1199:
1075:
1064:
939:
928:
756:
637:
454:
383:
346:
328:(Eurasian) community.
287:South Minahasa Regency
283:North Minahasa Regency
1690:Puteri Indonesia 2016
1527:Maria Walanda Maramis
1455:, Miss Indonesia 2006
1443:
1414:
1191:
1148:is a popular dish of
1073:
1058:
1012:Religion in Indonesia
934:
926:
822:'s monopoly over the
787:Republic of Indonesia
754:
679:) and at the port of
635:
452:
424:Pinawetengan um-posan
410:(two times nine) and
406:(three times seven),
372:
339:
177:Related ethnic groups
3723:Austronesian peoples
2424:Sensus Penduduk 2010
1813:10.1353/ol.2015.0022
1618:, first governor of
1607:2020 Summer Olympics
1384:, a horse is called
510:, who then occupied
306:North Moluccan Malay
252:Minahasan microgroup
1801:Oceanic Linguistics
1681:otorhinolaryngology
1677:Anna Adeline Warouw
1574:Governor of Jakarta
1494:Arie Frederik Lasut
1463:public intellectual
1286:Minahasan languages
1080:Tontemboan language
488:(Ratahan dan Pasan)
420:Pinawetengan u-nuwu
138:Minahasan languages
43:
2486:2011-07-21 at the
2451:2015-02-17 at the
2127:Roderick C. Wahr,
1449:
1420:
1200:
1174:sayur bunga papaya
1076:
1065:
940:
929:
907:After the fall of
757:
638:
455:
384:
347:
206:are an indigenous
187:Gorontaloan people
33:
3690:
3689:
2502:The Minahasa Site
2410:978-979-16071-1-7
2142:Schouten, M.J.C.
1952:978-1-4629-0509-6
1915:978-1-4144-4892-3
1788:Access Monographs
1742:Matuari Wo Tonaas
1372:in Indonesian is
1350:in Indonesian is
1100:Minahasan cuisine
777:Dutch East Indies
597:Ratahan (Toratán)
551:Bolaang-Mangondow
549:and then went to
504:Bacan archipelago
493:Bolaang Mangondow
453:Minahasa warriors
428:Watu Pinabetengan
373:Minahasan man in
359:Dutch East Indies
310:Dutch East Indies
298:Ternate Sultanate
196:
195:
166:Roman Catholicism
98:Jabodetabekpunjur
41:
16:(Redirected from
3730:
2536:
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2522:
2513:
2512:
2490:
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2455:Minahasa website
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2376:Schouten, M.J.C
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2132:Minahasa Website
2129:History Timeline
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1718:Persmin Minahasa
1712:
1710:Indonesia portal
1707:
1706:
1705:
1407:Cultural revival
1340:can be found in
1112:, also known as
1044:
1034:
1024:
673:Sulu archipelago
636:Minahasa wedding
502:people from the
302:Ternate language
279:Minahasa Regency
210:group from the
183:Mongondow people
114:Central Sulawesi
76:1.4 million
74:
67:Total population
51:
44:
39:
35:Minahasan people
32:
21:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
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3708:Minahasa people
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2488:Wayback Machine
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2453:Wayback Machine
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1667:, film director
1590:, rabbi of the
1564:Arnold Mononutu
1516:The Temper Trap
1438:
1432:
1409:
1323:Language Survey
1310:. In 1996, the
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1040:
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367:
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258:(also known as
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110:East Kalimantan
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22:
18:Minahasa people
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3564:Non-indigenous
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3469:Maluku Islands
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1583:United Nations
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1434:Main article:
1431:
1430:Notable people
1428:
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1328:Influences of
1321:North Sulawesi
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1242:marching bands
1231:
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1098:Main article:
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469:who landed in
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3354:Sunda Islands
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2386:90-6718-109-9
2383:
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2365:90-6718-109-9
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2244:90-6718-109-9
2241:
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2223:
2216:
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2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2154:P.11 and P.51
2153:
2152:90-6718-109-9
2149:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2083:on 2005-02-22
2079:
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2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
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1984:9780930741174
1980:
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1635:
1634:Ventje Sumual
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Sam Ratulangi
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:Greysia Polii
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
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1571:
1570:Henk Ngantung
1568:
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1559:
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1544:
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1513:
1512:Dougy Mandagi
1510:
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1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:, philosopher
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:Sam Ratulangi
1442:
1437:
1427:
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1259:
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1251:
1247:
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1239:
1238:
1227:
1226:slouch hat).
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:skipjack tuna
1144:, the smoked
1143:
1142:Cakalang fufu
1139:
1135:
1134:skipjack tuna
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:Tonaas Walian
1057:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1027:Protestantism
1020:
1013:
1003:
1001:
1000:Stranger King
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:
979:
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972:
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905:
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863:Kahar Muzakar
857:
847:
844:
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829:
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821:
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814:
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809:Sam Ratulangi
806:
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769:
767:
762:
753:
744:
742:
738:
732:
728:
724:
721:
715:
711:
709:
708:Indo-Eurasian
704:
699:
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688:
686:
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678:
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490:
487:
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479:
477:ethnic group.
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
458:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Pasiowan-Telu
409:
408:Makarua-siouw
405:
404:Makatelu-pitu
401:
400:Toar-Lumimuut
397:
393:
388:
382:
378:
377:
371:
362:
360:
355:
351:
344:
343:
338:
329:
327:
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319:Stranger King
315:
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217:
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209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
184:
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175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Protestantism
159:
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
125:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
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91:
90:
85:
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77:
70:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
36:
19:
3192:Tau Taa Wana
3156:
2620:Talang Mamak
2551:
2507:The Minahasa
2477:
2472:
2460:
2441:
2430:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2281:
2274:
2266:Wahr, C. R.
2262:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2221:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2159:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2085:, retrieved
2078:the original
2073:
2060:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1974:
1968:
1942:
1936:
1905:
1902:"Minahasans"
1847:
1829:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1782:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1686:Kezia Warouw
1673:, footballer
1656:Marie Thomas
1636:, leader of
1599:, footballer
1597:Jendri Pitoy
1539:Maria Menado
1478:Mees Hilgers
1469:Peter Gontha
1459:Rocky Gerung
1421:
1415:
1394:
1392:– Spanish).
1389:
1385:
1376:, a word of
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:Manado Malay
1327:
1319:
1289:
1273:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1158:Bubur Manado
1157:
1140:(mackerel).
1137:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1087:Christianity
1084:
1077:
1066:
1018:
993:
987:, a type of
982:
980:
974:
970:
968:
956:
954:
943:
941:
913:B.J. Habibie
906:
902:
883:
879:
859:
840:
817:
790:
774:
770:
761:martial race
758:
747:Armed forces
733:
729:
725:
720:Pulau Sangir
716:
712:
700:
696:missionaries
689:
662:
639:
628:European era
623:
619:
613:
611:
566:
541:people from
491:people from
486:Pasam-bangko
480:people from
456:
444:
439:
435:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
374:
356:
352:
348:
340:
323:
295:
275:Tomohon City
264:
259:
256:Manado Malay
248:
232:North Maluku
225:
219:
214:province of
203:
199:
197:
158:Christianity
142:Manado Malay
122:
87:
75:
38:
34:
30:Ethnic group
3718:Headhunting
3538:Tanimbarese
3252:Ekari (Mee)
3127:Gorontaloan
2763:Aneuk Jamee
2758:Minangkabau
2714:Bugis-Malay
2605:Orang Rimba
2600:Orang Kuala
2553:Indonesians
2254:Wahr, C.R.
1723:Proto-Malay
1671:Ezra Walian
1627:, actress,
1533:Rima Melati
1274:musik bambu
1244:made up of
1106:rintek wuuk
1047:Catholicism
989:sarcophagus
964:headhunting
948:(religious
703:Philippines
271:Manado City
267:Bitung City
170:Sunni Islam
3697:Categories
3677:Portuguese
3635:Klingalese
3077:Orang Laut
2915:Lun Bawang
2889:Kalimantan
2845:Kangeanese
2838:Tenggerese
2828:Banyumasan
2823:Cirebonese
2667:Toba Batak
2662:Simalungun
2652:Mandailing
2615:Petalangan
2570:Aboriginal
2476:Jacobson,
2087:2007-02-14
2053:1291812763
1864:8682619226
1729:References
1665:Monty Tiwa
1549:Daan Mogot
1484:footballer
1401:Indonesian
1330:Portuguese
1296:Tontemboan
1250:saxophones
1214:wardance.
1063:priestess.
1010:See also:
805:federalism
801:Unitarians
693:Franciscan
642:Portuguese
582:Tontemboan
557:Malalayang
547:Panimburan
520:Manado Tua
482:Tomori Bay
379:attire in
314:Protestant
236:Portuguese
200:Minahasans
146:Indonesian
3672:Pakistani
3667:Mardijker
3618:Peranakan
3419:Manggarai
3402:Lamaholot
3262:Ketengban
3182:Sangirese
3162:Mongondow
3157:Minahasan
3152:Mandarese
3132:Kalumpang
3065:Pontianak
3036:Punan Bah
2952:Uma Baka'
2927:Apo Kayan
2906:Apo Duat
2877:Bantenese
2867:Sundanese
2780:Palembang
2019:773559335
2013:: 39–60,
1961:784885662
1924:388481759
1882:ignored (
1872:cite book
1821:146182992
1652:, actress
1543:Malaysian
1535:, actress
1416:Kabasaran
1292:Tonsawang
1280:Languages
1262:trombones
1246:clarinets
1237:kolintang
1204:Kabasaran
1195:kabasaran
936:Kolintang
909:New Order
898:Taiwanese
886:Gorontalo
836:communism
601:Ponosakan
593:Tonsawang
589:(Toulour)
543:Toli-toli
536:Sindulang
532:Bobentehu
528:Mantehage
499:(Belang).
497:Ponosakan
475:Tonsawang
376:kabasaran
342:Kabasaran
321:concept.
228:Christian
216:Indonesia
204:Minahassa
132:Languages
102:East Java
89:Indonesia
59:East Java
3652:Japanese
3625:Filipino
3593:Chindian
3588:Armenian
3511:Ambonese
3494:Manusela
3477:Moluccan
3429:Rotenese
3382:Bimanese
3377:Balinese
3372:Bali Aga
3142:Makassar
3122:Bonerate
3117:Butonese
3107:Buginese
3099:Sulawesi
3024:Bakumpai
3012:Ma'anyan
3007:Lawangan
3002:Ot Danum
2966:Kendayan
2850:Madurese
2818:Javanese
2790:Simeulue
2751:Sakuddei
2746:Mentawai
2627:Acehnese
2484:Archived
2449:Archived
2191:: 21–56.
2091:Document
2007:Cakalele
1993:20970370
1928:Archived
1696:See also
1640:movement
1638:Permesta
1620:Sulawesi
1507:Sulawesi
1388:('cavalo
1378:Sanskrit
1258:trumpets
1211:cakalele
1162:tinutuan
1154:Tinutuan
1130:cakalang
1126:seafoods
1115:eveready
1006:Religion
1002:theory.
975:semangat
938:ensemble
894:Filipino
875:Permesta
856:Permesta
850:Permesta
843:Permesta
766:Java War
654:Napoleon
644:and the
614:Minahasa
438:, later
396:Lumimuut
345:Minahasa
191:Visayans
152:Religion
124:Overseas
55:Surabaya
3603:Benteng
3598:Chinese
3571:African
3548:Togutil
3521:Wai Apu
3506:Ambelau
3454:Sumbawa
3352:Lesser
3327:Waropen
3307:Sentani
3272:Korowai
3242:Damalme
3227:Amungme
3197:Torajan
3041:Bukitan
3029:Meratus
2983:Mualang
2961:Bidayuh
2910:Kelabit
2795:Singkil
2775:Haloban
2739:Serdang
2729:Langkat
2689:Lampung
2674:Enggano
2642:Angkola
2562:Sumatra
1545:actress
1424:Suharto
1386:kafalio
1382:Tomohon
1360:cadeira
1334:Spanish
1308:Tombulu
1300:Toulour
1223:katrili
1219:katrili
1094:Cuisine
919:Culture
867:Sukarno
828:Sumatra
820:Jakarta
665:Ternate
646:Spanish
587:Tondano
577:Tombulu
524:Bunaken
416:Tona'as
381:Tomohon
332:History
240:Spanish
168:(7%)),
164:(85%),
3662:Korean
3657:Jewish
3630:Indian
3553:Wemale
3543:Tobelo
3533:Lisela
3528:Kayeli
3499:Nuaulu
3412:Loloan
3392:Helong
3332:Wolani
3322:Wambon
3317:Tobati
3282:Marind
3267:Kombai
3202:Mamasa
3172:Pamona
3112:Bungku
2995:Tidung
2971:Selako
2947:Lebbo'
2942:Kenyah
2920:Sa'ban
2897:Banjar
2855:Bawean
2813:Betawi
2785:Rejang
2709:Asahan
2699:Lembak
2657:Pakpak
2407:
2384:
2363:
2242:
2150:
2051:
2017:
1991:
1981:
1959:
1949:
1922:
1912:
1862:
1819:
1418:Menado
1356:kadera
1316:Dallas
1304:Tonsea
1270:bamboo
1264:, and
1254:source
1178:papaya
1170:sambal
1150:Bitung
1121:paniki
1045:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1023:
996:Manado
984:waruga
950:shaman
945:walian
890:Sangir
793:Allies
685:Maluku
681:Manado
677:Borneo
608:Bantik
605:Sangir
572:Tonsea
561:Bantik
512:Lembeh
467:Tidore
446:lake.
220:Manado
208:ethnic
3682:Totok
3640:Tamil
3489:Alune
3484:Alfur
3459:Tetum
3449:Sumba
3444:Sikka
3434:Sasak
3407:Malay
3397:Kemak
3387:Bunak
3367:Atoni
3312:Tehit
3297:Nduga
3237:Bauzi
3232:Asmat
3214:Papua
3177:Rampi
3147:Malay
3137:Lindu
3087:Suluk
3082:Bajau
3060:Berau
3055:Malay
3019:Ngaju
2990:Murut
2937:Kayan
2932:Bahau
2902:Dayak
2872:Baduy
2862:Malay
2833:Osing
2724:Lahat
2704:Malay
2684:Kluet
2637:Batak
2610:Sakai
2595:Mante
2585:Bonai
2580:Batin
2173:Press
2081:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
1817:S2CID
1482:Dutch
1370:Horse
1364:chair
1352:kursi
1348:Chair
1338:Dutch
1266:tubas
1230:Music
1184:Dance
1110:tusa'
1037:Islam
1029:(85%)
971:keter
871:Hatta
824:copra
737:Ambon
669:Bugis
658:Dutch
508:Sangi
440:walak
160:93% (
118:Papua
3647:Indo
3583:Arab
3516:Buru
3439:Savu
3424:Nage
3362:Abui
3342:Yaur
3337:Yali
3302:Sawi
3292:Moni
3277:Lani
3257:Fayu
3247:Dani
3222:Abun
3187:Seko
3167:Muna
3072:Moro
3046:Krio
2978:Iban
2805:Java
2770:Nias
2734:Riau
2719:Deli
2694:Laut
2679:Gayo
2647:Karo
2632:Alas
2590:Lubu
2575:Akit
2405:ISBN
2388:p.24
2382:ISBN
2367:P.22
2361:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2049:OCLC
2015:OCLC
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1957:OCLC
1947:ISBN
1920:OCLC
1910:ISBN
1884:help
1860:OCLC
1473:RCTI
1374:kuda
1336:and
1306:and
1138:tude
1059:The
1049:(7%)
1039:(8%)
958:foso
869:and
832:Java
783:'s.
741:Roti
739:and
526:and
506:and
471:Atep
465:and
463:Maju
436:puak
394:and
392:Toar
326:Indo
289:and
238:and
198:The
172:(8%)
3287:Mek
2287:406
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1809:doi
1366:).
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1256:),
781:POW
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