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Although minced oaths are not as strong as the expressions from which they derive, some audiences may still find them offensive. One writer in 1550 considered "idle oaths" like "by cocke" (by God), "by the cross of the mouse foot", and "by Saint
Chicken" to be "most abominable blasphemy". The minced
488:(1919), in which the narrator explained that "Strickland, according to Captain Nichols, did not use exactly the words I have given, but since this book is meant for family reading, I thought it better—at the expense of truth—to put into his mouth language familiar to the domestic circle".
500:, stating in Appendix F of the novel: "But Orcs and Trolls spoke as they would, without love of words or things; and their language was actually more degraded and filthy than I have shown it. I do not suppose that any will wish for a closer rendering, though models are easy to find."
229:
mentions that people used to swear by birds instead of by the gods, adding that the soothsayer Lampon still swears by the goose "whenever he's going to cheat you". Since no god was called upon, Lampon may have considered this oath safe to break.
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recalled that "some years ago", after using it in print, he had received complaints that it was blasphemous because of its origin as "God's wounds". (He had written an article entitled "Zounds! Is
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wrote "I wouldn't give a blank for such a blank blank. I'm blank, if he doesn't look as if he'd swallowed a blank codfish." By the 1880s, it had given rise to the derived forms
460:
It is common to find minced oaths in literature and media. Writers sometimes face the problem of portraying characters who swear and often include minced oaths instead of
271:
The use of minced oaths in
English dates back at least to the 14th century, when "gog" and "kokk", both euphemisms for God, were in use. Other early minced oaths include
796:
Hugh
Gazzard: An Act To Restrain Abuses Of Players (1606), in: The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol. 61, No. 251 (September 2010), pp. 495-528, here p. 496
993:
974:
1583:
1423:
129:
840:
Lund, J.M. (2002). "The Ordeal of Zeal-of-the-Land Busy: The
Conflict Over Profane Swearing and the Puritan Culture of Discipline".
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is an ironic reference to the dashes that are sometimes used to replace profanities in print. It goes back at least to 1854, when
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is said to have forbidden his subjects to swear by the gods, suggesting that they instead swear by the ram, the goose or the
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favored the "Rhadamanthine" oath "by the dog", with "the dog" often interpreted as referring to the bright "Dog Star",
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did not (at least not in RP), so that they no longer sound like their original meaning of "By God's wounds".
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Many languages have such expressions. In the
English language, nearly all profanities have minced variants.
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allow a speaker to begin to say the prohibited word and then change to a more acceptable expression. In
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word or phrase to reduce the original term's objectionable characteristics. An example is "gosh" for "
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opposition to swearing. Seven new minced oaths are first recorded between 1598 and 1602, including
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for "God's nails" from the historian John
Hayward. Swearing on stage was officially banned by the
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in 1606, and a general ban on swearing followed in 1623. Other examples from the 1650s included
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Dillon, Matthew (1995). "By Gods, Tongues, and Dogs: The Use of Oaths in
Aristophanic Comedy".
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Creative Writer's Style Guide: Rules and Advice for
Writing Fiction and Creative Nonfiction
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8:
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expression formed by deliberately misspelling, mispronouncing, or replacing a part of a
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may sound amusing and archaic to the modern ear, yet as late as 1984 the columnist
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In some cases the original meanings of these minced oaths were forgotten; the oath
124:", which was subsequently abbreviated to "berk". Alliteration can be combined with
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155:. Sometimes words borrowed from other languages become minced oaths; for example,
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Swearing: A Social
History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English
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102:, rhyming euphemisms are often truncated so that the rhyme is eliminated;
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in their writing so that they will not offend audiences or incur
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902:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 298.
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248:) are circumlocutions for titles of God, the first for either
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65:
36:
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drama contains a profusion of minced oaths, probably due to
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Echols, Edward C. (1951). "The Art of
Classical Swearing".
236:
says there are minced oaths in the Bible: the Hebrew words
151:
117:
49:
1104:
952:. Fairway, Kansas: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 83.
668:
132:", substituted for the blasphemous use of "Jesus Christ".
40:
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for 12 June 1973, and also used "zounds" in June 1970.)
662:
1106:
927:. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. p. 207.
670:
808:
Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
775:
The Song of Songs and the Ancient Egyptian Love Songs
268:
footnotes dispute this interpretation of the Hebrew.
135:
Minced oaths can also be formed by shortening: e.g.,
874:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 166.
559:"Definition and Etymology of GOSH – Merriam-Webster"
402:oaths "'sblood" and "zounds" were omitted from the
777:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 109–110.
478:to use the minced oath "fug" over his objections.
1916:
769:
633:. Straightdope.com. 10 May 1996. Archived from
842:Journal of American & Comparative Cultures
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675:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford Press.
449:
64:Common methods of forming a minced oath are
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494:pretends a similar mincing of profanity in
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128:equivalence, as in the pseudo-blasphemous "
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1111:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
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256:'(Yahweh is) Armies' and the second for
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614:
328:for "By God's hooks" (referring to the
167:, meaning 'soft dung'. The minced oath
1917:
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699:
482:referred to this problem in his novel
1603:
1129:
992:Kilpatrick, James J. (11 June 1970).
973:Kilpatrick, James J. (12 June 1973).
839:
583:"Allen's collection of minced oaths"
90:. Alliterative minced oaths such as
1105:prep. by J. A. Simpson ... (1989).
669:prep. by J. A. Simpson ... (1994).
474:, where publishers required author
420:-influenced censorship. In 1941, a
13:
14:
1951:
1055:The Lord of the Rings: One Volume
310:Act to Restrain Abuses of Players
116:. Another well-known example is "
1899:
1898:
1039:, ch. 47; quoted in Hughes, 187.
631:"What does "Judas Priest" mean?"
396:
322:for "By God's foot" (1602), and
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923:Leland, Christopher T. (2002).
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1837:Hypoalgesic effect of swearing
1155:
1079:
693:
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316:for "By God's eyelid" (1598),
1:
1629:
948:Kilpatrick, James J. (1984).
385:changed pronunciation in the
336:). In the late 17th century,
1871:Profanity in science fiction
1090:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
545:
59:
7:
1011:Chirico, Rob (2016-05-12).
503:
428:for using the word "darn".
422:United States federal judge
10:
1956:
994:"Zounds! 5 cents a bottle"
453:
416:, probably as a result of
292:for "By God's blood" from
200:
195:a tone to mask profanities
1894:
1865:Profane Swearing Act 1694
1809:
1768:
1637:
1559:
1459:
1269:
1163:
1108:Oxford English Dictionary
1086:Hughes, Geoffrey (1991).
1060:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
741:10.1017/s0017383500025584
672:Oxford English Dictionary
450:Literature and censorship
424:threatened a lawyer with
1317:Content-control software
1572:Chinese issues overseas
975:"Zounds! Is Reagan mad"
900:The Anatomy of Swearing
854:10.1111/1542-734x.00038
563:www.merriam-webster.com
300:for "God's light" from
266:New English Translation
1645:American Sign Language
1546:Suppression of dissent
872:Shakespeare's Language
471:The Naked and the Dead
389:, but the normal word
193:arose from the use of
163:
16:Euphemistic expression
1817:Expletive attributive
1312:Conspiracy of silence
1302:Collateral censorship
1227:Speech and expression
1037:The Moon and Sixpence
702:The Classical Journal
497:The Lord of the Rings
485:The Moon and Sixpence
456:Minced oaths in media
369:) came to be spelled
161:comes from the Dutch
1886:List of ethnic slurs
1822:Expletive infixation
1589:Muhammad controversy
1526:Naturalistic fallacy
1434:computer and network
252:'(God of) Hosts' or
1584:Internet censorship
1035:Maugham, Somerset.
1013:"When F--k Was Fug"
687:definition 12b for
434:James J. Kilpatrick
189:. In the same way,
1876:Scunthorpe problem
1521:Moralistic fallacy
1259:banned video games
1242:banned televisions
443:Spartanburg Herald
275:for Jesus (1528).
1912:
1911:
1881:Seven dirty words
1786:Expletive deleted
1597:
1596:
1579:Freedom of speech
1424:Strategic lawsuit
1374:National intranet
1322:Damnatio memoriae
1118:978-0-19-861186-8
731:. Second Series.
729:Greece & Rome
682:978-0-19-861186-8
525:Expletive deleted
468:. One example is
426:contempt of court
387:Great Vowel Shift
250:(’elohey) ṣᵉba’ot
1947:
1902:
1901:
1859:Pardon my French
1832:Four-letter word
1710:Mandarin Chinese
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1536:Propaganda model
1164:Media regulation
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950:The Writer's Art
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848:(3/4): 260–269.
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830:Hughes, 103–105.
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637:on June 4, 2008.
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530:Four-letter word
492:J. R. R. Tolkien
480:Somerset Maugham
205:The Cretan king
166:
120:" rhyming with "
112:and then simply
72:. Thus the word
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1935:Self-censorship
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1781:Broadcast delay
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1414:Self-censorship
1389:Prior restraint
1379:Newspaper theft
1364:Internet police
1297:Chilling effect
1287:Broadcast delay
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1062:. p. 761.
1050:Tolkien, J.R.R.
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771:Fox, Michael V.
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242:’aylot haśśadeh
240:'gazelles' and
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1451:Word filtering
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868:Kermode, Frank
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787:Hughes, 13–15.
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735:(2): 135–151.
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659:Hughes, 18–19.
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647:Hughes, 16–17.
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510:Bowdlerization
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454:Main article:
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367:By God's truth
352:for "By God's
334:Christ's cross
273:"Gis" or "Jis"
254:(YHWH) ṣᵉba’ot
234:Michael V. Fox
202:
199:
186:Blankety Blank
61:
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1930:Interjections
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1188:banned films
1176:books banned
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1419:Speech code
1404:Revisionism
1369:Memory hole
1339:Expurgation
1332:Minced oath
1292:Censor bars
1254:Video games
1237:Televisions
1080:Works cited
821:Hughes, 13.
611:Hughes, 12.
408:Shakespeare
406:edition of
375:. The oath
294:Shakespeare
280:Elizabethan
78:can become
33:blasphemous
25:euphemistic
21:minced oath
1940:Euphemisms
1919:Categories
1801:Wordfilter
1725:Portuguese
1680:Hindi-Urdu
1567:Censorship
1560:By country
1516:Media bias
1394:Propaganda
1157:Censorship
1022:2022-09-21
620:Hughes, 7.
587:lutins.org
568:2021-01-04
466:censorship
302:Ben Jonson
262:El Shaddai
258:’el šadday
211:plane tree
197:on radio.
1925:Profanity
1843:Maledicta
1796:Swear jar
1715:Norwegian
1660:Esperanto
1650:Cantonese
1631:Profanity
1541:Religious
1472:Corporate
1349:Gag order
1327:Euphemism
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546:Footnotes
520:Euphemism
462:profanity
164:pappe kak
158:poppycock
60:Formation
1904:Category
1735:Romanian
1695:Japanese
1670:Georgian
1531:Politics
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1467:Criminal
1460:Contexts
1354:Heckling
1277:Bleeping
1195:Internet
1052:(2012).
898:(2001).
870:(2001).
773:(1985).
592:12 April
540:Hlonipha
504:See also
410:'s play
325:gadzooks
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298:'slight
264:'. The
215:Socrates
181:blankety
126:metrical
81:blooming
1791:Grawlix
1769:Devices
1760:Tagalog
1755:Swedish
1750:Spanish
1745:Sinhala
1740:Russian
1690:Italian
1685:Hokkien
1665:Finnish
1344:Fogging
1270:Methods
1249:Thought
714:3292805
515:Eggcorn
418:Puritan
413:Othello
372:strewth
362:'struth
354:bodkins
289:'sblood
284:Puritan
238:ṣᵉba’ot
201:History
177:blanked
114:Hampton
106:became
29:profane
1720:Polish
1700:Korean
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223:Sirius
142:bloody
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745:JSTOR
710:JSTOR
689:blank
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391:wound
330:nails
314:'slid
278:Late
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104:prick
87:ruddy
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66:rhyme
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1439:mass
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219:i.e.
179:and
152:fuck
149:for
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118:cunt
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