277:
remains highly irregular. It is not uncommon, for example, for a mine to close just after it has begun operating. For example, following a fall in stock market prices. Then again, it may reopen many years later, or close again (repeatedly). We must also take into account geological hazards, not always discernible at the time of research. For example, it has often been the case that a mine on which hopes were pinned quickly proved to be inoperable due to numerous faults (major water infiltrations, firedamp, etc.). Last but not least, technological progress has also played a role: phosphorus-bearing mines in
Lorraine, which were unusable before the invention of Bessemer steels, have now proved unsuitable for hematite casting.
348:
1023:
222:
317:
947:
1377:
1683:
1127:
122:
1307:. The Mazaugues mines, to the west of Brignoles, have provided an enormous amount of ore. There are also bauxite mines in Villeveyrac (from 1991 to October 2009, with 2,000,000 tonnes mined in open-cast). Underground mines are in preparation, with production due to start in early 2010, targeting 250,000 / 300,000 tonnes per year. Villeveyrac is located 18 km from the port of Sète for export sales. Deposit quality: Al2O3 from 53 to 75% _SiO2 from 0.5% to 15% _Fe2O3 from 4% to 27%.
1868:
856:
1422:
408:
1455:
25:
1882:
1267:
359:, and its implementing decrees, which created the various Houillères de bassin (Houillères Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Houillères de Lorraine, Houillères d'Auvergne, Houillères de la Loire, Houillères de Blanzy, Houillères du Dauphiné, Houillères de Provence, Houillères d'Aquitaine and Houillères des Cévennes). But more than 200 small operations escaped nationalization, the main ones being
1815:. To overcome historical bureaucratic delays, measures have been introduced to halve the time required for securing research and operational permits for mining and geothermal projects. This initiative aims to enhance operational efficiency, shift focus towards sustainable and strategically vital resources, and align the mining sector with broader environmental and economic goals.
328:, but underwent significant development at the end of the 18th century and especially during the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 19th century. Despite its wealth, France has never been self-sufficient in coal, and even at the peak of production in the 1960s, it always imported foreign coal (from
1831:, a strategic metal used in rechargeable batteries, from hard rock in the Massif Central (e.g. Montebras mine in Creuse) and geothermal brine in Alsace. The potential is in excess of 200,000 t of lithium metal. This is also the case for a project to reopen the Salau tungsten mine at Couflens in Ariège.
1229:
The Pioch Farrus mine in Cabrières (Hérault) is one of the oldest copper mining sites in France. Like many metal mines, it was exploited intermittently from prehistoric times (around 3000 BC), in
Antiquity, in the Middle Ages. Excavations continued into the 19th century. Also mined in Antiquity, the
218:
by the construction of Europe (the Coal and Steel
Community), but ended in a major industrial crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, with the rapid closure of pits and mines following the exhaustion of resources that could be exploited at reasonable cost and in the face of competition from other countries.
217:
Like the United
Kingdom and Germany, France drew on its vast fossil fuel resources (especially coal), which in the 19th and 20th centuries enabled its industrial and commercial development, in particular thanks to the coal-iron pairing that made the Industrial Revolution possible. This was followed
1098:
France has been a major producer of non-ferrous metals (ZnS-blende and PbS-galena) as well as non-metallic raw materials (BaSO4-barytine, CaF2-fluorite), which are particularly abundant in deposits at the interface between ancient basement and transgressive sedimentary series. These zones of fluid
276:
In general, the development of the mining industry is subject to many vagaries: expansion or recession of the industry, variations in raw material prices, environmental pressures, etc. This is one of the reasons why the industry remains highly irregular. This is one of the reasons why the industry
390:
The decree of April 16, 1968 transferred the assets of the various coal mines in central and southern France: Auvergne, Loire, Provence, Dauphiné, Blanzy, Cévennes and
Aquitaine to Houillères du Bassin du Centre et du Midi (HBCM), although Houillères de Bassin Nord-Pas-de-Calais (HBNPC) and
1134:
France has never been a major oil producer. Oil production, currently on the order of 18,000 barrels per day, or barely 1% of national consumption, is divided between two regions, the Paris Basin and
Aquitaine. Gas production has historically been higher, thanks to the
167:
The inventory of mining resources is relatively well known for surface and subsurface deposits. It is less well known for deep-seated resources, and needs to be regularly updated to take into account the discovery of new resources and the depletion of certain deposits.
272:
Contrary to popular belief, France has never been self-sufficient in either fuel or minerals, except for a few years in the case of iron ore. In particular, it has always had to import its coal, even in the 1960s, when production reached its maximum capacity.
1806:
In response to the historical closures of traditional mines and the dwindling diversity of operational mines in France, the government is actively revitalizing the mining sector with a focus on developing critical resources such as copper and
965:
and Segré really took off at the beginning of the 20th century. Germany's annexation of the
Lorraine deposits and the development of the railroads enabled this long-established but underdeveloped industry to take on an industrial dimension.
197:
Mining always leaves its mark on the environment and human health, particularly when it comes to metal and metalloid deposits, and especially in naturally acidic regions prone to runoff, and even more so in the case of acid mine drainage.
1850:
by 2035. In parallel, the national geothermal action plan is set to enhance the production of renewable heat, targeting an increase to 6 terawatt hours from deep geothermal sources by 2028 and aiming for 10 terawatt hours from geothermal
1837:
France is actively pursuing advancements in its mining and geothermal energy sectors, recognizing their potential to contribute significantly to the country's energy strategy. The exploration of lithium by notable companies such as
444:
boasts three iron mining ecomuseums, each presenting a complementary history of iron mining in the region. Through guided tours, you can discover the human adventure of the gueules jaunes and the mining of minette in
Lorraine.
1823:
France is home to significant rock and mineral resources for the communications and electrical storage industries, as well as numerous metals (tungsten, antimony, gold, lead, zinc, germanium, copper, lithium and molybdenum).
284:
or neutral mine drainage, for example, sometimes combined with mine subsidence and then rising groundwater in a subsoil destructured by mining, particularly in the iron and coal mines of
Eastern France (Lorraine) and the
1855:
by 2030. These initiatives are crucial components of France's broader strategy to achieve energy self-sufficiency and to meet its climate objectives, demonstrating a committed shift towards sustainable energy resources.
2321:
1762:
mine and the goldmine (Salsigne closed in 2004), the international
Sogerem/Alcan group (formerly Pechiney) closed the Tarnfluorite mines in 2006: the Mont-Roc and Moulinal open-pit mines (in the communes of
1352:
The old Saint-Pierre-la-Palud pyrite mine, whose Musée de la Mine de Saint-Pierre-la-Palud can be visited today, was exploited to produce sulfuric acid, and was the origin of Lyon's entire Chemical Valley.
1779:) are also due to close. The only remaining mines in mainland France will be salt mines in Lorraine, Varangéville and various other deposits used mainly as underground storage for hydrocarbons (notably at
1310:
There are also the mines and ores of Languedoc, where bauxite has been mined for decades and is still exploitable: this ore is used in additives for cement manufacturers, and also transits through Sète.
1945:
An Overview of the abundance, Relative Mobility, bioavailability, and Human Toxicity of Metals, in The Environmental geochemistry of Mineral Deposits – Part A: Processes, Techniques and Health Issues
1742:. The last mining campaign was brought to an abrupt halt in 1959, following the accidental detour of thermal water in one of the galleries. Extensive sealing operations restored the situation.
3689:
3709:
418:
Ore of the same name has been mined in Lorraine since the Iron Age. Numerous archaeological traces attest to this. Most of the Lorraine iron basin is closely linked to the de
3957:
194:, the subsoil belongs to the owner of the soil, the management of the mining subsoil is the responsibility of the State, which may grant a concession to a mining company.
3972:
3924:
3816:
3929:
3781:
3311:
1344:(Ariège), the largest in the world (400,000 tons extracted per year), which also produces remarkable groups of crystals associated with rare-earth crystallizations.
3934:
1050:). In France, the main source of silver production was the processing of argentiferous lead (argentiferous galena) (Pontgibaud mines, Puy de DĂ´me, Pont-PĂ©an mine,
3881:
3091:
2307:
3851:
3811:
1827:
However, the need for rare earths, essential for technological change, has led to the opening up of new mines. For example, France could be self-sufficient in
1731:(Tarn) since 2005. It has been mined at Langeac and Sainte-Marguerite (Haute-Loire), as well as in SaĂ´ne-et-Loire, where reserves are still very significant.
3962:
3786:
3967:
3914:
3866:
3861:
3952:
3801:
3754:
3749:
3719:
3714:
3684:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3977:
3806:
3776:
3744:
3704:
1712:
A total of 567 million tonnes of raw salt were extracted during this period. 11 mines and 24 shafts were in operation over a basin covering 20,000 ha.
2340:
3796:
3766:
2429:
1099:
circulation have trapped mineral solutions. Examples of such deposits include mines in the Upper Maurienne valley, Fontsante in the Alpes Maritimes,
2508:
1283:
The Châtelet gold mine in Creuse produced 15 tonnes of gold between 1905 and 1955. However, the main French gold mine is the Salsigne gold mine (
1213:
280:
While a mine, like a quarry, is by definition ephemeral, certain environmental after-effects can last for centuries or millennia after closure (
3417:
2983:
2756:
977:
operated five mining sites around Segré. The largest, and the last to close in 1985, was the site known as Bois 2, in the commune of
2277:
2582:
2455:
3631:
3131:
3116:
3033:
89:
2884:
156:
is based solely on the nature of the material, whether extracted from the surface or underground. These include fuels (coal,
61:
3515:
3238:
3001:
2657:
2647:
391:
Houillères de Lorraine (HBL) were retained. All French coalfields are listed in the article Mines de charbon de France.
68:
3086:
3759:
3058:
3043:
1034:
and silver, the exploitation of which gave rise to a chain of activities that were particularly polluting due to the
108:
42:
2208:
1179:
Uranium occurs naturally in France, including in the granite massifs of Brittany and especially the Massif Central.
3326:
3167:
3121:
1394:
75:
3346:
2921:
171:
Products not included in the list of mines are referred to as quarries, and include building materials such as
46:
3269:
2889:
2830:
2825:
2278:"L'exploitation antique du cuivre dans le Séronais (Pyrénées centrales, France) Mine, métallurgie et habitat"
57:
2911:
2174:"Silver origins and spatial distribution in soils of southwestern France: A first assessment with cokriging"
3896:
3597:
3336:
2815:
2652:
2039:
2173:
3734:
3454:
3174:
3048:
3038:
2786:
2627:
2575:
1834:
To accompany extraction, ore treatment processes need to be designed and developed in France and Europe.
1255:
In a strategic move, France is revitalizing its dormant copper mining industry, essential for connecting
1903:
1477:
355:
Coal mining was nationalized by Law no. 46-1072 of May 17, 1946, which created the Établissement public
3624:
3365:
3286:
3053:
2963:
2942:
2642:
2632:
2622:
1022:
347:
187:. They are subject to ICPE (installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement) legislation.
811:
747:
4003:
3821:
3545:
3301:
3216:
3189:
3106:
2901:
2746:
1517:
1238:
site (Alpes-Maritimes) was also mined, and a copper museum was established in the hamlet of Léouvé.
863:
There are essentially seven main iron ore mining sites in Normandy, active during the 20th century:
399:
France has exploited numerous iron ore mines from prehistoric times to the end of the 20th century.
3126:
3096:
2701:
1847:
1055:
604:
2172:
Savignan, Lionel; Faucher, Stéphane; Jalabert, Stéphanie; Lee, Alexandre; Lespes, Gaëtane (2023).
1212:(Ardèche) mines were the main deposits exploited in mainland France in the 20th century. All from
3382:
3264:
3211:
3157:
3111:
2800:
2428:
Millot, Romain; Gourcerol, Blandine; Gloaguen, Eric; Lefebvre, Gaetan; Melleton, Jérémie (2020).
1735:
1205:
898:
546:
35:
2239:"Les mines préhistoriques de Cabrières (Hérault): quinze ans de recherches. État de la question"
1529:
1241:
In Le Pradet, Var, the Cap Garonne mine was mined from 1857 to 1917, and today houses a museum.
868:
434:
mines, etc.) and used them for their steel mills. In fact, the presence of iron in local rocks (
3487:
3449:
3407:
3392:
3184:
3006:
2906:
2568:
2127:
2109:"Post-mining management in a major French mining area – example of the Lorraine iron ore basin"
1121:
923:
356:
1231:
82:
3617:
3412:
3402:
3194:
3018:
2926:
2861:
1235:
988:, whose activity was interrupted several times and then relaunched until its closure in 1966.
909:
902:
890:
883:
876:
221:
3791:
3771:
3674:
3437:
2978:
2916:
2805:
2696:
1693:
resources are mainly located in eastern France. The potash mines of Alsace, located in the
1642:
1505:
826:
761:
754:
674:
2128:"Un siècle de fer dans le Segréen : la Société des Mines de Fer de Segré (1911–1987)"
316:
8:
3520:
3477:
3397:
3351:
3228:
3221:
3201:
3162:
3074:
2866:
2835:
2810:
2776:
2678:
2673:
2554:
Les résidus miniers français: typologie et principaux impacts environnementaux potentiels
1908:
1157:
1075:
946:
784:
2497:. Patrimoines du bassin de la Loire no 2 (in French). Musée de la mine de Saint-Étienne.
1846:, and Arverne Group SA is projected to meet two-thirds of the nation's requirements for
3982:
3836:
3694:
3432:
3377:
3331:
3179:
3145:
2729:
2502:
2258:
1991:
1376:
1252:. Today, the Hautes-Mynes site provides an opportunity to discover these former mines.
1067:
1013:, whose activity had slowed considerably since the 1970s. It officially closed in 2003.
618:
474:
286:
281:
230:
1149:
3891:
3841:
3739:
3724:
3699:
3679:
3664:
3578:
3560:
3555:
3540:
3525:
3464:
3427:
3341:
3274:
3252:
3233:
3101:
3028:
2851:
2751:
2637:
2617:
2594:
1812:
1698:
1682:
1249:
1234:(Ariège) underwent similar developments in later centuries. In the 19th century, the
435:
2430:"Relocaliser l'extraction des ressources minérales: en Europe, les défis du lithium"
1566:
3919:
3886:
3876:
3856:
3846:
3831:
3826:
3640:
3492:
3444:
3291:
2781:
2289:
2250:
2185:
2139:
1898:
1648:
1607:
1511:
1184:
1010:
835:
625:
419:
2954:
2793:
1792:
1126:
962:
3871:
3587:
3550:
3535:
3530:
3472:
3387:
2947:
2688:
2190:
2108:
2057:"Northern French coal companies performances in 1935–1945: A panel data analysis"
1873:
1578:
1493:
1051:
566:
191:
2933:
2107:
Vuidart, Isabelle; Hadadou, Rafik; Pascale, Hanocq; Semmelbeck, Laurent (2014).
1654:
1632:
1616:
1547:
1362:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3321:
3279:
2856:
1800:
1136:
1100:
985:
768:
635:
450:
333:
1209:
1083:
1071:
1030:
Silver mines as such were rare in Europe, most deposits often combining lead,
1003:
384:
324:
The mining of coal (as opposed to charcoal) dates back at least as far as the
121:
3997:
3592:
3422:
3206:
2894:
2456:"De l'Ariège au Tarn: pourquoi veut-on rouvrir des mines de tungstène ?"
1887:
1381:
305:
301:
206:
202:
2254:
3306:
3011:
2968:
2768:
2739:
2143:
2056:
1535:
1288:
872:
481:
411:
376:
372:
337:
226:
1058:, Aveyron) and, to a lesser extent, silver-bearing coppers at Chalanches (
380:
2973:
2876:
2721:
2293:
1271:
1039:
587:
580:
325:
157:
2395:
Descouens, Didier; Gatel, P. (1987). "Le Gisement de talc de Trimouns".
2262:
2238:
1995:
1979:
1104:
855:
3482:
2711:
1421:
1256:
1245:
1086:), and at Largentière as a by-product of lead in galènes argentifères (
645:
573:
407:
1787:), whose ore is not used foralumina production, bitumen at Orbagnoux (
1784:
1739:
1087:
740:
2820:
2545:
Gisements français de Pb, Zn, W, Sn, Au, As, barytine, fluorine, talc
2209:"French trade exchanges in secondary raw materials from 1999 to 2021"
1852:
1796:
1702:
1694:
1541:
1454:
1320:
1260:
1142:
1079:
1063:
996:
706:
553:
360:
258:
250:
184:
2224:
Métallogénèse des gisements d'uranium de la division de la Crouzille
1980:"SERVING SCIENCE AND THE STATE: MINING SCIENCE IN FRANCE, 1794–1810"
1499:
1248:
in the Vosges, copper mines were exploited from 1560 to 1761 by the
431:
364:
233:, shortly after it was shut down, now dismantled (Eugène Roy shaft).
24:
3609:
2026:
Ennoyage des mines de fer lorraines: impact sur la qualité de l'eau
1780:
1772:
1764:
1751:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1584:
1560:
1366:
1059:
1047:
1035:
978:
954:
804:
794:
733:
696:
683:
666:
659:
461:
441:
423:
262:
246:
138:
126:
2367:
Argilites et bauxite de Provence; Rev. GĂ©ogr. Phys. GĂ©ol. Dyn., Fr
2341:"France Wants to Revive Copper Mining and Speed Up Green Projects"
2734:
2602:
1828:
1808:
1768:
1755:
1341:
1304:
1180:
1043:
992:
894:
536:
529:
504:
329:
266:
238:
134:
130:
2560:
1745:
1266:
1263:
and building power interconnections with neighboring countries.
3023:
2591:
2427:
2113:
Mine Closure 2014: 9th International Conference on Mine Closure
2106:
1843:
1839:
1759:
1706:
1690:
1572:
1370:
916:
723:
716:
594:
455:
427:
368:
341:
297:
254:
180:
161:
142:
422:, who exploited most of the mines in the north of the region (
387:) were an exception, as they were handed over to EDF in 1946.
160:, gas), metals (iron, copper) and a few other minerals (salt,
2276:
Meunier, Emmanuelle; Cauuet, BĂ©atrice; Munoz, Margot (2017).
1776:
1523:
1188:
1026:
The galleries of the Saint-Nicolas Mine (La Croix-aux-Mines).
653:
497:
2533:
2409:
2073:
2008:
1927:
820:
125:
Natural resources of France: Al – Aluminium, Fe – Iron, W –
3296:
2706:
2529:. Mineurs au quotidien (in French). Fensch-Vallée Éditions.
2495:
L'héritage industriel de Saint-Étienne et de son territoire
1337:
1300:
1284:
1107:, Arize massif in Ariège and Massif de Mouthoumet in Aude.
1031:
1009:
Rougé mine, an open-cast mine in the Chateaubriand area of
934:
927:
242:
201:
Major mines and deposits also exist overseas, including in
176:
172:
146:
2171:
1783:
and Étrez), a small open-pit bauxite mine at Villeveyrac (
2028:(in French). Comptes Rendus Géoscience. pp. 889–899.
1947:(in French). Reviews in Economic Geology. pp. 29–70.
1788:
1622:
2322:"Écomusée du pays de la Roudoule: Patrimoine industriel"
1799:, Alsace) and the Trélazéslate mine (closed in 2014) in
1791:), asphaltic limestone at RĂ©besou (Gard), hydrocarbons (
1183:
was mined at 200 sites in France between the end of the
414:
iron mine: The headframe as it looked in the late 1980s.
2040:"Nickel production in New Caledonia and major projects"
1323:, for example at Salau in the Ariège region of France.
2308:"Écomusée du pays de la Roudoule: Le musée du cuivre"
383:
in Aveyron) closed in 1988. The Ronchamp coal mines (
2488:. Patrimoine du bassin de la Loire no 1 (in French).
2159:
Les Gisements de plomb-zinc-argent du Massif Central
2078:(in French). Chambre synd. Mines Fer. pp. 1–33.
1863:
1671:
La Madeleine soda works in Laneuveville-devant-Nancy
468:
2492:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2518:Le patrimoine minier stéphanois Guide de promenade
2382:Le gisement de scheelite de Salau (Ariège, France)
2275:
1960:Drainages Miniers Acides – Contraintes et Remèdes
253:, copper, etc.) and industrial substances (salt,
3995:
2364:
2023:
1214:La Société minière et métallurgique de Penarroya
2088:
379:), and so on. The last private mine in France (
212:
2394:
2243:Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française
2013:(in French). Probl. Écon., Fr. pp. 28–33.
1930:Les ressources minières françaises; Ann. Mines
3625:
2576:
1746:French mines in operation in the 21st century
1356:
1042:of lead (often associated with equally toxic
941:
2952:
2931:
2791:
1754:iron mine (1998), the coal mine (2004), the
1287:), which closed in 2004. The Bourneix mine (
2507:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2161:(in French). Bull. B.R.G.M. pp. 67–90.
1962:(in French). BRGM/RP-50504-FR. p. 229.
1723:is associated with barite and was mined at
1709:in large quantities between 1910 and 2002.
1187:and May 2001, when the last French mine at
1110:
3632:
3618:
2583:
2569:
2524:
2132:Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest
2061:Economic History Society Annual Conference
1942:
1818:
1340:deposit is the Trimouns talc quarry, near
2189:
2024:Ollon, P.; Fabriol, R.; Buès, M. (2004).
2011:La crise dans les mines de fer françaises
1977:
821:Iron mines in Lorraine closed before 1945
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2226:(in French). Thèse I.N.P.L. p. 276.
1681:
1453:
1420:
1375:
1326:
1265:
1125:
1021:
945:
854:
831:Hamevillers Neufchef mine closed in 1935
406:
346:
315:
220:
120:
2483:
2453:
2156:
2125:
3996:
2515:
2236:
1957:
1623:Mines and saltworks still in operation
1612:Rosières-aux-Salines-Varangéville mine
1369:) are still exploited today for their
1274:(Jumilhac-le-Grand), processing basin.
137:, P – Petroleum, G – Natural gas, F –
3613:
2564:
2423:
2421:
2410:Arrondissement minéralogique (1979).
2379:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2221:
2203:
2201:
2102:
2100:
2089:Varoquaux, J. A.; Gerard, E. (1980).
1487:
1194:
777:Ottange I and III mine closed in 1971
3639:
2051:
2049:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1943:Smith, K. S.; Huyck, H.L.O. (1998).
1775:). The barite quarries at Chaillac (
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2365:De Peyronnet, P.; Roch, E. (1974).
2093:(in French). FRA. pp. 135–154.
2076:Les mines de fer françaises en 1976
1082:). Silver was also mined at Melle (
490:Aubrives-Villerupt mine closed 1962
311:
237:These products are fuels (coal and
13:
2536:Les ressources minières françaises
2418:
2412:Bassin potassique d'Alsace, France
2328:
2198:
2097:
1727:(Indre). It has not been mined at
1331:
1230:Gallo-Roman Goutil copper mine at
961:Iron mining in the region between
915:Diélette, commune of Flamanville (
14:
4015:
2590:
2542:
2538:(in French). FRA. pp. 1–192.
2534:Ministère de l'industrie (1980).
2486:Musée de la mine de Saint-Étienne
2384:(in French). FRA. pp. 19–27.
2074:Ministère de l'industrie (1977).
2046:
2009:Ministère de l'industrie (1979).
1966:
1932:(in French). FRA. pp. 1–192.
1928:Ministère de l'industrie (1980).
1771:) and the Burg underground mine (
1093:
975:Société des Mines de Fer de Segré
969:Main mining sites in the region:
844:La Paix mine Nilvange closed 1923
679:Aachen d'Ottange mine closed 1963
469:Iron mines in Lorraine after 1945
2551:
1880:
1866:
1395:Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans
1017:
351:Pit no. 10 of the Oignies Group.
23:
2477:
2447:
2403:
2388:
2373:
2358:
2314:
2300:
2269:
2230:
2215:
2165:
2150:
2119:
2082:
1697:department in the area between
1668:Dombasle-sur-Meurthe soda works
1208:(Tarn), Les Malines (Gard) and
1115:
1006:, active between 1929 and 1963.
999:, active between 1920 and 1952.
34:needs additional citations for
2922:Government of National Defense
2520:(in French). Roche-La-Molière.
2369:(in French). pp. 313–326.
2067:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1951:
1936:
1921:
1462:
1078:) and Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (
951:Chevalement du Puits de Bois 3
841:Pierrevillers mine closed 1931
375:), le bassin du Briançonnais (
320:Location of French coalfields.
1:
2831:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2826:War of the Spanish Succession
2091:Les gisements de fer français
1914:
1750:Following the closure of the
1600:
610:Tucquegnieux mine closed 1988
519:Hussigny Colliery closed 1967
493:Bazailles mine closed in 1981
304:. Gold deposits are mined in
2493:100 sites en enjeux (2006).
2191:10.1016/j.catena.2023.106992
1978:LABOULAIS, ISABELLE (2008).
1199:
937:): active from 1903 to 1970.
930:), active from 1905 to 1980;
912:): active from 1875 to 1968;
905:): active from 1899 to 1989;
889:Soumont, in the communes of
886:): active from 1896 to 1968;
879:): active from 1893 to 1968;
600:Serrouville mine closed 1987
213:The history of French mining
7:
1859:
1715:
1425:Salins-les-Bains saltworks.
1314:
1219:
1170:Dallet bituminous limestone
973:Between 1907 and 1985, the
850:
780:Ottange II mine closed 1966
552:Micheville-Bréhain mine at
487:Auboué Colliery closed 1949
402:
394:
292:
10:
4020:
3312:French subdivisions by GDP
3059:2022 presidential election
3044:2017 presidential election
2525:Lauff, André (1950–2006).
1848:electric vehicle batteries
1554:
1435:Salins-les-Bains saltworks
1414:Serre-les-Sapins saltworks
1399:Châtillon-le-Duc saltworks
1357:Rock salt and salt springs
1347:
1294:
1174:
1119:
942:Western Anjou and Brittany
641:Maxéville mine closed 1966
522:Jarny Colliery closed 1983
516:Homécourt mine closed 1981
513:Godbrange mine closed 1978
510:Giraumont mine closed 1978
480:Anderny-Chevillon mine at
371:), Manosque-Bois d'Asson (
3943:
3905:
3647:
3573:
3463:
3373:
3364:
3260:
3251:
3153:
3144:
3082:
3073:
2994:
2875:
2844:
2816:Second Hundred Years' War
2767:
2720:
2687:
2666:
2658:Liberalism and radicalism
2610:
2601:
2454:Marguet, Vanessa (2019).
1677:
1518:Laneuveville-devant-Nancy
1438:Lons-le-Saunier saltworks
1411:Saint-Hippolyte saltworks
1319:It can be extracted from
1224:
1066:(Territoire de Belfort),
867:7 km south of Caen,
800:Roncourt mine closed 1992
774:Moyeuvre mine closed 1995
692:Boulange mine closed 1969
658:Amermont-Dommary mine at
634:Maron-Val-de-Fer mine at
631:Marbache mine closed 1957
613:Valleroy mine closed 1968
586:Saint-Pierremont mine at
562:Moutiers mine closed 1980
559:Moulaine mine closed 1962
438:) gives it an ochre hue.
16:Mining industry in France
3087:Administrative divisions
2414:(in French). p. 34.
1904:Courrières mine disaster
1734:Other sites include the
1596:Vic-sur-Seille saltworks
1590:Saléaux saltworks in Ley
1483:Scey-sur-SaĂ´ne saltworks
1478:Athesans-Etroitefontaine
1388:
1191:, Haute-Vienne, closed.
1139:(Pyrénées-Atlantiques).
1111:Fuels and energy sources
1056:Villefranche-de-Rouergue
933:La Ferrière-aux-Étangs (
790:RĂ©dange mine closed 1972
732:Hettange-Grande mine at
729:Hayange mine closed 1989
3307:Franc (former currency)
2912:Coup of 2 December 1851
2885:Long nineteenth century
2255:10.3406/bspf.1995.10066
1819:Prospects and potential
1736:Saint-Laurent-les-Bains
1429:
1291:) also closed in 2001.
1278:
1206:Saint-Salvy-de-la-Balme
1074:), La Croix-aux-Mines (
899:Saint-Germain-le-Vasson
834:Marange Ternel mine at
812:Sainte-Marie-aux-ChĂŞnes
748:Sainte-Marie-aux-ChĂŞnes
712:Fontoy mine closed 1952
689:Aumetz mine closed 1983
542:Longwy mine closed 1983
367:), mines de Lavaveix, (
3690:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3327:Science and technology
2984:Provisional Government
2953:
2932:
2792:
2282:Treballs d'Arqueologia
2144:10.3406/abpo.1997.3949
2126:Bergère, Marc (1997).
1958:Brunet, J. F. (2000).
1687:
1631:Saint-Nicolas mine in
1615:Saint-Nicolas mine in
1606:Saint-Laurent mine at
1459:
1426:
1385:
1275:
1131:
1122:Oil reserves in France
1027:
958:
924:Saint-Clair-de-Halouze
860:
793:Rochonvillers mine at
415:
357:Charbonnages de France
352:
321:
234:
150:
2237:Ambert, Paul (1995).
1685:
1457:
1424:
1405:Montferrand saltworks
1379:
1327:Mineral raw materials
1269:
1154:Creveney shale mining
1129:
1025:
949:
891:Soumont-Saint-Quentin
858:
810:Sainte-Marie mine at
803:Sainte-Barbe mine at
702:Bure mine closed 1973
624:Bois-du-Four mine at
525:JĹ“uf mine closed 1968
410:
350:
319:
241:), ores (iron, lead,
224:
124:
3132:World Heritage Sites
3049:Coronavirus pandemic
2157:Ouladon, J. (1977).
1643:Dombasle-sur-Meurthe
1530:Rosières-aux-Salines
1506:Dombasle-sur-Meurthe
1458:Gouhenans saltworks.
1299:Provence is rich in
1167:Pechelbronn oil mine
1054:); La Baume mine at
991:Brutz mine, between
922:Halouze, commune of
869:Saint-André-sur-Orne
762:Volmerange-les-Mines
755:Volmerange-les-Mines
682:Angevillers mine at
665:Joudreville mine at
528:La Mourière mine at
496:Droitaumont mine at
225:Former shaft of the
43:improve this article
3906:States with limited
3270:Automotive industry
3054:2021 labor protests
2811:Peace of Westphalia
2679:History of Normandy
2674:History of Brittany
2527:Le Sous-Sol Lorrain
2516:Bedoin, M. (1985).
1909:Saint-Charles shaft
1468:Gouhenans saltworks
1441:Montmorot saltworks
1380:Royal Saltworks of
1232:La Bastide-de-SĂ©rou
785:Montois-la-Montagne
760:Langenberg mine at
503:Errouville mine at
449:Val de Fer mine in
3337:Telecommunications
3039:2015 Paris attacks
2902:Revolution of 1848
2730:Visigothic Kingdom
2380:Derré, C. (1979).
2294:10.5565/rev/tda.65
2222:Leroy, J. (1978).
1688:
1593:Salonnes saltworks
1488:Meurthe-et-Moselle
1460:
1444:Montaigu saltworks
1427:
1408:Pouilley saltworks
1386:
1276:
1236:Croix-sur-Roudoule
1195:Non-ferrous metals
1132:
1068:Plancher-les-Mines
1028:
959:
861:
767:Montrouge mine at
715:Haut-Pont mine at
705:Ferdinand mine at
644:Saizerais mine at
619:Meurthe-et-Moselle
603:Tiercelet mine at
475:Meurthe-et-Moselle
416:
353:
322:
287:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
282:acid mine drainage
235:
231:Meurthe-et-Moselle
151:
58:"Mining in France"
3991:
3990:
3641:Mining in Europe
3607:
3606:
3569:
3568:
3360:
3359:
3247:
3246:
3239:Political parties
3175:Foreign relations
3140:
3139:
3069:
3068:
2852:French Revolution
2806:Thirty Years' War
2787:Absolute monarchy
2752:Kingdom of France
2648:Foreign relations
2628:Political history
2547:(in French). FRA.
2397:Monde et minéraux
1813:geothermal energy
1686:Rodolphe II well.
1474:MĂ©lecey saltworks
1471:Saulnot saltworks
1450:Poligny saltworks
1402:Miserey saltworks
1250:Dukes of Lorraine
859:Flamanville mine.
565:Murville mine at
436:Pierre de Jaumont
192:French Civil Code
190:While, under the
129:, Au – Gold, U –
119:
118:
111:
93:
4011:
4004:Mining in France
3944:Dependencies and
3648:Sovereign states
3634:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3371:
3370:
3287:Economic history
3258:
3257:
3151:
3150:
3080:
3079:
2958:
2937:
2836:Seven Years' War
2801:Wars of Religion
2797:
2782:House of Bourbon
2777:Early modern era
2757:Fundamental laws
2633:Military history
2608:
2607:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2484:Couriot (2002).
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2434:The Conversation
2425:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1899:Natural resource
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1649:Einville-au-Jard
1608:Einville-au-Jard
1512:Einville-au-Jard
1447:Grozon saltworks
1417:Soulce saltworks
1270:Former Bourneix
1185:Second World War
1011:Bain-de-Bretagne
882:Urville-Gouvix (
836:Marange-Silvange
783:Pauline mine at
753:Kraemer mine at
722:Havange mine at
695:Burbach mine at
626:Sexey-aux-Forges
579:Piennes mine at
572:Paradis mine at
535:Landres mine at
464:Iron Mine museum
458:Iron Mine Museum
312:Coal and lignite
154:Mining in France
133:, C – Coal, L –
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3945:
3939:
3925:Northern Cyprus
3907:
3901:
3822:North Macedonia
3643:
3638:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3583:
3565:
3546:Public holidays
3459:
3418:Life expectancy
3356:
3243:
3136:
3065:
3034:Great Recession
3007:Fourth Republic
3002:1900 to present
2990:
2907:Second Republic
2871:
2840:
2763:
2716:
2683:
2662:
2597:
2589:
2500:
2499:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2419:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2274:
2270:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2151:
2124:
2120:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1976:
1967:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:Minerals portal
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1821:
1748:
1718:
1701:, Mulhouse and
1680:
1625:
1603:
1557:
1494:Art-sur-Meurthe
1490:
1465:
1432:
1391:
1359:
1350:
1334:
1332:Magnesium, talc
1329:
1317:
1297:
1281:
1227:
1222:
1202:
1197:
1177:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1096:
1052:Ille-et-Vilaine
1020:
1002:Mazuraie mine,
944:
919:), closed 1962;
853:
823:
567:Mont-Bonvillers
471:
405:
397:
336:, Germany, the
314:
295:
215:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4007:
4006:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3946:other entities
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3897:United Kingdom
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:Czech Republic
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:Cultural icons
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Stock exchange
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:National parks
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Climate change
3094:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3019:Fifth Republic
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2927:Third Republic
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2862:First Republic
2859:
2857:Napoleonic era
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Greek colonies
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2446:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2357:
2327:
2313:
2299:
2268:
2249:(4): 499–508.
2229:
2214:
2197:
2164:
2149:
2138:(3): 169–175.
2118:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2045:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1861:
1858:
1820:
1817:
1801:Maine-et-Loire
1747:
1744:
1717:
1714:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1567:Château-Salins
1564:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1296:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1101:Montagne Noire
1095:
1094:Other deposits
1092:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
989:
986:Sion-les-Mines
982:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
920:
913:
906:
887:
880:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
842:
839:
832:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
801:
798:
791:
788:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:Audun-le-Tiche
765:
758:
751:
744:
739:Heydt mine at
737:
730:
727:
720:
713:
710:
703:
700:
693:
690:
687:
680:
672:
671:
670:
663:
651:
650:
649:
642:
639:
636:Neuves-Maisons
632:
629:
616:
615:
614:
611:
608:
601:
598:
593:Sancy mine at
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
560:
557:
550:
545:Mairy mine at
543:
540:
533:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
501:
494:
491:
488:
485:
470:
467:
466:
465:
459:
453:
451:Neuves-Maisons
404:
401:
396:
393:
313:
310:
294:
291:
214:
211:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Faroe Islands
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:South Ossetia
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Liechtenstein
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Birth control
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Constitutions
3156:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:Années folles
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Second Empire
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:July Monarchy
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:Ancien RĂ©gime
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2346:
2345:Bloomberg.com
2342:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:(in French).
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:France portal
1878:
1875:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1811:, as well as
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:ĂŽle-de-France
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1382:Arc-et-Senans
1378:
1374:
1373:(rock salt).
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:Saint-Ambroix
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1018:Silver mining
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
984:Limèle mine,
983:
980:
976:
972:
971:
970:
967:
964:
963:Châteaubriant
956:
952:
948:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
918:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
864:
857:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
824:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
668:
664:
661:
657:
656:
655:
652:
647:
643:
640:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
622:
620:
617:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
463:
460:
457:
454:
452:
448:
447:
446:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Wendel family
413:
409:
400:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
309:
307:
306:French Guiana
303:
302:New Caledonia
299:
290:
288:
283:
278:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
229:iron mine in
228:
223:
219:
210:
208:
207:New Caledonia
204:
203:French Guiana
199:
195:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
155:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3935:Transnistria
3729:
3488:Coat of arms
3478:Architecture
3450:Social class
3408:Homelessness
3393:Demographics
3347:Trade unions
3316:
3280:Central bank
3222:criminal law
3185:Human rights
3168:presidential
3012:Algerian War
2995:Contemporary
2969:Vichy France
2964:World War II
2934:Belle Époque
2867:First Empire
2769:Early Modern
2740:West Francia
2556:(in French).
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2494:
2485:
2478:Bibliography
2463:. Retrieved
2459:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2347:. 2024-04-12
2344:
2316:
2302:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2112:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1990:(1): 17–36.
1987:
1983:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1805:
1749:
1733:
1719:
1711:
1689:
1665:(soda work)
1662:
1655:Varangéville
1633:Varangéville
1617:Varangéville
1548:Varangéville
1536:Sommerviller
1365:salt mines (
1363:Varangéville
1360:
1351:
1335:
1318:
1309:
1298:
1289:Haute-Vienne
1282:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1228:
1203:
1178:
1162:
1141:
1133:
1130:TĂ©lots mine.
1116:Hydrocarbons
1097:
1029:
974:
968:
960:
950:
908:Saint-RĂ©my (
873:May-sur-Orne
862:
746:Ida mine at
482:Tucquegnieux
440:
417:
412:Tucquegnieux
398:
389:
377:Hautes-Alpes
373:Basses-Alpes
354:
338:Soviet Union
323:
300:is mined in
296:
279:
275:
271:
236:
227:Tucquegnieux
216:
200:
196:
189:
170:
166:
158:hydrocarbons
153:
152:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3973:Isle of Man
3908:recognition
3882:Switzerland
3817:Netherlands
3598:WikiProject
3413:Immigration
3403:Health care
3265:Agriculture
3217:enforcement
2974:Free France
2943:World War I
2890:Restoration
2877:Late Modern
2747:Middle Ages
2722:Middle Ages
2707:Celtic Gaul
2460:France Bleu
2288:: 223–245.
1705:, supplied
1639:Salt works
1463:Haute-SaĂ´ne
1210:Largentière
1150:TĂ©lots mine
1084:Deux-Sèvres
1072:Haute-SaĂ´ne
1040:ecotoxicity
1004:Chazé-Henry
838:closed 1931
814:closed 1971
807:closed 1983
797:closed 1981
787:closed 1969
771:closed 1997
764:closed 1963
750:closed 1972
743:closed 1966
736:closed 1979
726:closed 1983
719:closed 1966
709:closed 1995
699:closed 1973
686:closed 1979
669:closed 1985
662:closed 1985
648:closed 1981
638:closed 1968
628:closed 1966
607:closed 1965
597:closed 1968
590:closed 1978
588:Mancieulles
583:closed 1984
581:Joudreville
576:closed 1981
569:closed 1967
556:closed 1981
549:closed 1992
539:closed 1968
532:closed 1967
507:closed 1973
500:closed 1986
484:closed 1984
385:Haute-SaĂ´ne
326:Middle Ages
289:coalfield.
3852:San Marino
3812:Montenegro
3792:Luxembourg
3772:Kazakhstan
3675:Azerbaijan
3541:Philosophy
3526:Literature
3438:secularism
3234:Parliament
3029:2005 riots
2979:Liberation
2845:Revolution
2712:Roman Gaul
2697:Prehistory
2653:Journalism
2399:(78): 4–9.
2351:2024-04-14
1915:References
1853:heat pumps
1758:mine, the
1601:Salt mines
1336:The major
1261:wind farms
1246:Le Thillot
1137:Lacq field
1120:See also:
1062:, Isère),
757:closed1977
646:Dieulouard
574:Moineville
99:March 2024
69:newspapers
3963:Gibraltar
3787:Lithuania
3398:Education
3352:Transport
3202:Judiciary
3163:Elections
3117:Mountains
3075:Geography
2821:Louis XIV
2611:Overviews
2503:cite book
1844:Eramet SA
1840:Imerys SA
1797:Aquitaine
1738:mines in
1703:Ensisheim
1695:Haut-Rhin
1663:Soudières
1657:saltworks
1651:saltworks
1645:saltworks
1587:saltworks
1581:saltworks
1575:saltworks
1569:saltworks
1563:saltworks
1550:saltworks
1544:saltworks
1542:Tomblaine
1538:saltworks
1532:saltworks
1526:saltworks
1520:saltworks
1514:saltworks
1508:saltworks
1502:saltworks
1496:saltworks
1480:saltworks
1321:scheelite
1272:gold mine
1200:Lead-zinc
1143:Oil shale
1080:Haut-Rhin
1064:Giromagny
997:Soulvache
707:Tressange
554:Villerupt
547:Mainville
381:Cruéjouls
361:Faymoreau
344:, etc.).
269:, etc.).
259:oil shale
251:manganese
185:limestone
3998:Category
3983:Svalbard
3968:Guernsey
3915:Abkhazia
3867:Slovenia
3862:Slovakia
3837:Portugal
3695:Bulgaria
3588:Category
3521:Language
3433:Religion
3378:Abortion
3332:Taxation
3229:Military
3190:Intersex
3180:Politics
3146:Politics
2948:Interwar
2643:Economic
2638:Language
2623:Timeline
2263:27921176
1996:41821438
1984:Springer
1860:See also
1781:Manosque
1773:Paulinet
1765:Paulinet
1752:Lorraine
1729:Mont-Roc
1725:Chaillac
1721:Fluorite
1716:Fluorite
1585:Moyenvic
1561:Chambrey
1367:Lorraine
1315:Tungsten
1220:Antimony
1105:CĂ©vennes
1060:Allemond
1048:antimony
1036:toxicity
979:Nyoiseau
955:Nyoiseau
953:(1935),
910:Calvados
903:Calvados
884:Calvados
877:Calvados
851:Normandy
805:Algrange
795:Algrange
734:Entrange
697:Algrange
684:Algrange
667:Bouligny
660:Bouligny
462:Neufchef
442:Lorraine
424:Neufchef
403:Lorraine
395:Iron ore
293:Overseas
263:fluorite
247:antimony
139:Fluorine
127:Tungsten
3892:Ukraine
3842:Romania
3802:Moldova
3760:Ireland
3755:Iceland
3750:Hungary
3740:Germany
3735:Georgia
3725:Finland
3720:Estonia
3715:Denmark
3700:Croatia
3685:Belgium
3680:Belarus
3670:Austria
3665:Armenia
3660:Andorra
3655:Albania
3579:Outline
3561:Theatre
3556:Symbols
3516:Gardens
3506:Fashion
3498:Cuisine
3465:Culture
3455:Welfare
3428:Poverty
3366:Society
3342:Tourism
3302:Exports
3275:Banking
3253:Economy
3212:history
3107:Islands
3102:Borders
2735:Francia
2689:Ancient
2667:Regions
2618:History
2603:History
2543:DGRST.
2063:. 2007.
2042:. 2023.
1829:lithium
1809:lithium
1785:HĂ©rault
1769:Rayssac
1756:uranium
1740:Ardèche
1555:Moselle
1348:Pyrites
1342:Luzenac
1305:bauxite
1295:Bauxite
1181:Uranium
1175:Uranium
1163:Other:
1145:mines:
1088:Ardèche
1044:arsenic
993:Teillay
895:Potigny
827:Moselle
741:RĂ©dange
675:Moselle
537:Piennes
530:Piennes
505:Crusnes
430:mines,
330:Belgium
267:uranium
245:, some
239:lignite
135:Lignite
131:Uranium
83:scholar
3978:Jersey
3920:Kosovo
3887:Turkey
3877:Sweden
3857:Serbia
3847:Russia
3832:Poland
3827:Norway
3807:Monaco
3777:Latvia
3745:Greece
3730:France
3705:Cyprus
3593:Portal
3493:Cinema
3473:Anthem
3445:Racism
3423:People
3317:Mining
3292:Energy
3127:Rivers
3092:Cities
3024:May 68
2595:topics
2592:France
2552:BRGM.
2465:3 June
2439:3 June
2261:
2178:CATENA
1994:
1895:Mining
1760:potash
1707:potash
1699:Cernay
1691:Potash
1678:Potash
1628:Mines
1579:Marsal
1573:Dieuze
1500:Crévic
1371:halite
1225:Copper
1076:Vosges
917:Manche
724:Fontoy
717:Fontoy
595:Trieux
477:North
456:Aumetz
432:Auboué
428:Aumetz
369:Creuse
365:Vendée
342:Poland
334:the UK
298:Nickel
255:potash
181:gypsum
162:sulfur
145:, T –
143:Potash
141:, K –
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3953:Ă…land
3872:Spain
3797:Malta
3767:Italy
3551:Sport
3536:Music
3531:Media
3388:Crime
3112:Lakes
2259:JSTOR
1992:JSTOR
1777:Indre
1524:Maixe
1389:Doubs
1257:solar
1189:Jouac
654:Meuse
498:Jarny
90:JSTOR
76:books
3511:Flag
3297:Euro
3195:LGBT
2509:link
2467:2020
2441:2020
1767:and
1430:Jura
1361:The
1338:talc
1303:and
1301:clay
1285:Aude
1279:Gold
1259:and
1204:The
1038:and
1032:zinc
995:and
935:Orne
928:Orne
897:and
871:and
621:Sud
605:Thil
426:and
243:zinc
205:and
183:and
177:clay
173:sand
147:Talc
62:news
3483:Art
3207:Law
2290:doi
2251:doi
2186:doi
2182:224
2140:doi
2136:104
1789:Ain
1244:At
1090:).
1046:or
164:).
45:by
4000::
2505:}}
2501:{{
2458:.
2432:.
2420:^
2343:.
2330:^
2286:21
2284:.
2280:.
2257:.
2247:92
2245:.
2241:.
2200:^
2184:.
2180:.
2176:.
2130:.
2111:.
2099:^
2059:.
2048:^
1988:46
1986:.
1982:.
1968:^
1842:,
1803:.
1795:,
1216:.
1103:,
893:,
340:,
332:,
308:.
265:,
261:,
257:,
249:,
209:.
179:,
175:,
3633:e
3626:t
3619:v
2584:e
2577:t
2570:v
2511:)
2469:.
2443:.
2354:.
2324:.
2310:.
2296:.
2292::
2265:.
2253::
2211:.
2194:.
2188::
2146:.
2142::
2115:.
1998:.
1384:.
1070:(
981:.
957:.
926:(
901:(
875:(
363:(
149:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
