997:
nearby kingdoms. Yet, the new crown prince frantically set out to raise more men—again mainly from Lower Burma, branding men to facilitate identification, executing deserters, and forcing monks into the army. He soon clashed with Thado Dhamma Yaza, who openly disagreed with his tactics. Nanda was forced to intervene the quarrel between the brothers, officially releasing the conscripted men and seized property. But the damage was already done. Coercion proved self-defeating. With cultivators disappearing, rice prices in Lower Burma reached unheard of levels.
832:
221:
1153:(Simms & Simms 2001: 89–90) says Nokeo Koumane revolted in 1593 but (Fernquest 2005: 47) says the earliest evidence of a Lan Xang revolt against Nanda in the Lan Xang, Chiang Mai, Ayutthaya and Burmese chronicles is 957 ME (10 April 1595 to 8 April 1596). Nokeo had already revolted by November 1595. According to the
1166:(Kyaw Win on Toungoo Administration in Yazawin Thit Vol. 2 2012: lxxx): A 1593 royal inscription still claims all northern territories including Manipur, Chinese Shan states and Kengtung as tributaries. But by then, the authority of Pegu was at best nominal as evidenced by the collapse of the empire soon after.
996:
In
January 1594, Minye Kyawswa returned to a greatly weakened Pegu. Its home base of Lower Burma had borne the brunt of the war effort in the past decade, and was now greatly depopulated. Able men had fled military service to become monks, indentured servants, private retainers or refugees in the
970:
also came to "command" a regiment.) The army went on to put down the rebellion by March 1591 but instabilities returned soon after the army left. This time, however, Minye
Kyawswa needed to go to the front himself. He was explicitly asked to do so by Nanda, who was frantically directing all his
978:
The success at
Mogaung won plaudits of the king. It was the only bright spot for Nanda. Not only had all four invasions of Siam gone badly, but Siam was now on counterattack, threatening the Tenasserim coast. In May 1592, Minye Kyawswa went to Pegu, and was showered with lavish presents by his
987:
19 December] 1593. Distrustful of potential rivals in Upper Burma, the king did not however appoint another viceroy or even a governor at Ava. He made Minye
Kyawswa's deputies Baya Yawda and Let-Yway Myin Hmu as co-administrators, backed by a 3000-strong army.
944:
Minye
Kyawswa's term proved tumultuous from the outset. The repeated failures in Siam were seriously eroding the power of the high king at Pegu. No vassal ruler was impressed by the 19-year-old viceroy. Just seven months into his term, in September 1587, a small
982:
Minye
Kyawswa soon became the front runner to succeed Mingyi Swa, who fell in action in Siam in January 1593. But Nanda was greatly shocked and saddened by his eldest son's death, and waited nearly a year to before appointing his second son heir apparent on 29
979:
father. It was probably the last time he saw his elder brother Mingyi Swa, who along with his father was planning another invasion of Siam. Perhaps because Upper Burma was still unstable, Minye
Kyawswa did not contribute much manpower to the invasion effort.
883:. The king relied on Mingyi Swa to keep the empire intact. Minye Kyawswa was not a factor. Unlike other senior princes of the day, he did not take part in any of the early military campaigns—Chinese Shan States (1582–83), Ava (1584), and Siam (1584, 1586).
975:. In October 1591, Minye Kyawswa for the first time went to the front, leading an army of 8000 men, 600 horses and 60 elephants. After seven months of siege, the army broke through and took the city. The rebel chief of Mogaung was caught and executed.
1031:
agreed to a joint attack on Pegu. Toungoo and
Arakanese forces laid siege to Pegu in April 1599. Eight months into the siege, the city was starving, and much of the garrison had already deserted. Minye Kyawswa then got a secret offer from King
919:
In
February 1587, Minye Kyawswa and his entourage arrived at Ava (Inwa). The new viceroy had a difficult task ahead of him: reestablish tighter control over the fractious vassal rulers throughout central and northern Burma, the Shan states and
1015:
November 1595. Upper Burma and other northern territories had been de facto independent, certainly since Minye
Kyawswa was recalled to Pegu, if not earlier. Lan Xang briefly returned to the fold in 1596 with the sudden death of the rebel king
1055:
Meanwhile, at Toungoo (Taungoo), the heir-apparent of Toungoo Natshinnaung, who had intensely disliked Nanda and Minye Kyawswa, ignored his father's promise, and ordered the execution of Minye Kyawswa. The fallen crown prince was 32.
874:
However, the days of the empire were numbered. The new king did not have the support of his major vassals, who ruled what used to be sovereign kingdoms just a few decades earlier. By 1584, Nanda faced serious rebellions in
953:
Ava did get a better handle of the situation in the following years. In 1590, Minye Kyawswa was able to contribute the vast majority of the 10,000-strong army, raised to suppress a rebellion in the northern Shan state of
949:
of Inya revolted. The new administration at Ava was helpless, unable to organize a military force. Finally, his father had to send 4000 troops from Lower Burma, which took seven months to put down the rebellion.
1043:
Minye Kyawswa's defection greatly shocked Nanda. The king reportedly said that he was fighting only for his son, who had now betrayed him. A dejected king at once surrendered on 19 December [
928:, experimented by appointing Min Letya only as a governor to administer the vast upcountry. The downside of this policy was that an administrator like Min Letya—even though he was a son of King
924:. The viceroyship appointment itself marked the end of an experiment by Nanda. Only two years earlier, the high king, who did not want another strong vassal ruler like the rebellious viceroy
908:
26 January] 1587—the date deemed propitious by the court astrologers. To help the young prince govern Upper Burma, the king also sent along a dozen senior seasoned officials led by
863:, who had founded the largest empire in Southeast Asia. After Bayinnaung died on 10 October 1581, his father Nanda succeeded without incident. Minye Kyawswa became second in
1020:. But by April 1597, Toungoo and Lan Na had openly revolted. Others like Ava and Lan Xang did not declare outright independence but effectively broke away as well.
1560:
1771:
1036:
who promised to give him his daughter in marriage if he defected. Minye Kyawswa accepted the offer, and fled the city; Minye Thihathu then sent Minye Kyawswa to
913:
112:
1000:
What followed was a series of revolts throughout the empire in the next three years. The great unraveling was initiated by a Siamese-backed rebellion in
1135:
See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 84–86) for the orders of battle for the 1586, and 1586–87 invasions of Siam, which included no Ava-based commanders.
1076:) of 929 ME (1 November to 29 November 1567); and because he was born on a Sunday, his birthday was any one of 2, 9, 16, and 23 November 1567.
1767:
909:
125:
108:
1796:
1816:
1550:
1480:
900:, whom Nanda appointed just two years earlier, had just died in office. The king appointed his second son by his chief queen
1008:
proceeded to lay siege to Pegu in December. Towards the end of the siege, in April 1595, Prome revolted. It was followed by
1723:
1604:
306:. But the promise of good treatment was not kept; the last crown prince of the Toungoo Empire was killed a few days later.
279:
42:
238:
234:
1023:
Pegu was powerless to do anything. By then, Nanda and Minye Kyawswa were just hanging onto two provinces (Pegu and the
1646:
1627:
1583:
1811:
1093:) was a military rank, "Commander of Select Cavalry Corps". His personal name is not mentioned in the chronicles.
959:
17:
1044:
984:
905:
1157:(Ratchasomphan 1994: 67), Lan Xang and Nan forces fought a battle with Lan Na forces on 25 November 1595 NS.
1033:
295:
1543:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
506:
1492:"The Flight of Lao War Captives from Burma back to Laos in 1596: A Comparison of Historical Sources"
329:(Bago). He was the sixth child and the second son of the couple, and had six other full siblings.
963:
933:
745:
538:
1757:
936:. Probably as a result, Ava could not contribute much manpower to Pegu's war effort in Siam.
901:
283:
77:
286:
from 1587 to 1593. For the last six years of his life, he was the deputy of his father King
1806:
1801:
1449:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 100): Sunday, 4th waxing of Pyatho 961 ME = 19 December 1599 NS.
657:
8:
1344:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95): Wednesday, 8th waxing of Pyatho 955 ME = 29 December 1593
925:
864:
1266:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 85): Thadingyut 948 ME = 12 September 1286 to 10 October 1286
1594:
1398:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95): Tazaungmon 956 ME = 13 October 1594 to 11 November 1594
1027:) of Lower Burma. In 1598, the rebel state of Toungoo and the western coast kingdom of
683:
319:
209:
199:
1613:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1536:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
1642:
1623:
1579:
1546:
1506:
1476:
880:
1491:
1743:
1664:
972:
897:
852:
266:
254:
242:
228:
153:
95:
1144:
See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 93) for the order of battle for the fifth invasion.
1684:
1608:
1028:
1024:
303:
831:
291:
161:
1275:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 86): 1st waxing of Tabaung 948 ME = 5 February 1587
294:. In December 1599, he betrayed his father, and defected to the forces led by
1790:
1510:
1017:
896:
The prince's first major assignment came in September/October 1586. Governor
777:
418:
1564:
1531:
967:
929:
625:
1733:
1001:
946:
444:
326:
315:
299:
287:
189:
157:
70:
843:
probably paid propitiatory homage to Bayinnaung." Chronicles also claim
1716:
1668:
1599:(1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma.
1569:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
868:
860:
719:
599:
480:
386:
360:
60:
958:. But he still did not take part in the campaign. His younger brother
1603:
1593:
Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein) (ed.).
859:
The prince grew up in Pegu during the reign of his grandfather King
1656:
1009:
1005:
1004:(Mawlamyaing) in October/November 1594. Siamese forces led by King
840:
1037:
955:
932:—did not have much control over Ava's vassals, many of whom were
921:
836:
178:
904:
with the title of Minye Kyawswa, effective 5 February [
1527:
1475:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
848:
844:
173:
1073:
966:, came up to take command of the army. (A 12-year-old Prince
149:
1592:
1470:
1102:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 82): Min Letya was appointed as
876:
1520:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
1573:
1574:
Ratchasomphan (Sænluang.) (1994). David K. Wyatt (ed.).
971:
efforts to defeat a Siamese invasion of the southern
1471:Aung-Thwin, Michael A.; Maitrii Aung-Thwin (2012).
1620:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History
1788:
1617:
1072:(Zata 1960: 47): He was born in the 9th month (
835:Toungoo Empire in 1580. "States as far east as
1385:
1383:
1119:
1107:
1086:
31:
1406:
1404:
278:16 November 1567 – late December 1599) was
1636:
1622:(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press.
1559:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1322:
1320:
1301:
1299:
1251:
16:For other people named Minye Kyawswa, see
1661:The Royal Orders of Burma, A.D. 1598–1885
1540:
1489:
1392:
1338:
1269:
1260:
1242:
1197:
1655:
1563:(2012) . Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.).
1473:A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times
1401:
830:
290:, who presided over the collapse of the
1452:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1368:
1356:
1347:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1215:
1179:
239:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1789:
1517:
1233:
1224:
1206:
1188:
699:
579:
575:
565:
460:
350:
346:
336:Ancestry of Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa
775:
765:
761:
749:
743:
733:
717:
707:
703:
687:
681:
671:
655:
645:
641:
629:
623:
613:
597:
587:
583:
562:
552:
536:
526:
522:
510:
504:
494:
478:
468:
464:
448:
442:
432:
416:
406:
402:
390:
384:
374:
358:
354:
265:
1728:29 December 1593 – 18 December 1599
1605:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1526:
314:The prince was born to Crown Prince
1762:5 February 1587 – 29 December 1593
1522:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
1221:Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 134
52:29 December 1593 – 18 December 1599
13:
1618:Simms, Peter; Sanda Simms (2001).
1040:(Taungoo) along with 30 servants.
87:5 February 1587 – 29 December 1593
14:
1828:
1797:Heirs apparent of Toungoo dynasty
1663:. Vol. 2. Kyoto University.
886:
1817:Heirs apparent who never acceded
991:
916:(as commander of the military).
219:
1499:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
1464:
1389:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95–96
1257:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 82–84
1248:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 80–81
1203:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 75–77
1160:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1096:
1079:
1545:. Cambridge University Press.
1490:Fernquest, Jon (Spring 2005).
1066:
18:Minye Kyawswa (disambiguation)
1:
1693:
1639:Historical Dictionary of Laos
1541:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
1185:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 103
1173:
1012:
826:
322:
275:
171:late December 1599 (aged 32)
145:
139:
1440:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 99
1419:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 97
1353:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95
1335:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 94
1326:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 92
1314:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 91
1305:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 90
1293:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 88
1284:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 86
1239:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 78
1230:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 77
1034:Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo
891:
296:Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo
7:
1637:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008).
1047:9 December] 1599.
309:
10:
1833:
851:, and treat the Ceylonese
693:
577:
454:
348:
15:
1764:
1755:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1678:
1120:
1108:
1087:
912:(as chief minister), and
867:behind his elder brother
847:and much deeper parts of
763:
755:
727:
705:
701:
665:
643:
635:
607:
585:
581:
546:
524:
516:
488:
466:
462:
426:
404:
396:
368:
352:
258:
205:
195:
185:
167:
135:
131:
121:
104:
91:
83:
76:
66:
56:
48:
41:
32:
28:
1680:Minye Kyawswa II of Ava
1428:Than Tun Vol. 2 1985: 11
1059:
1050:
939:
267:[mɪ́ɴjɛ́tɕɔ̀zwà]
1812:People from Bago Region
1085:Let-Yway-Gyi Myin Hmu (
282:from 1593 to 1599, and
1724:Heir Apparent of Burma
1518:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
856:
318:and his chief consort
280:heir apparent of Burma
227:This article contains
43:Heir Apparent of Burma
23:Heir Apparent of Burma
1772:Let-Yway-Gyi Myin Hmu
1578:. SEAP Publications.
1410:Fernquest 2005: 56–57
1089:လက်ရွေးကြီး မြင်းမှူး
914:Let-Yway-Gyi Myin Hmu
871:, the heir-apparent.
834:
113:Let-Yway-Gyi Myin Hmu
1778:as Co-Administrators
325:16 November 1567 in
1641:. Scarecrow Press.
1377:Lieberman 2003: 156
1212:Lieberman 2003: 152
983:December [
926:Thado Minsaw of Ava
116:(Co-Administrators)
1703:late December 1599
1596:Zatadawbon Yazawin
934:sons of Bayinnaung
879:(Upper Burma) and
865:line of succession
857:
855:as a protectorate.
684:Hanthawaddy Mibaya
320:Hanthawaddy Mibaya
210:Theravada Buddhism
200:Hanthawaddy Mibaya
1785:
1784:
1781:
1765:Succeeded by
1753:
1731:Succeeded by
1576:The Nan Chronicle
1552:978-0-521-80496-7
1482:978-1-86189-901-9
960:Thado Dhamma Yaza
823:
822:
819:
818:
235:rendering support
215:
214:
142:16 November 1567
117:
100:
1824:
1775:
1747:
1741:Preceded by
1714:Preceded by
1704:
1697:
1696:16 November 1567
1695:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1652:
1633:
1614:
1600:
1589:
1570:
1556:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1496:
1486:
1459:
1458:Harvey 1925: 183
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1365:Harvey 1925: 182
1363:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:Harvey 1925: 151
1192:
1186:
1183:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1014:
973:Tenasserim coast
964:Viceroy of Prome
898:Min Letya of Ava
853:Kingdom of Kotte
563:1. Minye Kyawswa
342:
341:
333:
332:
324:
277:
269:
264:
260:
241: instead of
223:
222:
147:
141:
115:
98:
37:
36:
35:
26:
25:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1761:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1685:Toungoo Dynasty
1681:
1649:
1630:
1610:Hmannan Yazawin
1586:
1553:
1494:
1483:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1025:Irrawaddy delta
994:
942:
894:
889:
829:
824:
312:
270:; also spelled
262:
248:
247:
246:
233:Without proper
224:
220:
177:
172:
156:
143:
33:
30:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1763:
1758:Viceroy of Ava
1754:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1524:
1515:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1400:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1316:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1095:
1078:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
993:
990:
941:
938:
902:viceroy of Ava
893:
890:
888:
887:Viceroy of Ava
885:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
686:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
644:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
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1807:1599 deaths
1802:1567 births
1750:as Governor
1734:Anaukpetlun
1669:2433/173789
746:Dhamma Dewi
539:Yadana Dewi
507:Atula Thiri
92:Predecessor
71:Anaukpetlun
57:Predecessor
1791:Categories
1768:Baya Yawda
1717:Mingyi Swa
1561:Maha Sithu
1174:References
947:Shan state
910:Baya Yawda
869:Mingyi Swa
861:Bayinnaung
827:Early life
720:Mingyi Swe
600:Mingyi Nyo
481:Mingyi Nyo
387:Bayinnaung
361:Mingyi Swe
263:pronounced
126:Baya Yawda
109:Baya Yawda
99:(Governor)
61:Mingyi Swa
1744:Min Letya
1511:1479-8484
892:Accession
658:Yaza Dewi
181:(Taungoo)
105:Successor
96:Min Letya
67:Successor
1659:(1985).
1657:Than Tun
1607:(1832).
1530:(1724).
1010:Lan Xang
1006:Naresuan
1002:Moulmein
841:Cambodia
310:Ancestry
206:Religion
160:(Bago),
144:Sunday,
1528:Kala, U
1114:), not
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956:Mogaung
922:Manipur
837:Vietnam
300:Raza II
255:Burmese
179:Toungoo
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1029:Arakan
849:Yunnan
845:Cachar
304:Arakan
196:Mother
186:Father
176:961 ME
174:Pyatho
1701:Died:
1691:Born:
1505:(1).
1495:(PDF)
1074:Nadaw
1060:Notes
1051:Death
940:Reign
445:Nanda
316:Nanda
288:Nanda
190:Nanda
150:Nadaw
84:Reign
49:Reign
1770:and
1643:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1507:ISSN
1477:ISBN
1122:မင်း
1045:O.S.
985:O.S.
906:O.S.
881:Siam
839:and
776:15.
718:14.
656:13.
598:12.
537:11.
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327:Pegu
298:and
168:Died
158:Pegu
152:929
136:Born
111:and
1665:hdl
1116:min
1110:ဝန်
1104:wun
877:Ava
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682:3.
624:6.
505:5.
443:2.
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302:of
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1694:c.
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1013:c.
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154:ME
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