618:
324:
2488:
2476:
354:
376:
2343:
2368:
506:
Qĭêm dirĭê q’antre ‘ls matos èiriçados, Las ourrĭêtas i ‘ls ríus d’ésta tĭêrra, Bibĭê, cumo ‘l chaguárço de la ſĭêrra, Ũṅa lhêngua de ſóuns tã bariados ? Mostre-ſe i fále-ſ’ éssa lhêngua, filha D’um póbo qe tĭêm néilha ‘l chóro i ‘l canto ! Nada pur çĭêrto mus câutíba tânto Cumo la fórm’ am
464:
and has both archaisms and innovations that differentiate it from the modern varieties of Astur-Leonese spoken in Spain. In recognition of these differences, and due to its political isolation from the rest of the Astur-Leonese speaking territory, Mirandese has adopted a different written norm to the
665:
are caused by the dominant languages in each region. Mirandese has been influenced phonetically and in lexicon by
Portuguese and the Astur-Leonese languages in Spain, by Spanish. All have distinctive orthography that phonetically reflects the respective main national languages. Another difference is
526:
Quien dirie qu'antre ls Matos eiriçados, Las ourrietas i ls rius desta tierra, Bibie, cumo l chaguarço de la sierra, Ũa lhéngua/léngua de sonidos/sons tan bariados? (A)mostre-se i fale-se essa lhéngua/léngua, filha Dun pobo que ten neilha l choro i l canto! Nada por cierto mos cautiba tanto Cumo la
473:
Until 1884, Mirandese was a purely spoken language, but in that year, José Leite de
Vasconcelos wrote "Flores Mirandézas" (Froles Mirandesas in modern Mirandese, 'Mirandese Flowers'), a book with his own proposal for a Mirandese writing system, with an excessicivity of diacritics, which have helped
516:
Quiên dirie qu'antre ls Matos eiriçados, Las ourriêtas i ls rius desta tiêrra, Bibie, cumo l chaguarço de la siêrra, Ũa lhéngua de sonidos/sons tan bariados? (A)mostre-se i fale-se essa lhéngua, filha Dun pobo que ten neilha l choro i l canto! Nada por ciêrto mos cautiba tanto Cumo la forma an que
550:
described
Mirandese as "the language of the farms, of work, home, and love between the Mirandese". Since 1986–87, it has been taught optionally to students at the primary and lower secondary level, and has thus been somewhat recovering. By Law 7/99, Mirandese was given official recognition by the
536:
Who'd say that amongst the
Bristle bushes, The valleys and the rivers of this land, There lived, like the plants of the mountain range, A language, daughter Of people that have in it the cries and songs! Nothing certainly captivates us as much As the way in which said idea
2284:
Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua
2238:
Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua
589:
A 2020 survey by
University of Vigo, carried out in Miranda do Douro, estimated the number of speakers of the language to be around 3,500 with 1,500 of them being regular speakers. The study observed strong decline in the usage of language in younger people.
2304:
Munches llingües tienen arguyu de los sos pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita hai cientos d'años y d'escritores enforma famosos, güei banderes d'eses llingües. Pero hai otres que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eso, como ye'l casu de la llingua
2294:
Muitas llinguas tien arguyu de los sous pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita van cientos d'annos y d'escritores bien famosos; guei bandeiras d'eisas llinguas. Peru hai outras que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eisu, cumu ye'l casu de la llingua
2248:
Muitas línguas têm orgulho dos seus pergaminhos antigos, da literatura escrita há centenas de anos e de escritores muito famosos, hoje bandeiras dessas línguas. Mas há outras que não podem ter orgulho de nada disso, como é o caso da língua
2379:
Mirandese, given its status as a recognised language in
Portugal after Portuguese, has been the subject in recent years of some publicity and attention in other parts of Portugal. A monthly chronicle in Mirandese, by researcher and writer
2256:
Many languages take pride in their ancient scrolls, their centuries-old literature, and in famous writers, today standards of those languages. But there are others which can't boast of any of this, as in the case of
Mirandese.
625:
Despite there being a singular writing system for mirandese, there is one aspect that is written differently in different dialects. In the
Sendinese dialect, many words that in other dialects are said with /ʎ/
621:
How the masculine singular definite article is said in the mirandese speaking territory, ‘L’. All villages that speak the Raiano dialect (except for San
Martino) say /lu/, while all other villages say /ɐl/.
2738:
Alves, António; Barros, Anabela (2015). "Mirandês, leonês, português e castelhano: glotocídio e conciliação". In Macedo, Ana
Gabriela; Sousa, Carlos Mendes de; Moura, Vítor (eds.).
2117:, which has the same endings as the future subjunctive but often differs as the personal infinitive always uses the infinitive stem, whereas the future subjunctive uses the past.
2918:
2801:
2339:⟩, but this writing was only accurate in the Central and Raiano dialect, where it was read , unlike the Sendinese dialect, where it was read or occasionally .
1039:
Portuguese spelling still distinguishes all seven and is identical to Mirandese spelling in this respect, but in pronunciation, Portuguese has reduced them to four
2697:
No concelho, são cerca de 300 os estudantes que frequentam a disciplina opcional de língua mirandesa. Esta é lecionada exclusivamente no Agrupamento de Escolas de
2676:
1047:
dialects, including those of the area that Mirandese is spoken. Northern/central Peninsular Spanish has also reduced them to four but in quite a different way:
2110:
2770:
2871:(in Portuguese). Miranda do Douro and Lisboa: Câmara Municipal de Miranda do Douro and Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa. Archived from
2971:
2661:
4974:
2713:
2513:
3085:
1741:
commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula. As in other languages spoken in the region, the two contrast only in the word-internal position.
364:
2937:
2884:
2805:
1736:
1646:
431:
2331:⟩ (like Portuguese) to represent , and respectively. It has since fallen in disuse, one of the reasons being that ⟨
5007:
3536:
3468:
2440:
were translated into Mirandese, and in 2013 the entire Bible was translated into the language by Domingos Augusto Ferreira.
574:); and some linguistic influence can be observed at other villages of the municipality of Bumioso and the municipalities of
2190:
1803:
3271:
3266:
2858:
2178:
develop studies by research centres in Portugal, such as "Atlas Linguístico de Portugal", by the Centro de Linguística at
234:
3210:
3098:
2964:
1586:
1564:
552:
423:
3371:
3261:
3486:
1598:
1467:
224:. Statutory language of provincial identity in 4 municipalities, northeast Portugal (1999, Law No. 7-99 of 29 January).
1006:
sibilants (as in modern Catalan, northern/central peninsular Spanish and coastal northern European Portuguese), while
4325:
2212:
The following is a sample text of the Mirandese language, written by Amadeu Ferreira, and published in the newspaper
5017:
4385:
2744:(in Portuguese). V. N. Famalicão: Húmus; Centro de Estudos Humanísticos da Universidade do Minho. pp. 413–434.
1478:
1421:
3673:
3278:
3078:
2027:
1825:
1511:
1447:
5012:
4473:
4374:
2957:
1848:
4344:
2134:
to teach in Mirandese, since 1986/1987, thanks to the ministerial authorisation published on 9 September 1985;
666:
that Mirandese and Leonese remain very conservative, while Asturian has undergone a greater amount of change.
314:
4281:
3959:
2372:
1521:
1014:
are dentalized laminal alveolar sibilants (as in most modern Portuguese, French and English). The unrelated
255:
1878:
1834:
296:
4408:
3811:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1745:
1722:
1715:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1664:
1222:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1139:
1125:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1048:
1040:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
978:
969:
960:
955:
944:
931:
918:
913:
898:
889:
880:
875:
860:
847:
834:
829:
814:
801:
788:
783:
779:
768:
759:
750:
745:
734:
725:
716:
711:
547:
5002:
4849:
4287:
3256:
3185:
2144:
facilitate annual celebrations in the city as well as a literary competition, promoted by the Council of
1862:
1795:
229:
1757:
All oral and nasal vowel sounds and allophones are the same from Portuguese, with different allophones:
430:
for local matters with Law 7/99 of 29 January 1999. In 2001, Mirandese was officially recognised by the
4570:
4142:
3577:
3135:
3071:
2466:
1553:
1324:
4157:
4069:
3678:
3519:
3234:
3163:
3145:
3128:
3123:
3113:
1734:
1726:
128:
123:
103:
2346:
Bilingual sign in the village of Pruoba(Póvoa), previously Pruôba, with old writing, having ⟨
4862:
4766:
3639:
3587:
3366:
3314:
3036:
2559:
1811:
1334:
555:
alongside Portuguese. The law provides for its promotion and allows its usage for local matters in
442:
308:
2319:
When mirandese was first recognised and a writing system was established, it used to have ⟨
2151:
use of Mirandese in town celebrations, official commemorations and, occasionally, on social media;
4230:
3821:
3775:
3656:
3629:
3568:
3505:
3451:
3158:
3118:
1855:
1728:
1636:
1367:
1348:
398:) is an Asturleonese language or variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern
118:
93:
3826:
4948:
4164:
3582:
3528:
3180:
1056:
187:
133:
2264:
Then a comparison of the previous text in three modern languages of the Asturo-leonese group:
1714:, as in Portuguese. Standard Portuguese has reduced all those sounds to just four fricatives:
4980:
4925:
4731:
4726:
4379:
4357:
4248:
4176:
3999:
3661:
3424:
2980:
2627:"Mirandese language and its influence on the culture of the municipality of Miranda do Douro"
2454:
2200:
2183:
2015:
The main differences between the three mirandese dialects are in the pronunciation of words.
1621:
1534:
1377:
1276:
599:
138:
4644:
3612:
2599:
2386:
2214:
583:
20:
4930:
4704:
4320:
4293:
4219:
4079:
3878:
3806:
3758:
3752:
3715:
3698:
2832:
2179:
1391:
1298:
579:
192:
4714:
4127:
3195:
2900:
617:
8:
4415:
4307:
4275:
4269:
3890:
3850:
3816:
3644:
3408:
2994:
2411:
2407:
2381:
1434:
1286:
1044:
427:
418:, being extinct in Mogadouro and present in Bumioso only in some eastern villages, like
4678:
4111:
3786:
3720:
2930:
2847:
2836:
2137:
publish books in Mirandese and about the Mirandese language, promoted by the Council of
1026:(Basque has no voiced sibilants), which suggests that the distinction originally was an
4920:
4649:
4505:
4463:
4429:
4423:
4313:
4256:
4196:
3934:
3927:
3763:
3551:
3492:
3348:
3336:
3215:
3153:
3015:
2942:
2655:
2100:
1253:
1216:
1076:, like nearly all dialects of Western Romance (the major maverick being Spanish, where
1052:
4698:
3190:
2933:– Piece of legislation which officially recognizes Mirandese as a language of Portugal
2573:
1725:, as in other varieties of Astur-Leonese and Spanish. The Portuguese uvular fricative
661:
The main differences between Mirandese in Portugal and the Astur-Leonese languages in
461:
288:
4877:
4856:
4776:
4736:
4595:
4523:
4517:
4441:
4333:
4243:
4184:
4096:
4054:
3855:
3801:
3607:
3592:
3563:
3546:
3456:
3419:
3388:
3376:
3295:
3283:
3200:
3175:
3169:
3094:
3063:
2739:
2449:
1577:
1540:
1501:
1492:
1457:
1360:
1258:
1092:
454:
113:
4719:
3688:
3666:
2428:), under his pseudonym Francisco Niebro and published it in 2009. In 2011, the four
4830:
4820:
4805:
4793:
4709:
4658:
4622:
4600:
4587:
4581:
4510:
4499:
4403:
4368:
4352:
4201:
4189:
4122:
4086:
4074:
4042:
3967:
3939:
3912:
3742:
3737:
3725:
3705:
3693:
3634:
3541:
3498:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3393:
3324:
3308:
3205:
2778:
2698:
2480:
2459:
2402:
2172:
2168:
2145:
2138:
2131:
1248:
1243:
1226:
1212:
563:
556:
407:
403:
217:
98:
61:
57:
4605:
4555:
3052:
4914:
4900:
4781:
4683:
4673:
4617:
4468:
4456:
4396:
4391:
4206:
4135:
4117:
4091:
4064:
3994:
3951:
3863:
3844:
3796:
3683:
3649:
3602:
3597:
3319:
3251:
3223:
2492:
1819:
1611:
1270:
1263:
1189:
1015:
85:
3917:
562:
Today Mirandese retains speakers in most of the villages of the municipality of
301:
4965:
4872:
4867:
4788:
4668:
4630:
4362:
3922:
3868:
3838:
3730:
3414:
3342:
3288:
2872:
2645:
1842:
1733:
is not found in Mirandese. The "soft" or "short" R is an ordinary alveolar tap
1311:
1088:
1003:
4011:
2537:
2420:
4996:
4907:
4810:
4798:
4530:
4238:
3895:
3833:
3329:
2437:
1904:
1777:
1113:
1027:
679:
434:, which aims to promote the survival of the least spoken European languages.
4689:
4549:
3989:
3944:
3010:
483:'MIRANDESE LANGUAGE' (LHÉNGUA MIRANDESA in modern Mirandese), transcribed:
450:
323:
182:
1225:
is palatalized word-initially (as in other Astur-Leonese languages and in
272:
4751:
4744:
4481:
4047:
2126:
The following measures have been taken to protect and develop Mirandese:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1789:
1772:
4016:
2949:
2677:"'Buonos dies'. Aqui fala-se Mirandês, a língua dos avós e das crianças"
4059:
4029:
4021:
3977:
3972:
3622:
3381:
2542:
2090:
2085:
As in Portuguese, Mirandese still uses the following synthetic tenses:
1946:
1909:
1870:
1782:
1663:
As stated above, the laminal dental sibilants correspond to Portuguese
2802:"Exposição "Bíblia Sagrada" traduzida em mirandês em Miranda do Douro"
380:
4825:
4663:
4005:
3300:
1950:
1440:
1408:
1402:
1317:
1200:
575:
460:
Mirandese is a descendant of the Astur-Leonese variety spoken in the
438:
411:
281:
265:
247:
177:
4451:
2682:
2626:
2415:
353:
4610:
4446:
4262:
3710:
3558:
2475:
2196:
make sites available in Mirandese, such as Photoblog and WordPress.
2164:
571:
419:
399:
221:
46:
4815:
1995:
with and . And with the addition of nasal vowel sounds and for
1679:. The corresponding alveolar sibilants are apical and are spelled
4434:
4299:
4037:
3461:
3446:
2392:
2156:
567:
415:
375:
65:
2714:"Mirandês "está numa situação muito crítica" e pode desaparecer"
2514:"Mirandês "está numa situação muito crítica" e pode desaparecer"
4636:
3982:
3905:
3885:
3617:
2429:
2342:
1031:
446:
361:
78:
3,500 speakers, 1,500 common users of the language. (2020)
2203:
for his albums "Canto da Terra" (2007) and "Raiç/Raíz" (2010).
3900:
3873:
2753:
2751:
2433:
1073:
674:
Some historical developments in Mirandese are the following:
662:
108:
2367:
2006:
can become glides when preceding or following other vowels.
678:
Mirandese maintains distinct reflexes of all seven medieval
2771:"Oito anos para traduzir "Os Lusíadas" em língua mirandesa"
2748:
2857:
Ferreira, Manuela Barros; Raposo, Domingos, eds. (1999).
2852:(in Portuguese). Vol. II. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
474:
to know what Mirandese sounded like in the 19th century.
328:
Mirandese speaking area, highlighting its three dialects
2841:(in Portuguese). Vol. I. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
1687:. Furthermore, there is an additional palatal affricate
360:
Mirandese is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
3093:
216:
Co-official recognition. Special protection status in
2887:[Mirandese: A Minority Language in Portugal]
2464:
2384:, appears in the daily Portuguese national newspaper
614:). Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese.
383:, with the street name in Mirandese and in Portuguese
3785:
602:
of the Mirandese language exist: Border Mirandese (
2938:"In Portugal, Mirandese spoken here—and only here"
2882:
2352:Dius bos l pague pula buôssa besita i buôna biaige
2074:'there's more fire over there, and it's Sunday!'
2060:'there's more fire over there, and it's Sunday!'
2046:'there's more fire over there, and it's Sunday!'
4994:
2414:also translated into Mirandese the epic poem by
2246:
2130:allow primary teaching staff in the district of
1215:). That happens not only before palatals, as in
2885:"L Mirandés: Ũa Lhéngua Minoritaira an Pertual"
2644:Vasconcelos, José leite de (1854-1941) (1884).
2406:), was published in a Mirandese translation by
2335:⟩ was utilised in the diphthong ⟨
2282:
2236:
2071:ˈaj ˈmas̺ ˈfwo.ɣu/ˈfwo.u ɐˈʎa, i je dejˈmĩ.gʲu
524:
514:
504:
2865:Orthographic Convention for Mirandese Language
2856:
2757:
2302:
2292:
2043:ˈaj ˈmas̺/ˈmajs̺ ˈfwo.ɣu ɐˈʎa, i je dejˈmĩ.gu
3079:
2965:
534:
2845:
2831:
2182:, and "Inquérito Linguístico Boléo", by the
1721:The "hard" or "long" R is an alveolar trill
4975:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2883:Quarteu, Reis; Frías Conde, Xavier (2001).
2737:
2674:
2660:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2643:
4558:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3086:
3072:
2972:
2958:
426:granted it official recognition alongside
352:
322:
2979:
2860:Convenção Ortográfica da Língua Mirandesa
2804:(in Portuguese). Local.Pt. Archived from
2741:Conflito e Trauma: XVI Colóquio de Outono
432:European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages
2366:
2341:
2040:Hai más/mais fuogo alhá, i ye deimingo!
616:
374:
365:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2410:in 2005, and sold throughout Portugal.
2010:
477:One of the texts in Flores Mirandézas,
4995:
2799:
2531:
2121:
2057:ˈaj ˈmas̺ ˈfu.ɣu ɐˈla, i ji dɨˈmĩ.gʲu
1175:Voiced sibilants are still maintained.
3067:
2953:
2624:
1018:also maintains a distinction between
465:one used in Spain for Astur-Leonese.
2560:"Mirandese in Portugal | UNESCO WAL"
2371:Public sign with the history of the
1694:that is distinct from the fricative
1059:have further reduced them to three:
2893:Ianua: Revista Philologica Romanica
2681:Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (
2068:Hai más fuogo alhá, i ye deimingo!
16:Romance language spoken in Portugal
13:
4979:Languages between parentheses are
2846:Vasconcellos, J. Leite de (1901).
2824:
2800:Galvan, Virginia (22 March 2013).
2354:'God bless you for your visit and
492:First official orthography (90's)
406:(made up of the municipalities of
14:
5029:
4859:(unknown further classification)
2912:
2683:https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt
2054:Hai más fuogo alá, i ye demingo!
1969:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1877:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1824:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1645:
1620:
1597:
1585:
1563:
1552:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1477:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1420:
1390:
1376:
1366:
1347:
1333:
1323:
1297:
1285:
1275:
235:Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa
2675:Goreti Pera (18 December 2016).
2486:
2474:
2199:Mirandese music was recorded by
449:. It has its roots in the local
2849:Estudos de Philologia Mirandesa
2838:Estudos de Philologia Mirandesa
2793:
2763:
2731:
4983:of the language on their left.
4853:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2706:
2668:
2637:
2618:
2604:Diário da República Eletrónico
2592:
2566:
2552:
2506:
2362:
2314:
2207:
1748:can be lenited as fricatives .
1043:except in northern hinterland
1:
2578:Terminology Coordination Unit
2499:
2373:Cathedral of Miranda do Douro
2171:, promoted by the Council of
2080:
1233:
527:forma an que l'eideia brilha.
489:Vasconcelos Mirandese (1884)
5008:Endangered Romance languages
2758:Ferreira & Raposo (1999)
669:
7:
4850:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
2443:
2154:publish two volumes of the
1131:The cluster /-mb-/ is kept.
593:
10:
5034:
4552:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
3578:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3372:Central−Southern Calabrian
2390:. The first volume of the
2303:
2293:
1178:Retention of intervocalic
1053:Western Andalusian Spanish
468:
339: Sendinese Mirandese
18:
4957:
4941:
4892:
4841:
4765:
4569:
4542:
4491:
4343:
4229:
4175:
4156:
4107:
3774:
3527:
3518:
3479:
3359:
3244:
3233:
3144:
3106:
3045:
3029:
3003:
2987:
2833:Vasconcellos, J. Leite de
2247:
1752:
1635:
1610:
1533:
1433:
1310:
1269:
1240:
1219:, but also before nasals.
1068:Retention of the initial
658:'light', amongst others)
548:José Leite de Vasconcelos
535:
437:Mirandese has a distinct
351:
321:
307:
295:
279:
263:
245:
240:
228:
212:Official language in
210:
205:
170:
82:
72:
52:
42:
35:
30:
3860:North American dialects
3367:Extreme Southern Italian
3037:Portuguese Sign Language
2899:: 89–105. Archived from
2193:, a Mirandese Knowledge;
570:(such as Vilar Seco and
566:and in some villages of
553:Assembly of the Republic
424:Assembly of the Republic
333: Central Mirandese
19:Not to be confused with
5018:Astur-Leonese languages
3279:Central−Northern Latian
2574:"Discovering Mirandese"
2548:(subscription required)
2375:, written in Mirandese.
2283:
2237:
525:
515:
505:
453:spoken in the northern
345: Raiano Mirandese
3583:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
2600:"Lei 7/99, 1999-01-29"
2376:
2359:
1087:As in Portuguese, the
1057:Latin American Spanish
622:
606:), Central Mirandese (
384:
5013:Languages of Portugal
4070:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2981:Languages of Portugal
2455:Extremaduran language
2393:Adventures of Asterix
2370:
2345:
2327:⟩ and ⟨
2184:University of Coimbra
1626:⟨r, rr⟩
1473:⟨s, ss⟩
620:
546:In the 19th century,
378:
3879:St. Marys Bay French
3403:Neapolitan–Calabrese
2631:Universidade Palacký
2180:University of Lisbon
2011:Dialectal variations
1987:has allophones of ,
1667:. These are spelled
1462:⟨c, ç⟩
1353:⟨c, q⟩
940:⟨-ss-⟩
927:⟨-ss-⟩
630:, are said with /l/
580:Macedo de Cavaleiros
4231:Galician–Portuguese
3257:Central Marchigiano
2218:, on 24 July 2007.
2122:Protection measures
2111:Personal infinitive
1893:
1766:
1153:Falling diphthongs
1045:European Portuguese
480:"LHÊNGUA MIRANDÉZA"
5003:Mirandese language
4645:Catalan Ribagorçan
4492:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
3764:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3674:Bustocco–Legnanese
3469:Northern Calabrian
3004:Regional languages
2943:The New York Times
2931:Lei n. 7/99 dre.pt
2775:Diário de Notícias
2718:Diário de Notícias
2625:Svobodová, Petra.
2538:Mirandese language
2518:Diário de Notícias
2377:
2360:
2350:⟩. Reading
2323:⟩, ⟨
2163:translate all the
2101:Future subjunctive
1891:
1764:
1603:⟨lh⟩
1570:⟨u-⟩
1426:⟨ch⟩
1303:⟨nh⟩
1093:consonant clusters
739:⟨ch⟩
730:⟨ch⟩
721:⟨ch⟩
628:⟨lh⟩
623:
564:Miranda de l Douro
507:qe l’idéia brilha.
495:Current Mirandese
408:Miranda de l Douro
385:
218:Miranda de l Douro
62:Miranda de l Douro
4990:
4989:
4966:extinct languages
4888:
4887:
4565:
4564:
4524:Navarro-Aragonese
4409:Peruvian Ribereño
4334:Judaeo-Portuguese
4249:Galician–Asturian
4152:
4151:
4143:Old Gallo-Romance
4097:Wisconsin Walloon
3514:
3513:
3487:Dalmatian Romance
3095:Romance languages
3061:
3060:
2988:Official language
2946:, 17 January 2012
2906:on 21 March 2006.
2777:(in Portuguese).
2647:Flores Mirandezas
2546:(18th ed., 2015)
2450:Asturian language
2398:Asterix, L Goulés
2312:
2311:
2262:
2261:
2078:
2077:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1887:
1886:
1660:
1659:
1651:⟨r⟩
1591:⟨l⟩
1558:⟨y⟩
1526:⟨j⟩
1516:⟨s⟩
1506:⟨z⟩
1483:⟨x⟩
1452:⟨f⟩
1396:⟨g⟩
1382:⟨d⟩
1372:⟨b⟩
1339:⟨t⟩
1329:⟨p⟩
1291:⟨n⟩
1281:⟨m⟩
988:
987:
983:⟨s⟩
974:⟨s⟩
965:⟨s⟩
949:⟨s⟩
936:⟨s⟩
923:⟨s⟩
907:⟨z⟩
903:⟨c⟩
894:⟨z⟩
885:⟨z⟩
869:⟨z⟩
865:⟨c⟩
856:⟨ç⟩
852:⟨c⟩
843:⟨ç⟩
839:⟨c⟩
823:⟨j⟩
819:⟨g⟩
810:⟨j⟩
806:⟨g⟩
797:⟨j⟩
793:⟨g⟩
773:⟨j⟩
764:⟨x⟩
755:⟨x⟩
632:⟨l⟩
610:) and Sendinese (
544:
543:
455:Iberian Peninsula
404:Tierra de Miranda
396:lhéngua mirandesa
373:
372:
230:Regulated by
58:Tierra de Miranda
5025:
4511:Judaeo-Aragonese
4500:Andalusi Romance
4353:Amazonic Spanish
4190:Western Asturian
4173:
4172:
4112:Franco-Provençal
3783:
3782:
3679:Comasco–Lecchese
3537:Emilian–Romagnol
3525:
3524:
3325:Regional Italian
3315:Italo-Australian
3242:
3241:
3164:Megleno-Romanian
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3064:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2929:
2907:
2905:
2895:(in Mirandese).
2890:
2879:
2878:on 29 June 2003.
2877:
2870:
2853:
2842:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2781:. 19 August 2010
2767:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2699:Miranda do Douro
2694:
2692:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2460:Leonese language
2403:Asterix the Gaul
2349:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2267:
2266:
2251:
2241:
2221:
2220:
2173:Miranda do Douro
2169:Miranda do Douro
2146:Miranda do Douro
2139:Miranda do Douro
2132:Miranda do Douro
2018:
2017:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1828:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1666:
1652:
1649:
1627:
1624:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:medial clusters
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
915:
908:
904:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
831:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
690:
689:
633:
629:
608:Mirandés Central
557:Miranda do Douro
539:
538:
529:
519:
517:l'eideia brilha.
509:
486:
485:
367:
356:
344:
338:
332:
326:
317:
302:Miranda do Douro
291:
275:
268:
259:
258:
250:
88:
28:
27:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4953:
4937:
4915:Pannonian Latin
4901:African Romance
4884:
4837:
4768:
4761:
4699:Judeo-Provençal
4572:
4561:
4538:
4487:
4397:Chilean Chilote
4339:
4225:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4148:
4136:Moselle Romance
4103:
3952:Missouri French
3913:Franco-Ontarian
3788:
3777:
3770:
3510:
3475:
3452:Southern Latian
3355:
3320:Maltese Italian
3252:Central Italian
3236:
3229:
3224:Common Romanian
3140:
3124:Italo-Dalmatian
3102:
3092:
3062:
3057:
3041:
3025:
2999:
2983:
2978:
2928:(in Portuguese)
2927:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2888:
2875:
2868:
2827:
2825:Further reading
2822:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2690:
2688:
2687:(in Portuguese)
2673:
2669:
2653:
2652:
2650:(in Mirandese).
2642:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2606:(in Portuguese)
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2473:
2465:
2446:
2412:Amadeu Ferreira
2408:Amadeu Ferreira
2382:Amadeu Ferreira
2365:
2317:
2210:
2124:
2083:
2013:
1755:
1650:
1625:
1602:
1590:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1539:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1439:
1425:
1407:
1395:
1381:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1328:
1316:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1236:
1190:Western Romance
1143:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1016:Basque language
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
948:
947:
939:
935:
934:
926:
922:
921:
906:
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
868:
864:
863:
855:
851:
850:
842:
838:
837:
822:
818:
817:
809:
805:
804:
796:
792:
791:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
705:
700:
672:
631:
627:
604:Mirandés Raiano
596:
471:
462:Kingdom of León
379:Street sign in
369:
368:
359:
347:
346:
342:
340:
336:
334:
330:
313:
287:
271:
264:
254:
253:
246:
213:
206:Official status
201:
173:
166:
104:Latino-Faliscan
89:
86:Language family
84:
75:
74:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5031:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4854:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4631:Judaeo-Catalan
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4590:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4386:Latin American
4382:
4377:
4365:
4363:Judaeo-Spanish
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3858:
3853:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3506:Judaeo-Italian
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3161:
3159:Istro-Romanian
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:Major branches
3104:
3103:
3099:classification
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3030:Sign languages
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2934:
2925:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2909:
2908:
2880:
2854:
2843:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2808:on 6 June 2014
2792:
2762:
2747:
2730:
2705:
2667:
2636:
2617:
2591:
2565:
2551:
2530:
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2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
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2483:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2364:
2361:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2176:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1719:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1134:Proto-Romance
1132:
1129:
1124:became medial
1111:
1085:
1065:
1064:
1036:
1035:
1004:apico-alveolar
992:
991:
990:
989:
986:
985:
976:
967:
958:
952:
951:
942:
929:
916:
910:
909:
896:
887:
878:
872:
871:
858:
845:
832:
826:
825:
812:
799:
786:
776:
775:
766:
757:
748:
742:
741:
732:
723:
714:
708:
707:
702:
697:
694:
684:
683:
671:
668:
642:'over there',
595:
592:
542:
541:
531:
521:
511:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
470:
467:
371:
370:
358:
357:
349:
348:
341:
335:
329:
327:
319:
318:
311:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
285:
277:
276:
269:
261:
260:
251:
243:
242:
241:Language codes
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
176:
174:
171:
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5030:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4949:Proto-Romance
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:Reconstructed
4940:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4908:British Latin
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:Vivaro-Alpine
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4531:Old Navarrese
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:Equatoguinean
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Frainc-Comtou
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Judeo-Italian
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Castelmezzano
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:Swiss Italian
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Transylvanian
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:Daco-Romanian
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:Italo-Western
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2580:. 26 May 2015
2579:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2438:New Testament
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2001:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1892:Nasal vowels
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1744:Voiced stops
1743:
1738:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1702:. The voiced
1701:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1133:
1130:
1115:
1114:Proto-Romance
1112:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:areal feature
1017:
1005:
994:
993:
977:
968:
959:
954:
953:
943:
930:
917:
912:
911:
897:
888:
879:
876:/d͡z/>/z̻/
874:
873:
859:
846:
833:
830:/t͡s/>/s̻/
828:
827:
813:
800:
787:
778:
777:
767:
758:
749:
744:
743:
733:
724:
715:
710:
709:
704:North/Central
703:
698:
695:
693:Ibero-Romance
692:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
681:
680:Ibero-Romance
677:
676:
675:
667:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
549:
540:
532:
530:
528:
522:
520:
518:
512:
510:
508:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
487:
484:
482:
481:
475:
466:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
377:
366:
363:
355:
350:
325:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
303:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
267:
262:
257:
252:
249:
244:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
204:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:Proto-Romance
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:
175:
169:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:Ibero-Romance
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:Italo-Western
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:Indo-European
91:
87:
81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4970:
4961:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4848:
4750:
4743:
4705:Languedocien
4697:
4690:Judeo-Gascon
4688:
4629:
4580:
4550:Barranquenho
4529:
4522:
4498:
4480:
4422:
4384:
4367:
4358:Extremaduran
4332:
4306:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4261:
4218:
4213:
4177:Asturleonese
4141:
4134:
4092:West Walloon
4080:Saintongeais
4028:
4004:
4000:Anglo-Norman
3958:
3891:Newfoundland
3851:Jersey Legal
3843:
3751:
3716:Southwestern
3699:Vallassinese
3588:Gallo-Picene
3529:Gallo-Italic
3491:
3407:
3402:
3341:
3307:
3222:
3168:
3046:Non-official
3020:
3011:Barranquenho
2941:
2936:Seth Kugel,
2923:in Mirandese
2920:
2901:the original
2896:
2892:
2873:the original
2864:
2859:
2848:
2837:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2740:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2696:
2691:12 September
2689:. Retrieved
2680:
2670:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2554:
2541:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2425:
2419:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2355:
2351:
2318:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2263:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2213:
2211:
2201:Roberto Leal
2160:comic books;
2155:
2125:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2014:
1765:Oral vowels
1756:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1201:diphthongize
1165:
1147:
1106:evolve into
1049:/t͡ʃ,θ,s̺,x/
673:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
624:
611:
607:
603:
597:
588:
561:
545:
533:
523:
513:
503:
479:
478:
476:
472:
459:
451:Vulgar Latin
436:
395:
391:
387:
386:
309:Linguasphere
280:
183:Vulgar Latin
143:
139:Asturleonese
134:West Iberian
64:and eastern
36:
25:
4926:Campidanese
4752:Old Catalan
4745:Old Occitan
4482:Old Spanish
4416:Rioplatense
4220:Old Leonese
4048:Cotentinais
4012:Guernésiais
3935:Frenchville
3928:New England
3807:Bourbonnais
3759:Piedmontese
3753:Old Lombard
3645:Bergamasque
3569:Sammarinese
2921:The Lusiads
2919:Excerpt of
2426:Ls Lusíadas
2421:Os Lusíadas
2363:Recognition
2315:Old writing
2227:Portuguese
2208:Sample text
1991:with , and
1706:is spelled
1535:Approximant
402:in eastern
193:Old Leonese
172:Early forms
21:Mirandolese
4997:Categories
4973:indicates
4931:Logudorese
4464:Philippine
4430:Andalusian
4424:Peninsular
4314:Estremenho
4270:Portuguese
4197:Cantabrian
4030:Law French
4022:Sercquiais
3856:Meridional
3817:Champenois
3812:Burgundian
3623:Tabarchino
3613:Monégasque
3552:Parmigiano
3409:Neapolitan
3382:Manduriano
3349:Florentine
3216:Wallachian
3186:Bukovinian
2995:Portuguese
2701:desde 1986
2610:24 January
2584:24 January
2543:Ethnologue
2500:References
2356:bon voyage
2305:mirandesa.
2295:mirandesa.
2285:mirandesa.
2270:Mirandese
2249:mirandesa.
2239:mirandesa.
2224:Mirandese
2191:Biquipédia
2091:pluperfect
2089:Synthetic
2081:Morphology
2051:Sendinese
1698:, spelled
1234:Consonants
1161:preserved.
1061:/t͡ʃ,s̻,x/
701:Portuguese
682:sibilants:
443:morphology
428:Portuguese
4981:varieties
4964:indicate
4921:Sardinian
4878:Triestine
4826:Sursilvan
4737:Mentonasc
4715:Provençal
4664:Auvergnat
4650:Valencian
4606:Mallorcan
4596:Algherese
4571:Occitano-
4518:Navarrese
4506:Aragonese
4442:Castilian
4345:Castilian
4321:Uruguayan
4294:Brazilian
4257:Minderico
4251:/Eonavian
4214:Mirandese
4128:Valdôtain
4114:/Arpitan
4055:Orléanais
4006:Auregnais
3990:Mayennais
3940:Louisiana
3822:Ardennais
3802:Berrichon
3608:Intemelio
3564:Forlivese
3547:Bolognese
3493:Dalmatian
3457:Tarantino
3420:Benevento
3377:Salentino
3337:Sassarese
3301:Gallurese
3284:Romanesco
3237:Dalmatian
3201:Moldavian
3196:Maramureș
3154:Aromanian
3021:Mirandese
3016:Minderico
2812:21 August
2656:cite book
2481:Languages
2276:Asturian
2167:signs in
2165:toponymic
2024:Sentence
1820:Close-mid
1716:/s,z,ʃ,ʒ/
1441:voiceless
1435:Fricative
1409:voiceless
1403:Affricate
1318:voiceless
1217:Aragonese
1041:/s,z,ʃ,ʒ/
1002:indicate
696:Mirandese
670:Phonology
576:Mogadouro
439:phonology
412:Mogadouro
388:Mirandese
315:51-AAA-cb
282:Glottolog
266:ISO 639-3
248:ISO 639-2
178:Old Latin
144:Mirandese
31:Mirandese
4857:Venetian
4831:Vallader
4821:Surmiran
4794:Cadorino
4777:Friulian
4710:Limousin
4679:Béarnese
4641:Western
4623:Northern
4611:Menorcan
4601:Balearic
4592:Eastern
4588:dialects
4447:Castrapo
4404:Peruvian
4375:dialects
4308:European
4276:dialects
4263:Portugis
4244:Galician
4185:Asturian
4123:Savoyard
4075:Poitevin
4043:Cauchois
4017:Jèrriais
3864:Canadian
3743:Varesino
3738:Ticinese
3726:Novarese
3721:Cremunés
3711:Ossolano
3706:Milanese
3694:Lecchese
3662:Brianzöö
3593:Ligurian
3559:Romagnol
3440:Arianese
3435:Irpinian
3430:Cilentan
3394:Pantesco
3389:Sicilian
3360:Southern
3296:Corsican
3272:Macerata
3267:Fabriano
3206:Oltenian
3176:dialects
3136:Southern
2835:(1900).
2493:Portugal
2444:See also
2396:, named
2273:Leonese
2230:English
2175:in 2006;
2037:Central
2032:Meaning
2021:Dialect
1843:Open-mid
1254:Alveolar
1168:becomes
1138:becomes
1091:initial
1084:> ∅).
706:Spanish
699:European
650:'side',
612:Sendinés
600:variants
594:Variants
584:Bragança
572:Angueira
498:English
420:Angueira
400:Portugal
392:mirandés
289:mira1251
222:Portugal
56:Eastern
47:Portugal
37:mirandés
4962:Italics
4863:Chipilo
4806:Romansh
4769:Romance
4767:Rhaeto-
4732:Gardiol
4684:Landese
4674:Aranese
4659:Occitan
4618:Central
4582:Catalan
4573:Romance
4474:Creoles
4469:Saharan
4457:Murcian
4435:Llanito
4392:Chilean
4369:Spanish
4326:Creoles
4300:Mineiro
4282:African
4207:Riberan
4202:Leonese
4167:Iberian
4160:Romance
4087:Walloon
4060:Paydret
4038:Augeron
3978:Vosgien
3973:Gaumais
3968:Lorrain
3960:Creoles
3923:Muskrat
3869:Acadian
3797:Angevin
3787:Langues
3778:Romance
3684:Comasco
3657:Western
3650:Cremish
3640:Eastern
3635:Lombard
3603:Genoese
3598:Brigasc
3542:Emilian
3520:Western
3499:Istriot
3462:Vastese
3447:Molisan
3309:Italian
3245:Central
3191:Crișana
3146:Eastern
3129:Western
3114:Eastern
2723:21 June
2523:21 June
2467:Portals
2432:of the
2430:Gospels
2387:Público
2215:Público
2189:create
2157:Asterix
2065:Raiano
2002:Vowels
1905:Central
1778:Central
1746:/b,d,ɡ/
1578:lateral
1541:central
1312:Plosive
1259:Palatal
1227:Catalan
1213:Italian
1211:(as in
1144:lūm'nem
1030:across
568:Bumioso
537:shines.
469:History
422:). The
416:Bumioso
381:Zenízio
124:Western
114:Romance
66:Bumioso
4893:Others
4873:Talian
4868:Fiuman
4842:Others
4782:Fornes
4720:Niçard
4669:Gascon
4637:Patuet
4543:Others
4452:Castúo
4158:Ibero-
4118:Faetar
4065:Picard
3995:Norman
3983:Welche
3906:Magoua
3896:Quebec
3886:Brayon
3845:French
3827:Rémois
3776:Gallo-
3731:Pavese
3689:Laghée
3667:Canzés
3618:Royasc
3480:Others
3415:Barese
3343:Tuscan
3289:Sabino
3262:Ancona
3235:Italo-
2867:]
2785:3 July
2416:Camões
1753:Vowels
1493:voiced
1361:voiced
1249:Dental
1244:Labial
1164:Final
1032:Iberia
598:Three
447:syntax
362:UNESCO
343:
337:
331:
99:Italic
53:Region
4816:Putèr
4811:Jauer
4799:Nones
4789:Ladin
4288:Asian
3945:Houma
3918:Métis
3901:Joual
3874:Chiac
3839:Gallo
3789:d'oïl
3181:Banat
2904:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2869:(PDF)
2863:[
2434:Bible
2115:-r(e)
2105:-r(e)
2004:/i,u/
1917:Close
1900:Front
1790:Close
1773:Front
1739:]
1735:[
1731:]
1727:[
1665:/s,z/
1612:Trill
1271:Nasal
1264:Velar
1146:>
1089:Latin
1080:>
1074:Latin
1072:from
784:/d͡ʒ/
735:/t͡ʃ/
717:/t͡ʃ/
712:/t͡ʃ/
663:Spain
648:lhado
109:Latin
4971:Bold
4556:Caló
4239:Fala
4165:West
3053:Caló
2814:2014
2787:2018
2779:Lusa
2725:2024
2693:2021
2662:link
2612:2020
2586:2020
2525:2024
1947:Open
1910:Back
1871:Open
1783:Back
1689:/tʃ/
1683:and
1681:s(s)
1675:and
1209:/wo/
1205:/jɛ/
1199:can
1159:/ou/
1155:/ei/
1148:lume
1136:-mn-
1122:-cl-
1120:and
1118:-ly-
1104:/fl/
1100:/kl/
1096:/pl/
1055:and
1024:/s̻/
1022:and
1020:/s̺/
1012:/z̻/
1010:and
1008:/s̻/
1000:/z̺/
998:and
996:/s̺/
979:/s̺/
970:/z̻/
961:/z̺/
956:/z̺/
945:/s̺/
932:/s̻/
919:/s̺/
914:/s̺/
890:/z̻/
881:/z̻/
848:/s̻/
835:/s̻/
656:lhuç
654:for
646:for
644:lado
640:alhá
638:for
582:and
445:and
414:and
2540:at
2436:'s
2113:in
2103:in
2095:-ra
2093:in
2028:IPA
1997:/ẽ/
1993:/o/
1989:/e/
1985:/a/
1951:mid
1723:/r/
1710:or
1704:/ʒ/
1696:/ʃ/
1637:Tap
1223:/l/
1203:to
1197:/ɔ/
1193:/ɛ/
1184:/n/
1180:/l/
1170:/u/
1140:/m/
1126:/ʎ/
1108:/ʃ/
1082:/h/
1078:/f/
1070:/f/
899:/θ/
861:/θ/
815:/x/
802:/ʒ/
789:/ʒ/
782:or
780:/ʒ/
769:/x/
760:/ʃ/
751:/ʃ/
746:/ʃ/
726:/ʃ/
652:luç
636:alá
394:or
297:ELP
273:mwl
256:mwl
4999::
2940:,
2891:.
2773:.
2750:^
2716:.
2695:.
2679:.
2658:}}
2654:{{
2629:.
2602:.
2576:.
2516:.
2418:,
2358:.'
2337:uô
1964:ɐ̃
1957:ɛ̃
1934:)
1931:ɨ̃
1807:)
1692:ch
1568:)
1512:z̺
1502:z̻
1468:s̺
1458:s̻
1422:tʃ
1229:).
1207:,
1195:,
1182:,
1166:-o
1157:,
1142::
1102:,
1098:,
1051:.
938:/
925:/
905:/
867:/
854:/
841:/
821:/
808:/
795:/
586:.
578:,
559:.
457:.
441:,
410:,
220:,
4169:)
4163:(
3101:)
3097:(
3087:e
3080:t
3073:v
2973:e
2966:t
2959:v
2897:2
2816:.
2789:.
2760:.
2727:.
2685:)
2664:)
2633:.
2614:.
2588:.
2562:.
2527:.
2469::
2424:(
2400:(
2348:ô
2333:ô
2329:ô
2325:ê
2321:â
2186:;
2148:;
2141:;
2107:.
2097:.
1999:.
1971:õ
1949:/
1939:ũ
1928:(
1923:ĩ
1879:a
1863:ɔ
1856:ɐ
1849:ɛ
1835:o
1826:e
1812:u
1804:ɨ
1801:(
1796:i
1737:ɾ
1729:ʁ
1718:.
1712:g
1708:j
1700:x
1685:s
1677:z
1673:ç
1671:/
1669:c
1647:ɾ
1622:r
1599:ʎ
1587:l
1565:w
1562:(
1554:j
1522:ʒ
1479:ʃ
1448:f
1392:ɡ
1378:d
1368:b
1349:k
1335:t
1325:p
1299:ɲ
1287:n
1277:m
1186:.
1172:.
1150:.
1128:.
1110:.
1063:.
1034:.
634:(
390:(
68:)
60:(
23:.
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