Moctezuma II - Knowledge

1814: 1662:), threatening him saying that he was angering the gods. Nezahualpilli replied to this embassy stating that the reason he had not sacrificed them was that he simply did not want to wage war because he and his population wanted to live peacefully for the time being, as the ceremonies that would be held in the following year, 1 reed, would make war inevitable, and that soon his wishes would be granted. Eventually, Nezahualpilli launched a campaign against Tlaxcala, though he did not go himself, instead sending two of his sons, Acatlemacoctzin and Tecuanehuatzin, as commanders. Moctezuma then decided to betray Nezahualpilli by sending a secret embassy to Tlaxcala telling them about the incoming army. The Tlaxcalans then began to take action against the Texcoca while they were unaware of this betrayal. The Texcoco armies were ambushed in the middle of the night. Almost none of the Texcoca survived the fight. Upon receiving the news of Moctezuma's betrayal, understanding that nothing could be done about it and fearing for the future of his people, Nezahualpilli committed suicide in his palace. 3464: 2761:, King of Spain. Though some indigenous accounts written in the 1550s partly support this notion, it is still unbelievable for several reasons. As Aztec rulers spoke an overly polite language that needed a translation for their subjects to understand, it was difficult to determine what Moctezuma said. According to an indigenous account, he said to Cortés: "You have come to sit on your seat of authority, which I have kept for a while for you, where I have been in charge for you, for your agents the rulers ..." However, these words might be a polite expression that was meant to convey the exact opposite meaning, which was common in Nahua culture; Moctezuma might have intended these words to assert his stature and multigenerational legitimacy. Also, according to Spanish law, the king had no right to demand that foreign peoples become his subjects, but he had every right to bring rebels to heel. Therefore, to give the Spanish the necessary legitimacy to wage war against the indigenous people, Cortés might just have said what the Spanish king needed to hear. 3354: 608: 932: 3621: 3404: 3369: 2247: 1539: 2833: 2287:. The advance was quick, but the Tlaxcalans used the territories they had captured from Huejotzingo to advance safely to Atlixco through the captured areas with little population before the Mexica-Huejotzingo forces spread. Once done, a long fight began between the two forces. The battle lasted 20 days, and both armies suffered huge losses, as the Tlaxcalans had a famous general captured and the Mexica lost so many men that they requested emergency reinforcements, asking for "all kinds of people in the shortest possible time". The Tlaxcalans claimed victory in that fight, and the Mexica were fought into a complete standstill. The following year, Huejotzingo started to suffer a famine as the result of a lack of resources as the Tlaxcalans pushed further into their territory. The Tlaxcalans even went as far as burning down the royal palaces of Huejotzingo and stealing as much food as they could. 379: 515: 1053: 3304: 1531: 1496:) into a tributary province during the rule of Lord Tlaloc between 1461 and 1467 (though the kingdom would not be invaded and fully conquered until the reign of Ahuizotl in 1486, along with Caltitlan, a city neighboring west of Tlapa). In between the years of 1503 and 1509, a campaign was launched against Xipetepec, and another was launched (as mentioned previously) in 1507 against Tototepec, which had previously been a territory conquered by Tlachinollan in the mid-14th century. The campaign in Tototepec occurred as the result of a large group of Mexica merchants sent by Moctezuma being killed after they attempted to trade for some of the resources of the area on his behalf. During the conquest of Tototepec, two important Mexica noblemen, Ixtlilcuechahuac and Huitzilihuitzin (not to be confused with the 1918: 2143:

The Tenochca group then advanced and pushed to aid the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, causing multiple casualties against the Huexotzinca, but the lines were still not broken as more reinforcements arrived. Eventually, Tlacahuepan saw himself surrounded, and though he initially resisted, he finally surrendered. Though the Huexotzinca wanted to take him alive, he asked to be sacrificed there on the battlefield, and so he was killed, and then the rest of the Mexica troops retreated. The result of this battle was considered humiliating for the empire. According to primary records, about 40,000 people were killed on both sides (possibly meaning that about 20,000 died on each side). Some important Mexica noblemen were also killed during the engagement, including Huitzilihuitzin (not to be confused with the

1844:, who was the main commander of the Spanish troops who entered Mexico, decided to act and ordered Moctezuma to send someone to arrest Cacamatzin before the attack. Moctezuma suggested that Ixtlilxochitl be sent due to the crisis, as then he could take the throne and prevent another succession crisis. He still tried to establish negotiations between the Texcoco leadership and the Spaniards but was unable to change Cacamatzin's mind. Eventually, Moctezuma sent troops to secretly arrest Cacamatzin in his palace and send him to Mexico after he ordered for three of his commanders to be arrested for suggesting requesting Mocetzuma's permission for the attack and telling him that there was no chance of entering into negotiations with the Spaniards. Ixtlilxochitl became the likely 2263:, while others date this embassy to the year 1512. The embassy informed Moctezuma about the Tlaxcalan counter-invasion, which had been happening for over a year by this point, requesting Moctezuma to do something about the situation to expel the Tlaxcalans from their land. This was not the first time the Huexotzinca had requested aid from Mexico for similar reasons, as the first time was actually around the year 1499, during the reign of Ahuizotl, though this previous request was denied. After consulting Nezahualpilli and the ruler of Tlacopan, Moctezuma agreed to help the Huexotzinca, despite the conflicts they had in the past, and sent a large number of soldiers to help this nation, while also allowing many of their refugees to stay in Tenochtitlan and Chalco. 1720:, being that he was the son of Moctezuma's sister Xocotzin and was older than his two other brothers. Though Coanacochtli felt the decision was fair, Ixtlilxochitl disagreed with the results and protested against the council. Ixtlilxochitl argued that the reason why Moctezuma supported Cacamatzin was because he wanted to manipulate him so that he could take over Texcoco, being that he was his uncle. Coanacochtli responded that the decision was legitimate and that even if Cacamatzin was not elected Ixtlilxochitl would not have been elected either, as he was younger than the two. Cacamatzin stayed quiet during the whole debate. Eventually, the members of the council shut down the debate to prevent a violent escalation. Though Cacamatzin was officially declared 1716:(baptized as Don Hernando), Yoyontzin (baptized as Don Jorge) and Tetlahuehuetzquititzin (baptized as Don Pedro), all of whom would eventually take the throne, though most of them after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. His most likely heir was Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, as he was the wealthiest among Nezahualpilli's sons, but he was considered inept for the job. His other most likely heirs were Ixtlilxochitl, Coanacochtli, and Cacamatzin, though not everyone supported them as they were considerably younger than Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, as Ixtlilxochitl was 19 years old and Cacamatzin was about 21. Moctezuma supported Cacamatzin since he was his nephew. In the end, the Texcoco council voted in favor of Moctezuma's decision, and Cacamatzin was declared 1579:'s reign). This campaign had a highly violent result; Moctezuma, after receiving information on the cities gathered by his spies, ordered for all adults in the sites above the age of 50 to be killed to prevent a rebellion once the cities were conquered, similar to the war in Tlachquiauhco. The conquest was done by dividing the army that was brought in 3 divisions; one from Tlacopan, one from Texcoco, and one from Tenochtitlan, so that each one attacked a different city. The Tenochtitlan company attacked Jaltepec. Moctezuma came out victorious and then returned to Mexico through Chalco, where he received many honors for his victory. This war likely happened in 1511, as a war against Icpatepec is recorded to have happened again in that year. 1693: 1451:) was conquered. This war, according to some sources, was supposedly mainly caused by "a small tree which belonged to a lord of the place which grew such beautiful flowers Moctezuma's envy couldn't resist it", and when Moctezuma asked for it, the lord of the city refused to offer it, thus starting the war. After the conquest, this tree was supposedly taken to Tenochtitlan. The second conquest occurred in Zozollan, a place neighboring east of Achiutla, on 28 May 1506, during the campaign against the Yanhuitlan rebellion. This conquest had a particularly violent result, as a special sacrifice was held after the campaign where the prisoners captured in Zozollan were the victims. "The Mexicans killed many of the people from Zozola [ 1507: 1194: 1792:

time after in which Xochitl was captured and later publicly executed by burning. Once the news of this defeat was heard by Moctezuma, he ordered that no more military engagements be done for the moment to prevent further escalation and that he wanted to rightfully punish Ixtlilxochitl for what he did at a more appropriate moment. In the meantime, the brothers agreed to try to reach a consensus through a peaceful debate, as Ixtlilxochitl did not want to fight either, as he claimed that he only sent the troops as a means of protest and not to wage war. However, this would only be done under the condition that Moctezuma would not get involved by any means. The three brothers then agreed to divide the province of

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superstitious, and indecisive. Depictions of his person among his contemporaries, however, are divided; some depict him as one of the greatest leaders Mexico had, a great conqueror who tried his best to maintain his nation together at times of crisis, while others depict him as a tyrant who wanted to take absolute control over the whole empire. Accounts of how he died and who were the perpetrators (Spaniards or natives) differ. His story remains one of the most well-known conquest narratives from the history of European contact with Native Americans, and he has been mentioned or portrayed in numerous works of historical fiction and popular culture.

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Nahuatl, a speech which as described verbatim in the codex (written by Sahagún's Tlatelolcan informants) included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as "You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you", and, "You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth." While some historians such as

1753:), where he sent a message before his entrance in hopes of being received as a king there as well. However, the people of Otumba supported Cacamatzin and informed Ixtlilxochitl that such a demand would not be fulfilled. Ixtlilxochitl therefore sent his troops to invade the city, and after a long fight the troops began to gradually retreat and its ruler was killed. When the news of this fight was heard in Texcoco, all events, religious or not, were canceled, soldiers were recruited, troops were sent from Tenochtitlan to the city and Cacamatzin and Coanacochtli fortified the city to avoid an invasion. 3664: 1645: 3228:] came to greet us and with him some two hundred lords, all barefoot and dressed in a different costume, but also very rich in their way and more so than the others. They came in two columns, pressed very close to the walls of the street, which is very wide and beautiful and so straight that you can see from one end to the other. Moctezuma came down the middle of this street with two chiefs, one on his right hand and the other on his left. And they were all dressed alike except that Moctezuma wore sandals whereas the others went barefoot, and they held his arm on either side. 1315: 4219: 924: 659: 1864: 3415:, who was one of the most important chroniclers of the indigenous stories of the empire, Nezahualpilli was among those who informed Moctezuma of the imminent destruction of the empire by a foreign invader, warning him that omens confirming his fears will soon appear. This warning caused Moctezuma great fear and he made a series of erratic decisions immediately after, such as severe punishments against his soldiers for disappointing results after battles against the Tlaxcalans. 2175:, and also states "With the flowery liquor of war, he is drunk, my nobleman, the golden one, the Huastec Lord", about his Huastec heritage, using the stereotype that the Huastecs were drunkards. Anyway, the defeat was a humiliating one, and Moctezuma is said to have cried in anguish upon hearing of the death of Tlacahuepan and the massive loss of soldiers. Moctezuma himself welcomed the soldiers who survived back into Mexico, while the population that welcomed them mourned. 3456: 647: 1989: 3419: 2339: 42: 1306:), where its ruler, Malinalli, was killed after trying to start the rebellion. In this campaign, all adults above the age of 50 within the city were killed under Moctezuma's orders as he blamed them for the rebellion. A characteristic fact about Moctezuma's wars was that a large portion of them had the purpose of suppressing rebellions rather than conquering new territory, contrary to his predecessors, whose main focus was territorial expansion. 1224:, which were wars of religious nature arranged voluntarily by the parties involved with no territorial purposes, but instead to capture and sacrifice as many soldiers as possible. During this period, Mexico and Tlaxcala still were not at war, but the tension between these nations was high, and the embassy sent for this purpose was put in a highly risky situation, for which reason Moctezuma chose as members of the embassy only experts in 3141: 910: 573:, the educational institution for the nobility. He would have been enrolled into the institution at a very early age, likely at the age of five years, as the sons of the kings were expected to receive their education at a much earlier age than the rest of the population. According to some sources, Moctezuma stood out in his childhood for his discipline during his education, finishing his works correctly and being devout to the 3394:

disaster because the particular year in which the Spanish arrived coincided with a "tying of years" ceremony at the end of a 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar, which in Aztec belief was linked to changes, rebirth, and dangerous events. The belief of the Aztecs being rendered passive by their superstition is referred to by Matthew Restall as part of "The Myth of Native Desolation" to which he dedicates chapter 6 in his book

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for Moctezuma's arrest, others have suspected that Escalante's death was merely used as an excuse by Cortés to imprison Moctezuma and usurp power over Mexico, positing that Cortés might have planned to imprison Moctezuma before they even met. Cortés himself admitted that he imprisoned Moctezuma primarily to avoid losing control over Mexico, understanding that nearly all of his forces were within his domains.

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forces should a conflict begin and try to talk Ixtlilxochitl into stopping the conflict, and also suggested taking Nezahualpilli's treasure to Tenochtitlan to prevent a sacking. According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Cacamatzin asked Moctezuma for help after Ixtlilxochitl went to Metztitlán, while other sources claim that Ixtlilxochitl went to Metztitlán because of Cacamatzin's visit to Moctezuma.

742:, and Totoquihuatzin, attempted to aid the population during the disaster, including using all available food supplies to feed the population and raising tributes for one year. The drought and famine ultimately lasted three years, and at some point became so severe that some noblemen reportedly sold their children as slaves in exchange for food to avoid starvation. Moctezuma ordered the 2206:, however, reports that 10,000 Mexicas died in this fight and that the Mexica were so angry about the fight that they called for reinforcements who committed a "cruel slaughter" and captured 800 more enemies. He lists the number of Huexotzinco-Cholula casualties as 5600 killed and 400 captured in one other engagement afterwards, which resulted in 8200 Mexicas killed or captured. 1553:) and Cuatzontlan and the suppression of the last revolt in Icpatepec, all in Oaxaca. This war started as the result of provocations given by Jaltepec against Moctezuma through killing as many Mexicas as they could find in their area, as some sort of way to challenge him, and the beginning of the revolt by Icpatepec as the result. The Xaltepeca had done this before with previous 3195: 746:, the criminal court of Tenochtitlan (which aside from judging criminals also had the job of freeing "unjustified" slaves), to free those children and offer food to those noblemen. Another natural disaster, of lesser intensity, occurred in the winter of 1514, when a series of dangerous snowstorms resulted in the destruction of various crops and property across Mexico. 2122:. The war was provoked by Moctezuma himself, who wanted to go to war against Huejotzingo because it had been many months since the last war. The local rulers of the region accepted Moctezuma's proposal to wage this war. It was declared as a flower war, and the invitation to go to war was accepted by the people of Huejotzingo, Tlaxcala, Cholula, and Tliliuhquitepec, a 887:, one year after he died. The new Spanish authorities implemented their laws and removed many of the political establishments founded during the pre-Hispanic era, leaving just a few in place. Among the few policies that lasted was the divide between the nobility and the commoners, as members of the pre-Hispanic nobility continued to enjoy various privileges under the 776:

bad reputation and to work with people he trusted better. However, some of his policies also affected the nobility, as he had intentions of reforming it so that it would not pose a potential threat to the government; among these policies was the obligation of the nobility to reside permanently in Tenochtitlan and abandon their homes if they lived elsewhere.

1232:, and languages. Fortunately, his invitation was accepted, and Moctezuma used this opportunity to show his greatness to the lords who attended. However, because the invitation was secret to avoid a scandal for inviting his rivals to this ceremony, Moctezuma ordered that no one should know that the lords were present, not even the rulers of 3565:) that was exclusive to him and whomever he invited. It was prohibited for anyone without permission to enter, and allegedly any trespassers would be put to death. He also used to invite servants to this forest, should he order for certain animals to be hunted for him, which would often be done for the entertainment of his guests. 1523:. Being a fortified city with six walls, the Mexica put the city under siege for several days, with the each of groups of the Triple Alliance attacking from various locations and having over 200 wooden ladders constructed under Moctezuma's orders. The Mexica eventually emerged victorious, successfully conquering the city. 1302:

soldiers committed a massacre and burned down the temples and houses, going against Moctezuma's wishes. After the campaign, celebrations for his coronation continued in Tenochtitlan. Moctezuma's territorial expansion, however, would not truly begin until another rebellion was suppressed in Tlachquiauhco (today known as

3656:(a Spaniard who had arrived after the fall of Tenochtitlán), to Pedro Andrade Gallego (died c. 1531), and to conquistador Juan Cano de Saavedra, who survived her. She had children by the latter two, from whom descend the illustrious families of Andrade-Montezuma and Cano-Montezuma. A nephew of Moctezuma II was 1236:(today known as Tacuba) and Texcoco, and the lords saw themselves often forced to pretend to be organizers to avoid confusion. Though Moctezuma would continue to hold meetings with these people, where various religious rituals were held, it did not take long for large-scale conflicts to erupt between these nations. 3437:

has argued that the Nahua understanding of history as repeating itself in cycles also led to a subsequent rationalization of the events of the conquests. In this interpretation, the description of Moctezuma, the final ruler of the Aztec Empire before the Spanish conquest, was tailored to fit the role

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When Moctezuma was allegedly killed by being stoned to death by his people, "Cortés and all of us captains and soldiers wept for him, and there was no one among us that knew him and had dealings with him who did not mourn him as if he were our father, which was not surprising since he was so good. It

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references both Spanish and indigenous accounts of Moctezuma II's death. Durán notes that Spanish historians and the former conquistador he interviewed recall Moctezuma dying to Aztec projectiles. However, his indigenous text and a historical informant claimed that Cortés' forces stabbed Moctezuma to

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They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones, one on the head, another on the

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Díaz alleges that the Aztecs informed Moctezuma that a relative of his had risen to the throne and ordered their attack to continue until all of the Spanish were annihilated, but expressed remorse at Moctezuma's captivity and stated that they intended to revere him even more if they could rescue him.

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against the Huexotzinca, but despite the large numbers and skirmishes, he was unable to break the enemy lines. The group of Texcoco suffered huge losses and once they were unable to fight they were put to rest while the group from Tlacopan was sent. However, they were still unable to break the lines.

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gave precious offerings, like jewelry and clothes, and sacrifices in his honor. Moctezuma himself was reported to have broken into tears upon receiving the news of his death. His death was mourned for 80 days. This was recorded as one of the largest funeral ceremonies in pre-Hispanic Mexican history.

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One of the most controversial events during his reign was the supposed overthrow of the legitimate government of Nezahualpilli in Texcoco. Historians such as Alva Ixtlilxóchitl even went as far as referring to this action as "diabolical", while also making claims that are not seen in other chronicles

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predictions halting some Mexica military operations to a degree. Moctezuma would try to campaign against these rebellions one at a time throughout the following years, campaigning against territories in Oaxaca, including Icpatepec again, in 1511 or 1512. Some of these revolts occurred as far south as

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An important thing to note is that contrary to popular belief, Tlaxcala was not Mexico's most powerful rival in the central Mexican region in this period, and it would not be so until the final years of pre-Hispanic Mexico in 1518–19. In the opening years of the 16th century, Huejotzingo was Mexico's

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resulted in a temporary increase in tribute in some provinces to aid the population. Some provinces, however, ended up paying more tribute permanently, most likely as the result of his primary military focus shifting from territorial expansion to stabilization of the empire through the suppression of

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policies that would settle it. However, it is also true that many of his elitist policies were put in place because he did not want to "work with inferior people", and instead wanted to be served by and interact with people he deemed more prestigious, both to avoid giving himself and the government a

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According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, among Moctezuma's policies were the replacement of a large portion of his court (including most of his advisors) with people he deemed preferable, and increasing the division between the commoner and noble classes, which included the refusal to offer certain honors to

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Though the exact number of his children is unknown and the names of most of them have been lost to history, according to a Spanish chronicler, by the time he was taken captive, Moctezuma had fathered 100 children and fifty of his wives and concubines were then in some stage of pregnancy, though this

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consider this as evidence that Moctezuma was at least open to the possibility that the Spaniards were divinely sent based on the Quetzalcoatl legend, others such as Matthew Restall argue that Moctezuma politely offered his throne to Cortés (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well

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and the attack was in retaliation for the Totonac rebellion against Moctezuma which started in July 1519 after the Spanish arrived. This attack resulted in the death of many Totonacs and approximately seven Spaniards, including Escalante. Though some Spaniards described that this was the only reason

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participated. This battle reportedly ended with 8200 Mexicas killed or captured. However, the Mexica are said to have dealt a similar number of casualties in this one-day battle. The result of this battle was indecisive, as some reported it as a victory, but it seems Moctezuma II took it as a defeat

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in 1525. His figure has remained controversial in the historical record, as some have seen him as a man who betrayed his people for his ambition, while others have seen him as a brave warrior who fought against the tyrannical rule of Moctezuma II and liberated the peoples he subjugated with the help

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Quetzaltepec was conquered on the same campaign as Tototepec, as both reportedly murdered the merchants sent by Moctezuma in the area. The Mexica managed to raise an army of 400,000 and first conquered Tototepec. Quetzaltepec was also conquered, but it rebelled along with various sites across Oaxaca

1503:), were killed. All the population of Tototepec, except for the children, was massacred by the Mexica forces, and about 1350 captives were taken. Another campaign was launched in 1515 to conquer Acocozpan and Tetenanco and reconquer Atlitepec, which had been previously conquered by Ahuizotl in 1493. 3393:

eight events said to have occurred before the arrival of the Spanish. These were purportedly interpreted as signs of a possible disaster, e.g. a comet, the burning of a temple, a crying ghostly woman, and others. Some speculate that the Aztecs were particularly susceptible to such ideas of doom and

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Around 20 days after his arrest, Quetzalpopoca was captured, together with his son and 15 nobles who allegedly participated in the attack, and after a brief interrogation, he admitted that indeed Moctezuma was innocent. He was publicly executed by burning soon after, but Moctezuma remained prisoner

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The devastating wars that broke out against Huejotzingo caused this nation, which had been the most powerful nation in the Valley of Puebla in the opening years of the 16th century, to become weak enough to be conquered by Tlaxcala. This was the point at which Tlaxcala became Mexico's most powerful

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of the Aztecs are indicated. They are significant in the timeline of Aztec civilization. Each sun represents the belief of the Aztec people that the world has gone through five distinct cycles of creation and destruction. One should read the stone starting with the first Sun in the bottom right and

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Annotation of Moctezuma's coronation stone to allow for increased legibility. The primary function of this stone was to commemorate the reign of Emperor Moteuczoma II. This stone legitimizes Mocteczuma's rule and contextualizes his reign with the cosmological view of Aztec history. In the annotated

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He named one of his brothers (or children, according to some sources), Tlacahuepan, as the main commander of the troops against the troops of Huejotzingo. He was assigned 100,000 troops to fight. Tlacahuepan decided to begin the fight by dividing the troops into three groups which would attack one

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Shortly after the election, Ixtlilxochitl began to prepare his revolt by going to Metztitlán to raise an army, threatening civil war. Cacamatzin went to Tenochtitlan to ask Moctezuma for help. Moctezuma, understanding Ixtlilxochitl's war-like nature, decided to support Cacamatzin with his military

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Sources do agree, however, that Nezahualpilli's last years as ruler were mainly characterized by his attempts to live a peaceful life, likely as the result of his old age. He spent his last months mostly inactive in his rule and his advisors, on his request, took most of the government's decisions

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evidence exists to understand what his palace looked like, but the various descriptions of it and the space it covered have helped reconstruct various features of its layout. Even so, these descriptions tend to be limited, as many writers were unable to describe them in detail. The Spanish captain

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Though two other Aztec rulers succeeded Moteuczoma after his death, their reigns were short-lived and the empire quickly collapsed under them. Historical portrayals of Moteuczoma have mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources have described him as weak-willed,

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The fact that the Huexotzinca also suffered massive casualties caused their military power to be highly weakened by this battle and various others, and so this could be seen as the beginning of the fall of Huejotzingo, as multiple military losses against Tlaxcala and Mexico in the following years

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named Xochitl to arrest Ixtlilxochitl as peacefully as possible. Moctezuma approved this decision and Xochitl was sent along with some troops. Ixtlilxochitl was quickly informed about this and, as per the custom of war, informed Xochitl that he was going to fight him. A short battle occurred some

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During his government, he applied multiple policies that centered the government of the empire on his person, though it is difficult to tell exactly to which extent those policies were applied, as the records written about such policies tend to be affected by propaganda in favor of or against his

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Other historians have noted that the Codex may not necessarily cast Moctezuma as cowardly and responsible for Spanish colonization. Rebecca Dufendach argues that the Codex reflects the native informants' uniquely indigenous manner of portraying leaders who suffered from poor health brought on by

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states that on 29 June 1520, the Spanish forced Moctezuma to appear on the balcony of his palace, appealing to his countrymen to retreat. Four leaders of the Aztec army met with Moctezuma to talk, urging their countrymen to cease their constant firing upon the stronghold for a time. Díaz states:

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which had previously been conquered by Ahuizotl. This rebellion occurred in 1508, and was repressed by a prince named Macuilmalinatzin. This wasn't the first conflict that occurred in this region, as its proximity with Tlaxcala and Huejotzingo would cause multiple conflicts to erupt in this area

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by the enemy forces. This was important because the merchants were closely related to Ahuizotl and served as military commanders and soldiers themselves when needed. To rescue the merchants, Ahuizotl sent then-prince Moctezuma with many soldiers to fight against the enemies, though the fight was

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In response, Tlaxcala launched a counter-invasion against Huejotzingo, knowing that the Huexotzinca had been severely weakened by their fights with the Mexica Empire; their towns were sacked repeatedly and the entire nation was put essentially under siege, and the remains of the nation were now

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populations to attack Tlaxcala, though with little success. The Tlaxcalans became greatly worried about this and began to grow suspicious of all allies they had fearing a betrayal, as Huejotzingo was one of Tlaxcala's closest states, as proven by its support at the battle of Atlixco. Moctezuma,

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It was approximately in the year 1504 or 1505 when the first large-scale conflicts between Mexico and Tlaxcala began. In this period, Moctezuma thought about placing the entire country under siege, understanding that most of it was surrounded by territories belonging to the empire. The ruler of

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participated, and Moctezuma himself went to the frontlines. Approximately 5100 prisoners were taken after the campaign, many of whom were given to inhabitants of Tenochtitlan and Chalco as slaves, while the rest were sacrificed in his honor on the fourth day of his coronation. In Nopala, Mexica

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stories, where the Aztecs were conquered by an Anglo-French Empire rather than by Spain, Moctezuma II was converted to Christianity and retained his rule of Mexico as a vassal of the London-based king, and Moctezuma's descendants were still ruling in this capacity in the equivalent of the 20th

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have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean, as politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. Other parties have also propagated the idea that the Native Americans believed the conquistadors to be gods, most notably the historians of the

3315:

Some of the Aztec stories about Moctezuma describe him as being fearful of the Spanish newcomers, and some sources, such as the Florentine Codex, comment that the Aztecs believed the Spaniards to be gods and Cortés to be the returned god Quetzalcoatl. The veracity of this claim is difficult to

3171:

The Great Montezuma was about forty years old, of good height, well proportioned, spare and slight, and not very dark, though of the usual Indian complexion. He did not wear his hair long but just over his ears, and he had a short black beard, well-shaped and thin. His face was rather long and

1617:

The approximate number of military engagements during his rule before European contact was 73, achieving victory in approximately 43 sites (including territories already within the empire), making him one of the most active monarchs in pre-Hispanic Mexican history in terms of military actions.

770:

can be attributed to a long conflict of interests between the nobility, merchants, and warrior class. The struggle occurred as the result of the conflicting interests between the merchants and the nobility and the rivalry between the warrior class and the nobility for positions of power in the

3319:

Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex, written some 50 years after the conquest. In the codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorical

2804:

Despite his imprisonment, Moctezuma continued to live a somewhat comfortable life, being free to perform many of his daily activities and being respected as a monarch. Cortés himself even ordered for any soldiers who disrespected him to be physically and roughly punished regardless of rank or

796:

region, was assigned to pay an additional tribute of stone and wood twice or thrice a year for Tenochtitlan's building projects. This tributary policy eventually backfired, as some of the empire's subjects grew disgruntled with Moctezuma's government and launched rebellions against him, which

3176:

in their own right, and only some of his servants knew of it. He was quite free from sodomy. The clothes he wore one day he did not wear again till three or four days later. He had a guard of two hundred chieftains lodged in rooms beside his own, only some of whom were permitted to speak to

2745:

When Cortés arrived in 1519, Moctezuma was immediately informed and he sent emissaries to meet the newcomers; one of them was an Aztec noble named Tentlil in the Nahuatl language but referred to in the writings of Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo as "Tendile". As the Spaniards approached

708:

After his coronation, Moctezuma set up thirty-eight more provincial divisions, largely to centralize the empire. He sent out bureaucrats, accompanied by military garrisons, who made sure tax was being paid, national laws were being upheld and served as local judges in case of disagreement.

3172:

cheerful, he had fine eyes, and in his appearance and manner could express geniality or, when necessary, a serious composure. He was very neat and clean and took a bath every afternoon. He had many women as his mistresses, the daughters of chieftains, but two legitimate wives who were

2259:. The Huexotzinca became greatly worried and knew they couldn't win the war alone, therefore a prince named Teayehuatl decided to send an embassy to Mexico to request aid against the Tlaxcalans. According to historians like Durán, this embassy was sent in the year 1507, just after the 3182:

was stated that he had reigned for seventeen years, and was the best king they ever had in Mexico, and that he had personally triumphed in three wars against countries he had subjugated. I have spoken of the sorrow we all felt when we saw that Montezuma was dead. We even blamed the

1330:

During his reign, multiple rebellions were suppressed by the use of force and often ended with violent results. As mentioned previously, the first campaign during his reign, which was done in honor of his coronation, was the suppression of a rebellion in Nopallan (today known as

2753:

On 8 November 1519, Moctezuma met Cortés on the causeway leading into Tenochtitlán and the two leaders exchanged gifts. Moctezuma gave Cortés the gift of an Aztec calendar, one disc of crafted gold, and another of silver. Cortés later melted these down for their monetary value.

1163:, as the Spanish captain Hernán Cortés ordered for many of the buildings that formed part of the royal palaces to be burnt to demoralize the Mexica army and civilians. Though Cortés himself admitted that he enjoyed the zoo, he stated that he saw it as a necessary measure in his 2914:

And four days after they had been hurled from the temple, came to cast away Moctezuma and Itzquauhtzin, who had died, at the water's edge at a place called Teoayoc. For at that place there was the image of a turtle carved of stone; the stone had an appearance like that of a

1464:, abundant military action occurred. Among the towns that are listed to have been conquered this year are: Tecuhtepec (from which multiple prisoners were sacrificed for the ceremony), Iztitlan, Nocheztlan (an important town northeast of Achiutla), Quetzaltepec, and Tototepec. 2297:

The war between Mexico and Tlaxcala would eventually have devastating consequences, as the Tlaxcalans decided an alliance with Spain against Mexico on 23 September 1519 after a few battles proved that an alliance with this nation could help them destroy Moctezuma's reign.

1181:, built in 1506 to bring fresh water directly from Chapultepec to Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. This water was driven to the merchant ports of the city for people to drink and to the temples. This aqueduct was destroyed less than a year after Moctezuma's death, during the 1571:, though they were initially hesitant to do so, but were ordered by Moctezuma to offer it as a tribute to Tenochtitlan, and they received multiple rewards as the result, including the permission to rebuild their main temple (which had been partially destroyed during the 960:, the main commander of the Spanish troops that entered Mexico in the year 1519, himself stated in his letters to the king of Spain that he would not bother describing it, claiming that it "was so marvelous that it seems to me impossible to describe its excellence." 3518:

estimate may have been exaggerated. As Aztec culture made class distinctions between the children of senior wives, lesser wives, and concubines, not all of his children were considered equal in nobility or inheritance rights. Among his many children were Princess

2187:

Various other battles occurred in the following years between Mexico and Huejotzingo, and though none of them were as big as the Battle of Atlixco, they still caused significant losses on both sides; high losses for Mexico and significant losses for Huejotzingo.

2882:

Regardless of the earlier orders to hold fire, however, the discussion between Moctezuma and the Aztec leaders was immediately followed by an outbreak of violence. The Aztecs, disgusted by the actions of their leader, renounced Moctezuma and named his brother

619:

One example of a celebrated campaign in which he participated before ascending to the throne was during the last stages of the conquest of Ayotlan, during Ahuizotl's reign in the late 15th century. During this campaign, which lasted 4 years, a group of Mexica

2195:, in modern-day Puebla), near Atlixco. Though Moctezuma did not want to fight as a result of the previous defeat in Atlixco, he saw no other option and prepared for the fight. In this fight, warriors from Texcoco, Tlacopan, Chalco, Xochimilco, and modern-day 1526:

Several military defeats occurred in some of these expansionist campaigns, however, such as the invasion of Amatlan in 1509, where an unexpected series of snowstorms and blizzards killed many soldiers, making the surviving ones too low in numbers to fight.

3491:, also made him king consort of Ecatepec since she was queen of that city. However, Spanish accounts describe that very few people in Mexico knew that these two women held such positions of power, some of those who knew being a few of his close servants. 2225:

however, had the disadvantage that many of his dominions surrounding Tlaxcala did not want to fight them, as many of them used to be their allies in the past even with all the promises Moctezuma made, and therefore his support was actually quite limited.

2796:

Moctezuma claimed innocence for this incident, claiming that though he was aware of the attack as Quetzalpopoca brought him the severed head of a Spaniard as a demonstration of his success, he never ordered it and was highly displeased by these events.

2158:

Regardless, multiple prisoners were taken after the fight, who were later sacrificed in Moctezuma's honor. Tlacahuepan was remembered as a hero despite the loss, and many songs were dedicated to him to be remembered through poetry. In one song called

1825:

This crisis would later become relevant again after the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan, when Cacamatzin, who initially welcomed the Spaniards when they first entered in November 1519, attempted to raise an army against them for imprisoning Moctezuma

3837:

in 1721, where the followers of the Virgin Mary rebelled against the Spanish after having been told by an apparition of the virgin that Moctezuma would be resuscitated to assist them against their Spanish oppressors. In the Quisteil rebellion of the

967:

was. This courtyard was a place where hundreds of courtiers would hold multiple sorts of activities, including feasts and waiting for royal business to be conducted. This courtyard had suites of rooms that surrounded smaller courtyards and gardens.

3218:) to justify his actions to the Spanish Crown. His prose is characterized by simple descriptions and explanations, along with frequent personal addresses to the King. In his Second Letter, Cortés describes his first encounter with Moctezuma thus: 2750:, who were enemies of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and they helped instigate revolt in many towns under Aztec dominion. Moctezuma was aware of this and sent gifts to the Spaniards, probably to show his superiority to the Spaniards and Tlaxcalteca. 3825:, Volume 3), speculated that the name of the historical Aztec emperor Moctezuma had been used to refer to a combination of different cultural heroes who were united under the name of a particular salient representative of Mesoamerican identity. 1089:

animals in their section. These animals were taken care of by servants who cleaned their environments, fed them, and offered them care according to their species. The species of birds held within the zoo were widely varied, holding animals like

2954:. During the siege of the city, the sons of Moctezuma were murdered by the Aztecs, possibly because they wanted to surrender. By the following year, the Aztec Empire had fallen to an army of Spanish and their Native American allies, primarily 2906:, which indigenous scholars composed under Sahagún's tutelage, is an illustrative, Spanish and Nahuatl account of the Conquest which attributes Moctezuma II's death to Spanish conquistadors. According to the Codex, the bodies of Moctezuma and 4278:

is a hispanicized word of Caribbean origins, meaning "hereditary lord/chief" or "(military) leader". After first encountering the term and office in the Caribbean, conquest-era writers such as Díaz often used it to describe indigenous rulers

1669:

during this period. He assigned two men (of whom details are mostly unknown) to take control of almost all government decisions. These sources also agree that he was found dead in his palace, but the cause of his death remains uncertain.

4139:

in visitors to Mexico. The urban legend states that Montezuma II initiated the onslaught of diarrhea on "gringo" travelers to Mexico in retribution for the slaughter and subsequent enslavement of the Aztec people by Hernán Cortés in

2815:

The Aztec nobility reportedly became increasingly displeased with the large Spanish army staying in Tenochtitlán, and Moctezuma told Cortés that it would be best if they left. Shortly thereafter, in April 1520, Cortés left to fight

4250:

Ixtlilxochitl II, who allied with the Spanish conquistadors during the conquest of the empire because of his rivalry with Moctezuma and his decisions, and it is possible his opinions of Moctezuma were highly biased because of this

1288:

The first military campaign during his rule, which was done in honor of his coronation, was the violent suppression of a rebellion in Nopala and Icpatepec. For this war, a force of over 60,000 soldiers from Tenochtitlan, Texcoco,

3400:. These legends are likely a part of the post-conquest rationalization by the Aztecs of their defeat, and serve to show Moctezuma as indecisive, vain, and superstitious, and ultimately the cause of the fall of the Aztec Empire. 1038:, for public shows during religious rituals. The bottom floor had two rooms which were used by the government. One of them was used for Moctezuma's advisors and judges who dealt with the situations of the commoners (likely the 1813: 2894:

arm and another on the leg, and although they begged him to have the wounds dressed and to take food, and spoke kind words to him about it, he would not. Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he was dead.

3514:, later baptized as Isabel Moctezuma. By the Princess Acatlan were left two daughters, baptized as Maria and Mariana (also known as Leonor); the latter alone left offspring, from whom descends the Sotelo-Montezuma family. 2878:"Many of the Mexican Chieftains and Captains knew him well and at once ordered their people to be silent and not to discharge darts, stones or arrows, and four of them reached a spot where Montezuma could speak to them." 4220: 3958:(1873). He is portrayed as influenced by the belief that Cortés was Quetzalcoatl returned, and as a weak and indecisive leader, saving the conquistadores from certain defeat in one battle by ordering the Aztecs to stop. 1740:

with 100,000 men, where he was received with many honors and recognized as the real king of Texcoco. He then accelerated his pace, possibly because he received worrying news from Texcoco, and advanced to the city of

1376:), many sites in Oaxaca rebelled, likely under the idea that the empire's forces were weakened. However, Moctezuma was able to raise an army numbering 200,000 and marched over the city of Yancuitlan (today known as 3295:, was possibly a grandson of Moctezuma II. His chronicle may relate mostly to the genealogy of the Aztec rulers. He described Moctezuma's issue and estimated them to be nineteen – eleven sons and eight daughters. 1655:

According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, the issue began when Moctezuma sent an embassy to Nezahualpilli reprimanding him for not sacrificing any Tlaxcalan prisoners since the last 4 years, during the war with Tlaxcala

1601:

Among the final military campaigns carried out by Moctezuma, aside from the late stages of the war against Tlaxcala, were the conquests of Mazatzintlan and Zacatepec, which formed part of the Chichimec region.

1483:

Campaigns launched by the Mexica over the Tlapanec Kingdom of Tlachinollan, including the conquest of Tototepec by Moctezuma II. The map doesn't show his campaigns against Xipetepec, Acocozpan, Tetenanco, and

3771:. According to family historian Blanca Barragan Moctezuma, there are between 600 and 700 living descendants of Emperor Moctezuma in Mexico and 350 living in Spain as of 2020. Another notable descendant is 879:

policies of his predecessors, while also making his tributary policies more severe to aid the population during natural disasters and to compensate for a less expansionist focus in his military campaigns.

688:

states that the coronation took place on 24 May 1503. However, most documents say Moctezuma's coronation happened in the year 1502, and therefore most historians believe this to have been the actual date.

1240:

actual military focus, and it proved itself to be one of the most powerful political entities until these final years, as a series of devastating wars weakened the state into being conquered by Tlaxcala.

849:

to obtain the weapons and resources needed. As a result of these negotiations, Tlatelolco was given more sovereignty; they were permitted to rebuild their main temple which was partially destroyed in the

1590:, taking 1332 captives and suffering minimal casualties, with only 95 reported losses. Likely around this time, many other territories in the region were also conquered. He also went to war against the 2191:

An engagement which occurred likely in the year of 1506. This fight was another flower war which was proposed by Cholula, with support from Huejotzingo, to be fought in Cuauhquechollan (today known as

1185:

in 1521, as the Spaniards decided to destroy it to cut Tenochtitlan's water supply. Some Mexica warriors attempted to resist its destruction, but were repelled by the Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish.

2239:), where multiple atrocities were committed. Despite this, the Tlaxcalan resistance managed to hold out, and after a great struggle, the Huexotzinca armies were repelled, though during the fight the 2220:

Huejotzingo, Tecayahuatzin, sympathized with Moctezuma despite their connections with Tlaxcala and conflicts in the past, and through bribes and propaganda attempted to ally with Cholula and local

1492:

territories of modern-day Guerrero, an area which had already been in decline since Moctezuma I began his first campaigns in the region and probably turned the Kingdom of Tlachinollan (modern-day

3787:

are reported to worship deities named after the Aztec ruler, and often a part of the myth is that someday the deified Moctezuma shall return to vindicate his people. In Mexico, the contemporary

2864:

In the subsequent battles with the Spaniards after Cortés' return, Moctezuma was killed. The details of his death are unknown, with different versions of his demise given by different sources.

672:

The year in which Moctezuma was crowned is uncertain. Most historians suggest the year 1502 to be most likely, though some have argued in favor of the year 1503. A work currently held at the

3644:. Following the conquest, Moctezuma's daughter, Techichpotzin (or Tecuichpoch), became known as Isabel Moctezuma and was given a large estate by Cortés, who also fathered a child by her, 3442:. In any case it is within the realm of possibility that the description of Moctezuma in post-conquest sources was coloured by his role as a monumental closing figure of Aztec history. 2808:

Moctezuma repeatedly protected the Spaniards against potential threats using the little power he had left, either under the threat of the Spanish or by his own will, such as during the

389:. The object, however, might have not belonged to Moctezuma and, contrary to popular belief, it was not used as his crown. It might have been a religious headdress to represent the god 1598:

was defeated in his disastrous invasion. This war caused high casualties on both sides. The Mexica succeeded at taking a large amount of captives, but failed to conquer any territory.

991:(guest house). One of these rooms was built for the lords of Tlacopan and Texcoco, the other two members of the Triple Alliance, who came to visit. The other room was for the lords of 684:. Some historians believe this to be the exact date on which the coronation took place, as it is also included in some primary sources. Other dates have been given from the same year; 2294:

rival in the central Mexican area. The nation which used to be their main military focus was now the subject of a nation that would later bring the killing blow to the Mexica Empire.

763:

of the nobility from serving in his palace or high positions of government. This was contrary to the policies of his predecessors, who did allow commoners to serve in such positions.

3603:, and his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. No fewer than 60 portions each day reportedly may have been consumed by Moctezuma II, and 2,000 more by the 3502:

Of his many wives may be named the princesses Teitlalco, Acatlan, and Miahuaxochitl, of whom the first named appears to have been the only legitimate consort. By her, he left a son,

2738:

territory was under the auspices of the Aztec Empire. Moctezuma ordered that he be kept informed of any new sightings of foreigners at the coast and posted extra watchguards and

3833:

As a symbol of resistance against the Spanish, the name of Moctezuma has been invoked in several indigenous rebellions. One such example was the rebellion of the Virgin Cult in

2805:

position. However, despite still being treated as a respected monarch, he had virtually lost most of his power as emperor as the Spaniards oversaw nearly all of his activities.

1783:

to take every possible entrance Moctezuma could use to send his troops to Texcoco. Moctezuma, however, used his influence to enter the city of Texcoco and obtain access to the

2709: 2672: 4246:

An example of this is Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, an important chronicler whose writings were likely influenced by his own opinions and propaganda. He was a direct descendant of the

4723: 3232:

Anthony Pagden and Eulalia Guzmán have pointed out the Biblical messages that Cortés seems to ascribe to Moctezuma's retelling of the legend of Quetzalcoatl as a vengeful

3353: 1765: 1004: 779:

Regarding his economic policies, Moctezuma's rule was largely affected by natural disasters in the early years. As mentioned before, the famine during his first years as

607: 1582:

After the campaigns in the Oaxaca region, Moctezuma began to move his campaigns into northern and eastern territories around 1514, conquering the site of Quetzalapan, a

1164: 1148:

This place was highly prestigious, and all sorts of important people are said to have used to visit this place, including artists, craftsmen, government officials, and

3463: 2229: 1424:, thus Moctezuma had to maintain them under his control. These revolts occurred in so many locations that the empire was unable to deal with all of them effectively. 931: 5416: 8251: 987:

His residence had many rooms for various purposes. Aside from his room, at the central part of the upper floor, there were two rooms beside it which were known as

883:

Most of the policies implemented during his rule would not last long after his death, as the empire fell into Spanish control on 13 August 1521 as a result of the

3159: 3716: 2889:

in his place. To pacify his people, and undoubtedly pressured by the Spanish, Moctezuma spoke to a crowd but was struck dead by a rock. Díaz gives this account:

1609:

Map showing the expansion of the Aztec Empire through conquest. The conquests of Moctezuma II are marked by the color green (based on the maps by Ross Hassig in

3749:

Petronila de Moctezuma, believed by some experts to be a direct lineal descendant of Moctezuma II (documental evidence has not been found yet to support this).

2363: 411:

of a noun meaning 'lord' and a verb meaning 'to frown in anger', and so is interpreted as 'he frowns like a lord' or 'he who is angry in a noble manner'. His

7325: 3652:. Isabel married consecutively to Cuauhtémoc (the last Mexican sovereign), to a conquistador in Cortés' original group, Alonso Grado (died c. 1527), a 3403: 2126:

nearby. The war was arranged to occur in the plains of Atlixco. Moctezuma went to the fight along with four or five of his brothers and two of his nephews.

3620: 3583:

A Spanish soldier accompanying Hernan Cortés during the conquest of the Aztec Empire reported that when Moctezuma II dined, he took no other beverage than

2714: 2690: 3732: 3368: 2939:

and signed a treaty with the natives there to conquer Tenochtitlán, offering the Tlaxcalans control of Tenochtitlán and freedom from any kind of tribute.

4299: 668:

moving counterclockwise (following the blue arrows in the annotation). The fifth sun in the center of the stone represents the present era of the Aztecs.

7267: 4161: 2665: 2246: 1049:

As part of the construction of Moctezuma's palace, various projects were made which made it more prestigious by providing entertainment to the public.

611:

Then-prince Moctezuma the Younger is arriving to the rescue of the merchants who were put under siege during the conquest of Ayotlan, according to the

3990:(the title of which is also believed to derive from "Montezuma"). The song's lyrics paint a heavily romanticized portrait of Montezuma and his empire. 1665:

This story, however, as mentioned before, is not generally trusted by modern historians, and much of the information given contradicts other sources.

7053: 3694:), the title, which was held by Antonio María Moctezuma-Marcilla de Teruel y Navarro, 14th Count of Moctezuma de Tultengo, was elevated to that of a 726:, and thus a large portion of the population of central Mexico began to starve. One of the few places in the empire not affected by this drought was 7992: 5803: 4883: 2118:), a massive battle occurred in Atlixco which was fought mainly against Huejotzingo, a kingdom that used to be one of the most powerful ones in the 2832: 1538: 1133:, and other smaller animals. Allegedly, the dead bodies of sacrificial victims were also used to feed these animals, and after the battle known as 1113:

The section with animals other than birds, which was decorated with figures of gods associated with the wild, was also considerably varied, having

5152: 1652:

The circumstances of Nezahualpilli's death are not clear, and many sources offer highly conflicting stories about the events that resulted in it.

8246: 7299: 3316:

ascertain, though some recent ethnohistorians specializing in early Spanish/Nahua relations have discarded it as post-conquest mythicalization.

7409: 6395: 8053: 2658: 2243:

commander Tizatlacatzin was killed. Many other smaller battles took place in other parts of the border, though none of them were successful.

600:, and thus his election was largely influenced by his military career and religious influence as a priest, as he was also the main priest of 2777:

Six days after their arrival, Moctezuma became a prisoner in his own house. Exactly why this happened is not clear from the extant sources.

7086:

Codex Chimalpahin: Society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlateloloco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico

2358: 2271:

With the Mexica forces to support Huejotzingo, the invasion continued from the west with the main force from the towns of Cuauhquechollan,

4304: 1704:

Since Nezahualipilli died abruptly in the year 1516, he left no indication as to who his successor would be. He had six legitimate sons:

1066: 7150: 3636:

Several lines of descendants exist in Mexico and Spain through Moctezuma II's son and daughters, notably Tlacahuepan Ihualicahuaca, or

685: 5092: 1621:

However, his rule and policies suffered a very sudden interruption upon the news of the arrival of Spanish ships in the east in 1519 (

6850: 4501: 3183: 2902:

oversaw the recording of two versions of the conquest of the Aztec Empire from the Tenochtitlán-Tlatelolco viewpoint. Book 12 of the

2165:

The song of Nezahualpilli when he took captives in Huexotzinco. the Huastec themes, it was written down by the singer Tececepouhqui

7010: 6900: 3986: 3303: 2812:, when he ordered for the ruler of Texcoco, Cacamatzin, to be arrested as he was planning to form an army to attack the Spaniards. 2390: 330:. During his reign, the Aztec Empire reached its greatest size. Through warfare, Moteuczoma expanded the territory as far south as 1724:, the coronation ceremony didn't occur that day, and Ixtlilxochitl used this as an opportunity to plan his rebellion against him. 654:

depicting the date 15 July 1503 in the Aztec calendar. Some historians believe this to be the date on which Moctezuma was crowned.

8261: 8181: 4715: 3260:

The Florentine Codex, made by Bernardino de Sahagún and indigenous scholars under his tutelage, relied on native informants from

1530: 1220:, by secretly inviting the lords of these countries to attend the celebrations for his coronation before the continuation of the 1052: 6922: 4877: 4234:

Variant spellings include Moctezuma, Motewksomah, Motecuhzomatzin, Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma, Motēuczōmah and Muteczuma

3649: 1917: 514: 2726:

In 1518, Moctezuma received the first reports of Europeans landing on the east coast of his empire; this was the expedition of

1672:

His death is recorded to have been mourned in Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, and even Chalco and Xochimilco, as all of these

1258: 8191: 5359: 7929: 7664: 7560: 7444: 7398: 7338: 7246: 4766: 3735:. Researchers believe an additional line of descent exists in Mexico through Ana Francisca de Gabay y Moctezuma, the wife of 5463: 1420:

border is today. These territories were highly important to the empire and had been previously conquered by his predecessor

378: 8266: 8256: 3674:

The grandson of Moctezuma II, Pedro's son, Ihuitemotzin, baptized as Diego Luis de Moctezuma, was brought to Spain by King

3407:

Nezahualpilli (right) telling Moctezuma about the omens warning the destruction of the empire, according to the Durán Codex

3264:

and generally portrays Tlatelolco and Tlatelolcan rulers in a favorable light relative to those of Tenochtitlan. Historian

3090: 2560: 2412: 2328: 2311: 1138: 884: 312: 17: 3724: 3678:. There he married Francisca de la Cueva de Valenzuela. In 1627, their son Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma was given the title 1447:

The first important conquest during Moctezuma's rule occurred in the year 1504 when the city of Achiotlan (today known as

1018:

say the reason was that these lords were personal friends of Moctezuma. There was also another room which became known as

8291: 6791: 5396: 3396: 2820:, who had landed in Mexico to arrest Cortés. During his absence, tensions between Spaniards and Aztecs exploded into the 2373: 971: 7885: 7866: 7717:

The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World: A Study of the Writings of Gerónimo de Mendieta (1525–1604)

7541: 7522: 7222: 4083: 3127: 6396:"'As if His Heart Died': A Reinterpretation of Moteuczoma's Cowardice in the Conquest History of the Florentine Codex" 2610: 730:, and many people from Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco sought refuge in this region to avoid starvation. Large amounts of 452:; they were given retroactively by historians to more easily distinguish him from the first Moctezuma, referred to as 8186: 8046: 7952: 7839: 7816: 7760: 7729: 7704: 7586: 7138: 7094: 6884: 6685: 6624: 6595: 6527: 6276: 5479: 5107: 4799: 4440: 4381: 4132: 4039: 2385: 1506: 8062: 7896: 3030: 2646: 1805:

At some point, however, Ixtlilxochitl sought refuge outside of Texcoco to avoid facing a conflict with Cacamatzin.

1352: 5797: 5018: 2510: 1193: 1026:(Spanish: Moctezuma's Black House), a room with no windows and fully painted black which was used by Moctezuma to 3163:

paints a portrait of a noble leader who struggles to maintain order in his kingdom after he is taken prisoner by

2495: 2444: 1557:

and other nations. Moctezuma and the recently elected ruler of Tlacopan themselves went to the fight, along with

1142: 5058: 4065: 2788:(or Quetzalpopoca) on a Spanish Totonac garrison. The garrison was under the command of a Spanish captain named 1871:

Ixtlilxochitl continued fighting for the Spaniards afterwards, became a personal friend of Cortés, converted to

8271: 7721: 7491: 7321: 6640: 6587: 2780:

According to the Spanish, the arrest was made as a result of an attack perpetrated by a tribute collector from

2395: 2368: 1888:

Though the first conflicts between Mexico and Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo, and their allies began during the rule of

1692: 1277: 980: 7158: 4309: 3284: 2437: 2203: 7986: 5611: 3764: 3700: 2758: 2454: 2427: 1168: 8163: 3910: 2600: 2500: 2130:

after the other, the first being the troops from Texcoco, then from Tlacopan, and lastly from Tenochtitlan.

1770: 1009: 951:

that exists today which was built over it, being about 200 meters long and 200 meters wide. However, little

8039: 3784: 3719:(1741–1819), a ninth-generation descendant of Moctezuma II, who was commander of the Spanish forces at the 2910:

were cast out of the Palace by the Spanish; the body of Moctezuma was gathered up and cremated at Copulco.

2821: 2530: 2505: 2449: 2417: 1876: 7057: 5130: 3628: 2844: 2432: 8276: 8176: 4876: 4794:] (in Spanish and Nāhuatl). Translated by Tena, Rafael. México, D. F.: Conaculta. 2004 . p. 99. 3859: 3715:

Descendants of Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma included (through an illegitimate child of his son Diego Luis)

3657: 2422: 2234: 2019: 1479: 1348: 1209: 1021: 531: 386: 66: 8156: 7263: 7232: 7210: 6832:

Nádasi'né' ndé' isdzáné begoz'aahí' shimaa shiní' gokal gową goshjaa ha'áná'idłí texas-nakaiyé godesdzog

3663: 3154: 2874: 2490: 1802:

capital) in three parts, one for each brother, and that Cacamatzin would continue to rule over Texcoco.

1567:

of Mexico in this period Tlacaeleltzin Xocoyotl. A large portion of the weapons and food was brought by

1384:, and conquered Zozollan in the process. Abundant territorial expansion was carried out following this. 1262: 8226: 7652: 6644: 6233: 4205: 3923: 3269: 2605: 1204:

At the beginning of his rule, he attempted to build diplomatic ties with Tlaxcala, Huexotzinco (today,

3645: 3550:. He was well-trained in the arts of war, as he was experienced on the battlefield from an early age. 2720: 8231: 7236: 2250:

Moctezuma II receiving the Huexotzinca embassy requesting for aid against the Tlaxcalans. Durán Codex

1159:, however, was burnt and destroyed, along with many other constructions, in the year 1521 during the 904: 551: 6746: 5910:"Traces of Aztec Cultural Memory in Sixteenth-Century Songs and Chronicles: The Case of Tlacahuepan" 4098:, were named by 19th-century American pioneers who mistakenly thought they were built by the Aztecs. 3624:

Coat of arms of the Dukes de Moctezuma de Tultengo (Descendientes del Emperador Mexica Moctezuma II)

3252:

from informants who themselves had partially lost contact with their traditional tribal histories".

2525: 1787:

cities not yet occupied by Ixtlilxochitl. Cacamatzin used this opportunity to send a commander from

963:

The palace had a large courtyard that opened into the central plaza of the city to the north, where

858:'s reign, act largely independently during military campaigns, and be absolved from paying tribute. 832:

or serf) perpetually. This agreement also turned the descendants of the ones who agreed into serfs.

722:

Moctezuma's reign began with difficulties. In the year 1505, a major drought resulted in widespread

8013: 7424: 5792: 5061:[Cabildos and cacicazgos: alliance and confrontation at pueblos de indios from New Spain]. 4872: 4176: 3970: 3720: 3523: 3503: 2769: 2520: 2196: 948: 888: 697: 673: 535: 382: 218: 7772:"Did Emperor Moctezuma II's head injury and subsequent death hasten the fall of the Aztec nation?" 7184: 6837:

Returning Lipan Apache Women's Laws, Lands, and Power in El Calaboz Rancheria, Texas-Mexico border

4646: 3887: 3386: 3337: 3245: 2899: 1849: 1756:

He eventually reached Texcoco and placed the city under siege, while also occupying the cities of

1319: 8286: 7752: 7487: 4125: 4111: 3758: 3753: 2817: 2545: 2114:

Approximately in the year 1503 (or 1507, after the conquest of Tototepec, according to historian

1750: 1326:

and reuniting it with the Sun: the victim's transformed heart flies Sun-ward on a trail of blood.

1178: 7188: 3438:

of earlier rulers of ending dynasties—for example, Quetzalcoatl, the mythical last ruler of the

3333: 2927:

death. In other indigenous annals, the Aztecs found Moctezuma strangled to death in his palace.

1014:). The exact reason why this room had this purpose remains uncertain, though a few records like 935:

The location of Moctezuma's palace (left) is south of the central plaza of Tenochtitlan and the

8281: 4136: 4069: 4018: 3994: 3709: 3208:

Unlike Bernal Díaz, who was recording his memories many years after the fact, Cortés wrote his

3120: 3085: 2936: 2014: 1396: 1265:, very few people in Mexico knew about this political role, being only a few among his closest 339: 7348: 3752:

Notable descendants from this line include Mexican politicians and philanthropists, Secretary

2276: 1922:

The defeat suffered at the battle of Atlixco against Huejotzingo, according to the Durán Codex

1467: 947:(palace) of his own. This was a particularly large palace, which was somewhat larger than the 8236: 7084: 4143: 3966: 3691: 3580:

multiple times a day in his private pool; as well as not wearing the same clothes every day.

3562: 3261: 3050: 2695: 2595: 2555: 1568: 1563: 1188: 1182: 1160: 867: 3731:

in Spain. Other holders of Spanish noble titles that descend from the Aztec emperor include

3290: 2535: 1840:

to enter the city, kill the Spaniards and free Moctezuma in early 1520. The Spanish captain

1644: 542:, which would make Moctezuma his great-grandson, but other sources claim that Tezozómoc was 8241: 7356: 6844: 6616: 5796: 5113: 4576: 4171: 4106: 3930: 3818: 3740: 3100: 2540: 2470: 2315: 2168: 1587: 1572: 992: 851: 558:

and one of Nezahualcóyotl's daughters, Izelcoatzin or Xochicueyetl. Two of his uncles were

343: 4505: 3743:. This Ana Francisca de Gabay y Moctezuma was the daughter of Martín Navarro de Gabay and 3686:) and thus became part of the Spanish nobility. In 1766, the holder of the title became a 1892:

in the 1450s, it was during the reign of Moctezuma II that major conflicts broke through.

1294: 793: 759:

various politicians and warriors for being commoners. He also prohibited any commoners or

311:

and Europeans took place during his reign. He was killed during the initial stages of the

8: 8170: 4373: 4367: 4156: 3902: 3728: 3476: 2585: 1332: 1248: 287: 177: 3997:, there is a statue of the emperor Moctezuma II, along with another of the Inca emperor 3892: 3475:

by whom he fathered an enormous family, but only two women held the position of queen –

2731: 2161:

Ycuic neçahualpilli yc tlamato huexotzinco. Cuextecayotl, Quitlali cuicani Tececepouhqui

676:

known as the Stone of the Five Suns is an inscription written in stone representing the

7831: 7633: 7625: 7575: 7475: 7122: 7104: 6973: 6766: 6581: 6550: 6415: 5931: 5788: 4868: 4543: 4031: 3675: 3164: 2641: 2580: 2515: 2307: 1841: 1837: 957: 784:

rebellions. Most of the provinces affected by these new tributary policies were in the

760: 735: 681: 319: 7985: 7978: 5059:"Cabildos y cacicazgos: alianza y confrontación en los pueblos de indios novohispanos" 3807:

are reported to worship earth deities named after Moctezuma. His name also appears in

3796: 3268:

claims that the Codex depicts Moctezuma as weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent.

615:. The merchants are seen talking to Moctezuma, informing him about the end of the war. 7958: 7948: 7925: 7908: 7881: 7862: 7845: 7835: 7812: 7793: 7756: 7735: 7725: 7715: 7700: 7683: 7660: 7592: 7582: 7556: 7537: 7518: 7440: 7394: 7334: 7242: 7218: 7134: 7090: 6880: 6770: 6691: 6681: 6620: 6591: 6523: 6419: 6272: 5935: 5475: 5408: 5103: 4795: 4762: 4436: 4387: 4377: 4009: 3981: 3897: 3772: 3667: 3321: 3113: 2789: 2575: 2565: 2485: 2378: 2260: 1461: 1448: 1314: 1125:, and other smaller predatory animals. These animals were fed on hunted animals like 1103: 923: 658: 398: 187: 7637: 7391:

The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual

5407:. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. 5035: 2290:

Approximately in the year 1516, Huejotzingo abandoned its alliance with the empire.

631:

brief, as the people of Ayotlan surrendered to the Mexica shortly after he arrived.

7783: 7617: 7467: 6872: 6758: 6407: 5921: 5030: 4535: 4213: 4117: 3962: 3727:, 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of the Amarillas who was the founder of the 3641: 3519: 3390: 3015: 2903: 2857: 2781: 2757:

According to Cortés, Moctezuma immediately volunteered to cede his entire realm to

2727: 2615: 2570: 2480: 2280: 2119: 2044: 1713: 785: 612: 485: 403: 205: 6518:

de Sahagún, Bernardino; Anderson, Arthur James Outram; Dibble, Charles E. (1975).

6267:

de Sahagún, Bernardino; Anderson, Arthur James Outram; Dibble, Charles E. (1975).

4432:

Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World: From the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century

2550: 1472: 1432:

The empire's expansion during Moctezuma's rule was mainly focused on southwestern

393:

during religious events, a battle standard, or a military device worn in the back.

7806: 7352: 7154: 7108: 5612:"Mapa de Tlotzin. Historia de los reyes y de los estados soberanos de Acolhuacan" 4430: 4102: 4059: 4053: 4013: 3946:

Numerous other works of popular culture have mentioned or referred to Moctezuma:

3936: 3882: 3637: 3507: 3434: 3265: 3010: 2824:, and Moctezuma became a hostage used by the Spaniards to ensure their security. 2620: 2590: 2475: 2402: 2200:

and was highly upset about it, to the point that he complained against the gods.

1960: 1591: 1489: 1213: 1134: 651: 601: 412: 210: 6554: 5183: 5181: 3374:

A weeping lady wandering in the night warning of the destruction of Tenochtitlán

2256: 816:

The famine at the beginning of his rule also resulted in the abolishment of the

797:

eventually resulted in many of these provinces—including Totonacapan (under the

7944: 7130: 7117:] (in Spanish). Paris: Imprenta central de los ferro-carriles A. Chaix y C. 6864: 6196: 5355: 5102:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection: 15, 22–24. 4087: 3914: 3808: 3025: 3020: 3005: 1863: 1488:

The conquest of Tototepec formed part of the conquests of some of the last few

952: 592: 574: 7295: 6876: 6795: 5555: 5148: 3427: 3412: 2923: 2708:. This plaque commemorating the meeting is located at the eastern wall of the 2115: 1198: 734:

were brought from this area to aid the population. Moctezuma and the lords of

702: 8220: 8094: 8084: 7912: 7788: 7771: 7687: 7621: 7054:"Aztec capital falls to CortÉs — History.com This Day in History — 8/13/1521" 6676:

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal; Castro Gutiérrez, Felipe (2005) . "Introduction".

6411: 5412: 5178: 5131:"Hallados los restos del palacio del emperador Moctezuma en Ciudad de México" 3843: 3804: 3600: 3484: 3146: 3070: 3065: 2990: 2407: 2353: 2144: 1993: 1497: 1282: 1015: 915: 739: 597: 449: 437: 408: 283: 56: 8139: 8134: 8023: 7962: 7849: 7596: 6747:"Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520–1700 (review)" 6695: 4837: 4391: 4077: 3812: 3272:

suggests that Moctezuma fills the role of a scapegoat for the Aztec defeat.

2951: 2943: 2883: 1856:

after Cacamatzin's arrest and Ixtlilxochitl would not officially become the

1817:

Coronation of Ixtlilxóchitl II and arrest of Cacamatzin, as depicted by the

1545:

spies gathering information on an enemy city during the night. Codex Mendoza

1217: 110: 8109: 8089: 8079: 8031: 7797: 7659:. Translated by Lockhart, James. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7171:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. México: Oficina Tip. de la Secretaría de Fomento 5771: 5769: 5392: 5133:[Remains of the palace of emperor Moctezuma found in Mexico City]. 4519: 3918: 3839: 3792: 3775:, who served as Secretary of Public Education of the Government of Mexico. 3591:

goblet. Moctezuma was passionate about chocolate; he had it flavoured with

3542:

Moctezuma was physically fit and practised a variety of sports, among them

3531: 3241: 3080: 3075: 3040: 3035: 2907: 2853: 1872: 1404: 1340: 1118: 1071: 964: 862: 771:

government. Moctezuma likely sought to resolve this conflict by installing

723: 543: 527: 501:

added to nouns or personal names when speaking about them with deference).

390: 327: 316: 295: 279: 223: 155: 61: 7410:"Moctezuma Xocoyotzin y Hernán Cortés: dos visiones de una misma realidad" 7280:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española-Galaxia Gutenberg-Círculo de Lectores 6762: 6228: 4539: 3455: 3249: 3240:. Pagden has written that "There is no preconquest tradition which places 1595: 1189:

Territorial expansion during his rule, military actions and foreign policy

855: 8104: 7739: 7570: 7080: 5811: 5217: 5021:[The lands of two Indian nobles in Tepeaca in the 16th century]. 4681: 4472: 4166: 3951: 3788: 3569: 3511: 2701: 2192: 1998: 1889: 1520: 1441: 1433: 1367: 1205: 1175: 1099: 1031: 802: 789: 727: 646: 523: 453: 362: 351: 347: 308: 7500:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Oficina y acosta de Nicolás Rodríguez Franco 7037: 6901:"Defensa de la tesis doctoral de María Teresa de Guadalupe Ruiz Esparza" 5926: 5909: 5766: 5718: 5670: 5646: 5567: 5023:

Tlalocan: A Journal of Source Materials on the Native Cultures of Mexico

4825: 4669: 4547: 4526:[Fragment of Genealogy of the Mexican Princes (Cat. Boban 72)]. 4523: 3244:

in this role, and it seems possible therefore that it was elaborated by

539: 366:(commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces. 7629: 7605: 7553:

On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma's Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals

6545:

Chipman, D. (2005). "The Patrimony of Mariana and Pedro Moctezuma". In

5091:

Evans, Susan Toby (2004). Evans, Susan Toby; Pillsbury, Joanne (eds.).

4815: 4813: 4811: 4181: 3977: 3359: 3343: 3326: 2955: 2785: 2747: 2739: 2636: 2272: 2240: 2172: 2123: 1909: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1742: 1737: 1705: 1377: 1363: 1298: 1221: 1149: 846: 286:), reigning from 1502 or 1503 to 1520. Through his marriage with Queen 87: 41: 7479: 7455: 7306:

General History of the Indies of New Spain and Islands of the Mainland

6923:"Descendants of Moctezuma: who are they and where do they live today?" 3418: 1322:, Folio 70. Heart-extraction was viewed as a means of liberating the 8124: 8114: 8006: 6657: 6309: 6172: 6136: 6109: 6070: 4974: 4460:. Revised Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 599. 4073: 4001:, among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed 3998: 3584: 3480: 3472: 2849: 2704:, the road which connects the southernmost part of the city with the 1818: 1757: 1583: 1576: 1558: 1417: 1409: 1403:

A large series of rebellions occurred in 1510, likely as a result of

1229: 1225: 872: 772: 677: 664: 555: 331: 236: 172: 100: 7941:

The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica

7308:] (in Spanish). Mexico: Imprenta de J. M. Andrade y F. Escalante 5754: 5193: 4891: 4849: 4808: 4738: 4595: 4524:"Fragmento de genealogía de los príncipes Mexicanos (Cat. Boban 72)" 3140: 3060: 2705: 1657: 1046:), where high-ranking warriors planned and commanded their battles. 569:

As was customary among Mexica nobles, Moctezuma was educated in the

8099: 7471: 6830: 6366:

Relaciones de Hernan Cortes a Carlos V sobre la invasion de Anáhuac

5275: 5273: 5271: 4410: 4056:

and Mount Moctezuma, a volcano in Mexico City, are named after him.

3877: 3604: 3547: 3488: 3467:

Colonial copy of a portrait of Hernán Cortés dated to the year 1525

3340:, who compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest. 3307:

The Spanish take control of Montezuma in Mexico. Illustration from

3167:. In his first description of Moctezuma, Díaz del Castillo writes: 2947: 2935:

The Spaniards were forced to flee the city and they took refuge in

2228:

One of the first battles occurred in Xiloxochitlan (today known as

2182: 2139: 1833: 1798: 1776: 1673: 1550: 1549:

An important campaign was the conquest of Xaltepec (today known as

1475:

depicting the campaigns launched by Moctezuma II in Tlapanec lands.

1437: 1421: 1303: 1266: 1253: 1244: 1233: 1086: 1034:. The upper floor had a large courtyard which was likely used as a 1027: 1000: 996: 909: 836: 622: 582: 570: 563: 547: 433: 356: 300: 291: 118: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4908: 4906: 2685: 2338: 2279:), and a smaller support force from a town named Tetellan (today, 1883: 680:

and a date le 11 reed, which is equivalent to 15 July 1503 in the

580:

Moctezuma was an already famous warrior by the time he became the

559: 270:– 29 June 1520), referred to retroactively in European sources as 7437:

Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish rule, 1520-1700

6726: 6675: 6547:

Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty under Spanish Rule, 1520–1700

6321: 6082: 6046: 5978: 4274: 4186: 4095: 4091: 3940: 3871:

The Aztec emperor is the title character in several 18th-century

3834: 3800: 3768: 3736: 3687: 3615: 3592: 3577: 3573: 3561:, and various birds in a certain section of a forest (likely the 3543: 3233: 3173: 3000: 2735: 2284: 1946: 1784: 1761: 1746: 1709: 1605: 1413: 1388: 1359: 1290: 1145:), the bodies of dead Spaniards may have been used to feed them. 1130: 1091: 1030:. Remains of this room have been found in recent years in modern 821: 806: 767: 335: 275: 7515:

The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History

6549:(pp. 75–95). University of Texas Press. Retrieved July 7, 2021. 5742: 5730: 5694: 5658: 5268: 5229: 5166: 4998: 6148: 5852: 5850: 4962: 4945: 4918: 4903: 4398: 3558: 3554: 3439: 3237: 2982: 2974: 1392: 1344: 1336: 1114: 876: 634:

Approximately in the year 1490, Moctezuma obtained the rank of

538:). According to some sources, Tezozómoc was the son of emperor 423: 323: 252: 159: 7369:(in Spanish). Mexico: Oficina Tip. de la Secretaría de Fomento 7301:

Historia de las indias de Nueva España y islas de Tierra Firme

6522:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. p. 68. 6271:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. p. 65. 6132:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 86–88. 6130:

Malintzin's choices: an Indian woman in the conquest of Mexico

3717:

General Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, 3rd Marquis de las Amarillas

3494: 3298: 2179:

eventually led to its fall, despite the victory in the fight.

1970:

Huejotzingo military forces highly weakened by massive losses.

1347:. The prisoners taken during this campaign were later used as 638:, which was reached by capturing at least 4 enemy commanders. 8119: 7115:

Letters and relations from Hernán Cortés to emperor Charles V

6941: 6377: 6375: 6058: 5297: 5019:"Las tierras de dos indios nobles en Tepeaca en el siglo XVI" 4002: 3872: 3815:

where dancers dressed as a rain god are called "Moctezumas".

3596: 3423: 3330: 3309:

Philosophical and political history of and trade of Europeans

2221: 1510:

The massacre of Mexica merchants in Quetzaltepec. Durán Codex

1493: 1457:] which they captured in war", according to old sources. 1381: 1122: 1095: 829: 810: 749: 731: 627: 7534:

Montezuma : ou l'apogée et la chute de l'empire aztèque

6453: 6451: 5862: 5847: 5706: 5682: 5634: 5579: 4331: 4329: 4327: 3965:'s opening line "From the Halls of Montezuma" refers to the 1197:

Celebrations during Moctezuma's coronation according to the

861:

Many of these policies were planned together with his uncle

6953: 6499: 5258: 5256: 3695: 3588: 3186:

friar for not having persuaded him to become a Christian."

1126: 1107: 1082: 7657:

We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

7324:(2007) . Gurría Lacroix, Jorge; Alcibíades, Mirla (eds.). 7110:

Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortés al emperador Carlos V

7083:(1997) . Anderson, Arthur J. O.; Schroeder, Susan (eds.). 6974:"10 Facts About Moctezuma II, the Last True Aztec Emperor" 6757:(3). The Academy of American Franciscan History: 471–472. 6372: 3568:

Moctezuma was recorded to have been heavily obsessed with

3194: 354:

system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between

307:

The first contact between the indigenous civilizations of

46:

Late 17th-century portrait attributed to Antonio Rodríguez

6839:] (PhD thesis) (in apw). Washington State University. 6792:"A Descendant of Moctezuma at the Battle of Mobile, 1780" 6487: 6448: 6034: 5990: 5531: 5507: 5495: 5362:[Military Goals and Strategies of Moctezuma II]. 4607: 4324: 3483:. His partnership with Tlapalizquixochtzin, daughter of 3224: 1453: 1078: 496: 490: 475: 469: 463: 457: 427: 7333:(in Spanish). Venezuela: Fundación Biblioteca Ayachuco. 7217:. Translated by Cohen, John M. New York: Penguin Books. 7011:"La ópera sobre Moctezuma compuesta por Antonio Vivaldi" 6702: 6517: 6297: 6266: 6024: 6022: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5966: 5874: 5591: 5519: 5431: 5338: 5336: 5253: 5241: 5093:"Aztec Palaces and Other Elite Residential Arquitecture" 4986: 4651:

Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia

4292: 3739:

nobleman, and early colonist and settler in Mexico, Don

3362:

warning with sadness about the destruction of the empire

2836:

Moctezuma's stoning, illustration by Keith Henderson in

1440:. The earliest conquests in this territory were held by 939:(down) next to it in a map likely made by Hernán Cortés. 7981:, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style. 7808:

Conquest, Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico

7577:

Aztec warfare: imperial expansion and political control

6794:. Book-smith.tripod.com. 4 January 2001. Archived from 6099: 6097: 5891: 5889: 4935: 4933: 4698: 4696: 4649:[Territorial Expansion of the Mexican Empire]. 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4435:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 128–130, 181. 4346: 4344: 3763:

and Luis Rubén (né Valadez Bourbon) of the influential

1867:

Baptism of Ixtlilxochitl II, by José Vivar y Valderrama

1827: 1712:

as Don Pedro), Tecocoltzin (baptized as Don Hernando),

415:, shown in the upper left corner of the image from the 6991: 6714: 6463: 6345: 4260:

See the account of Moctezuma's captivity, as given in

4076:, Mexico, is named after Moctezuma II and his nephew, 3380:

Two depictions of the 6th omen in the Florentine Codex

2320: 1852:, it was Tecocoltzin who officially took the title of 1042:). The other room was for the war council (likely the 809:(which were near Tenochtitlan)—forming alliances with 7606:"The Aztec "Flowery War": A Geopolitical Explanation" 7149: 6678:

Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España

6475: 6333: 6285: 6184: 6160: 6019: 6002: 5817: 5724: 5676: 5652: 5573: 5561: 5543: 5468:

Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians

5443: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5285: 5205: 4897: 4855: 4819: 4744: 4675: 4601: 4416: 3849: 2950:

epidemic. He was succeeded by his adolescent nephew,

2764: 1648:

Nezahualpilli's funeral, according to the Durán Codex

650:

Stone of the Five Suns, a stone with inscriptions in

518:

Moctezuma's ancestry as depicted in a 1566 manuscript

7674:

Martínez, Jose Luis (1980). "Gerónimo de Mendieta".

6810: 6639: 6248: 6208: 6094: 5954: 5942: 5886: 5835: 5823: 5029:(2). Los Angeles: University of California: 97–119. 4930: 4693: 4619: 4561: 4341: 3778: 3344:

Indigenous accounts of omens and Moctezuma's beliefs

2171:

lord, the owner of the sapota skirt", about the god

1636:

and are generally not trusted by modern historians.

1064:

One of the most famous among these projects was the

193: 7695:McEwan, Colin; López Luján, Leonardo, eds. (2009). 4761:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 72–73. 4043:

contains a six-chapter campaign titled "Montezuma".

1102:, and others, and also included water species like 891:, such as land ownership through a system known as 7574: 7269:Historia verdadera de la conquista de Nueva España 3828: 3632:Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta Duque de Ahumada 3450: 1848:leader of Texcoco afterwards, though according to 1745:, where he was also welcomed. He soon advanced to 943:Moctezuma, like many of his predecessors, built a 7897:"Las reformas socio-económicas de Motecuhzoma II" 7694: 7262: 7209: 7133:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 6663: 6520:Florentine Codex Book 12 – The Conquest of Mexico 6327: 6315: 6269:Florentine Codex Book 12 – The Conquest of Mexico 6202: 6178: 6142: 6115: 6088: 6076: 5760: 5748: 5399:[The Conquests of Moteczuma Xocoyotzin]. 5279: 5235: 5223: 5199: 5172: 5004: 4980: 4404: 4261: 3459:Anonymous portrait of Moctezuma II, 17th century. 3201:Les vrais pourtraits et vies des hommes illustres 2689:Meeting place of Moctezuma and Hernán Cortés, at 1380:), a city which had been previously conquered by 8218: 7919: 7894: 6610: 5474:. Austin: University of Texas Press: 42–48, 51. 4968: 4956: 4924: 4912: 4574: 4242: 4240: 4128:is named Montezuma Elementary School, after him. 3927:(1963), and the protagonist in the modern opera 3553:Among the sports he practised, he was an active 2183:Other battles against Huejotzingo and its allies 1137:, which occurred during the early stages of the 385:traditionally attributed to Moctezuma II in the 8252:16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas 7320: 7241:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 6154: 5360:"Metas y estrategias militares de Moctezuma II" 3426:which was seen during daytime, depicted in the 1884:War with Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo and their allies 546:'s son, thus nephew of Itzcóatl, and a lord in 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4101:Several species of animals and plants such as 3950:Moctezuma (spelled Montezuma) is portrayed in 3846:reportedly called himself "Little Montezuma". 3616:Descendants in Mexico and the Spanish nobility 3522:, Princess Mariana Leonor Moctezuma, and sons 3279: 2958:, who were traditional enemies of the Aztecs. 2856:and cremation of Moctezuma as depicted in the 1358:After Mexico suffered a humiliating defeat at 8209:("eagle ruler"; a non-dynastic interim ruler) 8047: 7486: 7347: 7190:Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España 7089:. Vol. 2. University of Oklahoma Press. 6541: 6539: 6440: 6364: 6064: 6052: 5984: 5868: 5856: 5736: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5664: 5640: 5585: 5153:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 5086: 5084: 4237: 3928: 3854: 3744: 3288: 3209: 3121: 2868: 2666: 1622: 8061: 6580:Sweet, David G. & Nash, Gary B. (1981). 5069:. Universidad Complutense de Madrid: 149–162 4647:"Expansión territorial del Imperio mexicano" 4502:"Nahuatl Dictionary/Diccionario del Náhuatl" 4361: 4359: 3411:According to 16th-century Spanish historian 3199: 2942:Moctezuma was then succeeded by his brother 2810:succession crisis in Texcoco mentioned above 2109: 1967:Mexico forces retreated with massive losses. 1727: 1081:which had multiple sorts of animals, mainly 419: 7993:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 7720:(2nd edition, revised ed.). Berkeley: 7466:(3). Society for History Education: 21–30. 7407: 7197:] (in Spanish and Nāhuatl). Vol. 2 7079: 5804:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 5787: 5513: 5378: 5348: 4884:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 4867: 4631: 4613: 4335: 3299:Depiction in early post-conquest literature 2966: 2773:Moctezuma captured and imprisoned by Cortés 2301: 1272: 1019: 8054: 8040: 7901:Revista española de antropología americana 7417:Revista Española de Antropología Americana 7195:General History of the Things of New Spain 7183: 6680:. Mexico: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A. 6536: 6226: 5920:(4). Cambridge University Press: 513–537. 5775: 5187: 5081: 5063:Revista Española de Antropología Americana 5056: 4843: 4831: 4687: 4365: 3128: 3114: 2961: 2673: 2659: 1339:town that no longer exists which was near 1243:During his reign, he married the queen of 840: 750:Policies and other events during his reign 509: 7830:(2nd edition, revised ed.). London: 7787: 7676:Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, UNAM, Mexico 7512: 7274:True History of the Conquest of New Spain 6947: 6744: 6583:Struggle and Survival in Colonial America 6579: 6505: 6445:. Translated by Adrián León. UNAM, México 6393: 5925: 5461: 5034: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4356: 3160:True History of the Conquest of New Spain 2167:), he's referred as "the golden one, the 2138:He began by sending 200 troops to launch 1821:artists Juan González and Miguel González 1281:Moctezuma's military victories listed in 350:into the empire. He changed the previous 7878:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555 7875: 7825: 7673: 7651: 7581:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 7550: 7531: 7238:The History of the Conquest of New Spain 6869:The Speculum of Archbishop Thomas Secker 6732: 6708: 6481: 6381: 6303: 6127: 5397:"Las conquistas de Moteczuma Xocoyotzin" 5016: 4756: 4214:[moteːkʷˈs̻oːmaḁʃoːkoˈjoːt͡sin̥] 3858: 3662: 3627: 3619: 3493: 3462: 3454: 3417: 3402: 3302: 3255: 3193: 3139: 2843: 2831: 2768: 2684: 2245: 1862: 1812: 1691: 1643: 1639: 1604: 1537: 1529: 1505: 1478: 1466: 1427: 1313: 1276: 1192: 1051: 970: 930: 922: 908: 898: 701:Moctezuma's coronation according to the 696: 657: 645: 606: 596:(person from the house of darts) in the 513: 377: 251: 27:Tlahtoāni of the Aztec Empire until 1520 7856: 7769: 7746: 7434: 7388: 7035: 6997: 6959: 6816: 6720: 6469: 6457: 6103: 5907: 4878:"Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alba" 4528:Journal de la Société des américanistes 4470: 4455: 3865:An Illustrated History of the New World 3389:(1499–1590) includes in Book 12 of the 2946:, who died shortly afterwards during a 2209: 824:in which a family agreed to maintain a 522:Moctezuma II was the great-grandson of 14: 8247:16th-century monarchs in North America 8219: 7938: 7804: 7713: 7569: 7121: 7103: 7039:The Fair God or the Last of the 'Tzins 6615:(1st ed.). Ciudad de México, DF: 6586:(1st ed.). Berkeley, California: 6439:Tezozomoc, Fernando Alvarado (1992) . 6351: 6339: 6190: 6166: 5908:Szoblik, Katarzyna (21 October 2020). 5549: 5537: 5501: 5449: 5391: 5354: 5342: 5327: 5315: 5291: 5211: 4775: 4759:Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs 4644: 4625: 4350: 4212: 3526:(not to be confused with the previous 1808: 1516: 1436:territories, in Oaxaca and modern-day 1387:Another notable rebellion occurred in 1371: 484: 402: 8035: 7880:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 7876:Valencia, Robert Himmerich y (1991). 7603: 7555:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 7453: 7294: 7107:(1866) . de Gayangos, Pascual (ed.). 6865:"Places in the Diocese of Winchester" 6849:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 6828: 6653:] (in Spanish). book IV, ch. III. 6493: 6394:Dufendach, Rebecca (1 October 2019). 6291: 6040: 6028: 6013: 5996: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5895: 5880: 5841: 5829: 5609: 5597: 5525: 5437: 5419:from the original on 10 December 2021 5303: 5262: 5247: 5090: 4992: 4939: 4702: 4026:"Montezuma" is a song from the album 3690:. In 1865 (coincidentally during the 686:Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl 554:'s grandson; he was a son of emperor 7699:. London: The British Museum Press. 7456:"How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma" 7382: 7231: 6254: 6227:Cartwright, Mark (10 October 2013). 6214: 5610:Aubín, Joseph Marius Alexis (1886). 4726:from the original on 7 December 2020 4518: 4487:British Museum Exhibition Guide for 4428: 4369:The Penguin history of Latin America 3650:Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma 3640:, and Tecuichpoch Ixcaxochitzin, or 3311:, Jean-Léonard Pellet, Geneva, 1780. 3091:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 2312:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 1895: 1682: 1515:soon after when the Mexica lost the 1139:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 1085:species, but also contained several 885:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 717: 586:of Mexico, holding the high rank of 432:) on straight hair with an attached 322:and his men fought to take over the 313:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 294:, one of his two wives, he was also 153:29 June 1520 (aged 48–49) 7749:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 7610:Journal of Anthropological Research 5616:Anales del Museo Nacional de México 4716:"Coronation Stone of Moteuczoma II" 4575:Carrillo de Albornoz, José Miguel. 4372:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 4047: 3939:, where his part is written in the 3557:, and often used to hunt for deer, 3422:Depiction of the 4th omen, a large 3397:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 2809: 2321:First interactions with the Spanish 2072:Unknown (possibly 100,000 warriors) 1471:Folios 30 to 31 (right to left) of 1060:as depicted in the Florentine Codex 24: 7979:portrait of Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin 7811:. Touchstone; Simon and Schuster. 7389:Bricker, Victoria Reifler (1981). 7327:Historia de la Conquista de México 7127:Hernan Cortes: Letters from Mexico 7073: 7067: 6903:(in Spanish). University of Burgos 6745:Schwaller, John Frederick (2007). 3850:Portrayals and cultural references 3236:who would return to rule over the 2920:History of the Indies of New Spain 2765:Host and prisoner of the Spaniards 2746:Tenochtitlán they allied with the 2255:cornered in the region around the 1460:In the year 1507, the year of the 1251:, making him king consort of this 1106:and various others that had their 712: 489:) means 'honored young one' (from 456:. The Aztec chronicles called him 25: 8303: 7971: 7920:Vazquez Chamorro, Germán (2006). 7895:Vazquez Chamorro, Germán (1981). 7551:Hajovsky, Patrick Thomas (2015). 7298:(1867) . Ramírez, José F. (ed.). 7266:(2011) . Serés, Guillermo (ed.). 6971: 6643:(1971) . Magallón, Manuel (ed.). 4458:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl 4040:Age of Empires II: The Conquerors 3779:Indigenous mythology and folklore 3725:Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta 3471:Moctezuma had numerous wives and 2214: 1630: 1534:War with Cuatzontlan. Durán Codex 845:), he made negotiations with the 256:1892 illustration of Moctezuma II 7859:Montezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs 7046: 7029: 7003: 6965: 6915: 6893: 6857: 6822: 6784: 6738: 6669: 6633: 6604: 6573: 6560: 6511: 6433: 6387: 6357: 6260: 6220: 6121: 5100:Palaces of the Ancient New World 4267: 4254: 3648:, who in turn was the mother of 3445: 3367: 3352: 3189: 2981: 2647:Spanish missions in the Americas 2337: 1987: 1916: 1764:, Chicuhnautlan (today known as 1318:Human sacrifice as shown in the 443: 40: 7943:(3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: 7517:. University of Arizona Press. 7235:(2008). Carrasco, Davíd (ed.). 7151:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando 7042:. New York: Grosset and Dunlap. 6641:Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco 6611:González-Obregón, Luis (1992). 6369:. Vol. I. Mexico, 1958, p. 279. 5901: 5781: 5603: 5455: 5141: 5123: 5050: 5036:10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.1963.314 5010: 4861: 4750: 4708: 4512: 4494: 4481: 4464: 4449: 4062:in Tasmania is named after him. 3829:Symbol of indigenous leadership 3821:, writing in the 19th century ( 3451:Wives, concubines, and children 1836:, Tlacopan, Iztapalapa and the 1832:) by calling for the people of 788:. For example, the province of 8262:16th-century murdered monarchs 7939:Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993). 7722:University of California Press 6588:University of California Press 6566:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). 4422: 4228: 4199: 2930: 2266: 1416:), far down where the Mexican- 981:Museo Nacional de las Culturas 820:system, which was a system of 436:, a separate nosepiece, and a 13: 1: 7826:Townsend, Richard F. (2000). 7439:. University of Texas Press. 7393:. University of Texas Press. 7017:(in Spanish). 13 October 2020 6205:, pp. 318–319, 322, 324. 5464:"The Annals of the Tlapanecs" 5462:Vega Sosa, Constanza (1992). 5057:Cruz Pazos, Patricia (2003). 4456:Andrews, J. Richard (2003) . 4286: 3537: 2838:Montezuma, Lord of the Aztecs 2511:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 2150:), Xalmich and Cuatacihuatl. 1934: 1309: 1174:Another construction was the 983:at the time of its excavation 641: 566:, the two previous emperors. 534:(not to be confused with the 462:, while the first was called 401:pronunciation of his name is 264: 140: 8073:Monarchic period (1375–1525) 7770:Sanchez, Gonzalo M. (2015). 7714:Phelan, John Leddy (1970) . 7536:(in French). Paris: Fayard. 7513:Gillespie, Susan D. (1989). 7408:Bueno Bravo, Isabel (2006). 4581:Real Academia de la Historia 4066:Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery 3913:. He is also the subject of 3785:indigenous peoples in Mexico 2822:Massacre in the Great Temple 2710:Church of Jesus the Nazarene 2153: 1877:Spanish conquest of Honduras 1736:Ixtlilxochitl first went to 1700:of Texcoco. Florentine Codex 1687: 1003:) and Chicuhnautlan (today, 913:Moctezuma's Palace from the 835:During his campaign against 504: 7: 8267:15th-century Aztec nobility 8257:16th-century Mexican people 8149:Colonial period (1525–1565) 7435:Chipman, Donald E. (2005). 6871:: 318–320. 21 August 2020. 5401:Estudios de cultura náhuatl 4471:Brinton, Daniel G. (1890). 4300:"Aztec Political Structure" 4150: 3935:(2005) by Italian composer 3658:Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin 3287:, who may have written the 3285:Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc 3280:Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc 2204:Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc 2097:Possibly over 20,000 killed 2085:Possibly over 20,000 killed 1408:Xoconochco (today known as 1141:in June 1520 (during which 1022:Casa Denegrida de Moctezuma 792:, which formed part of the 387:Museum of Ethnology, Vienna 10: 8308: 8292:Unsolved murders in Mexico 7857:Tsouras, Peter G. (2005). 7423:(2): 17–37. Archived from 7322:López de Gómara, Francisco 6646:Crónica de la Nueva España 6234:World History Encyclopedia 6128:Townsend, Camilla (2007). 5818:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5725:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5677:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5653:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5574:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5562:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 5190:, book VIII, fol. 30r–30v. 4898:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4856:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4820:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4757:Townsend, Camilla (2019). 4745:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4676:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4645:Aragón, Javier O. (1931). 4602:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4417:de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl 1892 4366:Williamson, Edwin (1992). 4121:have been named after him. 4030:(1981) by the German band 3976:Montezuma is mentioned in 3969:in Mexico City during the 3911:Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli 3863:Montezuma II, depicted in 3855:Art, music, and literature 3842:in 1761, the rebel leader 2611:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 2601:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 2501:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 2496:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 2305: 2275:, Itzocan (today known as 1400:during Moctezuma's reign. 1257:, though according to the 902: 8200: 8148: 8072: 8020: 8011: 8003: 7747:Restall, Matthew (2003). 7532:Graulich, Michel (1994). 7264:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 7215:The Conquest of New Spain 7211:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 6877:10.1017/9781787441125.020 6829:Tamez, Margo (May 2010). 5798:"Ixtlilxochitl II." 5564:, pp. 321, 323, 324. 4846:, book VIII, fol 25v—26r. 4135:" is a colloquialism for 3610: 3153:The firsthand account of 2133: 2110:Planning and preparations 2076: 2063: 2031: 1980: 1926: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1728:Ixtlilxóchitl's rebellion 1594:for the first time since 905:Casas Nuevas de Moctezuma 626:merchants were put under 486:[ʃoːkoˈjoːt͡sin̥] 404:[motɛːkʷˈs̻oːmaḁ] 242: 232: 186: 165: 149: 136: 132: 124: 116: 106: 96: 86: 78: 51: 39: 34: 8014:Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan 7789:10.3171/2015.4.FOCUS1593 7622:10.1086/jar.39.4.3629865 7604:Isaac, Barry L. (1983). 6735:, pp. 195, 134–135. 6412:10.1215/00141801-7683240 5807:. New York: D. Appleton. 5306:, pp. 422–425, 430. 5226:, pp. 235, 298–299. 5017:Carrasco, Pedro (1963). 4887:. New York: D. Appleton. 4720:Art Institute of Chicago 4192: 4162:List of unsolved murders 4124:An elementary school in 3721:Battle of Fort Charlotte 3498:Genealogy of Tecuichpoch 3155:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2967:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2875:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2827: 2734:, which although within 2521:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 2491:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2302:Contact with the Spanish 2283:) and from a town named 2230:San Vicente Xiloxochitla 1875:and participated in the 1775:), Tecacman, Tzonpanco ( 1273:Early military campaigns 1263:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 889:Viceroyalty of New Spain 692: 674:Art Institute of Chicago 215:Mariana Leonor Moctezuma 7753:Oxford University Press 7454:Cohen, Sara E. (1972). 4577:"Moctezuma II Xocoyotl" 4262:Díaz del Castillo (1963 4209: 4126:Albuquerque, New Mexico 4112:Argyrotaenia montezumae 3984:", from the 1975 album 3754:Gerardo Ruiz de Esparza 3708:again added in 1992 by 3646:Leonor Cortés Moctezuma 2962:Contemporary depictions 2531:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 2506:Sebastián de Belalcázar 1796:(where Texcoco was the 1766:Santa María Chiconautla 1751:Otumba, State of Mexico 1412:) and Huiztlan (today, 1169:King Charles I of Spain 1005:Santa María Chiconautla 510:Ancestry and early life 497: 495:'younger son' + suffix 491: 476: 470: 465:Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina 464: 458: 448:The Aztecs did not use 428: 373: 342:, and incorporated the 7805:Thomas, Hugh (2013) . 7185:de Sahagún, Bernardino 6664:Díaz del Castillo 2011 6651:Chronicle of New Spain 6441: 6365: 6328:Díaz del Castillo 1963 6316:Díaz del Castillo 1963 6203:Díaz del Castillo 2011 6179:Díaz del Castillo 2011 6143:Díaz del Castillo 2011 6116:Díaz del Castillo 1963 6089:Díaz del Castillo 1963 6077:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5761:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5749:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5280:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5236:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5224:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5200:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5173:Díaz del Castillo 2011 5005:Díaz del Castillo 2011 4981:Díaz del Castillo 2011 4690:, book IX, fol. 4v—6r. 4489:Moctezuma: Aztec Ruler 4474:Ancient Nahuatl Poetry 4429:Olko, Justyna (2014). 4405:Díaz del Castillo 2011 4070:Heineken International 3995:Royal Palace of Madrid 3929: 3868: 3745: 3671: 3633: 3625: 3506:, who fell during the 3499: 3468: 3460: 3430: 3408: 3312: 3289: 3230: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3179: 3150: 2917: 2896: 2869: 2861: 2841: 2774: 2723: 2526:Bartolomé de las Casas 2251: 2032:Commanders and leaders 1868: 1822: 1708:, Coanacochtli (later 1701: 1649: 1614: 1586:territory through the 1575:which occurred during 1546: 1535: 1511: 1485: 1476: 1395:), a city neighboring 1343:), both in modern-day 1327: 1285: 1269:among those who knew. 1201: 1061: 1020: 984: 940: 928: 920: 854:in a civil war during 705: 669: 655: 616: 519: 459:Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin 394: 340:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 257: 8272:1520 in North America 7697:Moctezuma Aztec Ruler 7036:Wallace, Lew (1873). 6763:10.1353/tam.2007.0045 5778:, book VIII, fol. 8v. 4969:Vazquez Chamorro 1981 4957:Vazquez Chamorro 1981 4925:Vazquez Chamorro 1981 4913:Vazquez Chamorro 1981 4834:, book VIII, fol. 2v. 4540:10.3406/jsa.1958.1148 4210:Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtzin 4177:Montezuma's headdress 4144:Montezuma, Costa Rica 4094:dwellings in central 3993:On the facade of the 3967:Battle of Chapultepec 3862: 3692:Second Mexican Empire 3684:Moctezuma de Tultengo 3666: 3631: 3623: 3563:Bosque de Chapultepec 3497: 3466: 3458: 3421: 3406: 3387:Bernardino de Sahagún 3338:Bernardino de Sahagún 3306: 3256:Bernardino de Sahagún 3220: 3197: 3169: 3143: 2912: 2900:Bernardino de Sahagún 2891: 2847: 2835: 2772: 2688: 2606:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 2561:Pedro de Portocarrero 2556:Francisco de Orellana 2329:Spanish colonization 2249: 2077:Casualties and losses 1866: 1850:Bernardino de Sahagún 1816: 1695: 1647: 1640:Nezahualpilli's death 1608: 1541: 1533: 1509: 1482: 1470: 1428:Territorial expansion 1317: 1280: 1196: 1183:Siege of Tenochtitlan 1161:Siege of Tenochtitlan 1055: 974: 934: 926: 912: 899:Construction projects 871:of Mexico and son of 761:illegitimate children 700: 661: 649: 610: 590:(lord of men) and/or 550:. Moctezuma was also 526:through his daughter 517: 381: 261:Moteuczoma Xocoyotzin 255: 7987:"Montezuma I." 7924:(in Spanish). EDAF. 7358:Historia de Tlaxcala 7349:Muñoz Camargo, Diego 7081:Chimalpahin, Domingo 6613:Las Calles de México 6155:López de Gómara 2007 5820:, pp. 299, 330. 5364:Arqueología Mexicana 4983:, pp. 141, 499. 4792:Annals of Tlatelolco 4788:Anales de Tlatelolco 4264:, pp. 245–299). 4107:Montezuma oropendola 3971:Mexican–American War 3819:Hubert Howe Bancroft 3741:Lope Ruiz de Esparza 3723:, and his grandson, 3334:Gerónimo de Mendieta 3222:Moctezuma [ 3144:Moctezuma II in the 3101:Fall of Tenochtitlan 2742:to accomplish this. 2541:Francisco de Montejo 2471:Christopher Columbus 2316:Fall of Tenochtitlan 2210:Invasion of Tlaxcala 1860:until a year later. 1573:Battle of Tlatelolco 1320:Codex Magliabechiano 1077:(House of Birds), a 852:Battle of Tlatelolco 422:, was composed of a 18:Moctezuma Xocoyotzin 7832:Thames & Hudson 7776:Neurosurgical Focus 7488:de Torquemada, Juan 7460:The History Teacher 7363:History of Tlaxcala 6962:, pp. 138–139. 6950:, pp. 165–166. 6666:, pp. 324–325. 6570:. Vol. L 1516–1521. 6496:, pp. 479–481. 6318:, pp. 224–225. 6181:, pp. 306–308. 6145:, pp. 304–305. 6118:, pp. 216–219. 6079:, pp. 227–228. 6055:, pp. 114–115. 6043:, pp. 471–474. 5999:, pp. 421–422. 5975:, pp. 464–466. 5927:10.1017/tam.2020.35 5883:, pp. 450–452. 5763:, pp. 327–331. 5739:, pp. 226–227. 5727:, pp. 330–332. 5703:, pp. 224–225. 5679:, pp. 330–331. 5667:, pp. 221–222. 5655:, pp. 329–330. 5600:, pp. 495–496. 5576:, pp. 321–325. 5540:, pp. 232–233. 5528:, pp. 432–441. 5504:, pp. 229–230. 5440:, pp. 442–443. 5265:, pp. 423–425. 5250:, pp. 425–429. 5202:, pp. 287–288. 5119:on 30 January 2022. 4995:, pp. 435–437. 4678:, pp. 305–306. 4305:Tarlton Law Library 4157:Historic recurrence 4137:traveler's diarrhea 4133:Montezuma's Revenge 4028:Holiday in Paradise 3903:Carl Heinrich Graun 3477:Tlapalizquixochtzin 3216:Letters from Mexico 3198:Moctezuma II, from 2922:by Dominican friar 2277:Izúcar de Matamoros 1809:Spanish involvement 1335:) and Icpatepec (a 1333:Santos Reyes Nopala 1249:Tlapalizquixochtzin 927:The National Palace 474:('Old Moctezuma'). 288:Tlapalizquixochtzin 282:(also known as the 178:Tlapalizquixochtzin 8277:Dethroned monarchs 7015:México Desconocido 6442:Crónica Mexicayotl 6065:Muñoz Camargo 1892 6053:Muñoz Camargo 1892 5987:, p. 200–201. 5985:de Torquemada 1723 5869:de Torquemada 1723 5857:de Torquemada 1723 5737:de Torquemada 1723 5713:de Torquemada 1723 5701:de Torquemada 1723 5689:de Torquemada 1723 5665:de Torquemada 1723 5641:de Torquemada 1723 5586:de Torquemada 1723 4312:on 11 January 2023 4146:is named after him 4032:Goombay Dance Band 3869: 3682:(later altered to 3680:Count of Moctezuma 3672: 3634: 3626: 3510:, and a daughter, 3500: 3469: 3461: 3431: 3409: 3313: 3291:Crónica Mexicayotl 3211:Cartas de relación 3206: 3151: 2975:Aztec civilization 2862: 2842: 2818:Pánfilo de Narváez 2775: 2730:who had landed on 2724: 2721:Cuauhtémoc borough 2691:Calzada de Tlalpan 2642:Indian auxiliaries 2581:Nikolaus Federmann 2546:Pánfilo de Narváez 2536:Juan Ponce de León 2364:Strait of Magellan 2252: 1880:of Hernán Cortés. 1869: 1838:Matlatzinca people 1823: 1702: 1650: 1615: 1547: 1536: 1512: 1486: 1477: 1328: 1286: 1202: 1104:roseate spoonbills 1062: 985: 941: 929: 921: 706: 682:Gregorian calendar 670: 656: 617: 520: 395: 258: 8227:Tenochca tlatoque 8214: 8213: 8030: 8029: 8021:Succeeded by 7931:978-84-96107-53-3 7861:. Potomac Books. 7666:978-0-520-07875-8 7562:978-1-4773-0724-3 7493:Monarquía indiana 7446:978-0-292-72597-3 7400:978-0-292-72141-8 7383:Secondary sources 7340:978-980-276-460-0 7248:978-0-8263-4287-4 6568:History of Mexico 6384:, pp. 17–19. 6363:Guzman, Eulalia. 4768:978-0-19-067306-2 4508:on 10 March 2010. 4206:Classical Nahuatl 4172:Moctezuma's Table 4010:alternate history 3982:Cortez the Killer 3773:Estaban Moctezuma 3701:Duke of Moctezuma 3668:Estaban Moctezuma 3322:Warren H. Carroll 3138: 3137: 2898:Franciscan friar 2840:by Cottie Burland 2790:Juan de Escalante 2683: 2682: 2576:Pedro de Valdivia 2566:Francisco Pizarro 2486:Pedro de Alvarado 2359:Pacific Northwest 2261:New Fire Ceremony 2107: 2106: 1976: 1975: 1903:Battle of Atlixco 1896:Battle of Atlixco 1683:Succession crisis 1517:Battle of Atlixco 1462:New Fire Ceremony 1449:San Juan Achiutla 839:and Cuatzontlan ( 818:huehuetlatlacolli 718:Natural disasters 471:Huehuemotecuhzoma 399:Classical Nahuatl 250: 249: 128:16th century–1520 16:(Redirected from 8299: 8232:Moctezuma family 8182:Tehuetzquititzin 8056: 8049: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8004:Preceded by 8001: 8000: 7997: 7989: 7977:A reconstructed 7966: 7935: 7916: 7891: 7872: 7853: 7822: 7801: 7791: 7766: 7743: 7710: 7691: 7670: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7600: 7580: 7566: 7547: 7528: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7483: 7450: 7431: 7429: 7414: 7404: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7353:Chavero, Alfredo 7344: 7332: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7228: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7165:Historical Works 7160:Obras históricas 7155:Chavero, Alfredo 7144: 7129:. Translated by 7118: 7100: 7062: 7061: 7060:on 7 March 2010. 7056:. Archived from 7050: 7044: 7043: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6972:Bevan, Richard. 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6840: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6617:Editorial Porrúa 6608: 6602: 6601: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6558: 6555:10.7560/706286.8 6543: 6534: 6533: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6370: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6017: 6011: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5514:Chimalpahin 1997 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5149:"Códice Mendoza" 5145: 5139: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5112:. Archived from 5097: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4805: 4784: 4773: 4772: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4642: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4614:Chimalpahin 1997 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4504:. Archived from 4498: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4339: 4336:Chimalpahin 1997 4333: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4308:. Archived from 4296: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4118:Pinus montezumae 4084:Montezuma Castle 4048:Other references 3934: 3893:Josef Mysliveček 3767:in the state of 3762: 3748: 3733:Dukes of Atrisco 3698:, thus becoming 3688:Grandee of Spain 3642:Isabel Moctezuma 3520:Isabel Moctezuma 3391:Florentine Codex 3371: 3356: 3294: 3213: 3203: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3001:Nahuatl language 2985: 2971: 2970: 2904:Florentine Codex 2872: 2858:Florentine Codex 2732:San Juan de Ulúa 2728:Juan de Grijalva 2718: 2699: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2616:Amerigo Vespucci 2571:Hernando de Soto 2481:Diego de Almagro 2341: 2325: 2324: 2281:Tetela de Ocampo 2238: 2120:Valley of Mexico 2069:100,000 warriors 2059:Tecayahuatzin(?) 2049: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1900: 1899: 1774: 1749:(today known as 1714:Ixtlilxochitl II 1561:'s grandson and 1075: 1025: 1013: 999:(today known as 786:Valley of Mexico 613:Florentine Codex 532:Huehue Tezozómoc 530:and her husband 500: 494: 488: 483: 479: 473: 467: 461: 431: 406: 274:, was the ninth 269: 266: 206:Isabel Moctezuma 199: 145: 142: 117:King consort of 44: 32: 31: 21: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8196: 8144: 8068: 8066:of Tenochtitlan 8060: 8026: 8017: 8009: 7984: 7974: 7969: 7955: 7932: 7888: 7869: 7842: 7819: 7763: 7732: 7707: 7667: 7653:Lockhart, James 7642: 7640: 7589: 7563: 7544: 7525: 7503: 7501: 7498:Indian Monarchy 7447: 7430:on 1 July 2012. 7427: 7412: 7401: 7385: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7341: 7330: 7311: 7309: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7225: 7200: 7198: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7141: 7131:Pagden, Anthony 7097: 7076: 7074:Primary sources 7070: 7068:Further reading 7065: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6927:reporterosf.com 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6842: 6841: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6798:on 4 March 2009 6790: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6688: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590:. p. 215. 6578: 6574: 6565: 6561: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6449: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306:, pp. 108. 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5795:, eds. (1900). 5786: 5782: 5776:de Sahagún 1577 5774: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5390: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5356:Berdan, Frances 5353: 5349: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5188:de Sahagún 1577 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5095: 5089: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4875:, eds. (1900). 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4844:de Sahagún 1577 4842: 4838: 4832:de Sahagún 1577 4830: 4826: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4688:de Sahagún 1577 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4573: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4517: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4486: 4482: 4469: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4384: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4218: 4217: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4153: 4103:Montezuma quail 4090:, 13th-century 4068:, a brewery of 4060:Montezuma Falls 4054:Moctezuma River 4050: 4037:The video game 4014:Randall Garrett 3954:'s first novel 3937:Lorenzo Ferrero 3883:Antonio Vivaldi 3857: 3852: 3831: 3811:Maya ritual in 3781: 3769:Jalisco, Mexico 3756: 3638:Pedro Moctezuma 3618: 3613: 3540: 3453: 3448: 3435:Susan Gillespie 3433:Ethnohistorian 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3346: 3301: 3282: 3266:Matthew Restall 3258: 3192: 3134: 3105: 3045: 3031:Human sacrifice 2969: 2964: 2933: 2830: 2767: 2712: 2693: 2679: 2621:Juan de la Cosa 2591:Pedro de Candia 2476:Alonso de Ojeda 2331:of the Americas 2330: 2323: 2318: 2304: 2269: 2232: 2217: 2212: 2197:Tierra Caliente 2185: 2156: 2136: 2112: 2103: 2091: 2056: 2045: 2027: 2024:Tliliuhquitepec 1988: 1986: 1961:Pyrrhic victory 1950: 1921: 1898: 1886: 1811: 1768: 1730: 1690: 1685: 1642: 1633: 1592:Tarascan Empire 1430: 1391:(in modern-day 1353:human sacrifice 1312: 1275: 1191: 1135:La Noche Triste 1069: 1007: 975:Remains of the 949:National Palace 907: 901: 752: 720: 715: 713:Internal policy 695: 652:Nahuatl writing 644: 602:Huitzilopochtli 598:Mexica military 512: 507: 481: 446: 376: 267: 228: 211:Pedro Moctezuma 195: 191: 190: 182: 154: 143: 74: 70:of Tenochtitlan 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8287:Murder in 1520 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8164:Motelchiuhtzin 8160: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8019: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7982: 7973: 7972:External links 7970: 7968: 7967: 7953: 7945:Academic Press 7936: 7930: 7917: 7903:(in Spanish). 7892: 7887:978-0292720688 7886: 7873: 7868:978-1574888225 7867: 7854: 7840: 7823: 7817: 7802: 7767: 7761: 7744: 7730: 7711: 7705: 7692: 7671: 7665: 7655:, ed. (1993). 7649: 7616:(4): 415–432. 7601: 7587: 7567: 7561: 7548: 7543:978-2213593036 7542: 7529: 7524:978-0816510955 7523: 7510: 7484: 7472:10.2307/491417 7451: 7445: 7432: 7419:(in Spanish). 7405: 7399: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7345: 7339: 7318: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7260: 7247: 7224:978-0140441239 7223: 7207: 7181: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7139: 7123:Cortés, Hernán 7105:Cortés, Hernán 7101: 7095: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7045: 7028: 7002: 6990: 6964: 6952: 6948:Gillespie 1989 6940: 6914: 6892: 6885: 6856: 6821: 6809: 6783: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6711:, p. 196. 6701: 6686: 6668: 6656: 6632: 6625: 6603: 6596: 6572: 6559: 6535: 6528: 6510: 6506:Gillespie 1989 6498: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6447: 6432: 6406:(4): 623–645. 6386: 6371: 6356: 6354:, p. 467. 6344: 6332: 6330:, p. 294. 6320: 6308: 6296: 6294:, p. 545. 6284: 6277: 6259: 6257:, p. 223. 6247: 6219: 6217:, p. 222. 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6157:, p. 160. 6147: 6135: 6120: 6108: 6093: 6091:, p. 220. 6081: 6069: 6067:, p. 115. 6057: 6045: 6033: 6031:, p. 416. 6018: 6016:, p. 422. 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5963:, p. 423. 5953: 5951:, p. 453. 5941: 5900: 5898:, p. 421. 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 201. 5861: 5859:, p. 195. 5846: 5844:, p. 420. 5834: 5832:, p. 450. 5822: 5810: 5780: 5765: 5753: 5751:, p. 328. 5741: 5729: 5717: 5715:, p. 226. 5705: 5693: 5691:, p. 223. 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5643:, p. 221. 5633: 5618:(in Spanish). 5602: 5590: 5588:, p. 216. 5578: 5566: 5554: 5552:, p. 235. 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5480: 5454: 5452:, p. 227. 5442: 5430: 5403:(in Spanish). 5393:Barlow, Robert 5377: 5347: 5345:, p. 231. 5332: 5330:, p. 299. 5320: 5318:, p. 223. 5308: 5296: 5294:, p. 219. 5284: 5282:, p. 283. 5267: 5252: 5240: 5238:, p. 566. 5228: 5216: 5214:, p. 222. 5204: 5192: 5177: 5175:, p. 287. 5165: 5140: 5137:. 6 June 2008. 5122: 5108: 5080: 5049: 5025:(in Spanish). 5009: 5007:, p. 621. 4997: 4985: 4973: 4971:, p. 209. 4961: 4959:, p. 211. 4944: 4942:, p. 417. 4929: 4927:, p. 208. 4917: 4915:, p. 210. 4902: 4900:, p. 310. 4890: 4860: 4858:, p. 319. 4848: 4836: 4824: 4822:, p. 309. 4807: 4800: 4774: 4767: 4749: 4747:, p. 306. 4737: 4707: 4705:, p. 422. 4692: 4680: 4668: 4653:(in Spanish). 4630: 4618: 4606: 4604:, p. 290. 4594: 4560: 4530:(in Spanish). 4511: 4493: 4480: 4463: 4448: 4441: 4421: 4419:, p. 321. 4409: 4407:, p. 428. 4397: 4382: 4355: 4353:, p. 221. 4340: 4338:, p. 101. 4323: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4266: 4253: 4236: 4227: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4129: 4122: 4099: 4088:Montezuma Well 4081: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4035: 4024: 4006: 3991: 3974: 3959: 3915:Roger Sessions 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3830: 3827: 3780: 3777: 3765:Macias-Valadez 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607:of his court. 3587:, served in a 3539: 3536: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3329:order such as 3300: 3297: 3281: 3278: 3270:James Lockhart 3257: 3254: 3191: 3188: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2932: 2929: 2829: 2826: 2766: 2763: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2586:Inés de Suárez 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2322: 2319: 2303: 2300: 2268: 2265: 2216: 2215:Initial stages 2213: 2211: 2208: 2184: 2181: 2155: 2152: 2135: 2132: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1885: 1882: 1810: 1807: 1729: 1726: 1696:Cacamatzin as 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631:Texcoco crisis 1629: 1588:Huastec region 1429: 1426: 1311: 1308: 1274: 1271: 1208:), Chollolan ( 1190: 1187: 1143:Moctezuma died 977:Casa Denegrida 953:archaeological 900: 897: 805:), Chalco and 801:leadership of 751: 748: 738:and Tlacopan, 719: 716: 714: 711: 694: 691: 643: 640: 593:tlacochcalcatl 575:Aztec religion 552:Nezahualcóyotl 536:Tepanec leader 511: 508: 506: 503: 450:regnal numbers 445: 442: 375: 372: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 213: 208: 202: 200: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 167: 163: 162: 151: 147: 146: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 90: 84: 83: 82:1502/1503–1520 80: 76: 75: 73: 72: 64: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8304: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8282:Kings consort 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8208: 8207:cuauhtlatoani 8204: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8171:Xochiquentzin 8168: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8095:Xihuitl Temoc 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Huitzilihuitl 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8065: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7954:0-12-739065-0 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7841:0-500-28132-7 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7818:9781439127254 7814: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7762:0-19-516077-0 7758: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7731:0-520-01404-9 7727: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7706:9780714125855 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7588:9780806121215 7584: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7140:9780300037241 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7096:9780806129501 7092: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7000:, p. 73. 6999: 6994: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6929:. 5 July 2024 6928: 6924: 6918: 6902: 6896: 6888: 6886:9781787441125 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6852: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6733:Valencia 1991 6729: 6723:, p. 68. 6722: 6717: 6710: 6709:Valencia 1991 6705: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6687:968-15-0863-7 6683: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6628: 6626:968-452-299-1 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6597:0-520-04110-0 6593: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6531: 6529:9781607811671 6525: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6482:Martínez 1980 6478: 6472:, p. 97. 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6382:Lockhart 1993 6378: 6376: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6342:, p. 84. 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6304:Townsend 2019 6300: 6293: 6288: 6280: 6278:9781607811671 6274: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6193:, p. 91. 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6169:, p. 89. 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5789:Wilson, J. G. 5784: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5516:, p. 37. 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5483: 5481:0-292-77650-0 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5109:0-88402-300-1 5105: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4869:Wilson, J. G. 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4801:970-35-0507-4 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4628:, p. 35. 4627: 4622: 4616:, p. 97. 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Caso, Alfonso 4515: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4442:9781607322412 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4383:0-14-012559-0 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Marines' Hymn 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3867:(1870), p. 51 3866: 3861: 3847: 3845: 3844:Jacinto Canek 3841: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:Nahua peoples 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729:Guardia Civil 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3710:Juan Carlos I 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3622: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3601:chili peppers 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3572:and personal 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3528:huey tlatoani 3525: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485:Matlaccoatzin 3482: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3457: 3446:Personal life 3443: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3190:Hernán Cortés 3187: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3165:Hernán Cortés 3162: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3148: 3147:Codex Mendoza 3142: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051:Aztec history 3049: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991:Aztec society 2989: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2706:central plaza 2703: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2551:Juan de Oñate 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2516:Hernán Cortés 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2354:Inter caetera 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:Hernán Cortés 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2100:Many captured 2099: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1994:Mexica Empire 1985: 1984: 1979: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1891: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:Hernán Cortés 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1612: 1611:Aztec Warfare 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1474: 1473:Codex Azoyú 1 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1283:Codex Mendoza 1279: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1044:Tequihuacalli 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016:Codex Mendoza 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 982: 978: 973: 969: 966: 961: 959: 958:Hernán Cortés 954: 950: 946: 938: 933: 925: 918: 917: 916:Codex Mendoza 911: 906: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 878: 874: 870: 869: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 844: 843: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 813:against him. 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 791: 787: 782: 777: 774: 769: 764: 762: 756: 747: 745: 741: 740:Nezahualpilli 737: 733: 729: 725: 710: 704: 699: 690: 687: 683: 679: 675: 666: 660: 653: 648: 639: 637: 632: 629: 625: 624: 614: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 588:tlacatecuhtli 585: 584: 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 516: 502: 499: 493: 487: 478: 472: 466: 460: 455: 451: 444:Regnal number 441: 439: 438:speech scroll 435: 430: 425: 421: 418: 417:Codex Mendoza 414: 410: 405: 400: 392: 388: 384: 380: 371: 367: 365: 364: 360:(nobles) and 359: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:Hernán Cortés 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:Mexica Empire 281: 277: 273: 262: 254: 245: 241: 238: 235: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 201: 198: 197: 189: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 161: 157: 152: 148: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 71: 69: 65: 63: 59: 58: 57:Huey Tlatoani 54: 53: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8237:1460s births 8206: 8205:indicates a 8202: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8130:Moctezuma II 8129: 8090:Chimalpopoca 8080:Acamapichtli 8063: 8012: 7991: 7940: 7921: 7904: 7900: 7877: 7858: 7827: 7807: 7779: 7775: 7748: 7716: 7696: 7679: 7675: 7656: 7641:. 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3706:de Tultengo 3570:cleanliness 3512:Tecuichpoch 3428:Durán Codex 3413:Diego Durán 3184:Mercedarian 2924:Diego Durán 2748:Tlaxcalteca 2740:watchtowers 2713: [ 2702:Mexico City 2694: [ 2445:El Salvador 2374:Inca Empire 2267:Late stages 2233: [ 2193:Huaquechula 2116:Diego Durán 2041:Tlacahuepan 1999:Huejotzingo 1910:flower wars 1890:Moctezuma I 1819:New-Spanish 1781:Huehuetocan 1769: [ 1521:Huejotzingo 1442:Moctezuma I 1368:Huejotzingo 1261:written by 1222:flower wars 1206:Huejotzingo 1199:Durán Codex 1176:Chapultepec 1150:blacksmiths 1070: [ 1032:Mexico City 1008: [ 803:Chicomacatl 790:Amaquemecan 728:Totonacapan 703:Durán Codex 663:image, the 604:'s temple. 524:Moctezuma I 454:Moctezuma I 363:macehualtin 348:Yopi people 309:Mesoamerica 268: 1466 144: 1471 97:Predecessor 8221:Categories 8140:Cuauhtémoc 8135:Cuitláhuac 8024:Cuitláhuac 8018:1502–1520 7828:The Aztecs 6983:20 January 6978:HistoryHit 6494:Durán 1867 6292:Durán 1867 6240:18 October 6041:Durán 1867 6029:Isaac 1983 6014:Isaac 1983 5997:Isaac 1983 5973:Durán 1867 5961:Isaac 1983 5949:Durán 1867 5896:Isaac 1983 5881:Durán 1867 5842:Isaac 1983 5830:Durán 1867 5598:Durán 1867 5526:Durán 1867 5438:Durán 1867 5304:Durán 1867 5263:Isaac 1983 5248:Durán 1867 5158:24 January 5073:25 January 5042:25 January 4993:Durán 1867 4940:Durán 1867 4703:Durán 1867 4657:(7): 42–64 4287:References 4279:generally. 4182:Qualpopoca 4078:Cuauhtémoc 4019:Lord Darcy 3978:Neil Young 3943:language. 3909:(1781) by 3901:(1755) by 3891:(1771) by 3881:(1733) by 3813:Zinacantán 3576:, such as 3538:Activities 3473:concubines 3360:Cihuacoatl 3327:Franciscan 3262:Tlatelolco 3086:Tlaxcallan 3016:Philosophy 2956:Tlaxcalans 2952:Cuauhtémoc 2944:Cuitláhuac 2884:Cuitláhuac 2786:Qualpopoca 2637:Encomienda 2596:Juan Pardo 2369:California 2306:See also: 2273:Tochimilco 2241:Ocotelolca 2173:Xipe Totec 2140:skirmishes 2124:city-state 1794:Acolhuacan 1789:Iztapalapa 1758:Papalotlan 1743:Tepeapulco 1738:Tulancingo 1706:Cacamatzin 1569:Tlatelolco 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It is a 111:Cuitláhuac 88:Coronation 8177:Huanitzin 8157:Tlacotzin 8125:Ahuitzotl 8115:Axayacatl 8110:Atotoztli 8007:Ahuitzotl 7922:Moctezuma 7913:0556-6533 7782:(1): E2. 7688:0071-1675 7490:(1723) . 7351:(1892) . 7153:(1892) . 7125:(1986) . 6771:144939572 6420:204479194 6255:Díaz 2008 6215:Díaz 2008 5936:226372401 5793:Fiske, J. 5413:0071-1675 5395:(2015) . 4873:Fiske, J. 4534:: 21–31. 4074:Monterrey 3999:Atahualpa 3980:'s song " 3924:Montezuma 3907:Montesuma 3898:Montezuma 3676:Philip II 3595:or other 3585:chocolate 3481:Teotlalco 3250:Motolinía 3011:Mythology 2931:Aftermath 2860:, Book 12 2850:Moctezuma 2848:Death of 2759:Charles V 2455:Nicaragua 2428:Guatemala 2154:Aftermath 1937:1503/1507 1829:see below 1688:Elections 1659:see below 1624:see below 1596:Axayácatl 1584:Chichimec 1577:Axayacatl 1559:Tlacaelel 1555:tlatoanis 1410:Soconusco 1373:see below 1362:during a 1267:courtiers 1259:chronicle 1230:espionage 1226:diplomacy 1214:Michoacan 1157:Totocalli 1087:predatory 1067:Totocalli 1058:Totocalli 993:Colhuacan 937:Totocalli 893:cacicazgo 873:Tlacaelel 856:Axayácatl 842:see below 826:tlacohtli 773:despotist 678:Five Suns 665:five suns 556:Axayácatl 505:Biography 383:Headdress 332:Xoconosco 237:Axayacatl 173:Teotlalco 107:Successor 101:Ahuitzotl 92:1502/1503 8187:Cecetzin 8100:Itzcoatl 8064:Tlatoque 7963:25832740 7850:43337963 7798:26126401 7638:55463057 7597:17106411 7573:(1988). 7213:(1963). 7187:(1577). 7021:10 March 6696:34997012 6508:, ch. 5. 6460:, ch. 6. 5417:Archived 5358:(2009). 4724:Archived 4548:24603909 4522:(1958). 4392:29998568 4316:10 March 4248:tlatoani 4151:See also 4023:century. 3888:Motezuma 3878:Motezuma 3797:Tepehuán 3654:poblador 3599:such as 3548:swimming 3489:Ecatepec 3276:fright. 3174:Caciques 3026:Medicine 3021:Calendar 3006:Religion 2948:smallpox 2937:Tlaxcala 2887:tlatoani 2870:Historia 2450:Honduras 2386:Colombia 2146:tlatoani 2064:Strength 2015:Tlaxcala 1949:, Mexico 1942:Location 1858:tlatoani 1854:tlatoani 1846:de facto 1834:Coyoacan 1799:de facto 1777:Zumpango 1722:tlatoani 1718:tlatoani 1710:baptized 1698:tlatoani 1675:altepeme 1551:Jaltepec 1543:Tequihua 1519:against 1499:tlatoani 1490:Tlapanec 1438:Guerrero 1422:Ahuizotl 1397:Tlaxcala 1366:against 1304:Tlaxiaco 1254:altepetl 1245:Ecatepec 1234:Tlacopan 1179:aqueduct 1092:quetzals 1028:meditate 1001:Tenayuca 989:coacalli 837:Jaltepec 799:de facto 781:tlatoani 755:person. 636:tequihua 623:pochteca 583:tlatoani 571:Calmecac 564:Ahuizotl 548:Ecatepec 540:Itzcóatl 492:xocoyotl 434:earspool 409:compound 357:pipiltin 338:and the 326:capital 301:altepetl 298:of that 292:Ecatepec 119:Ecatepec 68:Tlatoani 8203:Italics 7996:. 1900. 7630:3629865 7355:(ed.). 7157:(ed.). 6425:13 July 5135:El País 4553:2 March 4275:Cacique 4187:Emperor 4096:Arizona 4092:Sinagua 4008:In the 3941:Nahuatl 3835:Chiapas 3809:Tzotzil 3801:Totonac 3704:, with 3593:vanilla 3578:bathing 3574:hygiene 3559:rabbits 3544:archery 3440:Toltecs 3246:Sahagún 3234:Messiah 3071:Codices 3066:Warfare 2915:turtle. 2867:In his 2736:Totonac 2629:Related 2438:Yucatán 2423:Chiapas 2403:Florida 2391:Chibcha 2346:History 2285:Chietla 2169:Huastec 2047:† 2020:Cholula 1947:Atlixco 1785:Acolhua 1779:), and 1762:Acolman 1747:Otompan 1414:Huixtla 1389:Atlixco 1360:Atlixco 1351:or for 1293:lands, 1291:Tepanec 1210:Cholula 1131:turkeys 1115:jaguars 979:in the 822:serfdom 807:Mixquic 768:elitism 736:Texcoco 344:Zapotec 336:Chiapas 278:of the 276:Emperor 166:Consort 60:of the 7961: 7951: 7928: 7911: 7884: 7865: 7848: 7838: 7815: 7796: 7759: 7738: 7728: 7703: 7686: 7663: 7636: 7628: 7595: 7585: 7559: 7540: 7521: 7480:491417 7478: 7443: 7397: 7365:] 7337: 7276:] 7254:22 May 7245: 7221: 7167:] 7137: 7093: 6933:9 July 6907:1 June 6883: 6769: 6694: 6684: 6623: 6594: 6553: 6526: 6418: 6275: 5934: 5478: 5411: 5106: 4798: 4765: 4546: 4491:(2009) 4439: 4390: 4380: 4251:event. 4115:, and 3921:opera 3905:; 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