4583:
3491:
4646:
3217:
6969:
26388:
3638:
3981:
7974:
4706:
3774:
683:
5503:
7621:
7303:
6862:. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs. Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The
3124:
6892:
4260:
3318:
7108:
28219:
3589:
7282:. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests can be a simple scrape, with minimal or no lining; most seabird and wader nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival, and feathers are often used for nest insulation. Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting
4329:
6836:
3425:
8783:
4496:
4296:
4611:
8358:
6615:
3830:
4681:
3540:
1664:
4471:
7729:, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first
6131:
4831:
4800:
6055:
3889:
8085:
7267:
22469:
3519:
8504:
3159:
26395:
5921:
4440:
27808:
4067:
7656:
25632:
7748:
4214:
8208:
3617:
157:
4193:
6513:
27369:
4862:
6719:
5051:
27374:
6227:
26381:
4883:
193:
4552:
3749:
3710:
3917:
25626:
3246:
4096:
3343:
6922:, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases. Some species have a mixed system with breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories.
3861:
3404:
25620:
1526:
7220:
27868:
24143:
3180:
1568:
5385:, both on the left side, but there are exceptions: species in at least 16 different orders of birds have two ovaries. Even these species, however, tend to have a single oviduct. It has been speculated that this might be an adaptation to flight, but males have two testes, and it is also observed that the gonads in both sexes decrease dramatically in size outside the breeding season. Also terrestrial birds generally have a single ovary, as does the
24167:
4990:(1990) is a landmark work on the subject. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree about the relationships among the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. Fossil and molecular evidence from the 2010s is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.
8638:
2723:
27983:
2775:, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true
3948:
27814:
5150:
6145:, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (
22367:
7167:, also occur. Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males. Mating systems vary across bird families but variations within species are thought to be driven by environmental conditions. A unique system is the formation of trios where a third individual is allowed by a breeding pair temporarily into the territory to assist with brood raising thereby leading to higher fitness.
5673:
7805:
4140:
24179:
3016:, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Modern birds would have expanded from West Gondwana through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. The other route was probably via Paleocene land bridges between South America and North America, which allowed for the rapid expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the
24155:
5574:, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur.
1750:. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.
6639:
range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in
Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory.
7768:, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either
7956:
in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general,
7849:
have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until
7600:
and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an "altricial-precocial spectrum". Chicks at neither extreme but favouring one or the other
6497:
in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead
5586:
bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart, it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left
1648:
was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics—teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail—as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the
7143:
For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that
6450:
are particularly well known for congregating daily at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins
5581:
of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated, it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called
5023:
Being able to sequence and compare whole genomes gives researchers many types of information, about genes, the DNA that regulates the genes, and their evolutionary history. This has led to reconsideration of some of the classifications that were based solely on the identification of protein-coding
2950:
age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the Early
Cretaceous to the latest Cretaceous. Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinent
1761:, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). Increasingly stiff tails (especially the outermost half) can be seen in the evolution of maniraptoromorphs, and this process culminated in the appearance of the
6638:
are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing
6493:. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as
5556:
layers. The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to
1312:
Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and
Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will
789:
Gauthier and de
Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem. The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants, which corresponds to
7204:
in males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks. Over 130 avian species around the world engage in sexual interactions between the same sex or homosexual behaviours. "Same-sex courtship activities may involve elaborate displays,
5569:
volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular contractions, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves
5470:
which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the
6418:
reduces the physiological demands. Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. Some have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting. Seabirds can drink seawater and have
6847:
Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of
1765:, an ossification of fused tail vertebrae. In the late Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, the ancestors of all modern birds evolved a more open pelvis, allowing them to lay larger eggs compared to body size. Around 95 million years ago, they evolved a better sense of smell.
8489:. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds.
7320:, which regulates temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through
6030:
A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the
7324:, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of
1690:. The loss of osteoderms otherwise common in archosaurs and acquisition of primitive feathers might have occurred early during this phase. After the appearance of Maniraptoromorpha, the next 40 million years marked a continuous reduction of body size and the accumulation of
5543:
from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of
7290:
keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in open habitat ground-nesting species where any addition of nest material would make the nest more conspicuous. Many ground nesting birds lay a clutch of eggs that hatch synchronously, with
8243:
are also relatively common. Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South
America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include
2754:(meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the Enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked
7925:
for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.
5389:, an egg-laying mammal. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival. While rare, mostly abortive,
8896:. In the tropics and sub-tropics, relatively more species are expanding due to human activities, particularly due to the spread of crops such as rice whose expansion in south Asia has benefitted at least 64 bird species, though may have harmed many more species.
6554:
Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the
7796:. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks.
5699:
have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. With the exception of pigeons and a few other species, the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the
2743:, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the
8617:
and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture. Aircraft, particularly military aircraft, are frequently named after birds. The predatory nature of raptors make them popular choices for fighter aircraft such as the
6737:
6989:
are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight.
22547:
7638:
ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the
6268:
Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.
7072:. Birds do not have sweat glands, but can lose water directly through the skin, and they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or using special behaviours like
20388:
5016:. As of 2022 the genomes of 542 species of birds had been completed. At least one genome has been sequenced from every order. These include at least one species in about 90% of extant avian families (218 out of 236 families recognised by the
5227:
is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The wings are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups that lost their wings are the
13152:
Tuttle, Elaina M.; Bergland, Alan O.; Korody, Marisa L.; Brewer, Michael S.; Newhouse, Daniel J.; Minx, Patrick; Stager, Maria; Betuel, Adam; Cheviron, Zachary A.; Warren, Wesley C.; Gonser, Rusty A.; Balakrishnan, Christopher N. (2016).
8035:
Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New
Zealand nine species of
7651:
describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.
6265:. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.
8749:
A 2023 archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations made on the side that are thought to have allowed them to be used as flutes or whistles possibly used by
5475:, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size.
8798:
in many bird species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of
7227:
Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as
5948:, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called
15357:
Takahashi, Akinori; Kuroki, Maki; Niizuma, Yasuaki; Watanuki, Yutaka (December 1999). "Parental Food
Provisioning Is Unrelated to Manipulated Offspring Food Demand in a Nocturnal Single-Provisioning Alcid, the Rhinoceros Auklet".
1772:(the "bird-chested" avialans) can be associated with the refining of aerodynamics and flight capabilities, and the loss or co-ossification of several skeletal features. Particularly significant are the development of an enlarged,
6848:
pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.
12714:
6645:
is a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when
6762:
1031:, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers.
8701:. Birds feature in the flag designs of 17 countries and numerous subnational entities and territories. Birds are used by nations to symbolise a country's identity and heritage, with 91 countries officially recognising a
7119:
Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both
7018:
and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety. Unusual mobile roost sites include large herbivores on the
African savanna that are used by
1027:, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and
3007:
Attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence using genomic-scale DNA data and comprehensive fossil information have not resolved the controversy. However, a 2015 estimate that used a new method for calibrating
6789:
8876:
for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the
7001:
of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for
7707:
is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Although territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a
7988:
Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the
6984:
often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.
6735:
20024:
Wainright, S.; Haney, J.; Kerr, C.; Golovkin, A.; Flint, M. (1998). "Utilization of nitrogen derived from seabird guano by terrestrial and marine plants at St. Paul, Pribilof
Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska".
5991:" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines,
5283:) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete
1313:
always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to
Avifilopluma.
659:
due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational
22357:
20710:
Chamberlain, D. E.; Vickery, J. A.; Glue, D. E.; Robinson, R. A.; Conway, G. J.; Woodburn, R. J. W.; Cannon, A. R. (2005). "Annual and seasonal trends in the use of garden feeders by birds in winter".
12292:
1556:, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. By the 2000s, discoveries in the
6156:
Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are
21527:
Enriquez, P. L.; Mikkola, H. (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". In Duncan, J. R.; Johnson, D. H.; Nicholls, T. H. (eds.).
7030:
in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather.
5529:
which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium.
1614:, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been
6760:
786:, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae, on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives.
6043:, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in
5082:
rates than in the tropics. Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and some
21747:
Davin, Laurent; Tejero, José-Miguel; Simmons, Tal; Shaham, Dana; Borvon, Aurélia; Tourny, Olivier; Bridault, Anne; Rabinovich, Rivka; Sindel, Marion; Khalaily, Hamudi; Valla, François (2023).
18217:
Schamel, D; Tracy, Diane M.; Lank, David B.; Westneat, David F. (2004). "Mate guarding, copulation strategies and paternity in the sex-role reversed, socially polyandrous red-necked phalarope
7850:
the trait begins to limit the individual's fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage colouration and
6736:
8276:
is also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Although some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species.
7128:, which is especially important for species in which care from both the female and the male parent is required in order to successfully rear a brood. Among many socially monogamous species,
6065:
Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply
13688:"The molecular basis for UV vision in birds: spectral characteristics, cDNA sequence and retinal localization of the UV-sensitive visual pigment of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)"
6788:
6168:
due to an island's inherent condition of isolation. Although flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do some flight-capable birds such as
8126:
that have taken to nesting on a short tree grown for agroforestry beside fields and canals. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests, and some pose an
15312:"The Craniolingual Morphology of Waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes) and Its Relationship with Feeding Mode Revealed Through Contrast-Enhanced X-Ray Computed Tomography and 2D Morphometrics"
12718:
7240:
instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense.
5691:
that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male
5577:
Capillaries are organised into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds, blood flow is slowed to allow maximum
7034:
have a tendon-locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus
6539:
undertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the
15611:
6386:, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of
5439:, where white- and tan-browed morphs of opposite sex pair, making it appear as if four sexes were involved since any individual is compatible with only a fourth of the population.
22355:
12684:
6761:
13298:
Maina, John N. (November 2006). "Development, structure, and function of a novel respiratory organ, the lung-air sac system of birds: to go where no other vertebrate has gone".
5211:
has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior
15111:
Paton, D. C.; Collins, B.G. (1 April 1989). "Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function, and performance, with intercontinental comparisons".
10822:
9996:
Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds".
6790:
4582:
11085:
8823:
in 2009. There have been long-term declines in North American bird populations, with an estimated loss of 2.9 billion breeding adults, about 30% of the total, since 1970.
6681:
is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an
6824:
Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the
10457:
Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (15 March 2013). "Hind Wings in Basal Birds and the Evolution of Leg Feathers".
16145:
Croxall, John P.; Silk, J. R.; Phillips, R. A.; Afanasyev, V.; Briggs, D. R. (2005). "Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses".
9524:; Andrea Cau; Hu Dong-Yu; François Escuillié; Wu Wenhao; Gareth Dyke (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".
9362:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
22356:
5695:
have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—
10572:
3490:
17490:
5952:. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called
8722:, birdsong has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as
5454:. This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality.
20262:"Of irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry: Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape"
9970:
6650:
also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability.
2739:, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of
12883:
Birkhead, T. R.; Møller, P. (1993). "Sexual selection and the temporal separation of reproductive events: sperm storage data from reptiles, birds and mammals".
5317:. This is a mucus-covered pouch that allows parents to either dispose of the waste outside the nest or to recycle the waste through their own digestive system.
6047:
is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare
26387:
12300:
11227:
8349:
has grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter.
7347:
The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below.
17208:
16536:
15138:
Baker, Myron Charles; Baker, Ann Eileen Miller (1 April 1973). "Niche Relationships Among Six Species of Shorebirds on Their Wintering and Breeding Ranges".
13638:
13333:
12577:
6261:
that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have a
518:
island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly
17147:
16197:
15425:
14860:
12741:
27730:
20679:
Pullis La Rouche, G. (2006). "Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis". In Boere, G. C.; Galbraith, C. A.; Stroud, D. A. (eds.).
17880:
8705:. Birds of prey are highly represented, though some nations have chosen other species of birds with parrots being popular among smaller, tropical nations.
6658:
are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.
19300:
Keller LF, Grant PR, Grant BR, Petren K (2002). "Environmental conditions affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression in survival of Darwin's finches".
15823:"Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds"
14780:
14603:
14422:
9503:
Gauthier, J.; de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves". In Gauthier, J. A.; Gall, L. F. (eds.).
27701:
19885:
Bond, William J.; Lee, William G.; Craine, Joseph M. (2004). "Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand's extinct moas".
16331:
14308:
7263:
have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.
5513:
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a
15016:
7854:
are "honest" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours.
7132:(infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of
6531:
temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds,
5722:
are large, not very round and capable of only limited movement in the orbits, typically 10–20°. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide
13829:
Viitala, Jussi; Korplmäki, Erkki; Palokangas, Pälvl; Koivula, Minna (1995). "Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light".
7174:. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal
15993:
8446:) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the
8098:
Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are
6426:
Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the
2779:
and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.
29020:
22120:
Blackburn, T.; Cassey, P.; Duncan, R.; Evans, K.; Gaston, K. (24 September 2004). "Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introductions on Oceanic Islands".
6728:
17646:
McKechnie, Andrew E.; Ashdown, Robert A.M.; Christian, Murray B.; Brigham, R. Mark (2007). "Torpor in an African caprimulgid, the freckled nightjar
7170:
Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of
27904:
23055:
19706:"Variation in host specificity between species of avian hemosporidian parasites: evidence from parasite morphology and cytochrome b gene sequences"
19487:
Riehl C, Stern CA (2015). "How cooperatively breeding birds identify relatives and avoid incest: New insights into dispersal and kin recognition".
17031:
Hutto, Richard L. (January 1988). "Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks".
16806:
Templeton, Christopher N.; Greene, E; Davis, K (2005). "Allometry of Alarm Calls: Black-Capped Chickadees Encode Information About Predator Size".
8423:, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events.
6661:
The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, a
6551:
regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs.
16763:
Jouventin, Pierre; Aubin, T; Lengagne, T (June 1999). "Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: the acoustic system of individual recognition".
14573:
Shawkey, Matthew D.; Pillai, Shreekumar R.; Hill, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria".
8118:
have benefited from human activities. Several species have reconciled to habits of farmers who practice traditional farming. Examples include the
6469:
Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi,
172:
28866:
10749:
8373:
Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a
5471:
lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the
15442:
Vickery, J. A. (May 1994). "The Kleptoparasitic Interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific".
7580:
At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed
6160:, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, most likely due to limited resources and the absence of
14732:
Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, RA (2000). "Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic Puffin,
14088:
8028:
Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal. Plants and pollinating birds often
5802:
A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (
4645:
17692:
Cabello-Vergel, Julián; Soriano-Redondo, Andrea; Villegas, Auxiliadora; Masero, José A.; Guzmán, Juan M. Sánchez; Gutiérrez, Jorge S. (2021).
16317:"Variation in Altitudinal Migration, Winter Segregation, and Site Tenacity in two subspecies of Dark-eyed Juncos in the southern Appalachians"
7667:
In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species,
2994:, dated to about 85 million years ago, are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020,
28892:
27758:
26456:
15763:
9596:
20159:
Dean, W. R. J.; Siegfried, W. ROY; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1990). "The Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide".
18813:
Cockburn A (1996). "Why do so many Australian birds cooperate? Social evolution in the Corvida". In Floyd R, Sheppard A, de Barro P (eds.).
9475:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science. Vol. 8. San Francisco, CA: Published by California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55.
26607:
26547:
20554:
Keane, Aidan; Brooke, M. de L.; McGowan, P. J. K. (2005). "Correlates of extinction risk and hunting pressure in gamebirds (Galliformes)".
12531:
Packard, Gary C. (1966). "The Influence of Ambient Temperature and Aridity on Modes of Reproduction and Excretion of Amniote Vertebrates".
20644:
Manzi, M.; Coomes, O. T. (2002). "Cormorant fishing in Southwestern China: a Traditional Fishery under Siege. (Geographical Field Note)".
16671:
16625:
Pruett-Jones, S.G.; Pruett-Jones (1 May 1990). "Sexual Selection Through Female Choice in Lawes' Parotia, A Lek-Mating Bird of Paradise".
15562:
14355:
de Beer, S. J.; Lockwood, G. M.; Raijmakers, J. H. F. S.; Raijmakers, J. M. H.; Scott, W. A.; Oschadleus, H. D.; Underhill, L. G. (2001).
9025:"The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: the youngest record of Presbyornithidae"
7896:(reduced survival of offspring) and the magnitude of this effect is influenced by environmental conditions such as low food availability.
5165:, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe
2798:. As both species are small aerial and canopy foraging omnivores, a similar ecological niche was inferred for this hypothetical ancestor.
27658:
27042:
14471:
11910:
Sato, Katsufumi; Naito, Y.; Kato, A.; Niizuma, Y.; Watanuki, Y.; Charrassin, J. B.; Bost, C. A.; Handrich, Y.; Le Maho, Y. (1 May 2002).
10300:
7845:
such as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian
14246:
12692:
11669:
Bravo, Gustavo A.; Schmitt, C. Jonathan; Edwards, Scott V. (3 November 2021). "What Have We Learned from the First 500 Avian Genomes?".
11448:
Cracraft, J. (2013). "Avian Higher-level Relationships and Classification: Nonpasseriforms". In Dickinson, E. C.; Remsen, J. V. (eds.).
6673:, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For
5191:
The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the
3074:, cohort, or infraclass. The number of known living bird species is around 11,000 although sources may differ in their precise numbers.
168:
161:
28069:
27972:
26954:
20680:
20338:
Dolbeer, R.; Belant, J.; Sillings, J. (1993). "Shooting Gulls Reduces Strikes with Aircraft at John F. Kennedy International Airport".
14749:
7950:
appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates.
177:
171:
28639:
18116:"Lifetime Reproductive Benefits of Cooperative Polygamy Vary for Males and Females in the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)"
9385:
7941:, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.
6235:
5078:
rates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater
3216:
2956:
597:
582:
167:
17076:
Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Grant, John D. A.; Veltheim, Inka; Kittur, Swati; Brandis, Kate; McCarthy, Michael A.; Scambler, Elinor (2019).
14356:
10215:
8055:
through the construction of nests, which provide important microhabitats and food for hundreds of species of invertebrates. Nesting
5894:
was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail.
5129:
created alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird populations.
1277:
Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all
620:, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, and rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that are
165:
163:
28840:
21866:
20924:
10858:
5442:
In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one 2007 study claimed to demonstrate
655:(bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120 to 130 species have become
176:
175:
9505:
New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
8013:. Many grassland birds are granivores. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised
6446:
families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and
28879:
27950:
27932:
23050:
21061:
20537:
16608:
11209:
10282:
10099:
10049:
Li, Q.; Gao, K.-Q.; Vinther, J.; Shawkey, M. D.; Clarke, J. A.; d'Alba, L.; Meng, Q.; Briggs, D. E. G. & Prum, R. O. (2010).
5443:
160:
18071:
Petrie, Marion; Kempenaers, Bart (1998). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: explaining variation between species and populations".
13899:
Williams, David L.; Flach, E (March 2003). "Symblepharon with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (
11128:
9381:"Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion"
8021:
bats. A wide range of endo- and ectoparasites depend on birds and some parasites that are transmitted from parent to young have
6821:
primarily using visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species).
6100:, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of
169:
21998:
Brothers, N. P. (1991). "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean".
11829:
Weir, Jason T.; Schluter, D (2007). "The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals".
10874:"Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of
6595:
and make annual round trips of 64,000 km (39,800 mi) to their summer feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan,
5373:
tubules that allow sperm to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may
21699:
17909:"Ultimate causation of aggressive and forced copulation in birds: Female resistance, the CODE hypothesis, and social monogamy"
16988:
Terborgh, John (2005). "Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: Costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys".
11353:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
9145:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020).
8450:, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the people of southern India. In the ancient world, doves were used as symbols of the
7937:) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations of
7921:(greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see
7780:
to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including
6910:
and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where
1298:
24778:
22556:
22274:
22259:
21982:
21850:
21274:
21071:
20965:
20907:
20475:
18707:
18680:
18653:
15294:
14659:
13136:
12667:
10532:
9725:
6753:
2807:
174:
28884:
24799:
21119:
18360:"Competition for breeding sites and site-dependent population regulation in a highly colonial seabird, the common guillemot
13401:
Fitch, W.T. (1999). "Acoustic exaggeration of size in birds via tracheal elongation: comparative and theoretical analyses".
11631:
11515:
Stiller, J., Feng, S., Chowdhury, AA. et al. Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes. Nature (2024).
11354:
11033:
Prum, R. O.; et al. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".
7634:
The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in
6277:
for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek
6051:
by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.
5428:. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ). A complex system of
29035:
29030:
27897:
21749:"Bone aerophones from Eynan-Mallaha (Israel) indicate imitation of raptor calls by the last hunter-gatherers in the Levant"
6630:
Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food.
6019:
starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary
2959:. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous
18931:
Alonso, J. C.; Bautista, L. M.; Alonso, J. A. (2004). "Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes
18024:"Variation in mating system among birds: ecological basis revealed by hierarchical comparative analysis of mate desertion"
17509:"Giraffe bed and breakfast: Camera traps reveal Tanzanian yellow-billed oxpeckers roosting on their large mammalian hosts"
17427:
10576:
28438:
21009:
19704:
Križanauskienė, Asta; Hellgren, Olof; Kosarev, Vladislav; Sokolov, Leonid; Bensch, Staffan; Valkiūnas, Gediminas (2006).
16500:
7205:
synchronised dances, gift-giving ceremonies, or behaviours at specific display areas including bowers, arenas, or leks."
6315:
with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of
5313:
nestlings (born helpless, under constant parental care) that instead of excreting directly into the nest, they produce a
3637:
173:
21543:
20955:
8698:
164:
24217:
22328:
22069:
Wurster, C.F.; Wurster, D.H.; Strickland, W.N. (1965). "Bird Mortality after Spraying for Dutch Elm Disease with DDT".
21044:
20992:
19623:
18834:
18724:
18311:"Same-sex sexual behavior in birds: expression is related to social mating system and state of development at hatching"
17944:
16962:
16349:
15901:
14962:
13792:
13126:
9974:
5565:
Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to
639:
Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with
22482:
16023:
Egevang, Carsten; Stenhouse, Iain J.; Phillips, Richard A.; Petersen, Aevar; Fox, James W.; Silk, Janet R. D. (2010).
13570:
8048:
today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa.
5983:—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey–Parkes system as "
5062:
Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the
5032:, for example, may have in common specific adaptations suited to their environment that were developed independently.
28448:
22314:
22288:
21825:
21682:
21099:
21019:
20875:
20143:
19590:
18988:
18734:
18582:
18553:
18452:
18278:
18201:
18174:
16972:
16359:
15533:
14940:
14339:
13883:
13553:
12915:
Guioli, Silvana; Nandi, Sunil; Zhao, Debiao; Burgess-Shannon, Jessica; Lovell-Badge, Robin; Clinton, Michael (2014).
12225:
12110:
12085:
12056:
11958:
11894:
11813:
11788:
11585:
11153:
Clarke, Julia A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Ketcham, Richard A. (January 2005).
9953:
9926:
9480:
9450:
9340:
8769:
8059:
may affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of
25631:
22444:
19086:"Immune investment is explained by sexual selection and pace-of-life, but not longevity in parrots (Psittaciformes)"
7772:, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or
1305:, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping
28964:
28819:
27967:
27962:
27807:
20897:
16348:
Collar, Nigel J. (1997). "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (eds.).
14718:
11271:
6898:, the most numerous species of wild bird, form enormous flocks – sometimes tens of thousands strong.
6781:
5466:
of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior
4999:
22033:
Wurster, D.; Wurster, C.; Strickland, W. (July 1965). "Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease".
20960:. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 120–123.
20865:
17247:
17116:
16571:
15394:
14829:
13669:
12614:
9146:
1676:
Over 40% of key traits found in modern birds evolved during the 60 million year transition from the earliest
28897:
28832:
28511:
27890:
22594:
22436:– Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species.
22399:
20491:
17878:
Westneat, David F.; Stewart, Ian R.K. (2003). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: Causes, correlates, and conflict".
16410:"Migrating songbirds tested in computer-controlled Emlen funnels use stellar cues for a time-independent compass"
14105:
Dumbacher, J.P.; Beehler, BM; Spande, TF; Garraffo, HM; Daly, JW (October 1992). "Homobatrachotoxin in the genus
12772:
10656:
8601:
5985:
5980:
321:
22474:
18887:. Philadelphia & Washington, D.C.: The Academy of Natural Sciences & The American Ornithologists' Union.
17227:
16894:
16877:
16212:
15839:
15822:
15523:
15477:
Hiraldo, F. C.; Blanco, J. C.; Bustamante, J. (1991). "Unspecialized exploitation of small carcasses by birds".
13490:
12760:
11251:
10776:
9023:
De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Zelenkov, Nikita; Boles, Walter E.; Worthy, Trevor H. (February 2016).
8550:
emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books.
8211:
The use of cormorants by Asian fishermen is in steep decline but survives in some areas as a tourist attraction.
4705:
3980:
3773:
28662:
28506:
28368:
28062:
28026:
28021:
20118:
18524:
16316:
16247:
16230:
14811:
14618:
14453:
14277:
12047:
Bierregaard, R. O. (1994). "Yellow-headed Caracara". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (eds.).
27368:
19836:
18898:
Schaefer, H. C.; Eshiamwata, G. W.; Munyekenye, F. B.; Böhning-Gaese, K. (2004). "Life-history of two African
18000:
7611:
7603:
6968:
6394:
estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%. Other birds are
1672:, a Cretaceous bird from China that lived 125 million years ago, is the oldest known bird to have a beak.
1622:
and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, studies suggest that the first avialans were
170:
28982:
28526:
28521:
28443:
27939:
15027:
12974:"Annual gonadal cycles in birds: Modeling the effects of photoperiod on seasonal changes in GnRH-1 secretion"
11544:
8538:, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent
6626:. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).
5973:
5486:. The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating
26394:
12398:
Skadhauge, E; Erlwanger, KH; Ruziwa, SD; Dantzer, V; Elbrønd, VS; Chamunorwa, JP (2003). "Does the ostrich (
11491:
7973:
7192:
6980:
The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times.
6096:
of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and
5365:
and it fills with lymphatic fluid instead of blood when erect. When not copulating, it is hidden within the
2963:, while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy).
2731:, which lived 93 million years ago, was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth.
29025:
28644:
21325:
20468:
Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures
17942:
Sheldon, B (1994). "Male Phenotype, Fertility, and the Pursuit of Extra-Pair Copulations by Female Birds".
16001:
14639:. East Lansing, Michigan: USDA Avian Anatomy Project, Michigan State University. pp. 67, 344, 394–601.
13611:
12127:
8558:
7965:
between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.
6487:
6013:
17:
26380:
12632:
10985:
7156:
6005:
28762:
28749:
28380:
28332:
28031:
24183:
23040:
20519:"How precise and accurate are data obtained using. an infrared scope on burrow-nesting sooty shearwaters
20194:
Singer, R.; Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). "The Breeding Biology of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Israel".
15862:
Clayton, Dale H.; Koop, Jennifer A.H.; Harbison, Christopher W.; Moyer, Brett R.; Bush, Sarah E. (2010).
13069:
8366:
8294:
Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as
8067:
7977:
7201:
6919:
5540:
5502:
5421:
5417:
5045:
3317:
2787:
1537:
Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup of
759:
162:
20982:
20415:"Birds, Migration and Emerging Zoonoses: West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, Influenza A and Enteropathogens"
18723:
Elliot, A (1994). "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
14159:"The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation"
13686:
Wilkie, Susan E.; Vissers, P. M.; Das, D.; Degrip, W. J.; Bowmaker, J. K.; Hunt, D. M. (February 1998).
12323:
9713:
9671:
Maryańska, Teresa; Osmólska, Halszka; Wolsan, Mieczysław (2002). "Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria".
8070:, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology.
6902:
While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large
6479:
3028:
in the Northern Hemisphere suggest that Neornithes dispersed out of East Gondwana before the Paleocene.
1011:
Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "
28584:
28569:
28361:
28218:
28036:
27957:
22822:
21726:"Composers' Appropriation of Pied Butcherbird Song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" Comes of Age"
19763:
17800:
Freed, Leonard A. (1987). "The Long-Term Pair Bond of Tropical House Wrens: Advantage or Constraint?".
16961:
Sekercioglu, Cagan Hakki (2006). "Foreword". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; David Christie (eds.).
14781:"Conditions and significance of night feeding in shorebirds and other water birds in a tropical lagoon"
12077:
9714:"CHAPTER 3 – Crown-Clades, Key Characters and Taxonomic Stability: When Is an Amniote not and Amniote?"
8831:
8458:
8130:. Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (
7628:
7328:
comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in
7093:
7089:
6335:
pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as
6142:
6021:
5997:
1658:
28946:
27373:
19440:"Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers"
15590:
11608:. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club.
10796:
9236:
8032:, and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar.
3123:
28907:
28767:
28667:
28594:
28055:
27927:
25571:
24771:
22737:
22727:
22391:
19149:
14073:
10479:
10382:
8123:
7816:
7376:
7112:
7097:
6250:
5704:, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a
5074:
occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher
4259:
696:
613:
484:
166:
47:
25625:
20358:
14675:
McNab, Brian K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds".
10598:
Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; O'Connor, J. K.; Lloyd, G. T.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2015).
9095:"Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites"
8734:
did, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as
8626:, while the names of seabirds may be chosen for aircraft primarily used by naval forces such as the
8518:
Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early
6236:
772:
gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to the
28969:
28279:
25924:
24869:
23063:
23045:
22448:
20366:
18937:
18786:
17164:
Anne, O.; Rasa, E. (June 1983). "Dwarf mongoose and hornbill mutualism in the Taru desert, Kenya".
15740:
14575:
9585:
9469:
Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, Kevin (ed.).
8925:
8915:
8854:
8562:
8416:
7911:
7085:
5041:
2938:
716:
490:
whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct
21948:
17266:"Harmonic oscillatory orientation relative to the wind in nocturnal roosting flights of the swift
17078:"Sympatric cranes in northern Australia: abundance, breeding success, habitat preference and diet"
16718:"Sarus crane Antigone antigone trios and their triets: Discovery of a novel social unit in cranes"
13739:"Chromatic and achromatic vision: parameter choice and limitations for reliable model predictions"
12657:
6288:
programmes. Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually.
3588:
628:(one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised through
29010:
28291:
28016:
27999:
27945:
27493:
26328:
25619:
23068:
21817:
21618:
21429:
Lasky, E. D. (March 1992). "A Modern Day Albatross: The Valdez and Some of Life's Other Spills".
18574:
17843:
17802:
16925:
Murphy, Stephen; Legge, Sarah; Heinsohn, Robert (2003). "The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (
16088:"Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer"
12533:
11355:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
8596:
7259:
have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of
6285:
5526:
2811:
2758:
adaptations and likely included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species.
192:
22742:
20463:
19145:"Female plumage coloration is sensitive to the cost of reproduction. An experiment in blue tits"
19043:"Egg puncturing by the brood parasitic Greater Honeyguide and potential host counteradaptations"
17987:
Wei, G; Zuo-Hua, Yin; Fu-Min, Lei (2005). "Copulations and mate guarding of the Chinese Egret".
17556:
Buckley, F.G.; Buckley (1 January 1968). "Upside-down Resting by Young Green-Rumped Parrotlets (
15311:
13941:
Land, M. F. (2014). "Eye movements of vertebrates and their relation to eye form and function".
8960:
Field, Daniel J.; Benito, Juan; Chen, Albert; Jagt, John W. M.; Ksepka, Daniel T. (March 2020).
682:
28933:
28689:
28634:
28574:
28196:
28009:
27871:
27470:
27414:
24210:
24159:
23035:
22847:
22797:
22423:
21870:
21632:
21568:
Dupree, N. (1974). "An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic".
19790:"Geographical Aspects of Bird-Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America"
17837:
Gowaty, Patricia A. (1983). "Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (
16699:
15997:
15895:
Battley, Phil F.; Piersma, T.; Dietz, M. W.; Tang, S; Dekinga, A.; Hulsman, K. (January 2000).
10474:
8920:
8869:
8816:
8702:
8283:
of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (
7575:
7302:
6962:
6769:
6603:. Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route.
6494:
6086:
5925:
5447:
5433:
5154:
5114:
4328:
2960:
2795:
2050:
1668:
39:
18670:
18309:
MacFarlane, Geoff R.; Blomberg, Simon P.; Kaplan, Gisela; Rogers, Lesley J. (1 January 2007).
16967:. Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 48.
15780:
Mario, Principato; Federica, Lisi; Iolanda, Moretta; Nada, Samra; Francesco, Puccetti (2005).
14475:
5482:(or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of the
5291:
like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's
3424:
28928:
28004:
25950:
25515:
22872:
22372:
20689:
19764:"The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests"
18643:
17893:
15282:
15058:
14254:
13873:
13350:
Suthers, Roderick A.; Sue Anne Zollinger (June 2004). "Producing song: the vocal apparatus".
13327:
10304:
8773:
8122:
that begins nesting in India when farmers flood the fields in anticipation of rains, and the
7958:
7944:
7918:
7893:
7869:
7863:
7129:
6642:
6567:, which were recorded travelling an average of 70,900 km (44,100 mi) between their
6303:
amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit
5662:
5429:
5252:
5122:
4495:
3012:
confirmed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous, likely in Western
1605:
728:
43:
32:
21529:
Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190
21350:
20693:
18114:
Barve, Sahas; Riehl, C.; Walters, E. L.; Haydock, J.; Dugdale, H. L.; Koenig, W. D. (2021).
14497:
Turner, J. Scott (1997). "On the thermal capacity of a bird's egg warmed by a brood patch".
10548:
Pickrell, John (22 March 2018). "Early birds may have been too hefty to sit on their eggs".
10163:
Turner, Alan H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A. (7 September 2007).
7620:
5109:
in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including
4610:
1721:
stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include
616:
of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially (but not necessarily sexually)
28956:
28920:
28871:
28788:
28736:
28552:
28338:
24764:
23500:
22463:
22413:
22387:
22131:
22078:
22042:
22007:
21760:
21215:
21204:"Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art"
20563:
20273:
20168:
20081:
20034:
19980:
19894:
19851:
19652:
19451:
19256:
19207:
19158:
19097:
19006:"Effects of intra- and interspecific brood parasitism on a precocial host, the canvasback,
18980:
18375:
18230:
18080:
17953:
17774:
17705:
17604:
17595:
Carpenter, F. Lynn (1974). "Torpor in an Andean Hummingbird: Its Ecological Significance".
17520:
17448:
17316:
17173:
17089:
17042:
16815:
16729:
16683:
16281:
16154:
16099:
16040:
15486:
15323:
15239:
15202:
15147:
15067:
14118:
14044:
13838:
13428:
Scott, Robert B. (March 1966). "Comparative hematology: The phylogeny of the erythrocyte".
13359:
13223:
13166:
12446:
12242:
11840:
11725:
11369:
11309:
11169:
11042:
10938:
10834:
10694:
10611:
10466:
10394:
10381:
Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).
10250:
10181:
10067:
10007:
9694:
Gauthier, J. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, K. (ed.).
9637:
9628:
Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
9533:
9283:
9106:
9036:
8973:
8873:
8865:
8861:
8619:
8606:
8451:
8378:
8334:. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism,
8135:
7953:
7905:
7660:
7311:
7271:
7178:. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection, although in the polyandrous
7152:
6915:
6818:
6300:
5701:
5677:
5370:
5300:
5186:
5098:
4680:
4470:
3829:
3539:
1710:
1698:
became increasingly less common while braincases enlarged and forelimbs became longer. The
1293:
being sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than to
391:
27813:
12402:) coprodeum have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?".
11682:
10164:
9147:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
8790:
once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that to over 500 today.
7879:. Embryo survival (that is, hatching success of fertile eggs) was significantly lower for
7198:
are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.
6891:
5596:
5295:. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by
4830:
4295:
8:
28589:
28483:
28176:
28078:
26702:
26227:
26093:
25728:
23030:
22922:
22862:
22807:
22587:
22529:
22439:
18310:
16627:
15230:
Jenkin, Penelope M. (1957). "The Filter-Feeding and Food of Flamingoes (Phoenicopteri)".
14956:
Battley, Phil F.; Piersma, T; Dietz, MW; Tang, S; Dekinga, A; Hulsman, K (January 2000).
14365:
13692:
13021:
Farner, Donald S.; Follett, Brian K.; King, James R.; Morton, Msrtin L. (February 1966).
12486:
12135:
11573:
11422:
8935:
8888:
Human activities have allowed the expansion of a few temperate area species, such as the
8827:
8777:
8427:
8291:, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits.
8232:
8099:
8079:
7886:
7668:
7251:. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay
7148:
7125:
6998:
6981:
6942:
6134:
5937:
5642:
5093:
Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been
4799:
3394:
2772:
1773:
1641:
1637:
1351:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
605:
22499:– Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals
22135:
22082:
22046:
22011:
21897:
21874:
21789:
21764:
21748:
21725:
21219:
20932:
20589:
20567:
20277:
20231:"Are rice paddies suboptimal breeding habitat for Sarus Cranes in Uttar Pradesh, India?"
20172:
20085:
20038:
19984:
19898:
19855:
19656:
19455:
19260:
19211:
19162:
19101:
18379:
18234:
18084:
17957:
17778:
17709:
17608:
17524:
17452:
17320:
17177:
17093:
17046:
16819:
16733:
16687:
16285:
16158:
16103:
16044:
15490:
15327:
15243:
15206:
15151:
15071:
14122:
14048:
13842:
13363:
13227:
13170:
12450:
12437:
Preest, Marion R.; Beuchat, Carol A. (April 1997). "Ammonia excretion by hummingbirds".
11911:
11844:
11729:
11373:
11313:
11173:
11046:
10942:
10838:
10698:
10615:
10470:
10398:
10254:
10185:
10071:
10011:
9641:
9537:
9287:
9204:
Crouch, N. M. A. (2022). "Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds".
9110:
9040:
8977:
5296:
3888:
29015:
28604:
28547:
26830:
26779:
26196:
25419:
24896:
23813:
22877:
22837:
22802:
22155:
22102:
22058:
21922:
21585:
21481:
21446:
21411:
21307:
21247:
21184:
21176:
20870:. Vol. VI. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 35–36.
20841:
20806:
20756:
20661:
20518:
20439:
20414:
20324:
20211:
20180:
20050:
20006:
19949:
19867:
19863:
19817:
19809:
19741:
19681:
19640:
19573:
Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
19555:
19512:
19415:
19390:
19325:
19313:
19120:
19085:
18856:
18829:
18497:
18422:
18264:
18246:
18140:
18115:
18056:
18023:
18004:
17969:
17913:
17860:
17819:
17734:
17693:
17628:
17577:
17482:
17375:
17340:
17265:
17239:
17231:
17189:
17139:
17058:
17013:
16931:
16907:
16839:
16788:
16644:
16589:
16563:
16517:
16297:
16252:
16178:
16122:
16087:
16063:
16024:
15923:
15897:"Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight"
15896:
15844:
15803:
15721:
15659:
15603:
15459:
15417:
15375:
15339:
15263:
15255:
15163:
15124:
15088:
15053:
14984:
14958:"Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight"
14957:
14926:
14903:
14878:
14852:
14803:
14761:
14700:
14692:
14522:
14445:
14403:
14300:
14227:
14183:
14158:
14013:
13966:
13854:
13814:
13787:
13768:
13714:
13687:
13661:
13529:
Hill, Richard W. (2012). Hill, Richard W.; Wyse, Gordon A.; Anderson, Margaret (eds.).
13453:
13383:
13275:
13250:
13210:
Göth, Anne (2007). "Incubation temperatures and sex ratios in Australian brush-turkey (
13187:
13154:
13107:
13042:
13003:
12954:
12896:
12860:
12827:
12808:
12764:
12606:
12558:
12550:
12508:
12481:
12462:
12380:
12029:
11864:
11756:
11713:
11694:
11403:
11330:
11297:
11263:
11201:
11115:
11066:
10961:
10926:
10902:
10873:
10788:
10730:
10632:
10599:
10500:
10436:
10274:
10207:
10145:
10091:
10050:
10031:
9896:
9847:
9783:
9752:
9676:
9653:
9557:
9520:
9407:
9380:
9304:
9271:
9217:
9181:
9067:
9024:
9005:
8812:
8554:
8409:
8357:
8307:
8288:
8170:
8088:
8052:
7997:, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be
7922:
7851:
7709:
7675:, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such
7496:
7424:
7164:
6698:
6647:
6284:
are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in
6109:
5463:
5326:
5212:
5192:
5094:
4658:
4166:
3883:
3518:
3513:
3158:
2448:
2400:
1723:
1703:
1572:
1561:
677:
534:
380:
187:
22207:
21464:
Carson, A. (1998). "Vulture Investors, Predators of the 90s: An Ethical Examination".
19582:
18485:
18092:
12415:
11154:
10233:
8961:
8503:
5898:, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.
5517:
for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an
5478:
In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the right
5450:, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-male
4439:
28915:
28775:
28516:
28374:
28301:
28206:
28191:
28118:
27610:
26809:
26082:
25867:
25471:
24838:
24203:
24166:
23939:
23886:
23836:
22979:
22969:
22912:
22712:
22707:
22647:
22468:
22324:
22310:
22284:
22270:
22255:
22147:
22122:
22094:
22019:
21978:
21846:
21821:
21794:
21776:
21678:
21485:
21270:
21239:
21231:
21188:
21095:
21087:
21067:
21040:
21015:
20988:
20961:
20903:
20871:
20775:
20725:
20471:
20444:
20139:
20114:
19998:
19941:
19906:
19733:
19725:
19686:
19668:
19619:
19596:
19586:
19547:
19516:
19504:
19469:
19464:
19439:
19420:
19317:
19282:
19274:
19225:
19176:
19171:
19144:
19125:
18984:
18950:
18917:
18861:
18799:
18730:
18703:
18676:
18649:
18578:
18549:
18520:
18489:
18470:"Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against blood-sucking flying insects?"
18448:
18388:
18359:
18340:
18274:
18268:
18197:
18170:
18164:
18145:
18096:
18043:
17739:
17721:
17663:
17620:
17538:
17474:
17332:
17289:
17005:
16968:
16899:
16831:
16780:
16745:
16652:
16491:
16472:
16431:
16355:
16170:
16127:
16068:
15975:
15928:
15759:
15651:
15595:
15529:
15290:
15093:
14989:
14936:
14930:
14908:
14753:
14655:
14588:
14542:"Elaborate ornaments are costly to maintain: evidence for high maintenance handicaps"
14514:
14335:
14188:
14134:
14005:
13958:
13920:
13916:
13879:
13760:
13719:
13549:
13445:
13375:
13315:
13280:
13235:
13192:
13132:
13099:
13091:
13050:
12995:
12946:
12938:
12865:
12847:
12663:
12513:
12419:
12372:
12221:
12106:
12100:
12081:
12052:
11954:
11931:
11912:"Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?"
11890:
11856:
11831:
11809:
11784:
11761:
11743:
11698:
11686:
11609:
11581:
11407:
11395:
11335:
11193:
11120:
11070:
11058:
11010:
10966:
10907:
10893:
10850:
10722:
10637:
10528:
10504:
10492:
10440:
10428:
10420:
10348:
10327:
10266:
10199:
10172:
10149:
10137:
10095:
10083:
10058:
10023:
9998:
9949:
9943:
9922:
9900:
9888:
9839:
9788:
9721:
9549:
9476:
9446:
9412:
9398:
9336:
9309:
9221:
9186:
9171:
9124:
9072:
9054:
9009:
8997:
8989:
8910:
8893:
8878:
8839:
8811:
islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as
8787:
8763:
8739:
8735:
8584:
8522:
and carvings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological
8323:
8186:
7981:
7842:
7838:
7809:
7789:
7688:
7640:
7248:
7183:
7171:
7133:
7011:
6973:
6907:
6895:
6851:
6710:
6619:
6556:
6387:
5961:
5929:
5780:
5630:
5522:
5374:
5362:
5260:
4213:
4179:
4066:
4038:
3704:
2791:
1729:
1718:
1681:
1530:
1133:
1116:
724:
700:
601:
351:
22566:
22267:
Latein für Vogelbeobachter: über 3000 ornithologische Begriffe erklärt und erforscht
22159:
22106:
21867:"BirdLife International announces more Critically Endangered birds than ever before"
20054:
20010:
19921:
19871:
19821:
19745:
19329:
18501:
18250:
18008:
17973:
17864:
17823:
17632:
17486:
17243:
17193:
17017:
16911:
16843:
16792:
16301:
16256:
16182:
15848:
15807:
15607:
15343:
15267:
14765:
14704:
14526:
14017:
13970:
13772:
13457:
13387:
13007:
12812:
12562:
12384:
11868:
11267:
10792:
10035:
9851:
9680:
9657:
7590:, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed
3616:
1709:
The oldest known paravian (and probably the earliest avialan) fossils come from the
636:
by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching.
28418:
28392:
28306:
27841:
27766:
27708:
27301:
27192:
26946:
26839:
26537:
26271:
26250:
25560:
25494:
25401:
25038:
23805:
22947:
22619:
22507:
22219:
22186:
22139:
22086:
22050:
22015:
21784:
21768:
21655:
21577:
21473:
21438:
21384:
21299:
21251:
21223:
21168:
20833:
20798:
20760:
20748:
20721:
20653:
20624:
20571:
20434:
20426:
20320:
20281:
20242:
20203:
20176:
20089:
20042:
19988:
19933:
19902:
19859:
19801:
19717:
19676:
19660:
19578:
19539:
19496:
19459:
19410:
19402:
19374:
19369:
19359:
19309:
19264:
19215:
19166:
19143:
Doutrelant, C; Grégoire, A; Midamegbe, A; Lambrechts, M; Perret, P (January 2012).
19115:
19105:
19069:
19064:
19054:
19021:
18954:
18946:
18913:
18851:
18843:
18795:
18481:
18414:
18383:
18335:
18330:
18322:
18238:
18191:
18135:
18127:
18088:
18051:
18035:
17996:
17961:
17922:
17889:
17852:
17811:
17782:
17729:
17713:
17659:
17612:
17569:
17528:
17464:
17456:
17406:
17367:
17344:
17324:
17281:
17223:
17181:
17131:
17097:
17050:
16997:
16940:
16889:
16823:
16772:
16737:
16691:
16636:
16555:
16509:
16462:
16421:
16388:
16289:
16242:
16162:
16117:
16107:
16058:
16048:
15967:
15918:
15910:
15875:
15834:
15793:
15755:
15713:
15686:
15663:
15641:
15585:
15577:
15502:
15494:
15451:
15409:
15367:
15331:
15247:
15210:
15155:
15120:
15083:
15075:
14979:
14971:
14898:
14890:
14844:
14795:
14745:
14684:
14584:
14553:
14506:
14437:
14395:
14292:
14219:
14178:
14170:
14126:
14052:
13997:
13950:
13912:
13858:
13846:
13809:
13801:
13750:
13709:
13701:
13653:
13437:
13410:
13367:
13307:
13270:
13262:
13231:
13182:
13174:
13111:
13081:
13034:
12985:
12958:
12928:
12892:
12855:
12839:
12798:
12790:
12768:
12756:
12598:
12589:
12542:
12503:
12495:
12466:
12454:
12411:
12362:
12021:
11983:
11923:
11848:
11751:
11733:
11678:
11639:
11471:
11385:
11377:
11325:
11317:
11255:
11247:
11205:
11185:
11177:
11110:
11102:
11050:
11000:
10956:
10946:
10897:
10889:
10842:
10780:
10772:
10734:
10712:
10702:
10627:
10619:
10553:
10484:
10410:
10402:
10343:
10278:
10258:
10241:
10211:
10189:
10129:
10075:
10015:
9878:
9829:
9819:
9778:
9768:
9645:
9561:
9541:
9521:
9507:. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. pp. 7–41.
9434:
9402:
9394:
9299:
9291:
9209:
9176:
9166:
9158:
9114:
9062:
9044:
8981:
8882:
8850:
8751:
8743:
8727:
8686:
8642:
8623:
8610:
8498:
8405:
8327:
8010:
7990:
7846:
7834:
7765:
7726:
7721:
7597:
7472:
7283:
7107:
7015:
6911:
6855:
6655:
6584:
6383:
6316:
6274:
6165:
6125:
5945:
5727:
5571:
5472:
5208:
5158:
4843:
4812:
4452:
4192:
4061:
3824:
3419:
3114:
3066:, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions have variously been given the
3009:
2783:
2740:
2716:
Mesozoic bird phylogeny simplified after Wang et al., 2015's phylogenetic analysis
1746:, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from
1553:
1302:
1194:
782:
of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from
769:
633:
423:
345:
142:
27882:
22553:
21675:
Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century
21581:
21094:(second ed.). New York City, New York: Biblo & Tannen. pp. 491–496.
20752:
19705:
19641:"Who's for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io"
19559:
17758:
17101:
16695:
14382:
Gargallo, Gabriel (1 June 1994). "Flight Feather Moult in the Red-Necked Nightjar
13639:"Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance"
11298:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
9272:"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"
8782:
6512:
6093:
5971:; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "
4861:
28488:
28235:
28227:
27788:
27781:
27744:
27665:
27649:
27229:
27201:
26788:
26446:
26305:
26236:
26108:
26071:
25913:
25898:
25817:
25773:
25752:
25529:
25408:
25365:
25190:
25121:
24854:
24619:
24373:
24339:
24266:
24037:
23865:
23335:
22857:
22842:
22780:
22679:
22607:
22560:
22486:
22269:, aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Susanne Kuhlmannn-Krieg, Verlag DuMont, Köln,
21134:
20575:
19837:"The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships"
19789:
19110:
18697:
18405:
17616:
17033:
15955:
13125:
Kobayashi, Kazuya; Kitano, Takeshi; Iwao, Yasuhiro; Kondo, Mariko (1 June 2018).
12916:
11093:
10986:"Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves"
9914:
9360:
8830:. Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions with
8723:
8650:
8627:
8547:
8523:
8435:
8390:
8295:
8279:
Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the
8178:
7696:
7287:
7260:
7187:
7065:
6994:
6773:
6662:
6563:
undertake long migrations, with the longest annual migrations including those of
6278:
6157:
6070:
5739:
5646:
5533:
5506:
5487:
5390:
5276:
5200:
5196:
4577:
4486:
4208:
4048:
3942:
3764:
3632:
2977:
2318:
2305:
2264:
2124:
1769:
1758:
1677:
1549:
1440:
1322:
1163:
991:
720:
656:
578:
544:
503:
471:
414:
363:
263:
146:
74:
28780:
22090:
21499:
20286:
20261:
19348:"Breeding synchronization facilitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance"
17077:
15880:
15863:
15054:"Insectivorous birds consume an estimated 400–500 million tons of prey annually"
13022:
12990:
12973:
11086:"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils"
8962:"Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds"
8677:, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in
8665:, and death in parts of Africa, but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.
8527:
5986:
5641:
is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing
29005:
28827:
28814:
28727:
28455:
28311:
28284:
28156:
27831:
27773:
27737:
27634:
27566:
27541:
27514:
27482:
27126:
27096:
26901:
26740:
26658:
26557:
26317:
26243:
26206:
25704:
25501:
25260:
25156:
25095:
25074:
24488:
24460:
24367:
24147:
24077:
24029:
23963:
23902:
23857:
23844:
23718:
23681:
23532:
23306:
23143:
22897:
22892:
22887:
22867:
22852:
22747:
22722:
22717:
22699:
22580:
21772:
20712:
20311:
20108:
18904:
18545:
17717:
16198:"Bird feeding and irruptions of northern finches:are migrations short stopped?"
16092:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
15741:"The crop milk: a potential new route for carotenoid-mediated parental effects"
15525:
Racing the wind: Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight
14877:
Hagey, Lee R.; Vidal, Nicolas; Hofmann, Alan F.; Krasowski, Matthew D. (2010).
14208:"Plumage Variation, Plasma Steroids and Social Dominance in Male House Finches"
12267:
11975:
11606:
Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics
11569:
10931:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10846:
10557:
10406:
9442:
8719:
8714:
8539:
8470:
8447:
8240:
7759:
7742:
7730:
7448:
7317:
7307:
7053:
6946:
6674:
6608:
6507:
6270:
6254:
6242:
6189:
5992:
5911:
5814:
5808:
5731:
5681:
5602:
5537:
5518:
5299:, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate
4979:
4882:
4856:
4636:
4533:
4465:
4311:
4082:
3929:
3855:
3534:
3472:
3381:
3232:
3211:
3067:
2736:
2526:
2424:
2278:
1996:
1695:
1593:
1405:
1028:
644:
475:
22321:
Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
22191:
22174:
21477:
21375:
Boime, Albert (1999). "John James Audubon: a birdwatcher's fanciful flights".
20629:
20612:
19142:
18242:
17411:
17394:
17328:
16944:
15498:
15335:
15079:
13954:
13414:
13311:
13178:
12049:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl
11738:
11644:
10707:
10682:
9824:
9807:
9753:"The phylogenetic affinities of the bizarre Late Cretaceous Romanian theropod
9649:
9213:
9119:
9094:
8985:
7993:
occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the
7980:, an example of a bird highly specialised in its habitat, in this case in the
7006:
by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from
6631:
6614:
4551:
3748:
3709:
28999:
28741:
28672:
28559:
28473:
28349:
28201:
28141:
27851:
27846:
27715:
27575:
27459:
27403:
27082:
27001:
26968:
26932:
26885:
26855:
26802:
26795:
26681:
26672:
26486:
26466:
26009:
25998:
25884:
25853:
25810:
25759:
25745:
25439:
25171:
25149:
25134:
25052:
24731:
24636:
24499:
24443:
24085:
24069:
23992:
23984:
23818:
23616:
23466:
23353:
23311:
23111:
23103:
23025:
22989:
22907:
22831:
22659:
21780:
21235:
21203:
20246:
20002:
19945:
19729:
19672:
19278:
19026:
19005:
18344:
18047:
17725:
17542:
17117:"Seabird interactions with Dolphins and Tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific"
16903:
16272:
14207:
13764:
13095:
12942:
12851:
12803:
11747:
11690:
11601:
11516:
11155:"Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous"
10424:
9919:
Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds
9843:
9806:
Plotnick, Roy E.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Holtz, Thomas R. (24 September 2015).
9356:
9332:
9267:
9162:
9058:
8993:
8690:
8670:
8561:
were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the
8519:
8512:
8486:
8386:
8273:
8236:
8166:
8115:
8107:
7994:
7961:) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.
7755:
7704:
7676:
7672:
7612:
7604:
7400:
7255:
eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting
7121:
7007:
6950:
6925:
Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-diving
6903:
6880:
6835:
6686:
6682:
6559:
is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Some
6470:
6364:
6356:
6074:
5957:
5949:
5878:
5820:
5650:
5638:
5479:
5330:
5280:
5236:
5106:
5055:
4877:
4825:
4794:
4671:
4605:
4254:
3916:
3911:
3485:
3101:
3047:
3037:
2973:
2834:
2755:
2735:
The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the
1981:
1968:
1831:
1686:
1630:
1577:
1576:
is an important source of information on the early evolution of birds in the
1390:
1102:
862:
764:
755:
712:
687:
593:
570:
565:
495:
467:
339:
317:
105:
28754:
22300:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Western Region
22294:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region
22143:
21388:
19364:
19347:
19059:
19042:
18326:
17428:"Energy relations of winter roost-site utilization by American goldfinches (
16827:
16426:
16409:
16166:
16112:
16053:
15646:
15629:
14558:
14541:
14130:
14074:"The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils"
13755:
13738:
13371:
12351:"Can birds be ammonotelic? Nitrogen balance and excretion in two frugivores"
11852:
11452:. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K. pp. xxi–xli.
11381:
11321:
11005:
10984:
Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (May 2014).
10951:
10488:
10232:
Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (23 January 2003).
10194:
10079:
10019:
9883:
9866:
8337:
Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly,
8306:
or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some
6693:. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's
6003:
being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost
5974:
3245:
470:. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in)
28619:
28432:
28406:
28343:
28245:
28240:
28131:
28101:
27861:
27723:
27450:
27324:
27317:
27256:
27174:
26961:
26847:
26726:
26638:
26567:
26526:
26476:
26294:
26147:
26132:
26117:
26051:
25939:
25891:
25803:
25693:
25548:
25508:
25487:
25480:
25460:
25453:
25446:
25393:
25378:
25314:
25271:
25232:
25102:
25081:
25012:
24990:
24611:
24566:
24471:
24415:
24252:
24171:
23915:
23760:
23576:
23414:
23362:
23234:
23195:
22964:
22952:
22942:
22932:
22629:
22479:
22151:
22098:
21798:
21659:
21243:
20448:
20230:
19737:
19690:
19551:
19530:
Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
19508:
19500:
19473:
19424:
19406:
19321:
19286:
19229:
19180:
19129:
18865:
18847:
18598:
18493:
18149:
18131:
18100:
18039:
17965:
17927:
17908:
17743:
17691:
17624:
17478:
17358:
Milius, S. (6 February 1999). "Half-asleep birds choose which half dozes".
17336:
17293:
17009:
17001:
16835:
16784:
16776:
16749:
16656:
16476:
16435:
16174:
16131:
16072:
15932:
15914:
15655:
15251:
15097:
14993:
14975:
14912:
14894:
14757:
14192:
14174:
13962:
13924:
13805:
13585:
13379:
13319:
13284:
13266:
13196:
13103:
13023:"A Quantitative Examination of Ovarian Growth in the White-Crowned Sparrow"
12999:
12950:
12869:
12826:
Sasanami, Tomohiro; Matsuzaki, Mei; Mizushima, Shusei; Hiyama, Gen (2013).
12620:
on 24 February 2014 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive.
12517:
12423:
12376:
12148:
11935:
11927:
11860:
11765:
11399:
11339:
11197:
11124:
11106:
11062:
11014:
10970:
10911:
10854:
10726:
10641:
10496:
10432:
10270:
10203:
10141:
10087:
10027:
9892:
9792:
9553:
9430:
9416:
9313:
9295:
9190:
9128:
9076:
9001:
8889:
8614:
8413:
8394:
8382:
8346:
8331:
8280:
8174:
8147:
8111:
7751:
7520:
7244:
7233:
7193:
7160:
6986:
6864:
6694:
6651:
6564:
6544:
6517:
6414:
Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack of
6391:
6352:
5915:
5723:
5713:
5705:
5666:
5583:
5566:
5514:
5491:
5338:
5307:
5138:
5110:
5071:
4983:
4623:
4434:
4117:
4095:
3967:
3743:
3583:
3570:
3342:
3333:
3295:
3153:
3021:
3001:
3000:
from the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative of
2869:
2333:
1931:
1735:
1585:
1456:
1377:
1176:
998:
661:
502:, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the
407:
24195:
22418:
22375:
was created from a revision of this article dated 5 January 2008
20046:
19600:
17395:"The evolution of communal roosting in birds: origin and secondary losses"
17285:
16467:
16450:
15979:
15798:
15781:
15599:
14750:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200005)244:2<109::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-0
14518:
14138:
14009:
13984:
Martin, Graham R.; Katzir, G (1999). "Visual fields in Short-toed Eagles,
13723:
13637:
Lequette, Benoit; Verheyden, Christophe; Jouventin, Pierre (August 1989).
13449:
13155:"Divergence and Functional Degradation of a Sex Chromosome-like Supergene"
13054:
12008:
Arendt, Wayne J. (1 January 1988). "Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (
11714:"Dense sampling of bird diversity increases power of comparative genomics"
11613:
8084:
7957:
inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (
6488:
6054:
6014:
5203:
that house the eyeballs are large and separated from each other by a bony
3860:
3403:
28853:
28721:
28712:
28624:
28609:
28599:
28579:
28468:
28161:
28146:
27686:
27596:
27531:
27272:
27222:
27153:
27105:
26870:
26816:
26764:
26711:
26597:
26577:
26516:
26280:
26030:
26020:
25683:
25522:
25287:
25246:
25217:
25210:
25178:
25088:
25022:
24962:
24949:
24908:
24787:
24528:
24428:
23976:
23823:
23629:
23608:
23597:
23562:
23429:
23419:
23377:
23268:
23135:
22937:
22762:
22757:
22689:
22674:
22642:
22223:
21700:"NJIT professor finds nothing cuckoo in serenading our feathered friends"
20925:"The Enduring Symbolism of Doves, From Ancient Icon to Biblical Mainstay"
18897:
18620:
18469:
18028:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
17469:
16449:
Deutschlander, Mark E.; Phillips, J. B.; Borland, S. C. (15 April 1999).
16393:
16376:
16270:
Chan, Ken (2001). "Partial migration in Australian landbirds: a review".
15971:
15677:
Hallager, Sara L. (1994). "Drinking methods in two species of bustards".
14474:. Bird Division, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from
12843:
10600:"The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China"
8930:
8905:
8835:
8694:
8678:
8631:
8570:
8342:
8249:
8162:
8127:
8119:
8029:
8022:
8006:
7998:
7962:
7873:
7777:
7544:
7341:
7321:
7237:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7041:
6872:
6623:
6588:
6521:
6431:
6415:
6371:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6292:
6262:
6205:
6121:
6082:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6006:
5941:
5895:
5784:
5719:
5688:
5654:
5626:
5606:
5545:
5467:
5405:
5346:
5334:
5174:
5126:
5063:
5013:
4781:
4546:
4130:
3975:
3963:
3739:
3722:
3684:
3611:
3308:
3240:
3043:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2767:
2727:
2550:
2081:
1610:
1545:
1306:
1283:
1146:
1012:
779:
751:
527:
80:
21949:"Vanishing: More Than 1 in 4 Birds Has Disappeared in the Last 50 Years"
21227:
21120:"Generative landscapes: the step mountain motif in Tiwanaku iconography"
20984:
Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry
20070:"Seabird guano as a determinant of rocky intertidal community structure"
19922:"Checklist and Bibliography on the Occurrence of Insects in Birds Nests"
19391:"Dispersal as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wild bird population"
13086:
12101:
Weijden, Wouter van der; Terwan, Paul; Guldemond, Adriaan, eds. (2010).
11476:
11463:
11181:
11054:
10262:
10133:
9545:
9049:
6130:
5779:
A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; some
5726:, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have
3179:
28564:
28425:
28181:
28096:
27751:
27619:
27426:
27310:
27280:
27247:
27215:
27181:
27167:
27160:
26984:
26894:
26688:
26648:
26587:
26496:
26425:
26412:
26340:
26287:
26163:
26140:
26125:
26061:
25988:
25876:
25846:
25839:
25782:
25738:
25432:
25321:
25305:
25294:
25253:
25239:
25203:
25164:
25142:
24724:
24663:
24516:
24401:
24355:
24289:
24093:
23955:
23894:
23873:
23705:
23689:
23624:
23569:
23541:
23473:
23438:
23316:
23164:
22999:
22974:
22732:
22062:
21589:
21415:
21311:
21290:
Clarke, CP (1908). "A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne".
21180:
21159:
Meighan, C.W. (1966). "Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California".
20902:. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 335.
20845:
20810:
20739:
Routledge, S.; Routledge, K. (1917). "The Bird Cult of Easter Island".
20665:
20215:
20094:
20069:
19953:
19813:
19269:
19244:
19220:
19195:
18958:
18569:
Jones, DN; Dekker, René WRJ; Roselaar, Cees S (1995). "The Megapodes".
18426:
17581:
17460:
17379:
17235:
17185:
17143:
17062:
16648:
16567:
16521:
16513:
16231:"Do partial and regular migrants differ in their responses to weather?"
15725:
15507:
15463:
15421:
15379:
15215:
15182:
15167:
14856:
14807:
14696:
14449:
14407:
14304:
14231:
13665:
13533:(Third ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 647–678.
13441:
13046:
12610:
12554:
12033:
11189:
10717:
10623:
9773:
9470:
8808:
8795:
8662:
8588:
8543:
8482:
8303:
8182:
8103:
8009:. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or
7781:
7692:
7329:
7296:
7266:
7252:
7179:
7175:
7049:
6876:
6840:
6825:
6809:
6797:
6744:
6600:
6580:
6480:
6474:
6447:
6439:
6427:
6420:
6340:
6173:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6036:
5936:
Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in
5884:
5826:
5796:
5792:
5750:
5610:
5553:
5549:
5394:
5369:
compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. Female birds have
5366:
5354:
5288:
5161:, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12
5079:
5075:
5067:
4700:
4696:
4675:
4404:
4282:
4086:
3842:
3735:
3462:
3285:
3174:
3071:
3063:
2947:
2858:
2751:
2510:
2376:
2290:
2247:
2034:
1913:
1856:
1806:
1754:
1699:
1597:
1525:
790:
meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups.
747:
665:
556:
552:
523:
459:
410:
358:
302:
237:
125:
90:
22572:
21975:
Conserving Bird Biodiversity: General Principles and their Application
21450:
20430:
19993:
19968:
19721:
19664:
18729:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
17786:
17533:
17508:
15690:
14057:
14032:
14001:
13705:
12933:
12499:
12367:
12350:
12151:, David Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. 1988. Simon and Schuster, New York.)
11390:
10415:
9834:
9586:"The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"
7747:
6685:. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the
6022:
5998:
2790:
of all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modern
1663:
1567:
956:
The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups.
28801:
28399:
28296:
28123:
28106:
28047:
27856:
27836:
27672:
27627:
27589:
27582:
27139:
27072:
27052:
27032:
27022:
27012:
26922:
26756:
26749:
26718:
26213:
26040:
25832:
25714:
25386:
25328:
25280:
25224:
25110:
24979:
24881:
24829:
24655:
24345:
24319:
24246:
24053:
24008:
23797:
23590:
23507:
23491:
23480:
23390:
23326:
23285:
22984:
22785:
22772:
22752:
22652:
19639:
Gong, Lixin; Shi, Biye; Wu, Hui; Feng, Jiang; Jiang, Tinglei (2021).
18514:
17694:"Urohidrosis as an overlooked cooling mechanism in long-legged birds"
17439:
16741:
15539:
15259:
13850:
12458:
9613:
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004).
8846:
8804:
8800:
8731:
8592:
8466:
8398:
8315:
8257:
8219:, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003,
8139:
8014:
8002:
7930:
7822:
7655:
7624:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7337:
7292:
7279:
7214:
7036:
7031:
7026:
Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their
6604:
6572:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6527:
Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of
6452:
6395:
6312:
6221:
6201:
6164:
land predators. Flightlessness is almost exclusively correlated with
6044:
5890:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5803:
5764:
5756:
5658:
5634:
5622:
5618:
5605:
is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the
5578:
5451:
5398:
5314:
5310:
5292:
5264:
5220:
5170:
5162:
5144:
5102:
5029:
4564:
4290:
4183:
3971:
3811:
3398:
3077:
3017:
2901:
2881:
2776:
2497:
2099:
2021:
1953:
1881:
1762:
987:
983:
971:
963:
897:
882:
774:
735:
586:
479:
451:
289:
250:
204:
130:
66:
28683:
27982:
22054:
21303:
21172:
20837:
20802:
20657:
20613:"The international wild bird trade: what's wrong with blanket bans?"
20302:
20207:
19969:"Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid-Wales, UK"
19937:
19805:
19703:
19543:
18418:
17573:
17371:
17135:
17054:
16640:
16559:
16293:
15717:
15455:
15413:
15371:
15159:
14848:
14799:
14441:
14399:
14296:
14223:
13657:
13038:
12602:
12025:
11987:
11259:
10784:
8207:
8041:
7182:, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females.
5920:
3947:
2722:
1560:
Province of northeast China, which demonstrated many small theropod
1271:
Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018.
485:
478:. There are over 11,000 living species, more than half of which are
28845:
28806:
28706:
28463:
28136:
28111:
27919:
27679:
27551:
27208:
27146:
26908:
26862:
26506:
26257:
26181:
25825:
25789:
25335:
25067:
24820:
24811:
24625:
24553:
24541:
24303:
24274:
24227:
24021:
23751:
23726:
23672:
23583:
23555:
23445:
23409:
23401:
23383:
23278:
23263:
23247:
22994:
22957:
22790:
21442:
20899:
The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries
20303:"Ornithology and integrated pest management: Red-winged blackbirds
19437:
17856:
17815:
16876:
Dodenhoff, Danielle J.; Stark, Robert D.; Johnson, Eric V. (2001).
16717:
15704:
MacLean, Gordon L. (1 June 1983). "Water Transport by Sandgrouse".
15581:
14688:
14510:
14354:
13788:"Ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits"
12742:"The 20-cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck (Oxyura vittata)"
12546:
11529:
9757:
bondoc(Dinosauria, Maniraptora): Dromaeosaurid or flightless bird?"
9617:(Second ed.). University of California Press. pp. 861 pp.
8682:
8646:
8637:
8580:
8330:, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as
8319:
8269:
8245:
8231:
account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated
8190:
8143:
8017:. Birds are also preyed upon by a range of mammals including a few
7700:
7684:
7635:
7325:
7256:
7137:
7057:
7020:
7003:
6938:
6548:
6464:
6443:
6435:
6348:
6197:
6078:
6073:; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an
6058:
5868:
5832:
5692:
5614:
5386:
5350:
5342:
5284:
5215:
and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the
5025:
4640:
4414:
3013:
2981:
2980:
proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the
2952:
2877:
2845:
2750:
Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the
2744:
1714:
1623:
1615:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1423:
1278:
1066:
997:
Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternately
822:
704:
648:
600:). Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and
540:
537:
515:
499:
455:
276:
224:
120:
115:
100:
95:
85:
70:
38:"Birds", "Aves", and "Avifauna" redirect here. For other uses, see
21402:
Chandler, A. (1934). "The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry".
20778:. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 214 – via Wayback Machine.
19834:
15026:. Australian Government – Land and Water Australia. Archived from
13609:
12479:
12321:
12125:
9698:. San Francisco, California: Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. pp. 1–55.
9326:
7647:
and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months. The
5672:
5066:'s breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in
5050:
526:, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is called
28977:
28858:
28316:
28260:
28250:
27693:
27439:
27287:
27112:
26627:
25967:
25796:
25662:
25649:
25583:
24738:
24577:
24423:
23931:
23784:
23663:
23548:
23514:
23452:
23273:
23127:
23119:
22812:
22684:
22669:
22501:
22250:(17-volume encyclopaedia), Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 1992–2010. (
19835:
Temeles, E.; Linhart, Y.; Masonjones, M.; Masonjones, H. (2002).
18519:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 16–17, 26.
18296:
Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity
17207:
Gauthier-Clerc, Michael; Tamisier, Alain; Cézilly, Frank (2000).
16878:"Do woodpecker drums encode information for species recognition?"
13828:
13737:
Olsson, Peter; Lind, Olle; Kelber, Almut; Simmons, Leigh (2018).
13128:
Reproductive and Developmental Strategies: The Continuity of Life
11450:
The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
10165:"A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight"
8842:
8575:
8462:
8338:
8228:
8216:
8131:
8092:
8056:
8018:
7880:
7830:
7804:
7785:
7680:
7229:
6930:
6926:
6690:
6576:
6560:
6399:
6336:
6328:
6296:
6258:
6246:
6150:
5953:
5907:
5856:
5788:
5768:
5696:
5609:
is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the
5382:
5358:
5272:
5248:
5229:
5224:
5149:
5105:. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild
5097:
by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the
5087:
5083:
5009:
4315:
3364:
3312:
3118:
3059:
3055:
2968:
2894:
2841:
2575:
2251:
1791:
1747:
1691:
1601:
1589:
1533:
showing the relationship between modern birds and other dinosaurs
1471:
1335:
1289:
1209:
1005:
802:
783:
640:
560:
548:
519:
511:
447:
369:
135:
110:
24567:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
22458:
22453:
21092:
The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion
20413:
Reed, K. D.; Meece, J. K.; Henkel, J. S.; Shukla, S. K. (2003).
17645:
16085:
16022:
12825:
12348:
11083:
10927:"Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium"
10115:
7219:
6937:, which push shoaling fish towards the surface. Some species of
6423:
inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils.
5742:
but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the
962:' position is uncertain: Some authorities embed them inside the
28171:
27264:
27062:
26939:
26617:
25001:
24805:
24644:
24601:
24590:
24240:
24061:
24000:
23776:
23768:
23697:
23637:
23521:
23459:
23342:
23009:
23004:
22882:
20987:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81.
18403:
Booker, L; Booker, M (1991). "Why Are Cuckoos Host Specific?".
17209:"Sleep-Vigilance Trade-off in Gadwall during the Winter Period"
16229:
Nilsson, Anna L.K.; Alerstam, Thomas; Nilsson, Jan-Åke (2006).
15738:
15563:"The role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds"
15395:"Predation and kleptoparasitism by migrating Parasitic Jaegers"
15052:
Nyffeler, M.; Şekercioğlu, Ç. H.; Whelan, C. J. (August 2018).
14251:
Body Hot Spots: The Anatomy of Human Social Organs and Behavior
13785:
12397:
10326:
Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. S. (January 2007).
9921:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 171–224.
8674:
8666:
8533:
8478:
8474:
8454:
8311:
8261:
8202:
8045:
7826:
7793:
7716:
7712:
in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.
7644:
7333:
7045:
6670:
6666:
6596:
6568:
6528:
6403:
6281:
6177:
6161:
6011:
begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the
5836:) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (
5709:
5661:
in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. They also have
5425:
5409:
5256:
5216:
5204:
5090:
have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep.
5005:
4187:
3051:
3046:
Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the
2472:
2351:
2231:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau
1515:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau
959:
869:
829:
750:, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade
507:
214:
24756:
22491:
21066:. London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 34–37, 74–75.
20709:
20138:(Second ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
18308:
17676:
16451:"The case for light-dependent magnetic orientation in animals"
15356:
15024:
Land, Water & Wool Northern Tablelands Property Fact Sheet
14779:
Robert, Michel; McNeil, Raymond; Leduc, Alain (January 1989).
14104:
12914:
12480:
Mora, J.; Martuscelli, J; Ortiz Pineda, J; Soberon, G (1965).
12349:
Tsahar, Ella; Martínez Del Rio, C; Izhaki, I; Arad, Z (2005).
11352:
9022:
8287:), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. The
6949:, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearby
6583:, with one bird covering 81,600 km (50,700 mi), and
5275:, through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a
1004:
Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately
555:
sense of the term, and their closest living relatives are the
435:
28941:
28321:
28255:
25059:
23947:
23734:
23297:
21531:. St. Paul, Minnesota: USDA Forest Service. pp. 160–166.
20492:"Poultry species: Gateway to poultry production and products"
19618:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
19040:
18902:
warblers: low annual fecundity and long post-fledging care".
17206:
11152:
9945:
Unearthing the Dragon: The Great Feathered Dinosaur Discovery
9498:
9496:
9494:
9492:
8849:
and pesticide use), competition and predation from nonnative
8566:
8508:
8431:
8420:
8374:
8284:
8265:
8060:
6868:
6859:
6635:
6592:
6360:
6226:
6209:
6027:
are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap.
5968:
5873:
5483:
5378:
5118:
4319:
4286:
4139:
3768:
1777:
1753:
Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the
833:
732:
652:
463:
330:
28793:
24461:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
20109:
Sutherland, William J.; Newton, Ian; Green, Rhys E. (2004).
18702:. National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association. p. 50.
16857:
Miskelly, C. M. (July 1987). "The identity of the hakawai".
16448:
16144:
13988:(Accipitridae), and the function of binocularity in birds".
12482:"The regulation of urea-biosynthesis enzymes in vertebrates"
12293:"The Surprising Closest Relative of the Huge Elephant Birds"
10525:
Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
10380:
9144:
8063:, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.
7048:
accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates. This
6993:
Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into
6611:
often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.
6402:, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls,
6085:
from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as
6035:. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of
5940:
not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate
23923:
23290:
23253:
23223:
22637:
22433:
22172:
21646:
Head, Matthew (1997). "Birdsong and the Origins of Music".
19243:
Hemmings, N. L.; Slate, J.; Birkhead, T. R. (29 May 2012).
17228:
10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0307:SVTOIG]2.0.CO;2
16895:
10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0143:DWDEIF]2.0.CO;2
16354:. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
15956:"Metabolic constraints on long-distance migration in birds"
15840:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2
15180:
15017:"Birds on New England wool properties – A woolgrower guide"
14830:"Grit Use by House Sparrows: Effects of Diet and Grit Size"
12761:
10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0820:TCSPOT]2.0.CO;2
11252:
10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2
10777:
10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2
10116:
Xing Xu; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An
8820:
8565:. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example,
8443:
8401:
8299:
8253:
7027:
6934:
6829:
6379:
6375:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6146:
5862:
5744:
5413:
5268:
4490:
4323:
4134:
4090:
3337:
2762:
647:
birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers.
429:
22542:
22536:
22246:
Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
22119:
20023:
18750:
Metz, V. G.; Schreiber, E. A. (2002). "Great Frigatebird (
17307:
Rattenborg, Niels C. (2006). "Do birds sleep in flight?".
16408:
Mouritsen, Henrik; Larsen, Ole Næsbye (15 November 2001).
16248:
10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[537:DPARMD]2.0.CO;2
15181:
Cherel, Yves; Bocher, P; De Broyer, C; Hobson, KA (2002).
14876:
14719:"Flightlessness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
13636:
13151:
12715:"Ornithology, 3rd Edition – Waterfowl: Order Anseriformes"
10680:
10597:
9712:
Lee, Michael S. Y.; Spencer, Patrick S. (1 January 1997).
9489:
9329:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks
8864:
groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that
5525:. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by
5173:
that shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitate
2955:
or occurred later and potentially as a consequence of the
1684:, i.e. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than to
24045:
22902:
22664:
22281:
National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America
19438:
Nelson-Flower MJ, Hockey PA, O'Ryan C, Ridley AR (2012).
19041:
Spottiswoode, C. N.; Colebrook-Robjent, J. F. R. (2007).
18830:"Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds"
18001:
10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[527:CAMGOT]2.0.CO;2
17075:
16716:
Roy, Suhridam; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
15051:
13349:
12828:"Sperm Storage in the Female Reproductive Tract in Birds"
12685:"How Chickens Lost Their Penises (And Ducks Kept Theirs)"
11568:
10362:
8658:
8155:
8151:
8037:
7792:, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the
6678:
6193:
6169:
6066:
5760:
5735:
5645:
for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual
5232:
5101:, for example, has been introduced around the world as a
3236:
491:
22068:
22032:
21746:
20824:
Thankappan Nair, P. (1974). "The Peacock Cult in Asia".
19577:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370.
18216:
18113:
16624:
15861:
15779:
13610:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).
13124:
12322:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).
12126:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988).
11973:
11711:
9612:
8477:, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city of
8161:
Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such as
6249:, and various small animals, including other birds. The
5377:
through this mechanism. Most female birds have a single
5279:
or external urethral opening and (with exception of the
754:. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined
22496:
20789:
Hauser, A. J. (1985). "Jonah: In Pursuit of the Dove".
20496:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
20111:
Bird Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques
18467:
18120:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
17681:(4 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 390–396.
16672:"Male Blue Petrels reveal their body mass when calling"
15894:
15476:
15183:"Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed
14955:
14206:
Belthoff, James R.; Dufty; Gauthreaux (1 August 1994).
14205:
14163:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
13736:
13020:
11228:"Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of
10750:"Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of
10162:
9808:"Jurassic Pork: What Could a Jewish Time Traveler Eat?"
9670:
7695:, but has been observed in species as different as the
7115:
has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females.
6477:. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by
5157:): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser
2984:
era. The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible
21351:"On Birds and Beauty - The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
20158:
19299:
16762:
16228:
13685:
11884:
10120:-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae".
9429:
9327:
del Hoyo, Josep; Andy Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (1992).
7208:
6858:, are the major means by which birds communicate with
6212:
feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night.
5876:
metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas
5457:
5195:. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show
719:
system currently in use. Birds are categorised as the
21843:
Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds
21113:
21111:
20412:
20337:
19242:
19193:
18648:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 88.
16875:
13603:
10681:
Brusatte, S.L.; O'Connor, J.K.; Jarvis, J.D. (2015).
10325:
9365:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824.
8794:
Human activities have caused population decreases or
8389:
served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of
7808:
The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a
6451:
have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called
5763:, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The
5557:
meet the high metabolic need associated with flight.
438:
27646:
27607:
27563:
27547:
27537:
27527:
27298:
27244:
27123:
27093:
27078:
27068:
27058:
27048:
27038:
27028:
27018:
27008:
26997:
26919:
26882:
26827:
26776:
26737:
26699:
26669:
26654:
26644:
26634:
26623:
26613:
26603:
26593:
26583:
26573:
26563:
26553:
26543:
26533:
26522:
26512:
26502:
26492:
26482:
26472:
26462:
26452:
26442:
26314:
26268:
26224:
26193:
26176:
26105:
26089:
26078:
26067:
26057:
26047:
26036:
26026:
26016:
26005:
25994:
25984:
25936:
25910:
25864:
25770:
25725:
25710:
25700:
25689:
25679:
25557:
25362:
25035:
25018:
25008:
24997:
24986:
24975:
22208:"Bird use of rice fields in the Indian subcontinent"
20895:
18930:
17881:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
16805:
13067:
11909:
11671:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
11600:
10570:
9805:
9716:. In Sumida, Stuart S.; Martin, Karen L. M. (eds.).
8215:
Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called
5617:
controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and
4978:
The classification of birds is a contentious issue.
3004:, the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae.
2523:
2241:
2047:
1373:
1348:
1316:
1191:
1160:
1130:
1098:
1062:
581:
and diversified dramatically around the time of the
432:
27912:
23194:
22173:Butchart, S.; Stattersfield, A.; Collar, N (2006).
19572:
19245:"Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird"
19196:"Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird"
18568:
16924:
16869:
16669:
11951:
The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation
11948:
11668:
10048:
9237:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves"
8959:
7671:of the same species—usually close relatives of the
7052:shows in nearly a hundred other species, including
6914:is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable
5774:
426:
22569:— University of California Museum of Paleontology.
21108:
21028:
20864:Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990).
20863:
20738:
20553:
19529:
18357:
14276:Humphrey, Philip S.; Parkes, K. C. (1 June 1959).
13875:Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fifth Edition
13507:Hoagstrom, C.W. (2002). "Vertebrate Circulation".
12917:"Gonadal Asymmetry and Sex Determination in Birds"
11240:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
10765:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
10456:
10363:Ivanov, M.; Hrdlickova, S.; Gregorova, R. (2001).
9971:"Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds"
9941:
9751:Cau, Andrea; Brougham, Tom; Naish, Darren (2015).
9502:
8657:Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures.
6886:
6485:often with the application of secretions from the
6273:strategies can vary widely by species. Many birds
6081:. This may be supplemented with the secretions of
5058:has expanded dramatically due to human activities.
2801:
1301:(that is, one based on physical characteristics).
651:, parrots, and other species are popular as pets.
21602:
21264:
21039:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
18784:Ekman, J. (2006). "Family living amongst birds".
18599:"AnAge: The animal ageing and longevity database"
15232:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
14778:
14572:
14329:
14081:Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society
13332:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
11885:Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Joanna Burger (2001).
10872:Clarke, J. A.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (March 2006).
10573:"Birds survived dino extinction with keen senses"
10298:
9265:
8826:The most commonly cited human threat to birds is
7274:construct elaborate suspended nests out of grass.
6208:(active during twilight hours), and many coastal
5888:have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct
28997:
22205:
21011:Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion
20678:
20300:
19345:
18515:Collias, Nicholas E.; Collias, Elsie C. (1984).
18468:Lafuma, L.; Lambrechts, M.; Raymond, M. (2001).
18070:
17986:
16590:"Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross
15782:"The alterations of plumage of parasitic origin"
15560:
15191:prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean"
14278:"An approach to the study of molts and plumages"
14037:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
13786:Andersson, S.; J. Ornborg; M. Andersson (1998).
12578:"Pellet Regurgitation by Captive Sparrow Hawks (
12071:
10823:"From snout to beak: the loss of teeth in birds"
10452:
10450:
10376:
10374:
9750:
9593:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
8553:Among the most famous of these bird artists was
8341:) number in the millions. Many homeowners erect
6976:, tuck their head into their back when sleeping.
5901:
5712:has a fan shaped blood supply system called the
3031:
27:Warm-blooded vertebrates with wings and feathers
22539:– A free library of videos of the world's birds
21672:
21526:
20823:
20133:
19616:Eros and Evolution: A Natural Philosophy of Sex
19136:
18758:. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America Inc.
18542:The Petrels: Their Ecology and Breeding Systems
17906:
17877:
16715:
16407:
16033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
15627:
11705:
10983:
10871:
10527:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
10231:
10051:"Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur"
9995:
9696:The origin of birds and the evolution of flight
9472:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
9464:
9462:
9261:
9259:
9257:
6961:"Roosting" redirects here. For other uses, see
6669:in the United States returned to its colony in
691:is often considered the oldest known true bird.
671:
573:. According to recent estimates, modern birds (
159:
24853:
24265:
22550:, from the International Field Guides database
22543:The Institute for Bird Populations, California
22309:, Princeton University Press, second edition.
22175:"How many bird extinctions have we prevented?"
21014:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
20859:
20857:
20855:
19388:
17907:Gowaty, Patricia A.; Buschhaus, Nancy (1998).
17555:
16956:
16954:
15739:Eraud C; Dorie A; Jacquet A; Faivre B (2008).
14828:Gionfriddo, James P.; Best (1 February 1995).
14827:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14275:
14157:Longrich, N.R.; Olson, S.L. (5 January 2011).
13474:Whittow, G. (2000). Whittow, G. Causey (ed.).
12882:
12791:"Ostrich penis clears up evolutionary mystery"
12633:"What Are Fecal Sacs? Bird Diapers, Basically"
10820:
10518:
10516:
10514:
9917:(2002). "Looking for the True Bird Ancestor".
9746:
9744:
9606:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9379:Livezey, Bradley C.; Zusi, RL (January 2007).
9088:
9086:
7833:tail being perhaps the most famous example of
5995:are replaced one at a time with the innermost
5587:ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.
5169:Compared with other vertebrates, birds have a
5086:species come ashore only to breed, while some
3080:of modern bird relationships based on Stiller
1768:A third stage of bird evolution starting with
28063:
27898:
24772:
24211:
22588:
21645:
20193:
19884:
19638:
19523:
19480:
19431:
19382:
19293:
19187:
18749:
16535:Thomas, Betsy Trent; Strahl (1 August 1990).
15821:Revis, Hannah C.; Waller, Deborah A. (2004).
15392:
14156:
13936:
13934:
13898:
13515:. Pasadena, California: Salem Press: 217–219.
13509:Magill's Encyclopedia of Science: Animal Life
13502:
13500:
12739:
12436:
11291:
11289:
10924:
10447:
10371:
9016:
8345:near their homes to attract various species.
8102:, like the cooperative honey-gathering among
7569:
6077:, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading
1640:to be found, and it provided support for the
1297:. Avialae is also occasionally defined as an
768:. However, an earlier definition proposed by
23102:
22563:– Interactive identification of all UK birds
21080:
21034:
20896:Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018).
20610:
20359:"Will Wind Turbines Ever Be Safe for Birds?"
20259:
20134:Bonney, Rick; Rohrbaugh, Ronald Jr. (2004).
20067:
19920:Berner, Lewis; Hicks, Ellis A. (June 1959).
19566:
19077:
18402:
18263:
18022:Owens, Ian P. F.; Bennett, Peter M. (1997).
18021:
17759:"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise
17506:
16534:
15110:
14925:
14731:
13983:
12074:Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World
11974:Spreyer, Mark F.; Enrique H. Bucher (1998).
11828:
11346:
10814:
10674:
10367:. Netherlands: Rebo Publishers. p. 312.
10319:
9989:
9687:
9459:
9374:
9372:
9254:
9092:
8352:
6406:, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.
5932:allows it to blend in with its surroundings.
5306:It is a common but not universal feature of
778:. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the
24414:
24225:
22206:Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Subramanya, S. (2010).
20947:
20867:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
20852:
20643:
19919:
18675:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 109.
18662:
18645:The Painted Stork: Ecology and Conservation
18623:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology
18438:
18436:
18298:. New York: St. Martin's. pp. 479–655.
17507:Palmer, Meredith S.; Packer, Craig (2018).
16960:
16951:
15820:
15289:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–44.
15280:
14348:
14318:
13940:
13878:. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. p. 11.
13489:Molnar, Charles; Gair, Jane (14 May 2015).
13469:
13467:
13345:
13343:
13251:"Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird"
12046:
11028:
11026:
11024:
10865:
10511:
9962:
9741:
9568:
9378:
9083:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8757:
8531:
8073:
7776:, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of
7340:birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and
6828:'s mimicry of a large predator to ward off
5008:had been sequenced for only two birds, the
1713:of China, which has been dated to the late
1618:, have been able to glide, or both. Unlike
585:66 million years ago, which killed off the
28070:
28056:
27905:
27891:
24960:
24779:
24765:
24654:
24218:
24204:
22595:
22581:
22467:
22283:, National Geographic, 7th edition, 2017.
21972:
21053:
20464:"3: Moving Up the Food Chain Efficiently."
20260:Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2021).
19967:Boyes, Douglas H.; Lewis, Owen T. (2019).
19966:
19486:
19341:
19339:
19194:Hemmings NL, Slate J, Birkhead TR (2012).
18773:. Cambridge University Press. p. 453.
18689:
17306:
15630:"The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds"
15591:11370/6edc6940-c2e8-4c96-832e-0b6982dd59c1
15137:
14879:"Complex Evolution of Bile Salts in Birds"
13931:
13871:
13497:
13488:
13068:Ramachandran, R.; McDaniel, C. D. (2018).
11783:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 463.
11517:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
11286:
10977:
10225:
10109:
10042:
9968:
9711:
9621:
9140:
9138:
8492:
6918:. This has led to the development of many
6879:drum for long-distance communication, and
6192:, but some birds, such as many species of
5787:against an aggressor, and some species of
5497:
1309:, and the birds that descended from them.
1042: Maniraptoromorpha
604:, and participating in such behaviours as
28640:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
26423:
22190:
21788:
21633:"List of National Birds of All Countries"
21117:
21035:Deacy, Susan; Villing, Alexandra (2001).
20891:
20889:
20887:
20773:
20628:
20438:
20285:
20093:
19992:
19757:
19755:
19680:
19463:
19414:
19373:
19363:
19268:
19219:
19170:
19119:
19109:
19068:
19058:
19025:
18970:
18968:
18855:
18635:
18387:
18334:
18273:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
18139:
18055:
17926:
17733:
17677:Gill, Frank B.; Prum, Richard O. (2019).
17594:
17532:
17468:
17410:
17392:
16893:
16850:
16587:
16466:
16425:
16392:
16246:
16121:
16111:
16062:
16052:
15947:
15922:
15879:
15838:
15797:
15645:
15589:
15506:
15214:
15087:
14983:
14949:
14935:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
14902:
14557:
14182:
14056:
13813:
13754:
13713:
13506:
13491:"21.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels"
13274:
13248:
13186:
13085:
12989:
12932:
12910:
12908:
12906:
12885:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
12859:
12802:
12575:
12507:
12404:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
12391:
12366:
12272:Fernbank Science Center's Ornithology Web
11880:
11878:
11755:
11737:
11643:
11632:"Learning about birds from their genomes"
11625:
11623:
11475:
11389:
11329:
11114:
11004:
10960:
10950:
10925:Felice, Ryan N.; Goswami, Anjali (2018).
10901:
10716:
10706:
10683:"The Origin and Diversification of Birds"
10631:
10478:
10414:
10347:
10336:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
10193:
10156:
9882:
9833:
9823:
9782:
9772:
9516:
9514:
9406:
9386:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9369:
9303:
9197:
9180:
9170:
9118:
9066:
9048:
6906:. The principal benefits of flocking are
5361:. Its length is thought to be related to
5263:from their bloodstream and excrete it as
5132:
715:modified that work in 1758 to devise the
624:(one male with many females) or, rarely,
559:. Birds are descendants of the primitive
145:or early Late Cretaceous origin based on
29021:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances
22383:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
22366:
21997:
21840:
21648:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
21401:
20516:
20389:"Birds Are Vanishing From North America"
19761:
19346:Kingma, SA; Hall, ML; Peters, A (2013).
19003:
18827:
18812:
18433:
18358:Kokko, H; Harris, M; Wanless, S (2004).
18293:
17894:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439
17425:
17263:
17163:
17115:Au, David W.K.; Pitman (1 August 1986).
17114:
16987:
16856:
16374:
16314:
15953:
15888:
15676:
15309:
15014:
14381:
14152:
14150:
14148:
13524:
13522:
13464:
13340:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12177:
11806:Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World
11781:The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds
11664:
11662:
11447:
11021:
10591:
10547:
9693:
9468:
9355:
8948:
8781:
8636:
8502:
8397:who whispered news into the ears of the
8356:
8206:
8193:that can also be transmitted to humans.
8083:
7972:
7857:
7803:
7746:
7683:, which includes such birds as the true
7654:
7643:, whose chicks take up to six months to
7619:
7301:
7299:) by their parents soon after hatching.
7265:
7218:
7106:
6967:
6890:
6834:
6613:
6511:
6225:
6129:
6108:. The scales of birds are thought to be
6053:
5919:
5671:
5501:
5416:. The sex of birds is determined by the
5393:is not unknown in birds and eggs can be
5148:
5049:
2721:
1662:
1566:
1524:
681:
474:to the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
24346:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
22602:
21946:
21816:(2nd ed.). Oxford & New York:
21691:
21619:"Flag description - the World Factbook"
21292:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
21158:
21086:
19794:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
19336:
19083:
18442:
17941:
16086:Shaffer, Scott A.; et al. (2006).
15703:
15441:
15393:Bélisle, Marc; Giroux (1 August 1995).
15008:
14601:
14539:
14247:"How We Use and Show Our Social Organs"
13543:
13473:
12832:Journal of Reproduction and Development
12624:
12576:Balgooyen, Thomas G. (1 October 1971).
12530:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12105:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 4.
11084:Ericson, Per G.P.; et al. (2006).
11077:
10522:
9135:
8189:over long distances. Some of these are
8158:are common causes of death for birds).
7899:
7883:mating pairs than for unrelated pairs.
7719:varies dramatically. The chicks of the
6956:
5444:temperature-dependent sex determination
3024:. On the other hand, the occurrence of
1742:The well-known probable early avialan,
596:preserve knowledge across generations (
14:
28998:
28077:
25660:
21947:Axelson, Gustave (19 September 2019).
21895:
21811:
21723:
21567:
21463:
21289:
21201:
20980:
20953:
20884:
20788:
20386:
20228:
19787:
19752:
19613:
18974:
18965:
18879:Gaston, AJ (1994). "Ancient Murrelet (
18878:
18722:
18668:
18591:
18539:
18189:
17836:
17357:
16711:
16709:
16670:Genevois, F.; Bretagnolle, V. (1994).
16489:
16347:
16195:
15994:"Long-distance Godwit sets new record"
15310:Li, Zhiheng; Clarke, Julia A. (2016).
15229:
14496:
14071:
13548:. UK: Dorling Kindersley. p. 16.
13394:
12971:
12903:
12788:
12007:
11875:
11803:
11778:
11629:
11620:
11295:
11225:
10747:
9627:
9511:
9234:
9203:
8227:tons of eggs were produced worldwide.
8196:
7917:result in severe fitness costs due to
7202:Homosexual behaviour has been observed
5771:, but it is not spiral as in mammals.
5408:. Meaning they have two sexes: either
5320:
2957:Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event
2937:Major groups of modern birds based on
2761:The latter included the superficially
1600:. Together, these form a group called
1548:, a group of theropods which includes
632:. They are usually laid in a nest and
28688:
28687:
28051:
27886:
27390:
27389:
26410:
25647:
24947:
24798:
24760:
24199:
23087:
22576:
21697:
21541:
21428:
21374:
21059:
21007:
20923:Resig, Dorothy D. (9 February 2013).
20922:
20776:"Birds in legend, fable and folklore"
20461:
20356:
18783:
18768:
18695:
18601:. Human Ageing and Genomics Resources
18445:Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour
18166:Birds of the World and their Behavior
18162:
17799:
17756:
17030:
16375:Matthews, G.V.T. (1 September 1953).
15561:Tieleman, B.I.; Williams, JB (1999).
15521:
14674:
14649:
14634:
14604:"The Adaptive Significance of Anting"
14145:
14033:"Physiology and anatomy of avian ear"
14030:
13568:
13519:
13427:
13400:
13297:
12691:. National Geographic. Archived from
12689:Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science
12630:
11976:"Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)"
11949:Hill, David; Peter Robertson (1988).
11683:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012121-085928
11659:
11578:Phylogeny and classification of birds
11420:
10657:"Why Do Birds Have Such Skinny Legs?"
9865:Prum, Richard O. (19 December 2008).
9707:
9705:
8595:and a sailor is the central theme of
7286:lays its eggs on bare rock, and male
6409:
5153:External anatomy of a bird (example:
4988:Phylogeny and Classification of Birds
1608:members of Deinonychosauria, such as
583:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
28983:AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1
28947:E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73
28908:dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2
28833:f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda
24154:
21326:"Birds of Mughal India – Shangri La"
20916:
20543:from the original on 9 October 2022.
18641:
18613:
17496:from the original on 9 October 2022.
17153:from the original on 9 October 2022.
16614:from the original on 9 October 2022.
16337:from the original on 9 October 2022.
16269:
15769:from the original on 9 October 2022.
15628:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1 May 1960).
15617:from the original on 9 October 2022.
15431:from the original on 9 October 2022.
15281:Hughes, Baz; Green, Andy J. (2005).
14866:from the original on 9 October 2022.
14420:
14314:from the original on 9 October 2022.
14094:from the original on 9 October 2022.
13872:Pettingill, Olin Sewall Jr. (1985).
13528:
13209:
13070:"Parthenogenesis in birds: a review"
12682:
12215:
12154:
11712:Feng, Shaohong; et al. (2020).
11580:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
11527:
11521:
11032:
10365:The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils
10221:from the original on 9 October 2022.
10105:from the original on 9 October 2022.
9913:
9864:
9602:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8040:were important browsers, as are the
7929:Inbreeding depression occurs in the
7111:Like others of its family, the male
7090:Animal sexual behaviour § Birds
6137:in the downstroke of flapping flight
5687:Many birds show plumage patterns in
5570:through the arteries, which undergo
5125:far beyond their original ranges as
24178:
22265:Lederer, Roger; Carol Burr (2014).
18885:The Birds of North America, No. 132
18883:)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.).
18817:. Melbourne: CSIRO. pp. 21–42.
18771:Skua and Penguin. Predator and Prey
18754:)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.).
18223:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
17274:The Journal of Experimental Biology
17166:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
17108:
16929:): a case of a slow life history".
16706:
16501:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
16377:"Navigation in the Manx Shearwater"
14332:Ornithology in Laboratory and Field
14244:
13943:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
12662:. Academic Press. 21 January 2019.
12012:) in the Greater Caribbean Basin".
11808:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11550:from the original on 9 October 2022
11492:"October 2022 | Clements Checklist"
11296:Jarvis, E. D.; et al. (2014).
10571:Agency France-Presse (April 2011).
9942:Norell, Mark; Mick Ellison (2005).
9630:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
9583:
8439:
7799:
7209:Territories, nesting and incubation
6455:that they provide to their chicks.
6215:
5462:Birds have one of the most complex
5458:Respiratory and circulatory systems
5432:with two morphs is involved in the
5242:
5187:Bird_anatomy § Skeletal_system
2794:and a skull similar to that of the
1596:, which include dromaeosaurids and
1592:, are the closest relatives of the
1584:The consensus view in contemporary
1544:and, more specifically, members of
746:Aves and a sister group, the order
24:
22353:
22302:, National Audubon Society, Knopf.
22296:, National Audubon Society, Knopf.
22248:Handbook of the Birds of the World
22234:
21265:Tennyson, A; Martinson, P (2006).
20692:. pp. 841–846. Archived from
20387:Zimmer, Carl (19 September 2019).
20325:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01048.x
20181:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x
19864:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x
19314:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01434.x
18977:Cuckoos, Cowbirds and other Cheats
18835:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
18756:The Birds of North America, No 681
18726:Handbook of the Birds of the World
17945:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
17264:Bäckman, Johan; A (1 April 2002).
16964:Handbook of the Birds of the World
16537:"Nesting Behavior of Sunbitterns (
16351:Handbook of the Birds of the World
15939:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
15902:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
15125:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x
15000:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
14963:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
13793:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
12897:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00933.x
11215:from the original on 10 June 2020.
10654:
10234:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China"
9973:. Associated Press. Archived from
9720:. Academic Press. pp. 61–84.
9702:
9093:Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2017).
7736:
6875:drive air through their feathers,
6808:Problems playing these files? See
6747:, a common North American songbird
6717:
6112:to those of reptiles and mammals.
5956:, may vary within species by age,
5944:, provide insulation that aids in
5625:with notable exceptions including
5597:Bird anatomy § Nervous system
5180:
2786:in the avian skull found that the
1780:, and the loss of grasping hands.
1652:
1636:is well known as one of the first
1058:
569:) which first appeared during the
482:, or "perching" birds. Birds have
155:
25:
29047:
23056:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
22334:
21973:Norris, K; Pain, D, eds. (2002).
21898:"Birds at risk reach record high"
19575:Molecular Genetics of Development
18447:. University of Cambridge Press.
18073:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
16492:"Badge size in the house sparrow
16029:reveals longest animal migration"
15954:Klaassen, Marc (1 January 1996).
15786:Italian Journal of Animal Science
14472:"Birds of the World, Biology 532"
14469:
13249:Göth, A; Booth, DT (March 2005).
12072:Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998).
10827:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
10821:Louchart, A.; Viriot, L. (2011).
10575:. Cosmos Magazine. Archived from
10387:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
10288:from the original on 2 June 2020.
9969:Borenstein, Seth (31 July 2014).
9812:Evolution: Education and Outreach
9235:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
8770:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
8607:term as a metaphor for a 'burden'
7679:is particularly common among the
7102:
6547:and a non-breeding season in the
5621:building. Most birds have a poor
5590:
5223:. The ribs are flattened and the
2808:Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds
2242:Early diversity of bird ancestors
1694:(juvenile-like) characteristics.
1588:is that the flying theropods, or
1564:, contributed to this ambiguity.
1317:Dinosaurs and the origin of birds
1015:", in this sense synonymous with
547:. Likewise, birds are considered
28217:
27981:
27867:
27866:
27812:
27806:
27372:
27367:
26393:
26386:
26379:
25630:
25624:
25618:
24489:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
24177:
24165:
24153:
24142:
24141:
24032:(New World vultures and condors)
22365:
22199:
22166:
22113:
22026:
21991:
21966:
21940:
21915:
21889:
21859:
21834:
21805:
21740:
21730:Journal of Music Research Online
21724:Taylor, Hollis (21 March 2011).
21717:
21698:Reich, Ronni (15 October 2010).
21666:
21639:
21625:
21611:
21596:
21561:
21535:
21520:
21492:
21457:
21422:
21395:
21368:
21343:
21318:
21283:
21258:
21195:
21152:
21001:
20974:
20817:
20782:
20767:
20732:
20726:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00430.x
20703:
20672:
20637:
20604:
20582:
20547:
20510:
20484:
20455:
20419:Clinical Medicine & Research
20406:
20380:
20350:
20331:
20294:
20253:
20222:
20187:
20152:
20127:
20102:
20061:
20017:
19960:
19913:
19907:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12720.x
19878:
19828:
19781:
19697:
19632:
19607:
19465:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01983.x
19236:
19172:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01889.x
19034:
18997:
18951:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x
18924:
18918:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00276.x
18891:
18872:
18821:
18806:
18800:10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03666.x
18777:
18762:
18743:
18716:
18562:
18533:
18508:
18461:
18396:
18389:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00813.x
18351:
18302:
18287:
18257:
18210:
18183:
18156:
18107:
18064:
18015:
17980:
17935:
17900:
17871:
17830:
17793:
17750:
17685:
17670:
17664:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04116.x
17639:
17588:
17549:
17500:
17419:
17386:
17351:
17300:
17257:
17200:
17157:
17069:
17024:
16981:
16918:
16799:
16756:
16663:
16618:
16581:
16528:
16483:
16442:
16401:
16368:
16341:
16308:
16263:
16222:
16189:
16138:
16079:
16016:
15986:
15864:"How Birds Combat Ectoparasites"
15855:
15814:
15773:
15760:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04053.x
15732:
15697:
15670:
15621:
15554:
15515:
15470:
15435:
15386:
15350:
15303:
15274:
15223:
15174:
15131:
15104:
15045:
14919:
14870:
14821:
14772:
14725:
14711:
14668:
14643:
14628:
14595:
14589:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x
14566:
14533:
14490:
14463:
14414:
14375:
14269:
14238:
14199:
14098:
14065:
14024:
13977:
13917:10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00250.x
13892:
13865:
13822:
13779:
13730:
13679:
13630:
13562:
13537:
13482:
13421:
13291:
13242:
13236:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01709.x
13203:
13145:
13118:
12240:
12147:Based on The Birder's Handbook (
11630:Holmes, Bob (10 February 2022).
10894:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x
10349:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x
10328:"The tenth skeletal specimen of
9399:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x
8872:bird habitat or by establishing
8697:, birds are a popular choice on
8106:and African peoples such as the
7703:. Among most groups of animals,
7295:chicks led away from the nests (
7278:Bird eggs are usually laid in a
7247:with hard shells made mostly of
7147:Other mating systems, including
7040:roost hanging upside down. Some
7014:is common because it lowers the
6786:
6758:
6733:
6704:
5775:Defence and intraspecific combat
5708:in many aquatic birds. The bird
5000:list of sequenced animal genomes
4881:
4860:
4829:
4798:
4704:
4679:
4644:
4609:
4581:
4550:
4494:
4469:
4438:
4327:
4294:
4258:
4212:
4191:
4138:
4094:
4065:
3979:
3946:
3915:
3887:
3859:
3828:
3772:
3747:
3708:
3636:
3615:
3587:
3538:
3517:
3489:
3423:
3402:
3341:
3316:
3244:
3215:
3178:
3157:
3122:
3050:, which includes the flightless
3042:All modern birds lie within the
422:
191:
78:
27913:Lists of dinosaurs by continent
24948:
24786:
21845:. University of Chicago Press.
21544:"Owls in Mythology and Culture"
20611:Cooney, R.; Jepson, P. (2006).
20266:Global Ecology and Conservation
20068:Bosman, A.; Hockey, A. (1986).
18815:Frontiers in Population Ecology
18517:Nest building and bird behavior
18169:. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
16990:American Journal of Primatology
16455:Journal of Experimental Biology
16414:Journal of Experimental Biology
16381:Journal of Experimental Biology
16196:Wilson, W. Herbert Jr. (1999).
15960:Journal of Experimental Biology
14109:: chemical defense in birds?".
13571:"The endangered kiwi: a review"
13061:
13014:
12978:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
12972:Dawson, Alistair (April 2015).
12965:
12876:
12819:
12782:
12733:
12707:
12676:
12659:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
12650:
12569:
12524:
12473:
12430:
12355:Journal of Experimental Biology
12342:
12315:
12285:
12260:
12234:
12220:. New York: WH Freeman and Co.
12119:
12103:Farmland Birds across the World
12094:
12065:
12040:
12001:
11967:
11942:
11916:Journal of Experimental Biology
11903:
11822:
11797:
11772:
11594:
11562:
11509:
11484:
11456:
11441:
11414:
11219:
11146:
10999:(1). Oxford Journals: 442–449.
10918:
10741:
10648:
10564:
10541:
10356:
10303:. The Scientist. Archived from
10299:Luiggi, Christina (July 2011).
10292:
9935:
9907:
9858:
9799:
9664:
9423:
9151:Molecular Biology and Evolution
8602:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
7868:Inbreeding causes early death (
7310:that has been parasitised by a
6887:Flocking and other associations
6618:The routes of satellite-tagged
6579:and their wintering grounds in
6458:
6089:, to remove feather parasites.
5830:) and nine species of lapwing (
5560:
5401:and results in male offspring.
5345:), and in rudimentary forms in
5035:
2802:Diversification of modern birds
466:, and a strong yet lightweight
28369:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
26411:
23088:
21977:. Cambridge University Press.
21677:. Cambridge University Press.
20791:Journal of Biblical Literature
20074:Marine Ecology Progress Series
19771:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
19389:Szulkin M, Sheldon BC (2008).
16676:Ethology Ecology and Evolution
16594:at Bird Island, South Georgia"
15522:Engel, Sophia Barbara (2005).
15195:Marine Ecology Progress Series
13314:(inactive 11 September 2024).
12631:Jones, Benji (7 August 2018).
11982:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
10383:"The Early Origin of Feathers"
9349:
9320:
9228:
8754:people to lure birds of prey.
8661:are associated with bad luck,
8605:, which led to the use of the
8591:. The relationship between an
8404:. In several civilisations of
8114:, as when species such as the
6347:plunge dive after their prey.
13:
1:
28645:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
22548:List of field guides to birds
22513:Journal of Field Ornithology'
22480:North American Birds for Kids
21923:"Nearly 3 Billion Birds Gone"
21873:. 14 May 2009. Archived from
21582:10.1080/0015587X.1974.9716553
21269:. Wellington: Te Papa Press.
21037:Athena in the Classical World
20753:10.1080/0015587X.1917.9719006
20357:Bryce, Emma (16 March 2016).
19583:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
18486:10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00191-7
18093:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01232-9
17426:Buttemer, William A. (1985).
17102:10.1080/01584197.2018.1537673
16696:10.1080/08927014.1994.9522988
15113:Australian Journal of Ecology
14654:. Westport: Greenwood Press.
14423:"The tail molt of small owls"
13990:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
12416:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0
12299:. 22 May 2014. Archived from
11429:. Eastern Kentucky University
9673:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
8941:
8613:metaphors derive from birds;
8457:(later known as Ishtar), the
7596:. Altricial chicks need help
7586:, and tend to be born small,
6839:The startling display of the
6241:are varied and often include
5902:Feathers, plumage, and scales
5613:coordinates movement and the
3032:Classification of bird orders
1757:period. Many groups retained
741:
589:and all non-avian dinosaurs.
450:, toothless beaked jaws, the
22537:The Internet Bird Collection
22424:Resources in other libraries
22020:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4
21896:Kinver, Mark (13 May 2009).
21605:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
21500:"US Warplane Aircraft Names"
21267:Extinct Birds of New Zealand
21202:Conard, Nicholas J. (2003).
20590:"The Guano War of 1865–1866"
20576:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.011
19111:10.1371/journal.pone.0053066
18571:Bird Families of the World 3
17617:10.1126/science.183.4124.545
16588:Pickering, S. P. C. (2001).
16490:Möller, Anders Pape (1988).
16211:(4): 113–121. Archived from
16000:. 4 May 2007. Archived from
15868:The Open Ornithology Journal
13478:. San Diego: Academic Press.
12268:"Skeleton of a typical bird"
12051:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
11953:. Oxford: BSP Professional.
8746:, they can duet with birds.
7774:non-obligate brood parasites
6920:mixed-species feeding flocks
6854:, which are produced in the
6501:
6230:Feeding adaptations in beaks
6183:
5799:in their skin and feathers.
5357:, which is never present in
5325:Most male birds do not have
3062:, and the extremely diverse
1023:Under the fourth definition
672:Evolution and classification
664:is an important part of the
504:loss of flight in some birds
498:. Wings, which are modified
7:
29036:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
29031:Santonian first appearances
28381:Jonathan Livingston Seagull
28333:The Conference of the Birds
25648:
24320:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
24096:(woodpeckers and relatives)
22567:Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?
22091:10.1126/science.148.3666.90
20682:Waterbirds around the world
20287:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01793
20229:Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2009).
20113:. Oxford University Press.
16315:Rabenold, Kerry N. (1985).
15881:10.2174/1874453201003010041
15528:. University of Groningen.
14358:SAFRING Bird Ringing Manual
14072:Warham, John (1 May 1977).
13584:(1–2): 1–20. Archived from
12991:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.004
11604:; Short, Lester L. (1970).
8899:
8708:
8587:as an erotic symbol in his
8419:, priests were involved in
8367:Master of the Playing Cards
8150:kills and predation by pet
8110:. Other times, they may be
8068:avian ecology field methods
8025:and show host-specificity.
7978:Gran Canaria blue chaffinch
7079:
7044:go into a nightly state of
6634:species such as the boreal
5981:Humphrey–Parkes terminology
5541:signal transduction pathway
5333:(with the exception of the
5046:List of birds by population
4993:
2900:(all other birds including
765:Archaeopteryx lithographica
760:most recent common ancestor
545:only known living dinosaurs
10:
29052:
28663:Human–dinosaur coexistence
28362:A History of British Birds
28168:In mythology and religion
24747:denote paraphyletic groups
24626:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
23958:(cormorants and relatives)
23051:Extinct species since 1500
22517:North American Bird Bander
22454:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
22241:All the Birds of the World
22218:(Special Issue 1): 44–70.
21773:10.1038/s41598-023-35700-9
21603:Fox-Davies, A. C. (1985).
21466:Journal of Business Ethics
20954:Cyrino, Monica S. (2010).
20774:Ingersoll, Ernest (1923).
17718:10.1038/s41598-021-99296-8
17513:African Journal of Ecology
16025:"Tracking of Arctic terns
14637:Avian Anatomy – integument
14540:Walther, Bruno A. (2005).
14330:Pettingill Jr. OS (1970).
13612:"The Avian Sense of Smell"
13476:Sturkie's Avian Physiology
11980:The Birds of North America
10847:10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.004
10558:10.1038/d41586-018-03447-3
10407:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018
9029:Royal Society Open Science
8767:
8761:
8712:
8669:were considered sacred in
8511:with design of birds from
8496:
8200:
8077:
7968:
7910:Incestuous matings by the
7903:
7861:
7814:
7740:
7715:The point at which chicks
7663:feeding fully grown chicks
7629:white-breasted woodswallow
7573:
7570:Parental care and fledging
7212:
7094:Seabird breeding behaviour
7083:
6960:
6832:and protect young chicks.
6708:
6505:
6462:
6219:
6119:
5905:
5818:), the spur-winged goose (
5680:as it covers the eye of a
5594:
5184:
5142:
5136:
5039:
5024:genes. Waterbirds such as
5018:Howard and Moore Checklist
4997:
3035:
2805:
2245:
1659:List of fossil bird genera
1656:
1644:in the late 19th century.
1320:
758:as all descendants of the
699:of birds was developed by
675:
29:
28696:
28668:Category:Birds and humans
28655:
28595:Henry Constantine Richter
28537:
28499:
28269:
28226:
28215:
28089:
27990:
27979:
27918:
27826:
27804:
27645:
27606:
27562:
27523:
27512:
27481:
27458:
27449:
27434:
27425:
27402:
27398:
27385:
27365:
27335:
27297:
27243:
27191:
27134:
27122:
27092:
26993:
26982:
26918:
26881:
26826:
26775:
26736:
26698:
26668:
26438:
26434:
26419:
26406:
26377:
26339:
26313:
26304:
26267:
26223:
26192:
26172:
26161:
26104:
25980:
25976:
25965:
25935:
25909:
25863:
25769:
25724:
25675:
25671:
25656:
25643:
25616:
25582:
25556:
25547:
25470:
25427:
25418:
25373:
25361:
25357:
25304:
25270:
25198:
25189:
25129:
25120:
25047:
25033:
24971:
24956:
24943:
24907:
24889:
24880:
24862:
24849:
24794:
24718:
24664:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
24635:
24620:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
24610:
24599:
24586:
24575:
24562:
24551:
24537:
24526:
24512:
24497:
24484:
24469:
24456:
24441:
24410:
24399:
24363:
24354:
24335:
24328:
24315:
24302:
24298:
24287:
24261:
24235:
24137:
24088:(kingfishers and rollers)
24020:
23975:
23942:(albatrosses and petrels)
23914:
23885:
23856:
23835:
23826:(swifts and hummingbirds)
23808:(nightjars and relatives)
23796:
23759:
23750:
23717:
23680:
23671:
23662:
23658:
23632:(pheasants and relatives)
23607:
23531:
23490:
23428:
23400:
23376:
23352:
23325:
23246:
23233:
23190:
23163:
23159:
23098:
23094:
23083:
23079:
23018:
22921:
22821:
22771:
22698:
22628:
22615:
22419:Resources in your library
22192:10.1017/S0030605306000950
20929:BAR Magazine Bib-arch.org
20630:10.1017/S0030605306000056
20340:Wildlife Society Bulletin
20301:Dolbeer, Richard (1990).
19762:Clout, M; Hay, J (1989).
19150:Journal of Animal Ecology
18881:Synthliboramphus antiquus
18828:Cockburn, Andrew (2006).
18368:Journal of Animal Ecology
18243:10.1007/s00265-004-0825-2
18163:Short, Lester L. (1993).
17329:10.1007/s00114-006-0120-3
17082:Emu - Austral Ornithology
16945:10.1017/S0952836903004175
16205:North America Bird Bander
15499:10.1080/00063659109477089
15336:10.1007/s11692-015-9345-4
15080:10.1007/s00114-018-1571-z
14635:Lucas, Alfred M. (1972).
14602:Ehrlich, Paul R. (1986).
14334:. Burgess Publishing Co.
13955:10.1007/s00359-014-0964-5
13415:10.1017/S095283699900504X
13312:10.1017/S1464793106007111
13179:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.069
13131:. Springer. p. 290.
11889:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
11739:10.1038/s41586-020-2873-9
11645:10.1146/knowable-021022-1
10748:Clarke, Julia A. (2004).
10708:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003
10523:Chiappe, Luis M. (2007).
9825:10.1186/s12052-015-0047-2
9650:10.1017/S1477201907002143
9439:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
9214:10.1101/2022.05.19.492716
9172:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
9120:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029
8986:10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0
8673:and symbols of virtue in
8649:prominently features the
8377:, such as in the Cult of
8353:In religion and mythology
8173:, mycobacteriosis (avian
7923:Promiscuity#Other animals
7912:purple-crowned fairy wren
7817:Sexual selection in birds
7377:Ruby-throated hummingbird
7223:Bird nest fell from tree.
7113:Raggiana bird-of-paradise
7098:Sexual selection in birds
7068:, even enters a state of
6251:digestive system of birds
6115:
5872:) use a bony knob on the
4875:
4854:
4847:
4823:
4816:
4792:
4785:
4694:
4669:
4662:
4634:
4627:
4603:
4596:
4575:
4568:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4484:
4463:
4456:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4408:
4309:
4280:
4273:
4252:
4245:
4206:
4177:
4170:
4160:
4153:
4128:
4121:
4080:
4059:
4052:
4042:
3961:
3940:
3933:
3909:
3902:
3881:
3874:
3853:
3846:
3822:
3815:
3805:
3762:
3733:
3726:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3678:
3630:
3609:
3602:
3581:
3574:
3532:
3511:
3504:
3483:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3417:
3392:
3385:
3375:
3368:
3331:
3306:
3299:
3289:
3230:
3209:
3202:
3172:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3112:
3105:
3095:
2898:
2874:
2862:
2838:
2828:
2589:
2571:
2564:
2546:
2539:
2521:
2514:
2493:
2486:
2468:
2461:
2445:
2438:
2420:
2413:
2397:
2390:
2372:
2365:
2347:
2329:
2322:
2301:
2294:
2275:
2268:
2122:
2095:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2045:
2038:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1964:
1957:
1927:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1820:
1802:
1795:
1759:primitive characteristics
1469:
1453:
1437:
1419:
1401:
1394:
1371:
1364:
1346:
1339:
1207:
1189:
1181:
1158:
1151:
1128:
1121:
1096:
1089:
1060:
1052:
1044:
910:
895:
887:
867:
855:
827:
815:
807:
386:
379:
336:
328:
188:Scientific classification
186:
153:
58:
48:Avifauna (disambiguation)
28280:Bird-and-flower painting
27973:Australian and Antarctic
24725:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
24517:Actinistia (coelacanths)
23987:(seriemas and relatives)
23966:(pelicans and relatives)
22521:Studies in Avian Biology
22449:National Audubon Society
22323:, Collins, 2nd edition.
22252:Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks
21673:Clark, Suzannah (2001).
21138:(Automatic PDF download)
20981:Tinkle, Theresa (1996).
20367:National Audubon Society
20247:10.1525/cond.2009.080032
20136:Handbook of Bird Biology
19926:The Florida Entomologist
19788:Stiles, F. Gary (1981).
18938:Journal of Avian Biology
18787:Journal of Avian Biology
18696:Scott, Lynnette (2008).
18294:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999).
18196:. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
17652:Journal of Avian Biology
15748:Journal of Avian Biology
15360:Journal of Avian Biology
15285:. In Kear, Janet (ed.).
14617:(4): 835. Archived from
14576:Journal of Avian Biology
14388:Journal of Avian Biology
13905:Veterinary Ophthalmology
13544:Barbara, Taylor (2004).
12804:10.1038/nature.2011.9600
12683:Yong, Ed (6 June 2013).
12297:Science & Innovation
12128:"Adaptations for Flight"
11804:Brooke, Michael (2004).
10301:"On the Origin of Birds"
9437:(1997). "Bird Origins".
9241:Project: The Taxonomicon
8926:List of individual birds
8916:Climate change and birds
8758:Threats and conservation
8563:National Audubon Society
8465:, and the Greek goddess
8318:have long been used for
8074:Relationship with humans
7770:obligate brood parasites
7086:Category:Avian sexuality
7050:physiological adaptation
6943:mutualistic relationship
6843:mimics a large predator.
6370:Some species, including
6245:, fruit, plants, seeds,
5783:can eject an unpleasant
5536:uses calcium to cause a
5349:(but fully developed in
5042:Lists of birds by region
2976:, the last stage of the
2946:Most studies agree on a
2939:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
1281:closer to birds than to
986:closer to birds than to
717:taxonomic classification
24275:Leptocardii (lancelets)
24080:(hornbills and hoopoes)
23995:(falcons and relatives)
22559:5 November 2013 at the
22319:Svensson, Lars (2010).
22305:Svensson, Lars (2010).
22144:10.1126/science.1101617
22000:Biological Conservation
21818:Oxford University Press
21478:10.1023/A:1017974505642
21389:10.1111/1467-8365.00184
21330:www.shangrilahawaii.org
21088:Nilsson, Martin Persson
20592:. World History at KMLA
20556:Biological Conservation
19710:Journal of Parasitology
18699:Wildlife Rehabilitation
18575:Oxford University Press
17844:The American Naturalist
17803:The American Naturalist
17763:and congeneric species"
17412:10.1093/beheco/10.6.675
17393:Beauchamp, Guy (1999).
17309:Die Naturwissenschaften
16828:10.1126/science.1108841
16427:10.1242/jeb.204.22.3855
16167:10.1126/science.1106042
16113:10.1073/pnas.0603715103
16054:10.1073/pnas.0909493107
15647:10.1161/01.CIR.21.5.955
14677:The American Naturalist
14131:10.1126/science.1439786
13372:10.1196/annals.1298.041
13027:The Biological Bulletin
12534:The American Naturalist
11887:Biology of Marine Birds
11853:10.1126/science.1135590
11468:IOC World Bird List 9.2
11382:10.1126/science.1251981
11322:10.1126/science.1253451
10952:10.1073/pnas.1716437115
10489:10.1126/science.1228753
10195:10.1126/science.1144066
10080:10.1126/science.1186290
10020:10.1126/science.1252243
9884:10.1126/science.1168808
8845:, pollution (including
8597:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
8493:In culture and folklore
8426:They may also serve as
7501:Spheniscus magellanicus
7477:Phoebastria immutabilis
7429:Geococcyx californianus
6367:are primarily grazers.
6291:Nectar feeders such as
6286:biological pest control
5527:atrioventricular valves
5498:Heart type and features
5418:Z and W sex chromosomes
5341:(with the exception of
2812:dinosaur classification
563:(whose members include
462:rate, a four-chambered
28635:BirdLife International
28575:John Gerrard Keulemans
28527:of the Tower of London
28388:In theatre and ballet
28197:Driven grouse shooting
24429:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
24064:(trogons and quetzals)
23876:(cranes and relatives)
23146:(emus and cassowaries)
23036:Glossary of bird terms
22848:Confuciusornithiformes
22525:Pacific Coast Avifauna
22475:Essays on bird biology
22434:Birdlife International
22361:
22341:Listen to this article
22243:, Lynx Edicions, 2020.
21871:BirdLife International
21812:Fuller, Errol (2000).
21133:: 1–69. Archived from
20826:Asian Folklore Studies
20462:Brown, Lester (2005).
19501:10.1002/bies.201500120
19407:10.1098/rspb.2007.0989
19027:10.1093/beheco/8.2.153
18848:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458
18669:Khanna, D. R. (2005).
18621:"Animal diversity web"
18132:10.1098/rspb.2021.0579
18040:10.1098/rspb.1997.0152
17966:10.1098/rspb.1994.0089
17002:10.1002/ajp.1350210203
16777:10.1006/anbe.1999.1086
15998:BirdLife International
15915:10.1098/rspb.2000.0986
15570:Physiol. Biochem. Zool
15287:Ducks, Geese and Swans
15252:10.1098/rstb.1957.0004
14976:10.1098/rspb.2000.0986
14895:10.1525/auk.2010.09155
14384:Caprimulgus ruficollis
14175:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117
14031:Saito, Nozomu (1978).
13806:10.1098/rspb.1998.0315
13267:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247
12740:McCracken, KG (2000).
11928:10.1242/jeb.205.9.1189
11236:(Avialae: Ornithurae)"
11226:Clarke, J. A. (2004).
11107:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523
10758:(Avialae: Ornithurae)"
9948:. New York: Pi Press.
9296:10.1126/sciadv.1501005
9163:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
8921:Glossary of bird terms
8817:BirdLife International
8791:
8654:
8532:
8515:
8370:
8369:, 15th-century Germany
8212:
8095:
7985:
7945:Southern pied babblers
7812:
7762:
7664:
7631:
7576:Parental care in birds
7314:
7275:
7224:
7116:
6977:
6972:Many birds, like this
6899:
6844:
6770:tooth-billed bowerbird
6722:
6648:the normal territories
6627:
6524:
6398:; some of these, like
6231:
6138:
6062:
5933:
5926:disruptively patterned
5684:
5510:
5490:in birds retain their
5448:Australian brushturkey
5437:Zonotrichia albicollis
5434:white-throated sparrow
5329:penises. Males within
5251:, birds are primarily
5166:
5155:yellow-wattled lapwing
5133:Anatomy and physiology
5127:agricultural expansion
5115:yellow-headed caracara
5059:
4608:(trogons and quetzals)
3058:) and the weak-flying
2961:evolutionary radiation
2796:Eurasian golden oriole
2732:
2051:Confuciusornithiformes
1702:evolved into complex,
1673:
1669:Confuciusornis sanctus
1581:
1534:
692:
342:(ratites and tinamou)
180:
40:Birds (disambiguation)
28929:Paleobiology Database
25516:Paralitherizinosaurus
23905:(kagu and sunbittern)
23868:(gulls and relatives)
22873:Songlingornithiformes
22838:Omnivoropterygiformes
22485:9 August 2010 at the
22360:
21841:Steadman, D. (2006).
21404:The Classical Journal
21060:Deacy, Susan (2008).
21008:Simon, Erika (1983).
20690:The Stationery Office
20517:Hamilton, S. (2000).
20047:10.1007/s002270050297
19973:Ecological Entomology
19645:Ecology and Evolution
19614:Michod, R.E. (1994).
19375:10.1093/beheco/art078
19365:10.1093/beheco/art078
19249:Nature Communications
19070:10.1093/beheco/arm025
19060:10.1093/beheco/arm025
19004:Sorenson, M. (1997).
18981:T. & A. D. Poyser
18474:Behavioural Processes
18336:10.1093/beheco/arl065
18327:10.1093/beheco/arl065
17757:Frith, C. B. (1981).
17648:Caprimulgus tristigma
17286:10.1242/jeb.205.7.905
16927:Probosciger aterrimus
16468:10.1242/jeb.202.8.891
15799:10.4081/ijas.2005.296
15140:Ecological Monographs
15059:The Science of Nature
14738:Journal of Morphology
14650:Roots, Clive (2006).
14559:10.1093/beheco/arh135
14499:Physiological Zoology
13756:10.1093/beheco/arx133
13618:. Stanford University
13569:Sales, James (2005).
12789:Marcus, Adam (2011).
12330:. Stanford University
11532:NEORNITHES: 46 Orders
11496:www.birds.cornell.edu
11006:10.1093/sysbio/syt110
10604:Nature Communications
8785:
8774:List of extinct birds
8640:
8557:, whose paintings of
8506:
8497:Further information:
8360:
8210:
8087:
7976:
7959:inbreeding depression
7919:inbreeding depression
7894:inbreeding depression
7870:inbreeding depression
7864:Inbreeding depression
7858:Inbreeding depression
7841:. Commonly occurring
7829:behaviours, with the
7807:
7750:
7658:
7623:
7305:
7272:golden-backed weavers
7269:
7222:
7130:extra-pair copulation
7110:
6971:
6953:and other predators.
6894:
6838:
6721:
6643:Altitudinal migration
6622:migrating north from
6617:
6515:
6355:, and some ducks are
6301:lories, and lorikeets
6229:
6133:
6057:
5979:" plumage, or—in the
5967:Plumage is regularly
5923:
5866:) and stone curlews (
5824:), the torrent duck (
5730:and can estimate the
5675:
5505:
5430:disassortative mating
5420:, rather than by the
5152:
5053:
2725:
1666:
1570:
1528:
1299:apomorphy-based clade
729:Phylogenetic taxonomy
707:in their 1676 volume
685:
179:
44:Aves (disambiguation)
33:Bird (disambiguation)
28828:Fauna Europaea (new)
28553:The Birds of America
28339:Ode to a Nightingale
24645:Testudines (turtles)
23727:Phoenicopteriformes
22554:RSPB bird identifier
22464:Encyclopedia of Life
22392:More spoken articles
22224:10.1675/063.033.s104
21660:10.1093/jrma/122.1.1
20161:Conservation Biology
19084:Edwards, DB (2012).
18769:Young, Euan (1994).
18642:Urfi, A. J. (2011).
17928:10.1093/icb/38.1.207
17253:on 27 December 2004.
16702:on 24 December 2007.
16394:10.1242/jeb.30.3.370
15972:10.1242/jeb.199.1.57
15316:Evolutionary Biology
14421:Mayr, Ernst (1954).
13675:on 25 December 2013.
13591:on 26 September 2007
13430:Annals of Hematology
12844:10.1262/jrd.2013-038
12243:"The Avian Skeleton"
12216:Gill, Frank (1995).
11779:Newton, Ian (2003).
9584:Cau, Andrea (2018).
8685:, birds, especially
8653:, its national bird.
8620:F-16 Fighting Falcon
8559:North American birds
8452:Mesopotamian goddess
8223:tons of poultry and
8136:avian lead poisoning
8124:Woolly-necked Storks
7954:Cooperative breeding
7906:Inbreeding avoidance
7900:Inbreeding avoidance
7725:murrelets, like the
7661:calliope hummingbird
7610:
7602:
7381:Archilochus colubris
7312:brown-headed cowbird
7191:
7076:to cool themselves.
6957:Resting and roosting
6916:early warning system
6852:Bird calls and songs
6697:through specialised
6571:breeding grounds in
6486:
6478:
6234:
6149:) that serves as an
6069:secretions from the
6020:
6012:
6004:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5842:), geese and swans (
5702:nictitating membrane
5678:nictitating membrane
5665:, likely to mediate
5099:ring-necked pheasant
4468:(New World vultures)
3488:(pigeons and doves)
2788:last common ancestor
1711:Tiaojishan Formation
1678:bird-line archosaurs
1638:transitional fossils
762:of modern birds and
606:cooperative breeding
483:
446:), characterised by
31:For other uses, see
29026:Feathered dinosaurs
28590:Roger Tory Peterson
27920:Non-avian dinosaurs
26703:Patagopterygiformes
26228:Confuciusornithidae
26094:Scansoriopterygidae
25729:Scansoriopterygidae
24739:Reptilia (reptiles)
24447:(jawed vertebrates)
23698:Mesitornithiformes
23692:(doves and pigeons)
23026:Families and orders
22888:Ichthyornithiformes
22863:Patagopterygiformes
22136:2004Sci...305.1955B
22130:(5692): 1955–1958.
22083:1965Sci...148...90W
22047:1965Ecol...46..488W
22012:1991BCons..55..255B
21765:2023NatSR..13.8709D
21431:The English Journal
21228:10.1038/nature02186
21220:2003Natur.426..830C
20646:Geographical Review
20568:2005BCons.126..216K
20305:Agleaius phoeniceus
20278:2021GEcoC..3001793K
20173:1990ConBi...4...99D
20086:1986MEPS...32..247B
20039:1998MarBi.131...63W
19985:2019EcoEn..44....1B
19899:2004Oikos.104..500B
19856:2002Biotr..34...68T
19657:2021EcoEv..11.8400G
19456:2012JAnEc..81..876N
19261:2012NatCo...3..863H
19212:2012NatCo...3..863H
19163:2012JAnEc..81...87D
19102:2012PLoSO...753066E
18975:Davies, N. (2000).
18842:(1592): 1375–1383.
18540:Warham, J. (1990).
18443:Hansell, M (2000).
18380:2004JAnEc..73..367K
18265:Attenborough, David
18235:2004BEcoS..57..110S
18085:1998TEcoE..13...52P
18034:(1385): 1103–1110.
17958:1994RSPSB.257...25S
17779:1981EmuAO..81..193F
17761:Paradisaea raggiana
17710:2021NatSR..1120018C
17609:1974Sci...183..545C
17525:2018AfJEc..56..882P
17453:1985Oecol..68..126B
17360:Science News Online
17321:2006NW.....93..413R
17178:1983BEcoS..12..181A
17094:2019EmuAO.119...79S
17047:1988Oikos..51...79H
16820:2005Sci...308.1934T
16814:(5730): 1934–1937.
16734:2022Ecol..103E3707R
16688:1994EtEcE...6..377G
16286:2001EmuAO.101..281C
16159:2005Sci...307..249C
16104:2006PNAS..10312799S
16098:(34): 12799–12802.
16045:2010PNAS..107.2078E
15491:1991BirdS..38..200H
15328:2016EvBio..43...12L
15244:1957RSPTB.240..401J
15207:2002MEPS..228..263C
15185:Pachyptila belcheri
15152:1973EcoM...43..193B
15072:2018SciNa.105...47N
14927:Attenborough, David
14478:on 26 February 2012
14371:on 19 October 2017.
14169:(1716): 2333–2337.
14123:1992Sci...258..799D
14049:1978ASAJ...64....3S
13843:1995Natur.373..425V
13693:Biochemical Journal
13364:2004NYASA1016..109S
13352:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci
13228:2007AusEc..32..378G
13171:2016CBio...26..344T
13087:10.1530/REP-17-0728
12487:Biochemical Journal
12451:1997Natur.386..561P
12303:on 14 December 2018
12136:Stanford University
12014:Colonial Waterbirds
11845:2007Sci...315.1574W
11839:(5818): 1574–1576.
11730:2020Natur.587..252F
11574:Jon Edward Ahlquist
11541:John Boyd's website
11528:Boyd, John (2007).
11477:10.14344/ioc.ml.9.2
11423:"Bird biogeography"
11374:2014Sci...344..898M
11314:2014Sci...346.1320J
11308:(6215): 1320–1331.
11182:10.1038/nature03150
11174:2005Natur.433..305C
11055:10.1038/nature15697
11047:2015Natur.526..569P
10943:2018PNAS..115..555F
10876:Yixianornis grabaui
10839:2011TEcoE..26..663L
10699:2015CBio...25.R888B
10661:Scientific American
10616:2015NatCo...6.6987W
10471:2013Sci...339.1309Z
10465:(6125): 1309–1312.
10399:2019TEcoE..34..856B
10263:10.1038/nature01342
10255:2003Natur.421..335X
10186:2007Sci...317.1378T
10180:(5843): 1378–1381.
10134:10.1038/nature10288
10072:2010Sci...327.1369L
10066:(5971): 1369–1372.
10012:2014Sci...345..562L
9877:(5909): 1799–1800.
9867:"Who's Your Daddy?"
9642:2007JSPal...5..429S
9546:10.1038/nature12168
9538:2013Natur.498..359G
9288:2015SciA....1E1005C
9111:2017CBio...27...68Y
9050:10.1098/rsos.150635
9041:2016RSOS....350635D
8978:2020Natur.579..397F
8936:List of bird genera
8874:captive populations
8778:Raptor conservation
8738:first did; or like
8197:Economic importance
8080:Human uses of birds
8053:ecosystem engineers
7963:Cross-fertilisation
7877:Taeniopygia guttata
7852:courtship behaviour
7549:Meleagris gallopavo
7136:in ducks and other
7064:. One species, the
6883:use tools to drum.
6498:to feather damage.
6351:, three species of
6135:Restless flycatcher
6075:antimicrobial agent
5464:respiratory systems
5422:X and Y chromosomes
5321:Reproductive system
5070:. The highest bird
3395:Phoenicopteriformes
2773:Hesperornithiformes
1704:pennaceous feathers
1642:theory of evolution
1562:feathered dinosaurs
1352:Scansoriopterygidae
1187:
1050:
731:places Aves in the
630:sexual reproduction
543:and constitute the
28605:Archibald Thorburn
28548:John James Audubon
27942:(former continent)
26831:Songlingornithidae
26780:Hongshanornithidae
26197:Omnivoropterygidae
26109:Jeholornithiformes
25420:Therizinosauroidea
24591:Mammalia (mammals)
24503:(lobe-finned fish)
24475:(bony vertebrates)
24040:(eagles and hawks)
23940:Procellariiformes
23845:Opisthocomiformes
23814:Steatornithiformes
23041:List by population
22878:Hongshanornithidae
22803:Evolution of birds
22362:
21753:Scientific Reports
21542:Lewis, DP (2005).
21161:American Antiquity
21118:Smith, S. (2011).
20935:on 31 January 2013
20530:Marine Ornithology
20393:The New York Times
20196:Ornis Scandinavica
20095:10.3354/meps032247
19352:Behavioral Ecology
19270:10.1038/ncomms1870
19221:10.1038/ncomms1870
19047:Behavioral Ecology
19014:Behavioral Ecology
19008:Aythya valisineria
18315:Behavioral Ecology
18219:Phalaropus lobatus
18190:Burton, R (1985).
18126:(1957): 20210579.
17914:American Zoologist
17698:Scientific Reports
17461:10.1007/BF00379484
17399:Behavioral Ecology
17186:10.1007/BF00290770
16932:Journal of Zoology
16601:Marine Ornithology
16514:10.1007/BF00295107
15216:10.3354/meps228263
14817:on 4 October 2014.
14734:Fratercula arctica
14546:Behavioral Ecology
14459:on 4 October 2014.
14245:Guthrie, R. Dale.
13986:Circaetus gallicus
13743:Behavioral Ecology
13442:10.1007/BF01632827
13403:Journal of Zoology
13300:Biological Reviews
12921:Sexual Development
10993:Systematic Biology
10882:Journal of Anatomy
10624:10.1038/ncomms7987
9774:10.7717/peerj.1032
9445:. pp. 41–96.
8792:
8689:, often appear in
8655:
8555:John James Audubon
8516:
8371:
8308:endangered species
8289:War of the Pacific
8213:
8171:campylobacteriosis
8096:
8089:Industrial farming
8066:A wide variety of
8051:Many birds act as
7986:
7843:sexual dimorphisms
7813:
7763:
7710:division of labour
7705:male parental care
7665:
7632:
7497:Magellanic penguin
7425:Greater roadrunner
7315:
7276:
7225:
7117:
6978:
6900:
6896:Red-billed queleas
6845:
6723:
6628:
6620:bar-tailed godwits
6525:
6473:feather mites and
6410:Water and drinking
6388:great frigatebirds
6257:for storage and a
6253:is unique, with a
6232:
6139:
6063:
5934:
5848:), the solitaire (
5720:Eyes of most birds
5685:
5631:New World vultures
5511:
5213:thoracic vertebrae
5193:respiratory system
5167:
5060:
4659:Picodynastornithes
4167:Austrodyptornithes
3945:(owlet-nightjars)
3884:Steatornithiformes
3514:Mesitornithiformes
2733:
2449:Songlingornithidae
2401:Hongshanornithidae
1724:Anchiornis huxleyi
1674:
1582:
1573:Anchiornis huxleyi
1535:
982:Aves can mean all
693:
678:Evolution of birds
181:
28993:
28992:
28916:Open Tree of Life
28690:Taxon identifiers
28681:
28680:
28616:Conservationists
28585:Richard Lewington
28375:The Ugly Duckling
28192:Cormorant fishing
28119:Bird conservation
28045:
28044:
27880:
27879:
27822:
27821:
27802:
27801:
27798:
27797:
27702:Lutetodontopteris
27611:Gastornithiformes
27508:
27507:
27504:
27503:
27392:Aves / Neornithes
27381:
27380:
27363:
27362:
27359:
27358:
27355:
27354:
27337:Aves / Neornithes
27239:
27238:
26978:
26977:
26810:Parahongshanornis
26402:
26401:
26375:
26374:
26371:
26370:
26367:
26366:
26363:
26362:
26359:
26358:
26157:
26156:
26083:Archaeopterygidae
25961:
25960:
25868:Archaeopterygidae
25639:
25638:
25614:
25613:
25610:
25609:
25606:
25605:
25602:
25601:
25543:
25542:
25539:
25538:
25472:Therizinosauridae
25353:
25352:
25349:
25348:
25345:
25344:
24939:
24938:
24935:
24934:
24931:
24930:
24927:
24926:
24839:Maniraptoriformes
24754:
24753:
24736:³orders of class
24722:¹orders of class
24714:
24713:
24710:
24709:
24706:
24705:
24702:
24701:
24698:
24697:
24694:
24693:
24690:
24689:
24686:
24685:
24682:
24681:
24678:
24677:
24542:Dipnoi (lungfish)
24437:
24436:
24395:
24394:
24391:
24390:
24387:
24386:
24383:
24382:
24283:
24282:
24193:
24192:
24133:
24132:
24129:
24128:
24125:
24124:
24121:
24120:
24117:
24116:
24113:
24112:
24109:
24108:
24105:
24104:
23926:(loons or divers)
23895:Phaethontiformes
23887:Phaethontimorphae
23837:Opisthocomiformes
23806:Caprimulgiformes
23746:
23745:
23735:Podicipediformes
23654:
23653:
23650:
23649:
23646:
23645:
23372:
23371:
23155:
23154:
23112:Struthioniformes
22980:Waterfowl hunting
22913:Gastornithiformes
22908:Aepyornithiformes
22898:Lithornithiformes
22445:Birds and Science
22440:Bird biogeography
22400:Library resources
22358:
22275:978-3-8321-9491-8
22260:978-84-87334-10-8
21984:978-0-521-78949-3
21852:978-0-226-77142-7
21355:www.metmuseum.org
21276:978-0-909010-21-8
21214:(6968): 830–832.
21140:on 6 January 2019
21073:978-0-415-30066-7
20967:978-0-415-77523-6
20909:978-1-315-20160-3
20477:978-1-84407-185-2
20431:10.3121/cmr.1.1.5
19994:10.1111/een.12669
19722:10.1645/GE-873R.1
19665:10.1002/ece3.7667
19651:(13): 8400–8409.
19495:(12): 1303–1308.
19401:(1635): 703–711.
18709:978-1-931439-23-7
18682:978-81-7141-933-3
18655:978-1-4419-8468-5
18270:The Life of Birds
17787:10.1071/MU9810193
17603:(4124): 545–547.
17558:Forpus passerinus
17534:10.1111/aje.12505
17430:Carduelis tristis
16494:Passer domesticus
16153:(5707): 249–250.
16027:Sterna paradisaea
16004:on 2 October 2013
15909:(1439): 191–195.
15296:978-0-19-861008-3
15283:"Feeding Ecology"
15015:Reid, N. (2006).
14970:(1439): 191–195.
14932:The Life of Birds
14661:978-0-313-33545-7
14470:Payne, Robert B.
14117:(5083): 799–801.
14058:10.1121/1.2004193
14002:10.1159/000006582
13837:(6513): 425–427.
13800:(1395): 445–450.
13706:10.1042/bj3300541
13700:(Pt 1): 541–547.
13616:Birds of Stanford
13531:Animal Physiology
13138:978-4-431-56609-0
12934:10.1159/000358406
12669:978-0-12-813252-4
12500:10.1042/bj0960028
12445:(6625): 561–562.
12368:10.1242/jeb.01495
12328:Birds of Stanford
12132:Birds of Stanford
11724:(7833): 252–257.
11636:Knowable Magazine
11421:Ritchison, Gary.
11368:(6186): 898–900.
11168:(7023): 305–308.
11041:(7574): 569–573.
10693:(19): R888–R898.
10534:978-0-86840-413-4
10249:(6921): 335–340.
10128:(7357): 465–470.
10006:(6196): 562–566.
9727:978-0-12-676460-4
9532:(7454): 359–362.
9522:Godefroit, Pascal
9357:Linnaeus, Carolus
8972:(7799): 397–401.
8911:Biodiversity loss
8894:European starling
8879:California condor
8840:long-line fishing
8788:California condor
8764:Bird conservation
8740:Beatrice Harrison
8736:Ottorino Respighi
8428:religious symbols
8328:Messenger pigeons
8191:zoonotic diseases
8187:cryptosporidiosis
7948:Turdoides bicolor
7915:Malurus coronatus
7890:Geospiza scandens
7839:Fisherian runaway
7810:Fisherian runaway
7689:Australian magpie
7649:chick guard stage
7641:great frigatebird
7567:
7566:
7525:Aquila chrysaetos
7405:Passer domesticus
7249:calcium carbonate
7236:, often breed in
7184:Courtship feeding
7134:forced copulation
7016:loss of body heat
7012:Communal roosting
6974:American flamingo
6908:safety in numbers
6791:
6763:
6738:
6711:Bird vocalisation
6585:sooty shearwaters
6557:bar-tailed godwit
6317:ecological niches
5930:African scops owl
5806:), some jacanas (
5781:Procellariiformes
5667:achromatic vision
5509:of an avian heart
5404:Birds are solely
5363:sperm competition
5261:nitrogenous waste
5255:, that is, their
5207:(partition). The
5054:The range of the
4975:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4716:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4339:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4180:Procellariiformes
4107:
4106:
4039:Phaethoquornithes
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3705:Opisthocomiformes
3667:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3354:
3353:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3191:
3190:
2966:The discovery of
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2792:hook-billed vanga
2741:ecological niches
2720:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2111:
2110:
1943:
1942:
1730:Xiaotingia zhengi
1687:Tyrannosaurus rex
1682:maniraptoromorphs
1531:phylogenetic tree
1523:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1134:Ornithomimosauria
1117:Maniraptoriformes
1078:
1077:
979:
978:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
844:
843:
725:Linnaean taxonomy
701:Francis Willughby
577:) evolved in the
413:constituting the
401:
400:
395:
352:Notopalaeognathae
346:Struthionimorphae
324:
16:(Redirected from
29043:
28986:
28985:
28973:
28972:
28960:
28959:
28950:
28949:
28937:
28936:
28924:
28923:
28911:
28910:
28901:
28900:
28888:
28887:
28875:
28874:
28862:
28861:
28849:
28848:
28836:
28835:
28823:
28822:
28810:
28809:
28797:
28796:
28784:
28783:
28771:
28770:
28758:
28757:
28745:
28744:
28732:
28731:
28730:
28717:
28716:
28715:
28685:
28684:
28221:
28072:
28065:
28058:
28049:
28048:
27985:
27907:
27900:
27893:
27884:
27883:
27870:
27869:
27842:Deinonychosauria
27817:
27816:
27810:
27767:Protodontopteryx
27709:Macrodontopteryx
27648:
27609:
27565:
27549:
27539:
27529:
27521:
27520:
27456:
27455:
27432:
27431:
27400:
27399:
27387:
27386:
27376:
27371:
27302:Cimolopterygidae
27300:
27246:
27193:Hesperornithidae
27132:
27131:
27125:
27095:
27080:
27070:
27060:
27050:
27040:
27030:
27020:
27010:
26999:
26991:
26990:
26921:
26884:
26829:
26778:
26739:
26701:
26671:
26656:
26646:
26636:
26625:
26615:
26605:
26595:
26585:
26575:
26565:
26555:
26545:
26535:
26524:
26514:
26504:
26494:
26484:
26474:
26464:
26454:
26444:
26436:
26435:
26432:
26431:
26421:
26420:
26408:
26407:
26397:
26391:
26390:
26383:
26316:
26311:
26310:
26272:Jinguofortisidae
26270:
26251:Eoconfuciusornis
26226:
26195:
26178:
26170:
26169:
26107:
26091:
26080:
26069:
26059:
26049:
26038:
26028:
26018:
26007:
25996:
25986:
25978:
25977:
25974:
25973:
25938:
25912:
25866:
25772:
25727:
25712:
25702:
25691:
25681:
25673:
25672:
25669:
25668:
25658:
25657:
25645:
25644:
25634:
25628:
25622:
25572:Oviraptorosauria
25561:Oviraptorosauria
25559:
25554:
25553:
25495:Nanshiungosaurus
25425:
25424:
25402:Jianchangosaurus
25371:
25370:
25364:
25359:
25358:
25196:
25195:
25127:
25126:
25045:
25044:
25039:Alvarezsauroidea
25037:
25020:
25010:
24999:
24988:
24977:
24969:
24968:
24958:
24957:
24945:
24944:
24887:
24886:
24860:
24859:
24851:
24850:
24844:
24843:
24796:
24795:
24781:
24774:
24767:
24758:
24757:
24652:
24651:
24608:
24607:
24604:
24584:
24583:
24580:
24560:
24559:
24556:
24535:
24534:
24531:
24510:
24509:
24506:
24504:
24482:
24481:
24478:
24476:
24454:
24453:
24450:
24448:
24424:Myxini (hagfish)
24412:
24411:
24408:
24407:
24404:
24361:
24360:
24333:
24332:
24313:
24312:
24308:
24300:
24299:
24296:
24295:
24292:
24263:
24262:
24220:
24213:
24206:
24197:
24196:
24181:
24180:
24169:
24157:
24156:
24145:
24144:
24097:
24089:
24081:
24073:
24070:Leptosomiformes
24065:
24057:
24049:
24041:
24038:Accipitriformes
24033:
24012:
24011:(perching birds)
24004:
23996:
23988:
23967:
23959:
23951:
23943:
23935:
23932:Sphenisciformes
23927:
23906:
23898:
23877:
23869:
23866:Charadriiformes
23848:
23827:
23809:
23788:
23780:
23777:Musophagiformes
23772:
23757:
23756:
23738:
23730:
23709:
23701:
23693:
23678:
23677:
23669:
23668:
23660:
23659:
23633:
23620:
23398:
23397:
23394:
23387:
23300:
23293:
23257:
23244:
23243:
23240:
23231:
23230:
23227:
23192:
23191:
23188:
23187:
23161:
23160:
23147:
23139:
23131:
23123:
23115:
23100:
23099:
23096:
23095:
23085:
23084:
23081:
23080:
22948:Bird collections
22903:Dinornithiformes
22808:Darwin's finches
22798:Origin of flight
22738:Seabird breeding
22728:Sexual selection
22597:
22590:
22583:
22574:
22573:
22471:
22382:
22380:
22369:
22368:
22359:
22349:
22347:
22342:
22228:
22227:
22203:
22197:
22196:
22194:
22170:
22164:
22163:
22117:
22111:
22110:
22066:
22030:
22024:
22023:
21995:
21989:
21988:
21970:
21964:
21963:
21961:
21959:
21944:
21938:
21937:
21935:
21933:
21919:
21913:
21912:
21910:
21908:
21893:
21887:
21886:
21884:
21882:
21863:
21857:
21856:
21838:
21832:
21831:
21809:
21803:
21802:
21792:
21744:
21738:
21737:
21721:
21715:
21714:
21712:
21710:
21695:
21689:
21688:
21670:
21664:
21663:
21643:
21637:
21636:
21629:
21623:
21622:
21615:
21609:
21608:
21600:
21594:
21593:
21565:
21559:
21558:
21556:
21554:
21539:
21533:
21532:
21524:
21518:
21517:
21515:
21513:
21504:
21496:
21490:
21489:
21461:
21455:
21454:
21426:
21420:
21419:
21399:
21393:
21392:
21372:
21366:
21365:
21363:
21361:
21347:
21341:
21340:
21338:
21336:
21322:
21316:
21315:
21287:
21281:
21280:
21262:
21256:
21255:
21199:
21193:
21192:
21156:
21150:
21149:
21147:
21145:
21139:
21124:
21115:
21106:
21105:
21084:
21078:
21077:
21057:
21051:
21050:
21032:
21026:
21025:
21005:
20999:
20998:
20978:
20972:
20971:
20951:
20945:
20944:
20942:
20940:
20931:. Archived from
20920:
20914:
20913:
20893:
20882:
20881:
20861:
20850:
20849:
20821:
20815:
20814:
20786:
20780:
20779:
20771:
20765:
20764:
20736:
20730:
20729:
20707:
20701:
20700:
20699:on 4 March 2011.
20698:
20687:
20676:
20670:
20669:
20641:
20635:
20634:
20632:
20608:
20602:
20601:
20599:
20597:
20586:
20580:
20579:
20551:
20545:
20544:
20542:
20527:
20521:Puffinus griseus
20514:
20508:
20507:
20505:
20503:
20488:
20482:
20481:
20459:
20453:
20452:
20442:
20410:
20404:
20403:
20401:
20399:
20384:
20378:
20377:
20375:
20373:
20354:
20348:
20347:
20335:
20329:
20328:
20298:
20292:
20291:
20289:
20257:
20251:
20250:
20226:
20220:
20219:
20191:
20185:
20184:
20156:
20150:
20149:
20131:
20125:
20124:
20106:
20100:
20099:
20097:
20065:
20059:
20058:
20021:
20015:
20014:
19996:
19964:
19958:
19957:
19917:
19911:
19910:
19882:
19876:
19875:
19841:
19832:
19826:
19825:
19785:
19779:
19778:
19768:
19759:
19750:
19749:
19716:(6): 1319–1324.
19701:
19695:
19694:
19684:
19636:
19630:
19629:
19611:
19605:
19604:
19570:
19564:
19563:
19527:
19521:
19520:
19484:
19478:
19477:
19467:
19435:
19429:
19428:
19418:
19386:
19380:
19379:
19377:
19367:
19358:(6): 1390–1397.
19343:
19334:
19333:
19308:(6): 1229–1239.
19297:
19291:
19290:
19272:
19240:
19234:
19233:
19223:
19191:
19185:
19184:
19174:
19140:
19134:
19133:
19123:
19113:
19081:
19075:
19074:
19072:
19062:
19038:
19032:
19031:
19029:
19001:
18995:
18994:
18972:
18963:
18962:
18928:
18922:
18921:
18895:
18889:
18888:
18876:
18870:
18869:
18859:
18825:
18819:
18818:
18810:
18804:
18803:
18781:
18775:
18774:
18766:
18760:
18759:
18747:
18741:
18740:
18720:
18714:
18713:
18693:
18687:
18686:
18672:Biology of Birds
18666:
18660:
18659:
18639:
18633:
18632:
18630:
18628:
18617:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18606:
18595:
18589:
18588:
18566:
18560:
18559:
18537:
18531:
18530:
18512:
18506:
18505:
18465:
18459:
18458:
18440:
18431:
18430:
18400:
18394:
18393:
18391:
18355:
18349:
18348:
18338:
18306:
18300:
18299:
18291:
18285:
18284:
18261:
18255:
18254:
18214:
18208:
18207:
18187:
18181:
18180:
18160:
18154:
18153:
18143:
18111:
18105:
18104:
18068:
18062:
18061:
18059:
18019:
18013:
18012:
17984:
17978:
17977:
17939:
17933:
17932:
17930:
17904:
17898:
17897:
17875:
17869:
17868:
17834:
17828:
17827:
17797:
17791:
17790:
17754:
17748:
17747:
17737:
17689:
17683:
17682:
17674:
17668:
17667:
17643:
17637:
17636:
17592:
17586:
17585:
17553:
17547:
17546:
17536:
17504:
17498:
17497:
17495:
17472:
17436:
17423:
17417:
17416:
17414:
17390:
17384:
17383:
17355:
17349:
17348:
17304:
17298:
17297:
17261:
17255:
17254:
17252:
17246:. Archived from
17213:
17204:
17198:
17197:
17161:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17121:
17112:
17106:
17105:
17073:
17067:
17066:
17028:
17022:
17021:
16985:
16979:
16978:
16958:
16949:
16948:
16922:
16916:
16915:
16897:
16873:
16867:
16866:
16854:
16848:
16847:
16803:
16797:
16796:
16771:(6): 1175–1183.
16765:Animal Behaviour
16760:
16754:
16753:
16742:10.1002/ecy.3707
16713:
16704:
16703:
16698:. Archived from
16667:
16661:
16660:
16622:
16616:
16615:
16613:
16598:
16592:Diomedea exulans
16585:
16579:
16578:
16577:on 5 March 2016.
16576:
16570:. Archived from
16545:
16532:
16526:
16525:
16487:
16481:
16480:
16470:
16446:
16440:
16439:
16429:
16420:(8): 3855–3865.
16405:
16399:
16398:
16396:
16372:
16366:
16365:
16345:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16321:
16312:
16306:
16305:
16267:
16261:
16260:
16250:
16226:
16220:
16219:
16218:on 29 July 2014.
16217:
16202:
16193:
16187:
16186:
16142:
16136:
16135:
16125:
16115:
16083:
16077:
16076:
16066:
16056:
16039:(5): 2078–2081.
16020:
16014:
16013:
16011:
16009:
15990:
15984:
15983:
15951:
15945:
15936:
15926:
15892:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15859:
15853:
15852:
15842:
15833:(4): 1262–1268.
15818:
15812:
15811:
15801:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15768:
15745:
15736:
15730:
15729:
15701:
15695:
15694:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15649:
15625:
15619:
15618:
15616:
15593:
15567:
15558:
15552:
15551:
15549:
15547:
15538:. Archived from
15519:
15513:
15512:
15510:
15474:
15468:
15467:
15439:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15399:
15390:
15384:
15383:
15354:
15348:
15347:
15307:
15301:
15300:
15278:
15272:
15271:
15238:(674): 401–493.
15227:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15178:
15172:
15171:
15135:
15129:
15128:
15108:
15102:
15101:
15091:
15049:
15043:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15033:on 15 March 2011
15032:
15021:
15012:
15006:
14997:
14987:
14953:
14947:
14946:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14906:
14874:
14868:
14867:
14865:
14834:
14825:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14810:. Archived from
14785:
14776:
14770:
14769:
14729:
14723:
14722:
14715:
14709:
14708:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14652:Flightless Birds
14647:
14641:
14640:
14632:
14626:
14625:
14624:on 5 March 2016.
14623:
14608:
14599:
14593:
14592:
14570:
14564:
14563:
14561:
14537:
14531:
14530:
14494:
14488:
14487:
14485:
14483:
14467:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14452:. Archived from
14427:
14418:
14412:
14411:
14379:
14373:
14372:
14370:
14364:. Archived from
14363:
14352:
14346:
14345:
14327:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14282:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14253:. Archived from
14242:
14236:
14235:
14203:
14197:
14196:
14186:
14154:
14143:
14142:
14102:
14096:
14095:
14093:
14078:
14069:
14063:
14062:
14060:
14028:
14022:
14021:
13981:
13975:
13974:
13938:
13929:
13928:
13901:Nyctea scandiaca
13896:
13890:
13889:
13869:
13863:
13862:
13851:10.1038/373425a0
13826:
13820:
13819:
13817:
13783:
13777:
13776:
13758:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13717:
13683:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13668:. Archived from
13643:
13634:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13607:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13590:
13575:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13526:
13517:
13516:
13504:
13495:
13494:
13486:
13480:
13479:
13471:
13462:
13461:
13425:
13419:
13418:
13398:
13392:
13391:
13347:
13338:
13337:
13331:
13323:
13295:
13289:
13288:
13278:
13246:
13240:
13239:
13212:Alectura lathami
13207:
13201:
13200:
13190:
13149:
13143:
13142:
13122:
13116:
13115:
13089:
13080:(6): R245–R257.
13065:
13059:
13058:
13018:
13012:
13011:
12993:
12969:
12963:
12962:
12936:
12912:
12901:
12900:
12880:
12874:
12873:
12863:
12823:
12817:
12816:
12806:
12786:
12780:
12779:
12778:on 4 March 2016.
12777:
12771:. Archived from
12746:
12737:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12717:. Archived from
12711:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12680:
12674:
12673:
12654:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12643:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12613:. Archived from
12586:
12580:Falco sparverius
12573:
12567:
12566:
12541:(916): 667–682.
12528:
12522:
12521:
12511:
12477:
12471:
12470:
12459:10.1038/386561a0
12434:
12428:
12427:
12400:Struthio camelus
12395:
12389:
12388:
12370:
12361:(6): 1025–1034.
12346:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12319:
12313:
12312:
12310:
12308:
12289:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12264:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12213:
12152:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12123:
12117:
12116:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12078:Christopher Helm
12069:
12063:
12062:
12044:
12038:
12037:
12005:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11994:
11971:
11965:
11964:
11946:
11940:
11939:
11922:(9): 1189–1197.
11907:
11901:
11900:
11882:
11873:
11872:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11776:
11770:
11769:
11759:
11741:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11666:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11647:
11627:
11618:
11617:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11549:
11538:
11525:
11519:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11418:
11412:
11411:
11393:
11359:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11333:
11293:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11270:. Archived from
11223:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11159:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11134:on 25 March 2009
11133:
11127:. Archived from
11118:
11090:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11030:
11019:
11018:
11008:
10990:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10964:
10954:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10905:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10861:on 28 July 2014.
10857:. Archived from
10818:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10801:
10795:. Archived from
10762:
10745:
10739:
10738:
10720:
10710:
10678:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10635:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10545:
10539:
10538:
10520:
10509:
10508:
10482:
10480:10.1.1.1031.5732
10454:
10445:
10444:
10418:
10378:
10369:
10368:
10360:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10296:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10238:
10229:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10197:
10169:
10160:
10154:
10153:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10055:
10046:
10040:
10039:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9977:on 8 August 2014
9966:
9960:
9959:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9915:Paul, Gregory S.
9911:
9905:
9904:
9886:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9837:
9827:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9786:
9776:
9748:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9709:
9700:
9699:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9610:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9590:
9581:
9566:
9565:
9518:
9509:
9508:
9500:
9487:
9486:
9466:
9457:
9456:
9435:Philip J. Currie
9427:
9421:
9420:
9410:
9376:
9367:
9366:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9307:
9282:(11): e1501005.
9263:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9184:
9174:
9142:
9133:
9132:
9122:
9090:
9081:
9080:
9070:
9052:
9020:
9014:
9013:
8957:
8883:Norfolk parakeet
8860:Governments and
8851:invasive species
8744:David Rothenberg
8624:Harrier Jump Jet
8537:
8499:Birds in culture
8441:
8326:, respectively.
8226:
8222:
8203:Pet § Birds
8011:kleptoparasitism
7847:sexual selection
7835:sexual selection
7800:Sexual selection
7766:Brood parasitism
7727:ancient murrelet
7722:Synthliboramphus
7614:
7606:
7598:thermoregulating
7473:Laysan albatross
7350:
7349:
7288:emperor penguins
7284:common guillemot
7195:
6912:ambush predation
6800:drumming on wood
6793:
6792:
6765:
6764:
6740:
6739:
6720:
6587:, which nest in
6490:
6482:
6384:kleptoparasitism
6238:
6216:Diet and feeding
6126:Flightless birds
6024:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5946:thermoregulation
5854:), sheathbills (
5795:have a powerful
5728:binocular vision
5572:vasoconstriction
5243:Excretory system
5201:orbital cavities
5123:spread naturally
5004:As of 2010, the
4885:
4864:
4850:
4849:
4844:Psittacopasserae
4833:
4819:
4818:
4813:Eufalconimorphae
4802:
4788:
4787:
4708:
4683:
4665:
4664:
4648:
4630:
4629:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4585:
4580:(cuckoo roller)
4571:
4570:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4498:
4473:
4459:
4458:
4453:Accipitrimorphae
4442:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4331:
4298:
4276:
4275:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4216:
4195:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4142:
4124:
4123:
4098:
4069:
4062:Phaethontiformes
4055:
4054:
4045:
4044:
3983:
3950:
3936:
3935:
3919:
3905:
3904:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3863:
3849:
3848:
3832:
3825:Caprimulgiformes
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3776:
3751:
3729:
3728:
3712:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3640:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3542:
3521:
3507:
3506:
3493:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3427:
3420:Podicipediformes
3406:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3345:
3320:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3248:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3182:
3161:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3126:
3115:Struthioniformes
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3010:molecular clocks
2865:
2864:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2784:mosaic evolution
2567:
2566:
2542:
2541:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2489:
2488:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2440:
2416:
2415:
2393:
2392:
2368:
2367:
2325:
2324:
2297:
2296:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2013:
2012:
1988:
1987:
1960:
1959:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1873:
1872:
1848:
1847:
1823:
1822:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:sternum and the
1397:
1396:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1303:Jacques Gauthier
1195:Oviraptorosauria
1193:
1184:
1183:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
975:
890:
889:
858:
857:
818:
817:
810:
809:
798:
797:
793:
792:
770:Jacques Gauthier
756:phylogenetically
721:biological class
487:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
390:
316:
196:
195:
158:
143:Early Cretaceous
140:
77:
62:Temporal range:
56:
55:
51:
36:
21:
29051:
29050:
29046:
29045:
29044:
29042:
29041:
29040:
28996:
28995:
28994:
28989:
28981:
28976:
28968:
28963:
28955:
28953:
28945:
28940:
28932:
28927:
28919:
28914:
28906:
28904:
28896:
28891:
28883:
28878:
28870:
28865:
28857:
28852:
28844:
28839:
28831:
28826:
28818:
28813:
28805:
28800:
28792:
28787:
28779:
28774:
28766:
28761:
28753:
28748:
28740:
28735:
28726:
28725:
28720:
28711:
28710:
28705:
28692:
28682:
28677:
28651:
28533:
28495:
28265:
28222:
28213:
28085:
28076:
28046:
28041:
27986:
27977:
27914:
27911:
27881:
27876:
27818:
27811:
27794:
27789:Tympanonesiotes
27782:Pseudodontornis
27745:Palaeochenoides
27666:Caspiodontornis
27650:Pelagornithidae
27641:
27602:
27558:
27500:
27477:
27445:
27421:
27394:
27377:
27351:
27331:
27293:
27235:
27230:Parahesperornis
27202:Asiahesperornis
27187:
27118:
27088:
26987:
26974:
26914:
26877:
26822:
26789:Archaeornithura
26771:
26732:
26694:
26664:
26447:Archaeorhynchus
26428:
26415:
26398:
26385:
26355:
26335:
26306:Ornithothoraces
26300:
26263:
26237:Changchengornis
26219:
26188:
26166:
26153:
26100:
26072:Anchiornithidae
25970:
25957:
25931:
25925:Dromaeosauridae
25914:Dromaeosauridae
25905:
25899:Anchiornithidae
25859:
25818:Liaoningvenator
25774:Anchiornithidae
25765:
25753:Scansoriopteryx
25720:
25665:
25652:
25635:
25598:
25578:
25535:
25530:Therizinosaurus
25466:
25414:
25409:Lingyuanosaurus
25366:Therizinosauria
25341:
25300:
25266:
25191:Parvicursorinae
25185:
25122:Alvarezsauridae
25116:
25041:
25029:
24965:
24952:
24923:
24903:
24876:
24870:Avemetatarsalia
24855:Avemetatarsalia
24845:
24801:
24800:
24790:
24785:
24755:
24750:
24730:²subclasses of
24674:
24650:
24631:
24600:
24595:
24576:
24571:
24552:
24547:
24527:
24522:
24502:
24501:
24498:
24493:
24474:
24473:
24470:
24465:
24446:
24445:
24442:
24433:
24400:
24379:
24374:Aplousobranchia
24350:
24340:Stolidobranchia
24324:
24306:
24305:
24288:
24279:
24267:Cephalochordata
24257:
24231:
24224:
24194:
24189:
24101:
24095:
24087:
24079:
24078:Bucerotiformes
24072:(cuckoo-roller)
24071:
24063:
24055:
24047:
24039:
24031:
24030:Cathartiformes
24016:
24010:
24002:
24001:Psittaciformes
23994:
23986:
23971:
23965:
23964:Pelecaniformes
23957:
23949:
23941:
23933:
23925:
23910:
23904:
23903:Eurypygiformes
23896:
23881:
23875:
23867:
23852:
23846:
23831:
23825:
23807:
23792:
23786:
23778:
23770:
23742:
23736:
23728:
23713:
23707:
23706:Pterocliformes
23699:
23691:
23642:
23631:
23618:
23603:
23527:
23486:
23424:
23389:
23388:
23381:
23380:
23368:
23348:
23321:
23298:
23291:
23251:
23250:
23238:
23237:
23221:
23220:
23217:
23215:
23213:
23211:
23209:
23207:
23205:
23203:
23201:
23199:
23197:
23182:
23180:
23178:
23176:
23174:
23172:
23170:
23168:
23166:
23151:
23145:
23144:Casuariiformes
23137:
23136:Apterygiformes
23129:
23121:
23113:
23090:
23075:
23046:Lists by region
23014:
22924:
22917:
22858:Chaoyangiformes
22843:Jeholornithidae
22817:
22781:Origin of birds
22767:
22748:Brood parasites
22694:
22624:
22611:
22601:
22561:Wayback Machine
22530:Wilson Bulletin
22487:Wayback Machine
22430:
22429:
22428:
22408:
22407:
22403:
22396:
22395:
22384:
22378:
22376:
22373:This audio file
22370:
22363:
22354:
22351:
22345:
22344:
22340:
22337:
22307:Birds of Europe
22237:
22235:Further reading
22232:
22231:
22204:
22200:
22171:
22167:
22118:
22114:
22077:(3666): 90–91.
22055:10.2307/1934880
22031:
22027:
21996:
21992:
21985:
21971:
21967:
21957:
21955:
21953:All About Birds
21945:
21941:
21931:
21929:
21921:
21920:
21916:
21906:
21904:
21902:BBC News Online
21894:
21890:
21880:
21878:
21877:on 17 June 2013
21865:
21864:
21860:
21853:
21839:
21835:
21828:
21810:
21806:
21745:
21741:
21722:
21718:
21708:
21706:
21696:
21692:
21685:
21671:
21667:
21644:
21640:
21631:
21630:
21626:
21617:
21616:
21612:
21601:
21597:
21566:
21562:
21552:
21550:
21540:
21536:
21525:
21521:
21511:
21509:
21507:uswarpalnes.net
21502:
21498:
21497:
21493:
21462:
21458:
21427:
21423:
21400:
21396:
21373:
21369:
21359:
21357:
21349:
21348:
21344:
21334:
21332:
21324:
21323:
21319:
21304:10.2307/3252550
21298:(10): 182–183.
21288:
21284:
21277:
21263:
21259:
21200:
21196:
21173:10.2307/2694739
21157:
21153:
21143:
21141:
21137:
21127:Ancient America
21122:
21116:
21109:
21102:
21085:
21081:
21074:
21058:
21054:
21047:
21033:
21029:
21022:
21006:
21002:
20995:
20979:
20975:
20968:
20952:
20948:
20938:
20936:
20921:
20917:
20910:
20894:
20885:
20878:
20862:
20853:
20838:10.2307/1177550
20822:
20818:
20803:10.2307/3260591
20787:
20783:
20772:
20768:
20737:
20733:
20708:
20704:
20696:
20685:
20677:
20673:
20658:10.2307/4140937
20642:
20638:
20609:
20605:
20595:
20593:
20588:
20587:
20583:
20552:
20548:
20540:
20525:
20515:
20511:
20501:
20499:
20490:
20489:
20485:
20478:
20460:
20456:
20411:
20407:
20397:
20395:
20385:
20381:
20371:
20369:
20355:
20351:
20336:
20332:
20299:
20295:
20258:
20254:
20227:
20223:
20208:10.2307/3676463
20192:
20188:
20157:
20153:
20146:
20132:
20128:
20121:
20107:
20103:
20066:
20062:
20022:
20018:
19965:
19961:
19938:10.2307/3492142
19918:
19914:
19883:
19879:
19839:
19833:
19829:
19806:10.2307/2398801
19786:
19782:
19766:
19760:
19753:
19702:
19698:
19637:
19633:
19626:
19612:
19608:
19593:
19571:
19567:
19544:10.1038/nrg2664
19538:(11): 783–796.
19532:Nat. Rev. Genet
19528:
19524:
19485:
19481:
19436:
19432:
19395:Proc. Biol. Sci
19387:
19383:
19344:
19337:
19298:
19294:
19241:
19237:
19192:
19188:
19141:
19137:
19082:
19078:
19039:
19035:
19002:
18998:
18991:
18973:
18966:
18929:
18925:
18896:
18892:
18877:
18873:
18826:
18822:
18811:
18807:
18782:
18778:
18767:
18763:
18748:
18744:
18737:
18721:
18717:
18710:
18694:
18690:
18683:
18667:
18663:
18656:
18640:
18636:
18626:
18624:
18619:
18618:
18614:
18604:
18602:
18597:
18596:
18592:
18585:
18567:
18563:
18556:
18538:
18534:
18527:
18513:
18509:
18466:
18462:
18455:
18441:
18434:
18419:10.2307/3565958
18401:
18397:
18356:
18352:
18307:
18303:
18292:
18288:
18281:
18262:
18258:
18215:
18211:
18204:
18188:
18184:
18177:
18161:
18157:
18112:
18108:
18069:
18065:
18020:
18016:
17985:
17981:
17952:(1348): 25–30.
17940:
17936:
17905:
17901:
17876:
17872:
17835:
17831:
17798:
17794:
17755:
17751:
17690:
17686:
17675:
17671:
17644:
17640:
17593:
17589:
17574:10.2307/1366517
17554:
17550:
17505:
17501:
17493:
17434:
17424:
17420:
17391:
17387:
17372:10.2307/4011301
17356:
17352:
17305:
17301:
17262:
17258:
17250:
17211:
17205:
17201:
17162:
17158:
17150:
17136:10.2307/1368877
17119:
17113:
17109:
17074:
17070:
17055:10.2307/3565809
17029:
17025:
16986:
16982:
16975:
16959:
16952:
16923:
16919:
16874:
16870:
16855:
16851:
16804:
16800:
16761:
16757:
16714:
16707:
16668:
16664:
16641:10.2307/2409431
16623:
16619:
16611:
16596:
16586:
16582:
16574:
16560:10.2307/1368675
16543:
16541:) in Venezuela"
16539:Eurypyga helias
16533:
16529:
16488:
16484:
16447:
16443:
16406:
16402:
16373:
16369:
16362:
16346:
16342:
16334:
16319:
16313:
16309:
16294:10.1071/MU00034
16268:
16264:
16227:
16223:
16215:
16200:
16194:
16190:
16143:
16139:
16084:
16080:
16021:
16017:
16007:
16005:
15992:
15991:
15987:
15952:
15948:
15893:
15889:
15860:
15856:
15819:
15815:
15778:
15774:
15766:
15743:
15737:
15733:
15718:10.2307/1309104
15702:
15698:
15675:
15671:
15626:
15622:
15614:
15565:
15559:
15555:
15545:
15543:
15542:on 5 April 2020
15536:
15520:
15516:
15475:
15471:
15456:10.2307/1369318
15440:
15436:
15428:
15414:10.2307/1369185
15397:
15391:
15387:
15372:10.2307/3677021
15355:
15351:
15308:
15304:
15297:
15279:
15275:
15228:
15224:
15179:
15175:
15160:10.2307/1942194
15136:
15132:
15109:
15105:
15050:
15046:
15036:
15034:
15030:
15019:
15013:
15009:
14954:
14950:
14943:
14924:
14920:
14875:
14871:
14863:
14849:10.2307/1368983
14832:
14826:
14822:
14814:
14800:10.2307/4087761
14783:
14777:
14773:
14730:
14726:
14717:
14716:
14712:
14673:
14669:
14662:
14648:
14644:
14633:
14629:
14621:
14606:
14600:
14596:
14571:
14567:
14538:
14534:
14495:
14491:
14481:
14479:
14468:
14464:
14456:
14442:10.2307/4081571
14425:
14419:
14415:
14400:10.2307/3677029
14380:
14376:
14368:
14361:
14353:
14349:
14342:
14328:
14319:
14311:
14297:10.2307/4081839
14280:
14274:
14270:
14260:
14258:
14257:on 21 June 2007
14243:
14239:
14224:10.2307/1369464
14204:
14200:
14155:
14146:
14103:
14099:
14091:
14076:
14070:
14066:
14029:
14025:
13982:
13978:
13939:
13932:
13897:
13893:
13886:
13870:
13866:
13827:
13823:
13784:
13780:
13735:
13731:
13684:
13680:
13672:
13658:10.2307/1368131
13641:
13635:
13631:
13621:
13619:
13608:
13604:
13594:
13592:
13588:
13578:Folia Zoologica
13573:
13567:
13563:
13556:
13542:
13538:
13527:
13520:
13505:
13498:
13487:
13483:
13472:
13465:
13426:
13422:
13399:
13395:
13348:
13341:
13325:
13324:
13296:
13292:
13255:Biology Letters
13247:
13243:
13216:Austral Ecology
13208:
13204:
13159:Current Biology
13150:
13146:
13139:
13123:
13119:
13066:
13062:
13039:10.2307/1539953
13019:
13015:
12970:
12966:
12913:
12904:
12881:
12877:
12824:
12820:
12787:
12783:
12775:
12744:
12738:
12734:
12724:
12722:
12721:on 22 June 2015
12713:
12712:
12708:
12698:
12696:
12681:
12677:
12670:
12656:
12655:
12651:
12641:
12639:
12629:
12625:
12617:
12603:10.2307/1365774
12584:
12574:
12570:
12529:
12525:
12478:
12474:
12435:
12431:
12396:
12392:
12347:
12343:
12333:
12331:
12320:
12316:
12306:
12304:
12291:
12290:
12286:
12276:
12274:
12266:
12265:
12261:
12251:
12249:
12239:
12235:
12228:
12214:
12155:
12140:
12138:
12124:
12120:
12113:
12099:
12095:
12088:
12070:
12066:
12059:
12045:
12041:
12026:10.2307/1521007
12006:
12002:
11992:
11990:
11988:10.2173/bna.322
11972:
11968:
11961:
11947:
11943:
11908:
11904:
11897:
11883:
11876:
11827:
11823:
11816:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11777:
11773:
11710:
11706:
11667:
11660:
11650:
11648:
11628:
11621:
11599:
11595:
11588:
11570:Sibley, Charles
11567:
11563:
11553:
11551:
11547:
11536:
11526:
11522:
11514:
11510:
11500:
11498:
11490:
11489:
11485:
11462:
11461:
11457:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11419:
11415:
11357:
11351:
11347:
11294:
11287:
11277:
11275:
11274:on 19 June 2015
11224:
11220:
11212:
11157:
11151:
11147:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11094:Biology Letters
11088:
11082:
11078:
11031:
11022:
10988:
10982:
10978:
10923:
10919:
10870:
10866:
10833:(12): 663–673.
10819:
10815:
10805:
10803:
10802:on 3 March 2009
10799:
10760:
10746:
10742:
10687:Current Biology
10679:
10675:
10665:
10663:
10655:Elbein, Asher.
10653:
10649:
10596:
10592:
10582:
10580:
10579:on 2 April 2015
10569:
10565:
10546:
10542:
10535:
10521:
10512:
10455:
10448:
10379:
10372:
10361:
10357:
10324:
10320:
10310:
10308:
10307:on 16 June 2012
10297:
10293:
10285:
10236:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10167:
10161:
10157:
10114:
10110:
10102:
10053:
10047:
10043:
9994:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9967:
9963:
9956:
9940:
9936:
9929:
9912:
9908:
9863:
9859:
9804:
9800:
9749:
9742:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9718:Amniote Origins
9710:
9703:
9692:
9688:
9669:
9665:
9626:
9622:
9611:
9607:
9599:
9588:
9582:
9569:
9519:
9512:
9501:
9490:
9483:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9428:
9424:
9377:
9370:
9354:
9350:
9343:
9325:
9321:
9266:Claramunt, S.;
9264:
9255:
9245:
9243:
9233:
9229:
9202:
9198:
9143:
9136:
9099:Current Biology
9091:
9084:
9021:
9017:
8958:
8949:
8944:
8902:
8780:
8766:
8760:
8717:
8711:
8651:Sisserou Parrot
8628:HU-16 Albatross
8501:
8495:
8461:mother goddess
8408:, particularly
8391:Hugin and Munin
8381:, in which the
8355:
8224:
8220:
8205:
8199:
8179:avian influenza
8128:aviation hazard
8082:
8076:
7971:
7908:
7902:
7866:
7860:
7819:
7802:
7745:
7739:
7737:Brood parasites
7616:
7608:
7578:
7572:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7261:brood parasites
7217:
7211:
7197:
7126:biparental care
7105:
7100:
7082:
7066:common poorwill
7054:owlet-nightjars
6995:slow-wave sleep
6966:
6959:
6947:dwarf mongooses
6929:associate with
6889:
6815:
6814:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6774:spangled drongo
6766:
6759:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6731:
6724:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6663:Manx shearwater
6607:nesting in the
6510:
6504:
6492:
6484:
6467:
6461:
6412:
6240:
6224:
6218:
6188:Most birds are
6186:
6141:Most birds can
6128:
6120:Main articles:
6118:
6071:uropygial gland
6026:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5993:flight feathers
5990:
5978:
5928:plumage of the
5918:
5906:Main articles:
5904:
5860:), some guans (
5777:
5738:lacks external
5657:(UV) sensitive
5599:
5593:
5563:
5534:sinoatrial node
5500:
5488:red blood cells
5460:
5391:parthenogenesis
5323:
5277:urinary bladder
5245:
5197:cranial sutures
5189:
5183:
5181:Skeletal system
5147:
5141:
5135:
5048:
5038:
5002:
4996:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4703:and relatives)
4643:and relatives)
4578:Leptosomiformes
4517:
4508:
4487:Accipitriformes
4395:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4235:
4226:
4209:Sphenisciformes
4108:
4049:Eurypygimorphae
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3943:Aegotheliformes
3795:
3786:
3765:Charadriiformes
3668:
3659:
3650:
3633:Musophagiformes
3561:
3552:
3446:
3437:
3355:
3340:and relatives)
3315:and relatives)
3276:
3267:
3258:
3192:
3040:
3034:
2978:Late Cretaceous
2932:
2923:
2914:
2814:
2804:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2319:Ornithuromorpha
2306:Archaeorhynchus
2265:Ornithothoraces
2254:
2244:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2125:Ornithothoraces
2112:
1944:
1770:Ornithothoraces
1661:
1655:
1653:Early evolution
1649:true ancestor.
1594:deinonychosaurs
1554:oviraptorosaurs
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1441:Dromaeosauridae
1325:
1323:Origin of birds
1319:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1164:Alvarezsauridae
1079:
992:Avemetatarsalia
957:
951:
942:
933:
924:
845:
744:
680:
674:
579:Late Cretaceous
489:
472:bee hummingbird
425:
421:
406:are a group of
364:Pangalloanserae
315:
264:Avemetatarsalia
190:
182:
178:
156:
149:
147:molecular clock
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
65:
64:
63:
60:
52:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
29049:
29039:
29038:
29033:
29028:
29023:
29018:
29013:
29011:Animal classes
29008:
28991:
28990:
28988:
28987:
28974:
28961:
28951:
28938:
28925:
28912:
28902:
28889:
28876:
28863:
28850:
28837:
28824:
28815:Fauna Europaea
28811:
28798:
28785:
28772:
28759:
28746:
28733:
28718:
28702:
28700:
28694:
28693:
28679:
28678:
28676:
28675:
28670:
28665:
28659:
28657:
28653:
28652:
28650:
28649:
28648:
28647:
28642:
28637:
28631:Organisations
28629:
28628:
28627:
28622:
28614:
28613:
28612:
28607:
28602:
28597:
28592:
28587:
28582:
28577:
28572:
28567:
28562:
28557:
28541:
28539:
28535:
28534:
28532:
28531:
28530:
28529:
28519:
28514:
28509:
28503:
28501:
28497:
28496:
28494:
28493:
28492:
28491:
28486:
28478:
28477:
28476:
28471:
28466:
28458:
28453:
28452:
28451:
28446:
28441:
28439:Animated films
28436:
28429:
28422:
28412:
28411:
28410:
28403:
28396:
28386:
28385:
28384:
28377:
28372:
28365:
28355:
28354:
28353:
28346:
28341:
28336:
28326:
28325:
28324:
28319:
28314:
28312:Gallic rooster
28309:
28304:
28299:
28289:
28288:
28287:
28285:Feather tights
28282:
28273:
28271:
28267:
28266:
28264:
28263:
28258:
28253:
28248:
28243:
28238:
28232:
28230:
28224:
28223:
28216:
28214:
28212:
28211:
28210:
28209:
28204:
28199:
28194:
28186:
28185:
28184:
28179:
28174:
28166:
28165:
28164:
28159:
28157:Model organism
28151:
28150:
28149:
28144:
28139:
28134:
28126:
28121:
28116:
28115:
28114:
28109:
28099:
28093:
28091:
28087:
28086:
28075:
28074:
28067:
28060:
28052:
28043:
28042:
28040:
28039:
28034:
28029:
28027:South American
28024:
28022:North American
28019:
28014:
28013:
28012:
28002:
27996:
27994:
27988:
27987:
27980:
27978:
27976:
27975:
27970:
27968:South American
27965:
27963:North American
27960:
27955:
27954:
27953:
27943:
27937:
27936:
27935:
27924:
27922:
27916:
27915:
27910:
27909:
27902:
27895:
27887:
27878:
27877:
27875:
27874:
27864:
27859:
27854:
27849:
27844:
27839:
27834:
27832:Archaeornithes
27827:
27824:
27823:
27820:
27819:
27805:
27803:
27800:
27799:
27796:
27795:
27793:
27792:
27785:
27778:
27774:Protopelicanus
27770:
27763:
27755:
27748:
27741:
27738:Osteodontornis
27734:
27727:
27720:
27712:
27705:
27698:
27690:
27683:
27676:
27669:
27662:
27654:
27652:
27643:
27642:
27640:
27639:
27635:Dromornithidae
27631:
27624:
27615:
27613:
27604:
27603:
27601:
27600:
27593:
27586:
27579:
27571:
27569:
27567:Dromornithidae
27560:
27559:
27557:
27556:
27545:
27542:Perplexicervix
27535:
27524:
27518:
27515:Incertae sedis
27510:
27509:
27506:
27505:
27502:
27501:
27499:
27498:
27497:
27496:
27494:Pangalliformes
27487:
27485:
27483:Pangalliformes
27479:
27478:
27476:
27475:
27474:
27473:
27464:
27462:
27453:
27447:
27446:
27444:
27443:
27435:
27429:
27423:
27422:
27420:
27419:
27418:
27417:
27408:
27406:
27396:
27395:
27383:
27382:
27379:
27378:
27366:
27364:
27361:
27360:
27357:
27356:
27353:
27352:
27350:
27349:
27348:
27347:
27341:
27339:
27333:
27332:
27330:
27329:
27321:
27314:
27306:
27304:
27295:
27294:
27292:
27291:
27284:
27277:
27269:
27261:
27252:
27250:
27241:
27240:
27237:
27236:
27234:
27233:
27226:
27219:
27212:
27205:
27197:
27195:
27189:
27188:
27186:
27185:
27178:
27171:
27164:
27157:
27150:
27143:
27135:
27129:
27127:Hesperornithes
27120:
27119:
27117:
27116:
27109:
27101:
27099:
27097:Ichthyornithes
27090:
27089:
27087:
27086:
27076:
27066:
27056:
27046:
27036:
27026:
27016:
27006:
26994:
26988:
26983:
26980:
26979:
26976:
26975:
26973:
26972:
26965:
26958:
26951:
26943:
26936:
26928:
26926:
26916:
26915:
26913:
26912:
26905:
26902:Similiyanornis
26898:
26890:
26888:
26879:
26878:
26876:
26875:
26867:
26859:
26852:
26844:
26835:
26833:
26824:
26823:
26821:
26820:
26813:
26806:
26799:
26792:
26784:
26782:
26773:
26772:
26770:
26769:
26761:
26753:
26745:
26743:
26741:Ambiortiformes
26734:
26733:
26731:
26730:
26723:
26715:
26707:
26705:
26696:
26695:
26693:
26692:
26685:
26677:
26675:
26666:
26665:
26663:
26662:
26659:Zhongjianornis
26652:
26642:
26632:
26621:
26611:
26601:
26591:
26581:
26571:
26561:
26558:Jianchangornis
26551:
26541:
26531:
26520:
26510:
26500:
26490:
26480:
26470:
26460:
26450:
26439:
26429:
26424:
26417:
26416:
26404:
26403:
26400:
26399:
26378:
26376:
26373:
26372:
26369:
26368:
26365:
26364:
26361:
26360:
26357:
26356:
26354:
26353:
26352:
26351:
26345:
26343:
26337:
26336:
26334:
26333:
26332:
26331:
26329:Enantiornithes
26322:
26320:
26318:Enantiornithes
26308:
26302:
26301:
26299:
26298:
26291:
26284:
26276:
26274:
26265:
26264:
26262:
26261:
26254:
26247:
26244:Confuciusornis
26240:
26232:
26230:
26221:
26220:
26218:
26217:
26210:
26207:Omnivoropteryx
26202:
26200:
26190:
26189:
26187:
26186:
26173:
26167:
26162:
26159:
26158:
26155:
26154:
26152:
26151:
26144:
26137:
26129:
26122:
26113:
26111:
26102:
26101:
26099:
26098:
26087:
26076:
26065:
26055:
26045:
26034:
26024:
26014:
26003:
25992:
25981:
25971:
25966:
25963:
25962:
25959:
25958:
25956:
25955:
25954:
25953:
25944:
25942:
25933:
25932:
25930:
25929:
25928:
25927:
25918:
25916:
25907:
25906:
25904:
25903:
25895:
25888:
25881:
25872:
25870:
25861:
25860:
25858:
25857:
25850:
25843:
25836:
25829:
25822:
25814:
25807:
25800:
25793:
25786:
25778:
25776:
25767:
25766:
25764:
25763:
25756:
25749:
25742:
25734:
25732:
25722:
25721:
25719:
25718:
25708:
25705:Pneumatoraptor
25698:
25687:
25676:
25666:
25661:
25654:
25653:
25641:
25640:
25637:
25636:
25617:
25615:
25612:
25611:
25608:
25607:
25604:
25603:
25600:
25599:
25597:
25596:
25595:
25594:
25588:
25586:
25580:
25579:
25577:
25576:
25575:
25574:
25565:
25563:
25551:
25545:
25544:
25541:
25540:
25537:
25536:
25534:
25533:
25526:
25519:
25512:
25505:
25502:Neimongosaurus
25498:
25491:
25484:
25476:
25474:
25468:
25467:
25465:
25464:
25457:
25450:
25443:
25436:
25428:
25422:
25416:
25415:
25413:
25412:
25405:
25398:
25390:
25383:
25374:
25368:
25355:
25354:
25351:
25350:
25347:
25346:
25343:
25342:
25340:
25339:
25332:
25325:
25318:
25310:
25308:
25302:
25301:
25299:
25298:
25291:
25284:
25276:
25274:
25268:
25267:
25265:
25264:
25261:Trierarchuncus
25257:
25250:
25243:
25236:
25229:
25221:
25214:
25207:
25199:
25193:
25187:
25186:
25184:
25183:
25175:
25168:
25161:
25157:Bonapartenykus
25153:
25146:
25139:
25130:
25124:
25118:
25117:
25115:
25114:
25107:
25099:
25096:Shishugounykus
25092:
25085:
25078:
25075:Bonapartenykus
25071:
25064:
25056:
25048:
25042:
25034:
25031:
25030:
25028:
25027:
25016:
25006:
24995:
24984:
24972:
24966:
24961:
24954:
24953:
24941:
24940:
24937:
24936:
24933:
24932:
24929:
24928:
24925:
24924:
24922:
24921:
24920:
24919:
24913:
24911:
24905:
24904:
24902:
24901:
24900:
24899:
24890:
24884:
24878:
24877:
24875:
24874:
24873:
24872:
24863:
24857:
24847:
24846:
24842:
24841:
24832:
24823:
24814:
24808:
24792:
24791:
24784:
24783:
24776:
24769:
24761:
24752:
24751:
24749:
24748:
24742:
24734:
24728:
24719:
24716:
24715:
24712:
24711:
24708:
24707:
24704:
24703:
24700:
24699:
24696:
24695:
24692:
24691:
24688:
24687:
24684:
24683:
24680:
24679:
24676:
24675:
24673:
24672:
24667:
24660:
24658:
24649:
24648:
24641:
24639:
24633:
24632:
24630:
24629:
24623:
24616:
24614:
24605:
24597:
24596:
24594:
24593:
24587:
24581:
24573:
24572:
24570:
24569:
24563:
24557:
24549:
24548:
24546:
24545:
24538:
24532:
24524:
24523:
24521:
24520:
24513:
24507:
24495:
24494:
24492:
24491:
24485:
24479:
24467:
24466:
24464:
24463:
24457:
24451:
24439:
24438:
24435:
24434:
24432:
24431:
24426:
24420:
24418:
24405:
24397:
24396:
24393:
24392:
24389:
24388:
24385:
24384:
24381:
24380:
24378:
24377:
24371:
24368:Phlebobranchia
24364:
24358:
24352:
24351:
24349:
24348:
24343:
24336:
24330:
24326:
24325:
24323:
24322:
24316:
24310:
24293:
24285:
24284:
24281:
24280:
24278:
24277:
24271:
24269:
24259:
24258:
24256:
24255:
24249:
24243:
24236:
24233:
24232:
24223:
24222:
24215:
24208:
24200:
24191:
24190:
24188:
24187:
24175:
24163:
24151:
24138:
24135:
24134:
24131:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24123:
24122:
24119:
24118:
24115:
24114:
24111:
24110:
24107:
24106:
24103:
24102:
24100:
24099:
24091:
24086:Coraciiformes
24083:
24075:
24067:
24062:Trogoniformes
24059:
24051:
24043:
24035:
24026:
24024:
24018:
24017:
24015:
24014:
24009:Passeriformes
24006:
23998:
23993:Falconiformes
23990:
23985:Cariamiformes
23981:
23979:
23973:
23972:
23970:
23969:
23961:
23953:
23948:Ciconiiformes
23945:
23937:
23929:
23920:
23918:
23912:
23911:
23909:
23908:
23900:
23891:
23889:
23883:
23882:
23880:
23879:
23871:
23862:
23860:
23858:Cursorimorphae
23854:
23853:
23851:
23850:
23841:
23839:
23833:
23832:
23830:
23829:
23821:
23816:
23811:
23802:
23800:
23794:
23793:
23791:
23790:
23782:
23774:
23765:
23763:
23754:
23748:
23747:
23744:
23743:
23741:
23740:
23732:
23723:
23721:
23719:Mirandornithes
23715:
23714:
23712:
23711:
23703:
23695:
23690:Columbiformes
23686:
23684:
23682:Columbimorphae
23675:
23666:
23656:
23655:
23652:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23644:
23643:
23641:
23640:
23635:
23627:
23622:
23617:Meleagridinae
23613:
23611:
23605:
23604:
23602:
23601:
23594:
23587:
23580:
23573:
23566:
23559:
23552:
23545:
23537:
23535:
23533:Odontophoridae
23529:
23528:
23526:
23525:
23518:
23511:
23504:
23496:
23494:
23488:
23487:
23485:
23484:
23477:
23470:
23463:
23456:
23449:
23442:
23434:
23432:
23426:
23425:
23423:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23406:
23404:
23395:
23374:
23373:
23370:
23369:
23367:
23366:
23358:
23356:
23350:
23349:
23347:
23346:
23339:
23331:
23329:
23323:
23322:
23320:
23319:
23314:
23312:Stictonettinae
23309:
23307:Dendrocygninae
23304:
23303:
23302:
23295:
23283:
23282:
23281:
23276:
23271:
23260:
23258:
23241:
23228:
23185:
23157:
23156:
23153:
23152:
23150:
23149:
23141:
23133:
23125:
23117:
23108:
23106:
23092:
23091:
23077:
23076:
23074:
23073:
23072:
23071:
23066:
23060:Notable birds
23058:
23053:
23048:
23043:
23038:
23033:
23028:
23022:
23020:
23016:
23015:
23013:
23012:
23010:Egg collecting
23007:
23002:
22997:
22992:
22987:
22982:
22977:
22972:
22967:
22962:
22961:
22960:
22950:
22945:
22940:
22935:
22929:
22927:
22919:
22918:
22916:
22915:
22910:
22905:
22900:
22895:
22893:Hesperornithes
22890:
22885:
22880:
22875:
22870:
22868:Ambiortiformes
22865:
22860:
22855:
22853:Enantiornithes
22850:
22845:
22840:
22835:
22827:
22825:
22819:
22818:
22816:
22815:
22810:
22805:
22800:
22795:
22794:
22793:
22788:
22777:
22775:
22769:
22768:
22766:
22765:
22760:
22755:
22750:
22745:
22740:
22735:
22730:
22725:
22720:
22715:
22710:
22704:
22702:
22696:
22695:
22693:
22692:
22687:
22682:
22677:
22672:
22667:
22662:
22657:
22656:
22655:
22645:
22640:
22634:
22632:
22626:
22625:
22623:
22622:
22616:
22613:
22612:
22600:
22599:
22592:
22585:
22577:
22571:
22570:
22564:
22551:
22545:
22540:
22534:
22494:
22489:
22477:
22472:
22456:
22451:
22442:
22437:
22427:
22426:
22421:
22416:
22410:
22409:
22398:
22397:
22385:
22371:
22364:
22352:
22339:
22338:
22336:
22335:External links
22333:
22332:
22331:
22329:978-0007268146
22317:
22303:
22297:
22291:
22278:
22263:
22244:
22236:
22233:
22230:
22229:
22198:
22165:
22112:
22041:(4): 488–499.
22025:
22006:(3): 255–268.
21990:
21983:
21965:
21939:
21914:
21888:
21858:
21851:
21833:
21826:
21804:
21739:
21716:
21690:
21683:
21665:
21638:
21624:
21610:
21595:
21576:(3): 173–193.
21560:
21534:
21519:
21491:
21472:(5): 543–555.
21456:
21443:10.2307/820195
21421:
21394:
21383:(5): 728–755.
21367:
21342:
21317:
21282:
21275:
21257:
21194:
21167:(3): 372–392.
21151:
21107:
21100:
21079:
21072:
21052:
21046:978-9004121423
21045:
21027:
21020:
21000:
20994:978-0804725156
20993:
20973:
20966:
20946:
20915:
20908:
20883:
20876:
20851:
20816:
20781:
20766:
20747:(4): 337–355.
20731:
20720:(3): 563–575.
20702:
20671:
20652:(4): 597–603.
20636:
20603:
20581:
20562:(2): 216–233.
20546:
20509:
20483:
20476:
20454:
20405:
20379:
20349:
20330:
20319:(2): 309–322.
20293:
20252:
20241:(4): 611–623.
20221:
20202:(2): 139–144.
20186:
20151:
20144:
20126:
20119:
20101:
20060:
20027:Marine Biology
20016:
19959:
19912:
19893:(3): 500–508.
19877:
19827:
19800:(2): 323–351.
19780:
19751:
19696:
19631:
19625:978-0201442328
19624:
19606:
19591:
19565:
19522:
19479:
19450:(4): 876–883.
19430:
19381:
19335:
19292:
19235:
19186:
19135:
19096:(12): e53066.
19076:
19053:(4): 792–799.
19033:
19020:(2): 153–161.
18996:
18989:
18964:
18945:(5): 434–444.
18923:
18912:(3): 427–437.
18890:
18871:
18820:
18805:
18794:(4): 289–298.
18776:
18761:
18742:
18735:
18715:
18708:
18688:
18681:
18661:
18654:
18634:
18612:
18590:
18583:
18561:
18554:
18546:Academic Press
18532:
18525:
18507:
18480:(2): 113–120.
18460:
18453:
18432:
18413:(3): 301–309.
18395:
18374:(2): 367–376.
18350:
18301:
18286:
18279:
18256:
18229:(2): 110–118.
18209:
18202:
18182:
18175:
18155:
18106:
18063:
18014:
17995:(4): 527–530.
17979:
17934:
17921:(1): 207–225.
17899:
17870:
17857:10.1086/284047
17851:(2): 149–160.
17829:
17816:10.1086/284728
17810:(4): 507–525.
17792:
17773:(4): 193–201.
17749:
17684:
17669:
17658:(3): 261–266.
17638:
17587:
17548:
17519:(4): 882–884.
17499:
17447:(1): 126–132.
17418:
17405:(6): 675–687.
17385:
17350:
17315:(9): 413–425.
17299:
17280:(7): 905–910.
17256:
17222:(2): 307–313.
17199:
17172:(3): 181–190.
17156:
17130:(3): 304–317.
17107:
17068:
17023:
16980:
16973:
16950:
16939:(4): 327–339.
16917:
16868:
16849:
16798:
16755:
16705:
16682:(3): 377–383.
16662:
16635:(3): 486–501.
16617:
16580:
16554:(3): 576–581.
16527:
16508:(5): 373–378.
16482:
16461:(8): 891–908.
16441:
16400:
16387:(2): 370–396.
16367:
16360:
16340:
16330:(4): 805–819.
16307:
16280:(4): 281–292.
16262:
16241:(2): 537–547.
16221:
16188:
16137:
16078:
16015:
15985:
15946:
15887:
15854:
15813:
15792:(3): 296–299.
15772:
15754:(2): 247–251.
15731:
15712:(6): 365–369.
15696:
15685:(4): 763–764.
15669:
15640:(5): 955–967.
15620:
15582:10.1086/316640
15553:
15534:
15514:
15485:(3): 200–207.
15469:
15450:(2): 331–340.
15434:
15408:(3): 771–781.
15385:
15349:
15302:
15295:
15273:
15222:
15187:and Antarctic
15173:
15146:(2): 193–212.
15130:
15119:(4): 473–506.
15103:
15044:
15007:
14948:
14941:
14918:
14889:(4): 820–831.
14869:
14820:
14771:
14744:(2): 109–125.
14724:
14710:
14689:10.1086/285697
14683:(4): 628–642.
14667:
14660:
14642:
14627:
14594:
14583:(4): 345–349.
14565:
14532:
14511:10.1086/515854
14505:(4): 470–480.
14489:
14462:
14436:(2): 172–178.
14413:
14394:(2): 119–124.
14374:
14347:
14340:
14317:
14268:
14237:
14218:(3): 614–625.
14198:
14144:
14097:
14064:
14023:
13976:
13949:(2): 195–214.
13930:
13891:
13884:
13864:
13821:
13778:
13749:(2): 273–282.
13729:
13678:
13652:(3): 732–735.
13629:
13602:
13561:
13554:
13546:pockets: birds
13536:
13518:
13496:
13481:
13463:
13436:(6): 340–351.
13420:
13393:
13358:(1): 109–129.
13339:
13306:(4): 545–579.
13290:
13241:
13222:(4): 278–285.
13202:
13165:(3): 344–350.
13144:
13137:
13117:
13060:
13013:
12964:
12927:(5): 227–242.
12902:
12891:(4): 295–311.
12875:
12838:(4): 334–338.
12818:
12781:
12755:(3): 820–825.
12732:
12706:
12695:on 9 June 2013
12675:
12668:
12649:
12623:
12597:(3): 382–385.
12568:
12547:10.1086/282459
12523:
12472:
12429:
12410:(4): 749–755.
12390:
12341:
12314:
12284:
12259:
12233:
12226:
12153:
12118:
12111:
12093:
12086:
12064:
12057:
12039:
12020:(2): 252–262.
12000:
11966:
11959:
11941:
11902:
11895:
11874:
11821:
11814:
11796:
11789:
11771:
11704:
11677:(1): 611–639.
11658:
11619:
11593:
11586:
11561:
11520:
11508:
11483:
11455:
11440:
11413:
11345:
11285:
11218:
11145:
11101:(4): 543–547.
11076:
11020:
10976:
10917:
10888:(3): 287–308.
10864:
10813:
10740:
10673:
10647:
10610:(6987): 6987.
10590:
10563:
10540:
10533:
10510:
10446:
10393:(9): 856–869.
10370:
10355:
10318:
10291:
10224:
10155:
10108:
10041:
9988:
9961:
9954:
9934:
9927:
9906:
9857:
9798:
9740:
9726:
9701:
9686:
9663:
9636:(4): 429–463.
9620:
9615:The Dinosauria
9605:
9567:
9510:
9488:
9481:
9458:
9451:
9443:Academic Press
9422:
9368:
9348:
9341:
9319:
9253:
9227:
9196:
9157:(1): 108–127.
9134:
9082:
9015:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8901:
8898:
8855:climate change
8762:Main article:
8759:
8756:
8715:Birds in music
8713:Main article:
8710:
8707:
8540:Peacock Throne
8494:
8491:
8471:ancient Greece
8448:common peacock
8354:
8351:
8302:, are bred in
8198:
8195:
8078:Main article:
8075:
8072:
7970:
7967:
7904:Main article:
7901:
7898:
7887:Darwin's finch
7862:Main article:
7859:
7856:
7815:Main article:
7801:
7798:
7760:brood parasite
7743:Brood parasite
7741:Main article:
7738:
7735:
7613:semi-altricial
7605:semi-precocial
7601:may be termed
7574:Main article:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:Cathartes aura
7449:Turkey vulture
7445:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7308:eastern phoebe
7243:All birds lay
7210:
7207:
7104:
7103:Social systems
7101:
7081:
7078:
7032:Perching birds
7008:marine mammals
6982:Sleeping birds
6958:
6955:
6888:
6885:
6881:palm cockatoos
6805:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6767:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6742:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6706:
6703:
6699:photoreceptors
6687:constellations
6683:internal clock
6677:migrants, the
6609:Southern Ocean
6508:Bird migration
6506:Main article:
6503:
6500:
6463:Main article:
6460:
6457:
6411:
6408:
6392:masked boobies
6390:stealing from
6365:dabbling ducks
6357:filter feeders
6271:Avian foraging
6217:
6214:
6185:
6182:
6117:
6114:
5938:some dinosaurs
5912:Flight feather
5903:
5900:
5815:Hydrophasianus
5776:
5773:
5732:depth of field
5682:masked lapwing
5651:tetrachromatic
5623:sense of smell
5607:brain of birds
5603:nervous system
5595:Main article:
5592:
5591:Nervous system
5589:
5562:
5559:
5507:Didactic model
5499:
5496:
5459:
5456:
5322:
5319:
5297:joining cloaca
5287:, rather than
5244:
5241:
5237:elephant birds
5185:Main article:
5182:
5179:
5137:Main article:
5134:
5131:
5107:monk parakeets
5037:
5034:
4995:
4992:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4857:Psittaciformes
4853:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4678:and relatives)
4668:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4637:Bucerotiformes
4633:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4534:Coraciimorphae
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4493:and relatives)
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4466:Cathartiformes
4462:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4312:Pelecaniformes
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4083:Eurypygiformes
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3930:Daedalornithes
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3856:Nyctibiiformes
3852:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3771:and relatives)
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3535:Pterocliformes
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3473:Columbimorphae
3467:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:Mirandornithes
3376:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3233:Casuariiformes
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3212:Apterygiformes
3208:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3033:
3030:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2803:
2800:
2737:Enantiornithes
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:Hesperornithes
2520:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:Jianchangornis
2419:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:Enantiornithes
2274:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:Zhongjianornis
1991:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1696:Hypercarnivory
1654:
1651:
1550:dromaeosaurids
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:Jinfengopteryx
1400:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1029:bird evolution
1021:
1020:
1009:
1002:
995:
977:
976:
953:
952:
948:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
935:
934:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
917:
916:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
894:
888:
886:
878:
877:
874:
873:
866:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
842:
841:
838:
837:
826:
816:
814:
808:
806:
796:
743:
740:
697:classification
676:Main article:
673:
670:
645:undomesticated
594:social species
551:in the modern
514:, and diverse
496:elephant birds
476:common ostrich
399:
398:
397:
396:
384:
383:
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
367:
356:
355:
354:
349:
334:
333:
326:
325:
310:
306:
305:
300:
293:
292:
287:
280:
279:
274:
267:
266:
261:
254:
253:
248:
241:
240:
235:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
184:
183:
154:
151:
150:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
67:Late Campanian
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
29048:
29037:
29034:
29032:
29029:
29027:
29024:
29022:
29019:
29017:
29014:
29012:
29009:
29007:
29004:
29003:
29001:
28984:
28979:
28975:
28971:
28966:
28962:
28958:
28952:
28948:
28943:
28939:
28935:
28930:
28926:
28922:
28917:
28913:
28909:
28903:
28899:
28894:
28890:
28886:
28881:
28877:
28873:
28868:
28864:
28860:
28855:
28851:
28847:
28842:
28838:
28834:
28829:
28825:
28821:
28816:
28812:
28808:
28803:
28799:
28795:
28790:
28786:
28782:
28777:
28773:
28769:
28764:
28760:
28756:
28751:
28747:
28743:
28738:
28734:
28729:
28723:
28719:
28714:
28708:
28704:
28703:
28701:
28699:
28695:
28691:
28686:
28674:
28673:Zoomusicology
28671:
28669:
28666:
28664:
28661:
28660:
28658:
28654:
28646:
28643:
28641:
28638:
28636:
28633:
28632:
28630:
28626:
28623:
28621:
28618:
28617:
28615:
28611:
28608:
28606:
28603:
28601:
28598:
28596:
28593:
28591:
28588:
28586:
28583:
28581:
28578:
28576:
28573:
28571:
28568:
28566:
28563:
28561:
28560:Thomas Bewick
28558:
28555:
28554:
28549:
28546:
28545:
28544:Illustrators
28543:
28542:
28540:
28536:
28528:
28525:
28524:
28523:
28520:
28518:
28515:
28513:
28510:
28508:
28505:
28504:
28502:
28498:
28490:
28489:Chicken dance
28487:
28485:
28482:
28481:
28479:
28475:
28474:Feather cloak
28472:
28470:
28467:
28465:
28462:
28461:
28459:
28457:
28454:
28450:
28447:
28445:
28444:Chicken films
28442:
28440:
28437:
28435:
28434:
28430:
28428:
28427:
28423:
28421:
28420:
28416:
28415:
28413:
28409:
28408:
28404:
28402:
28401:
28397:
28395:
28394:
28390:
28389:
28387:
28383:
28382:
28378:
28376:
28373:
28371:
28370:
28366:
28364:
28363:
28359:
28358:
28356:
28352:
28351:
28347:
28345:
28342:
28340:
28337:
28335:
28334:
28330:
28329:
28327:
28323:
28320:
28318:
28315:
28313:
28310:
28308:
28305:
28303:
28300:
28298:
28295:
28294:
28293:
28290:
28286:
28283:
28281:
28278:
28277:
28275:
28274:
28272:
28268:
28262:
28259:
28257:
28254:
28252:
28249:
28247:
28244:
28242:
28239:
28237:
28234:
28233:
28231:
28229:
28225:
28220:
28208:
28205:
28203:
28202:Plume hunting
28200:
28198:
28195:
28193:
28190:
28189:
28187:
28183:
28180:
28178:
28175:
28173:
28170:
28169:
28167:
28163:
28160:
28158:
28155:
28154:
28152:
28148:
28145:
28143:
28142:Pigeon racing
28140:
28138:
28135:
28133:
28130:
28129:
28127:
28125:
28122:
28120:
28117:
28113:
28110:
28108:
28105:
28104:
28103:
28100:
28098:
28095:
28094:
28092:
28088:
28084:
28080:
28073:
28068:
28066:
28061:
28059:
28054:
28053:
28050:
28038:
28035:
28033:
28030:
28028:
28025:
28023:
28020:
28018:
28015:
28011:
28008:
28007:
28006:
28003:
28001:
27998:
27997:
27995:
27993:
27989:
27984:
27974:
27971:
27969:
27966:
27964:
27961:
27959:
27956:
27952:
27949:
27948:
27947:
27944:
27941:
27938:
27934:
27931:
27930:
27929:
27926:
27925:
27923:
27921:
27917:
27908:
27903:
27901:
27896:
27894:
27889:
27888:
27885:
27873:
27865:
27863:
27860:
27858:
27855:
27853:
27852:Odontornithes
27850:
27848:
27847:Odontognathae
27845:
27843:
27840:
27838:
27835:
27833:
27829:
27828:
27825:
27815:
27809:
27791:
27790:
27786:
27784:
27783:
27779:
27776:
27775:
27771:
27769:
27768:
27764:
27761:
27760:
27756:
27754:
27753:
27749:
27747:
27746:
27742:
27740:
27739:
27735:
27733:
27732:
27728:
27726:
27725:
27721:
27718:
27717:
27713:
27711:
27710:
27706:
27704:
27703:
27699:
27696:
27695:
27691:
27689:
27688:
27684:
27682:
27681:
27677:
27675:
27674:
27670:
27668:
27667:
27663:
27661:
27660:
27656:
27655:
27653:
27651:
27644:
27637:
27636:
27632:
27630:
27629:
27625:
27622:
27621:
27617:
27616:
27614:
27612:
27605:
27599:
27598:
27594:
27592:
27591:
27587:
27585:
27584:
27580:
27578:
27577:
27576:Barawertornis
27573:
27572:
27570:
27568:
27561:
27554:
27553:
27546:
27544:
27543:
27536:
27534:
27533:
27526:
27525:
27522:
27519:
27517:
27516:
27511:
27495:
27491:
27490:
27489:
27488:
27486:
27484:
27480:
27472:
27471:Anserimorphae
27468:
27467:
27466:
27465:
27463:
27461:
27460:Anserimorphae
27457:
27454:
27452:
27448:
27442:
27441:
27437:
27436:
27433:
27430:
27428:
27424:
27416:
27415:Palaeognathae
27412:
27411:
27410:
27409:
27407:
27405:
27404:Palaeognathae
27401:
27397:
27393:
27388:
27384:
27375:
27370:
27345:
27344:
27343:
27342:
27340:
27338:
27334:
27327:
27326:
27322:
27320:
27319:
27315:
27313:
27312:
27308:
27307:
27305:
27303:
27296:
27290:
27289:
27285:
27283:
27282:
27278:
27275:
27274:
27270:
27267:
27266:
27262:
27259:
27258:
27254:
27253:
27251:
27249:
27242:
27232:
27231:
27227:
27225:
27224:
27220:
27218:
27217:
27213:
27211:
27210:
27206:
27204:
27203:
27199:
27198:
27196:
27194:
27190:
27184:
27183:
27179:
27177:
27176:
27172:
27170:
27169:
27165:
27163:
27162:
27158:
27156:
27155:
27151:
27149:
27148:
27144:
27142:
27141:
27137:
27136:
27133:
27130:
27128:
27121:
27115:
27114:
27110:
27108:
27107:
27103:
27102:
27100:
27098:
27091:
27085:
27084:
27083:Tingmiatornis
27077:
27075:
27074:
27067:
27065:
27064:
27057:
27055:
27054:
27047:
27045:
27044:
27037:
27035:
27034:
27027:
27025:
27024:
27017:
27015:
27014:
27007:
27004:
27003:
27002:Antarcticavis
26996:
26995:
26992:
26989:
26986:
26981:
26971:
26970:
26969:Shuilingornis
26966:
26964:
26963:
26959:
26957:
26956:
26952:
26949:
26948:
26944:
26942:
26941:
26937:
26935:
26934:
26933:Changzuiornis
26930:
26929:
26927:
26924:
26917:
26911:
26910:
26906:
26904:
26903:
26899:
26897:
26896:
26892:
26891:
26889:
26887:
26886:Yanornithidae
26880:
26873:
26872:
26868:
26865:
26864:
26860:
26858:
26857:
26856:Songlingornis
26853:
26850:
26849:
26845:
26842:
26841:
26837:
26836:
26834:
26832:
26825:
26819:
26818:
26814:
26812:
26811:
26807:
26805:
26804:
26803:Longicrusavis
26800:
26798:
26797:
26796:Hongshanornis
26793:
26791:
26790:
26786:
26785:
26783:
26781:
26774:
26767:
26766:
26762:
26759:
26758:
26754:
26752:
26751:
26747:
26746:
26744:
26742:
26735:
26729:
26728:
26724:
26721:
26720:
26716:
26714:
26713:
26709:
26708:
26706:
26704:
26697:
26691:
26690:
26686:
26684:
26683:
26682:Mengciusornis
26679:
26678:
26676:
26674:
26673:Schizoouridae
26667:
26661:
26660:
26653:
26651:
26650:
26643:
26641:
26640:
26633:
26630:
26629:
26622:
26620:
26619:
26612:
26610:
26609:
26602:
26600:
26599:
26592:
26590:
26589:
26582:
26580:
26579:
26572:
26570:
26569:
26562:
26560:
26559:
26552:
26550:
26549:
26542:
26540:
26539:
26532:
26529:
26528:
26521:
26519:
26518:
26511:
26509:
26508:
26501:
26499:
26498:
26491:
26489:
26488:
26487:Changzuiornis
26481:
26479:
26478:
26471:
26469:
26468:
26467:Brevidentavis
26461:
26459:
26458:
26451:
26449:
26448:
26441:
26440:
26437:
26433:
26430:
26427:
26422:
26418:
26414:
26409:
26405:
26396:
26392:
26389:
26382:
26349:
26348:
26347:
26346:
26344:
26342:
26338:
26330:
26326:
26325:
26324:
26323:
26321:
26319:
26312:
26309:
26307:
26303:
26297:
26296:
26292:
26290:
26289:
26285:
26283:
26282:
26278:
26277:
26275:
26273:
26266:
26260:
26259:
26255:
26253:
26252:
26248:
26246:
26245:
26241:
26239:
26238:
26234:
26233:
26231:
26229:
26222:
26216:
26215:
26211:
26209:
26208:
26204:
26203:
26201:
26198:
26191:
26185:
26183:
26175:
26174:
26171:
26168:
26165:
26160:
26150:
26149:
26145:
26143:
26142:
26138:
26135:
26134:
26130:
26128:
26127:
26123:
26120:
26119:
26115:
26114:
26112:
26110:
26103:
26096:
26095:
26088:
26085:
26084:
26077:
26074:
26073:
26066:
26064:
26063:
26056:
26054:
26053:
26046:
26043:
26042:
26035:
26033:
26032:
26025:
26023:
26022:
26015:
26012:
26011:
26010:Cretaaviculus
26004:
26001:
26000:
25993:
25991:
25990:
25983:
25982:
25979:
25975:
25972:
25969:
25964:
25952:
25948:
25947:
25946:
25945:
25943:
25941:
25934:
25926:
25922:
25921:
25920:
25919:
25917:
25915:
25908:
25901:
25900:
25896:
25894:
25893:
25889:
25887:
25886:
25885:Archaeopteryx
25882:
25879:
25878:
25874:
25873:
25871:
25869:
25862:
25856:
25855:
25854:Yixianosaurus
25851:
25849:
25848:
25844:
25842:
25841:
25837:
25835:
25834:
25830:
25828:
25827:
25823:
25820:
25819:
25815:
25813:
25812:
25811:Fujianvenator
25808:
25806:
25805:
25801:
25799:
25798:
25794:
25792:
25791:
25787:
25785:
25784:
25780:
25779:
25777:
25775:
25768:
25762:
25761:
25757:
25755:
25754:
25750:
25748:
25747:
25746:Epidexipteryx
25743:
25741:
25740:
25736:
25735:
25733:
25730:
25723:
25717:
25716:
25709:
25707:
25706:
25699:
25696:
25695:
25688:
25686:
25685:
25678:
25677:
25674:
25670:
25667:
25664:
25659:
25655:
25651:
25646:
25642:
25633:
25629:
25627:
25621:
25592:
25591:
25590:
25589:
25587:
25585:
25581:
25573:
25569:
25568:
25567:
25566:
25564:
25562:
25555:
25552:
25550:
25546:
25532:
25531:
25527:
25525:
25524:
25520:
25518:
25517:
25513:
25511:
25510:
25506:
25504:
25503:
25499:
25497:
25496:
25492:
25490:
25489:
25485:
25483:
25482:
25478:
25477:
25475:
25473:
25469:
25463:
25462:
25458:
25456:
25455:
25451:
25449:
25448:
25444:
25442:
25441:
25440:Beipiaosaurus
25437:
25435:
25434:
25430:
25429:
25426:
25423:
25421:
25417:
25411:
25410:
25406:
25404:
25403:
25399:
25396:
25395:
25391:
25389:
25388:
25384:
25381:
25380:
25376:
25375:
25372:
25369:
25367:
25360:
25356:
25338:
25337:
25333:
25331:
25330:
25326:
25324:
25323:
25319:
25317:
25316:
25312:
25311:
25309:
25307:
25303:
25297:
25296:
25292:
25290:
25289:
25285:
25283:
25282:
25278:
25277:
25275:
25273:
25269:
25263:
25262:
25258:
25256:
25255:
25251:
25249:
25248:
25244:
25242:
25241:
25237:
25235:
25234:
25230:
25227:
25226:
25222:
25220:
25219:
25215:
25213:
25212:
25208:
25206:
25205:
25201:
25200:
25197:
25194:
25192:
25188:
25181:
25180:
25176:
25174:
25173:
25172:Heptasteornis
25169:
25167:
25166:
25162:
25159:
25158:
25154:
25152:
25151:
25150:Alvarezsaurus
25147:
25145:
25144:
25140:
25137:
25136:
25135:Achillesaurus
25132:
25131:
25128:
25125:
25123:
25119:
25113:
25112:
25108:
25105:
25104:
25100:
25098:
25097:
25093:
25091:
25090:
25086:
25084:
25083:
25079:
25077:
25076:
25072:
25070:
25069:
25065:
25062:
25061:
25057:
25055:
25054:
25053:Achillesaurus
25050:
25049:
25046:
25043:
25040:
25032:
25025:
25024:
25017:
25015:
25014:
25007:
25004:
25003:
24996:
24993:
24992:
24985:
24982:
24981:
24974:
24973:
24970:
24967:
24964:
24959:
24955:
24951:
24946:
24942:
24917:
24916:
24915:
24914:
24912:
24910:
24906:
24898:
24894:
24893:
24892:
24891:
24888:
24885:
24883:
24879:
24871:
24867:
24866:
24865:
24864:
24861:
24858:
24856:
24852:
24848:
24840:
24836:
24833:
24831:
24827:
24824:
24822:
24818:
24815:
24813:
24809:
24807:
24803:
24802:
24797:
24793:
24789:
24782:
24777:
24775:
24770:
24768:
24763:
24762:
24759:
24746:
24743:
24741:
24740:
24735:
24733:
24732:Sarcopterygii
24729:
24727:
24726:
24721:
24720:
24717:
24671:
24668:
24665:
24662:
24661:
24659:
24657:
24653:
24646:
24643:
24642:
24640:
24638:
24637:Archelosauria
24634:
24627:
24624:
24621:
24618:
24617:
24615:
24613:
24609:
24606:
24603:
24598:
24592:
24589:
24588:
24585:
24582:
24579:
24574:
24568:
24565:
24564:
24561:
24558:
24555:
24550:
24543:
24540:
24539:
24536:
24533:
24530:
24525:
24518:
24515:
24514:
24511:
24508:
24505:
24500:Sarcopterygii
24496:
24490:
24487:
24486:
24483:
24480:
24477:
24468:
24462:
24459:
24458:
24455:
24452:
24449:
24444:Gnathostomata
24440:
24430:
24427:
24425:
24422:
24421:
24419:
24417:
24413:
24409:
24406:
24403:
24398:
24375:
24372:
24369:
24366:
24365:
24362:
24359:
24357:
24353:
24347:
24344:
24341:
24338:
24337:
24334:
24331:
24327:
24321:
24318:
24317:
24314:
24311:
24309:
24307:(Urochordata)
24301:
24297:
24294:
24291:
24286:
24276:
24273:
24272:
24270:
24268:
24264:
24260:
24254:
24253:Deuterostomia
24250:
24248:
24244:
24242:
24238:
24237:
24234:
24229:
24221:
24216:
24214:
24209:
24207:
24202:
24201:
24198:
24186:
24185:
24176:
24174:
24173:
24168:
24164:
24162:
24161:
24152:
24150:
24149:
24140:
24139:
24136:
24098:
24092:
24090:
24084:
24082:
24076:
24074:
24068:
24066:
24060:
24058:
24052:
24050:
24046:Strigiformes
24044:
24042:
24036:
24034:
24028:
24027:
24025:
24023:
24019:
24013:
24007:
24005:
23999:
23997:
23991:
23989:
23983:
23982:
23980:
23978:
23974:
23968:
23962:
23960:
23954:
23952:
23946:
23944:
23938:
23936:
23930:
23928:
23922:
23921:
23919:
23917:
23913:
23907:
23901:
23899:
23897:(tropicbirds)
23893:
23892:
23890:
23888:
23884:
23878:
23872:
23870:
23864:
23863:
23861:
23859:
23855:
23849:
23843:
23842:
23840:
23838:
23834:
23828:
23822:
23820:
23819:Podargiformes
23817:
23815:
23812:
23810:
23804:
23803:
23801:
23799:
23795:
23789:
23783:
23781:
23775:
23773:
23769:Cuculiformes
23767:
23766:
23764:
23762:
23758:
23755:
23753:
23749:
23739:
23733:
23731:
23725:
23724:
23722:
23720:
23716:
23710:
23704:
23702:
23696:
23694:
23688:
23687:
23685:
23683:
23679:
23676:
23674:
23670:
23667:
23665:
23661:
23657:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23628:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23615:
23614:
23612:
23610:
23606:
23600:
23599:
23595:
23593:
23592:
23588:
23586:
23585:
23581:
23579:
23578:
23574:
23572:
23571:
23567:
23565:
23564:
23560:
23558:
23557:
23553:
23551:
23550:
23546:
23544:
23543:
23539:
23538:
23536:
23534:
23530:
23524:
23523:
23519:
23517:
23516:
23512:
23510:
23509:
23505:
23503:
23502:
23498:
23497:
23495:
23493:
23489:
23483:
23482:
23478:
23476:
23475:
23471:
23469:
23468:
23467:Macrocephalon
23464:
23462:
23461:
23457:
23455:
23454:
23450:
23448:
23447:
23443:
23441:
23440:
23436:
23435:
23433:
23431:
23427:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23407:
23405:
23403:
23399:
23396:
23392:
23385:
23379:
23375:
23365:
23364:
23360:
23359:
23357:
23355:
23354:Anseranatidae
23351:
23345:
23344:
23340:
23338:
23337:
23333:
23332:
23330:
23328:
23324:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23308:
23305:
23301:
23296:
23294:
23289:
23288:
23287:
23284:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23266:
23265:
23262:
23261:
23259:
23255:
23249:
23245:
23242:
23236:
23232:
23229:
23225:
23219:
23193:
23189:
23186:
23184:
23162:
23158:
23148:
23142:
23140:
23134:
23132:
23128:Tinamiformes
23126:
23124:
23118:
23116:
23110:
23109:
23107:
23105:
23104:Palaeognathae
23101:
23097:
23093:
23086:
23082:
23078:
23070:
23067:
23065:
23062:
23061:
23059:
23057:
23054:
23052:
23049:
23047:
23044:
23042:
23039:
23037:
23034:
23032:
23029:
23027:
23024:
23023:
23021:
23017:
23011:
23008:
23006:
23003:
23001:
22998:
22996:
22993:
22991:
22990:Pigeon racing
22988:
22986:
22983:
22981:
22978:
22976:
22973:
22971:
22968:
22966:
22963:
22959:
22956:
22955:
22954:
22951:
22949:
22946:
22944:
22941:
22939:
22936:
22934:
22931:
22930:
22928:
22926:
22920:
22914:
22911:
22909:
22906:
22904:
22901:
22899:
22896:
22894:
22891:
22889:
22886:
22884:
22881:
22879:
22876:
22874:
22871:
22869:
22866:
22864:
22861:
22859:
22856:
22854:
22851:
22849:
22846:
22844:
22841:
22839:
22836:
22834:
22833:
22832:Archaeopteryx
22829:
22828:
22826:
22824:
22820:
22814:
22811:
22809:
22806:
22804:
22801:
22799:
22796:
22792:
22789:
22787:
22784:
22783:
22782:
22779:
22778:
22776:
22774:
22770:
22764:
22761:
22759:
22756:
22754:
22751:
22749:
22746:
22744:
22741:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22731:
22729:
22726:
22724:
22721:
22719:
22716:
22714:
22711:
22709:
22706:
22705:
22703:
22701:
22697:
22691:
22688:
22686:
22683:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22654:
22651:
22650:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22635:
22633:
22631:
22627:
22621:
22618:
22617:
22614:
22609:
22605:
22598:
22593:
22591:
22586:
22584:
22579:
22578:
22575:
22568:
22565:
22562:
22558:
22555:
22552:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22538:
22535:
22532:
22531:
22526:
22522:
22518:
22514:
22510:
22509:
22504:
22503:
22498:
22495:
22493:
22490:
22488:
22484:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22473:
22470:
22466:
22465:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22435:
22432:
22431:
22425:
22422:
22420:
22417:
22415:
22412:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22393:
22389:
22374:
22330:
22326:
22322:
22318:
22316:
22315:9780691143927
22312:
22308:
22304:
22301:
22298:
22295:
22292:
22290:
22289:9781426218354
22286:
22282:
22279:
22276:
22272:
22268:
22264:
22261:
22257:
22253:
22249:
22245:
22242:
22239:
22238:
22225:
22221:
22217:
22213:
22209:
22202:
22193:
22188:
22185:(3): 266–79.
22184:
22180:
22176:
22169:
22161:
22157:
22153:
22149:
22145:
22141:
22137:
22133:
22129:
22125:
22124:
22116:
22108:
22104:
22100:
22096:
22092:
22088:
22084:
22080:
22076:
22072:
22064:
22060:
22056:
22052:
22048:
22044:
22040:
22036:
22029:
22021:
22017:
22013:
22009:
22005:
22001:
21994:
21986:
21980:
21976:
21969:
21954:
21950:
21943:
21928:
21924:
21918:
21903:
21899:
21892:
21876:
21872:
21868:
21862:
21854:
21848:
21844:
21837:
21829:
21827:0-19-850837-9
21823:
21819:
21815:
21814:Extinct Birds
21808:
21800:
21796:
21791:
21786:
21782:
21778:
21774:
21770:
21766:
21762:
21758:
21754:
21750:
21743:
21735:
21731:
21727:
21720:
21705:
21701:
21694:
21686:
21684:0-521-77191-9
21680:
21676:
21669:
21661:
21657:
21653:
21649:
21642:
21634:
21628:
21620:
21614:
21607:. Bloomsbury.
21606:
21599:
21591:
21587:
21583:
21579:
21575:
21571:
21564:
21549:
21545:
21538:
21530:
21523:
21508:
21501:
21495:
21487:
21483:
21479:
21475:
21471:
21467:
21460:
21452:
21448:
21444:
21440:
21436:
21432:
21425:
21417:
21413:
21409:
21405:
21398:
21390:
21386:
21382:
21378:
21371:
21356:
21352:
21346:
21331:
21327:
21321:
21313:
21309:
21305:
21301:
21297:
21293:
21286:
21278:
21272:
21268:
21261:
21253:
21249:
21245:
21241:
21237:
21233:
21229:
21225:
21221:
21217:
21213:
21209:
21205:
21198:
21190:
21186:
21182:
21178:
21174:
21170:
21166:
21162:
21155:
21136:
21132:
21128:
21121:
21114:
21112:
21103:
21101:0-8196-0273-6
21097:
21093:
21089:
21083:
21075:
21069:
21065:
21064:
21056:
21048:
21042:
21038:
21031:
21023:
21021:0-299-09184-8
21017:
21013:
21012:
21004:
20996:
20990:
20986:
20985:
20977:
20969:
20963:
20959:
20958:
20950:
20934:
20930:
20926:
20919:
20911:
20905:
20901:
20900:
20892:
20890:
20888:
20879:
20877:0-8028-2330-0
20873:
20869:
20868:
20860:
20858:
20856:
20847:
20843:
20839:
20835:
20832:(2): 93–170.
20831:
20827:
20820:
20812:
20808:
20804:
20800:
20796:
20792:
20785:
20777:
20770:
20762:
20758:
20754:
20750:
20746:
20742:
20735:
20727:
20723:
20719:
20715:
20714:
20706:
20695:
20691:
20688:. Edinburgh:
20684:
20683:
20675:
20667:
20663:
20659:
20655:
20651:
20647:
20640:
20631:
20626:
20622:
20618:
20614:
20607:
20591:
20585:
20577:
20573:
20569:
20565:
20561:
20557:
20550:
20539:
20535:
20531:
20524:
20522:
20513:
20497:
20493:
20487:
20479:
20473:
20470:. earthscan.
20469:
20465:
20458:
20450:
20446:
20441:
20436:
20432:
20428:
20424:
20420:
20416:
20409:
20394:
20390:
20383:
20368:
20364:
20360:
20353:
20345:
20341:
20334:
20326:
20322:
20318:
20314:
20313:
20308:
20306:
20297:
20288:
20283:
20279:
20275:
20271:
20267:
20263:
20256:
20248:
20244:
20240:
20236:
20232:
20225:
20217:
20213:
20209:
20205:
20201:
20197:
20190:
20182:
20178:
20174:
20170:
20167:(1): 99–101.
20166:
20162:
20155:
20147:
20145:0-938027-62-X
20141:
20137:
20130:
20122:
20116:
20112:
20105:
20096:
20091:
20087:
20083:
20079:
20075:
20071:
20064:
20056:
20052:
20048:
20044:
20040:
20036:
20032:
20028:
20020:
20012:
20008:
20004:
20000:
19995:
19990:
19986:
19982:
19978:
19974:
19970:
19963:
19955:
19951:
19947:
19943:
19939:
19935:
19931:
19927:
19923:
19916:
19908:
19904:
19900:
19896:
19892:
19888:
19881:
19873:
19869:
19865:
19861:
19857:
19853:
19849:
19845:
19838:
19831:
19823:
19819:
19815:
19811:
19807:
19803:
19799:
19795:
19791:
19784:
19776:
19772:
19765:
19758:
19756:
19747:
19743:
19739:
19735:
19731:
19727:
19723:
19719:
19715:
19711:
19707:
19700:
19692:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19674:
19670:
19666:
19662:
19658:
19654:
19650:
19646:
19642:
19635:
19627:
19621:
19617:
19610:
19602:
19598:
19594:
19592:9780120176243
19588:
19584:
19580:
19576:
19569:
19561:
19557:
19553:
19549:
19545:
19541:
19537:
19533:
19526:
19518:
19514:
19510:
19506:
19502:
19498:
19494:
19490:
19483:
19475:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19457:
19453:
19449:
19445:
19441:
19434:
19426:
19422:
19417:
19412:
19408:
19404:
19400:
19396:
19392:
19385:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19357:
19353:
19349:
19342:
19340:
19331:
19327:
19323:
19319:
19315:
19311:
19307:
19303:
19296:
19288:
19284:
19280:
19276:
19271:
19266:
19262:
19258:
19254:
19250:
19246:
19239:
19231:
19227:
19222:
19217:
19213:
19209:
19205:
19201:
19197:
19190:
19182:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19164:
19160:
19156:
19152:
19151:
19146:
19139:
19131:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19103:
19099:
19095:
19091:
19087:
19080:
19071:
19066:
19061:
19056:
19052:
19048:
19044:
19037:
19028:
19023:
19019:
19015:
19011:
19009:
19000:
18992:
18990:0-85661-135-2
18986:
18982:
18978:
18971:
18969:
18960:
18956:
18952:
18948:
18944:
18940:
18939:
18934:
18927:
18919:
18915:
18911:
18907:
18906:
18901:
18894:
18886:
18882:
18875:
18867:
18863:
18858:
18853:
18849:
18845:
18841:
18837:
18836:
18831:
18824:
18816:
18809:
18801:
18797:
18793:
18789:
18788:
18780:
18772:
18765:
18757:
18753:
18752:Fregata minor
18746:
18738:
18736:84-87334-15-6
18732:
18728:
18727:
18719:
18711:
18705:
18701:
18700:
18692:
18684:
18678:
18674:
18673:
18665:
18657:
18651:
18647:
18646:
18638:
18622:
18616:
18600:
18594:
18586:
18584:0-19-854651-3
18580:
18576:
18572:
18565:
18557:
18555:0-12-735420-4
18551:
18547:
18543:
18536:
18528:
18522:
18518:
18511:
18503:
18499:
18495:
18491:
18487:
18483:
18479:
18475:
18471:
18464:
18456:
18454:0-521-46038-7
18450:
18446:
18439:
18437:
18428:
18424:
18420:
18416:
18412:
18408:
18407:
18399:
18390:
18385:
18381:
18377:
18373:
18369:
18365:
18363:
18354:
18346:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18328:
18324:
18320:
18316:
18312:
18305:
18297:
18290:
18282:
18280:0-691-01633-X
18276:
18272:
18271:
18266:
18260:
18252:
18248:
18244:
18240:
18236:
18232:
18228:
18224:
18220:
18213:
18205:
18203:0-394-53957-5
18199:
18195:
18194:
18193:Bird Behavior
18186:
18178:
18176:0-8050-1952-9
18172:
18168:
18167:
18159:
18151:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18133:
18129:
18125:
18121:
18117:
18110:
18102:
18098:
18094:
18090:
18086:
18082:
18078:
18074:
18067:
18058:
18053:
18049:
18045:
18041:
18037:
18033:
18029:
18025:
18018:
18010:
18006:
18002:
17998:
17994:
17990:
17983:
17975:
17971:
17967:
17963:
17959:
17955:
17951:
17947:
17946:
17938:
17929:
17924:
17920:
17916:
17915:
17910:
17903:
17895:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17882:
17874:
17866:
17862:
17858:
17854:
17850:
17846:
17845:
17840:
17839:Sialia sialis
17833:
17825:
17821:
17817:
17813:
17809:
17805:
17804:
17796:
17788:
17784:
17780:
17776:
17772:
17768:
17764:
17762:
17753:
17745:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17727:
17723:
17719:
17715:
17711:
17707:
17703:
17699:
17695:
17688:
17680:
17673:
17665:
17661:
17657:
17653:
17649:
17642:
17634:
17630:
17626:
17622:
17618:
17614:
17610:
17606:
17602:
17598:
17591:
17583:
17579:
17575:
17571:
17567:
17563:
17559:
17552:
17544:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17526:
17522:
17518:
17514:
17510:
17503:
17492:
17488:
17484:
17480:
17476:
17471:
17470:2027.42/47760
17466:
17462:
17458:
17454:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17441:
17433:
17431:
17422:
17413:
17408:
17404:
17400:
17396:
17389:
17381:
17377:
17373:
17369:
17365:
17361:
17354:
17346:
17342:
17338:
17334:
17330:
17326:
17322:
17318:
17314:
17310:
17303:
17295:
17291:
17287:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17271:
17269:
17260:
17249:
17245:
17241:
17237:
17233:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17217:
17210:
17203:
17195:
17191:
17187:
17183:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17167:
17160:
17149:
17145:
17141:
17137:
17133:
17129:
17125:
17118:
17111:
17103:
17099:
17095:
17091:
17087:
17083:
17079:
17072:
17064:
17060:
17056:
17052:
17048:
17044:
17040:
17036:
17035:
17027:
17019:
17015:
17011:
17007:
17003:
16999:
16996:(2): 87–100.
16995:
16991:
16984:
16976:
16974:84-96553-06-X
16970:
16966:
16965:
16957:
16955:
16946:
16942:
16938:
16934:
16933:
16928:
16921:
16913:
16909:
16905:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16887:
16883:
16879:
16872:
16864:
16860:
16853:
16845:
16841:
16837:
16833:
16829:
16825:
16821:
16817:
16813:
16809:
16802:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16782:
16778:
16774:
16770:
16766:
16759:
16751:
16747:
16743:
16739:
16735:
16731:
16727:
16723:
16719:
16712:
16710:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16681:
16677:
16673:
16666:
16658:
16654:
16650:
16646:
16642:
16638:
16634:
16630:
16629:
16621:
16610:
16606:
16602:
16595:
16593:
16584:
16573:
16569:
16565:
16561:
16557:
16553:
16549:
16542:
16540:
16531:
16523:
16519:
16515:
16511:
16507:
16503:
16502:
16497:
16495:
16486:
16478:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16460:
16456:
16452:
16445:
16437:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16419:
16415:
16411:
16404:
16395:
16390:
16386:
16382:
16378:
16371:
16363:
16361:84-87334-22-9
16357:
16353:
16352:
16344:
16333:
16329:
16325:
16318:
16311:
16303:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16275:
16274:
16266:
16258:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16240:
16236:
16232:
16225:
16214:
16210:
16206:
16199:
16192:
16184:
16180:
16176:
16172:
16168:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16152:
16148:
16141:
16133:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16105:
16101:
16097:
16093:
16089:
16082:
16074:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16046:
16042:
16038:
16034:
16030:
16028:
16019:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15989:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15961:
15957:
15950:
15944:(1461):2567.)
15943:
15940:
15934:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15908:
15904:
15903:
15898:
15891:
15882:
15877:
15873:
15869:
15865:
15858:
15850:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15817:
15809:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15791:
15787:
15783:
15776:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15749:
15742:
15735:
15727:
15723:
15719:
15715:
15711:
15707:
15700:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15673:
15665:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15639:
15635:
15631:
15624:
15613:
15609:
15605:
15601:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15583:
15579:
15576:(1): 87–100.
15575:
15571:
15564:
15557:
15541:
15537:
15535:90-367-2378-7
15531:
15527:
15526:
15518:
15509:
15504:
15500:
15496:
15492:
15488:
15484:
15480:
15473:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15438:
15427:
15423:
15419:
15415:
15411:
15407:
15403:
15396:
15389:
15381:
15377:
15373:
15369:
15365:
15361:
15353:
15345:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15317:
15313:
15306:
15298:
15292:
15288:
15284:
15277:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15226:
15217:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15190:
15186:
15177:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15134:
15126:
15122:
15118:
15114:
15107:
15099:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15065:
15061:
15060:
15055:
15048:
15029:
15025:
15018:
15011:
15005:(1461):2567.)
15004:
15001:
14995:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14977:
14973:
14969:
14965:
14964:
14959:
14952:
14944:
14942:0-691-01633-X
14938:
14934:
14933:
14928:
14922:
14914:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14896:
14892:
14888:
14884:
14880:
14873:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14850:
14846:
14842:
14838:
14831:
14824:
14813:
14809:
14805:
14801:
14797:
14794:(1): 94–101.
14793:
14789:
14782:
14775:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14728:
14720:
14714:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14678:
14671:
14663:
14657:
14653:
14646:
14638:
14631:
14620:
14616:
14612:
14605:
14598:
14590:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14577:
14569:
14560:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14543:
14536:
14528:
14524:
14520:
14516:
14512:
14508:
14504:
14500:
14493:
14477:
14473:
14466:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14439:
14435:
14431:
14424:
14417:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14393:
14389:
14385:
14378:
14367:
14360:
14359:
14351:
14343:
14341:0-12-552455-2
14337:
14333:
14326:
14324:
14322:
14310:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14294:
14290:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14241:
14233:
14229:
14225:
14221:
14217:
14213:
14209:
14202:
14194:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14153:
14151:
14149:
14140:
14136:
14132:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14116:
14112:
14108:
14101:
14090:
14086:
14082:
14075:
14068:
14059:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14042:
14038:
14034:
14027:
14019:
14015:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13991:
13987:
13980:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13937:
13935:
13926:
13922:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13906:
13902:
13895:
13887:
13885:0-12-552455-2
13881:
13877:
13876:
13868:
13860:
13856:
13852:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13825:
13816:
13811:
13807:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13782:
13774:
13770:
13766:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13733:
13725:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13694:
13689:
13682:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13651:
13647:
13640:
13633:
13617:
13613:
13606:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13572:
13565:
13557:
13555:0-7513-5176-8
13551:
13547:
13540:
13532:
13525:
13523:
13514:
13510:
13503:
13501:
13492:
13485:
13477:
13470:
13468:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13431:
13424:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13397:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13377:
13373:
13369:
13365:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13346:
13344:
13335:
13329:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13294:
13286:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13252:
13245:
13237:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13206:
13198:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13148:
13140:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13097:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13079:
13075:
13071:
13064:
13056:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13024:
13017:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12983:
12979:
12975:
12968:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12911:
12909:
12907:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12879:
12871:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12822:
12814:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12743:
12736:
12720:
12716:
12710:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12679:
12671:
12665:
12661:
12660:
12653:
12638:
12634:
12627:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12591:
12583:
12581:
12572:
12564:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12535:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12488:
12483:
12476:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12433:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12394:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12352:
12345:
12329:
12325:
12318:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12288:
12273:
12269:
12263:
12248:
12244:
12237:
12229:
12227:0-7167-2415-4
12223:
12219:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12150:
12137:
12133:
12129:
12122:
12114:
12112:9788496553637
12108:
12104:
12097:
12089:
12087:0-7136-6933-0
12083:
12079:
12075:
12068:
12060:
12058:84-87334-15-6
12054:
12050:
12043:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12010:Bubulcus ibis
12004:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11977:
11970:
11962:
11960:0-632-02011-3
11956:
11952:
11945:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11921:
11917:
11913:
11906:
11898:
11896:0-8493-9882-7
11892:
11888:
11881:
11879:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11833:
11825:
11817:
11815:0-19-850125-0
11811:
11807:
11800:
11792:
11790:0-12-517375-X
11786:
11782:
11775:
11767:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11715:
11708:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11665:
11663:
11646:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11626:
11624:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11597:
11589:
11587:0-300-04085-7
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11565:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11533:
11524:
11518:
11512:
11497:
11493:
11487:
11478:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11451:
11444:
11428:
11427:Avian Biology
11424:
11417:
11409:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11356:
11349:
11341:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11292:
11290:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11222:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11156:
11149:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11095:
11087:
11080:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11029:
11027:
11025:
11016:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10987:
10980:
10972:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10937:(3): 555–60.
10936:
10932:
10928:
10921:
10913:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10877:
10868:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10817:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10744:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10677:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10643:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10594:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10544:
10536:
10530:
10526:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10453:
10451:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10377:
10375:
10366:
10359:
10350:
10345:
10342:(1): 97–116.
10341:
10337:
10333:
10331:
10330:Archaeopteryx
10322:
10306:
10302:
10295:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10243:
10235:
10228:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10166:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10118:Archaeopteryx
10112:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10052:
10045:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
10000:
9992:
9976:
9972:
9965:
9957:
9955:0-13-186266-9
9951:
9947:
9946:
9938:
9930:
9928:0-8018-6763-0
9924:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9861:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9802:
9794:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9756:
9747:
9745:
9729:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9706:
9697:
9690:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9624:
9616:
9609:
9598:
9594:
9587:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9506:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9484:
9482:0-940228-14-9
9478:
9474:
9473:
9465:
9463:
9454:
9452:0-12-226810-5
9448:
9444:
9441:. San Diego:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9431:Padian, Kevin
9426:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9375:
9373:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9352:
9344:
9342:84-87334-10-5
9338:
9334:
9333:Lynx Edicions
9331:. Barcelona:
9330:
9323:
9315:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9242:
9238:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9141:
9139:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9089:
9087:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9035:(2): 150635.
9034:
9030:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8947:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8824:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8755:
8753:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8716:
8706:
8704:
8703:national bird
8700:
8696:
8692:
8691:coats of arms
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8671:Ancient Egypt
8668:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8639:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8615:vulture funds
8612:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8569:incorporated
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8530:'s legendary
8529:
8525:
8521:
8520:cave painting
8514:
8513:Qajar dynasty
8510:
8505:
8500:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8406:ancient Italy
8403:
8400:
8396:
8395:common ravens
8392:
8388:
8387:Easter Island
8384:
8380:
8376:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8275:
8274:Muttonbirding
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8218:
8209:
8204:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8167:salmonellosis
8164:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8116:house sparrow
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7995:forest canopy
7992:
7983:
7982:Canarian pine
7979:
7975:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7825:a variety of
7824:
7818:
7811:
7806:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7757:
7756:common cuckoo
7753:
7749:
7744:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7677:alloparenting
7674:
7673:breeding pair
7670:
7669:other members
7662:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7401:House sparrow
7399:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7322:brood patches
7319:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:amniotic eggs
7241:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7221:
7216:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7122:paternal care
7114:
7109:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6988:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6951:birds of prey
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6799:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6755:
6746:
6730:
6712:
6705:Communication
6702:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:polar regions
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6499:
6496:
6491:
6483:
6476:
6472:
6471:ectoparasitic
6466:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6228:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:social status
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:Actophilornis
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:Plectropterus
5817:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:, possessing
5652:
5648:
5644:
5643:accommodation
5640:
5639:visual system
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:and a single
5380:
5376:
5372:
5371:sperm storage
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:Palaeognathae
5328:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:, instead of
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5056:house sparrow
5052:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4879:
4878:Passeriformes
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4826:Falconiformes
4821:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4795:Cariamiformes
4790:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4672:Coraciiformes
4667:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4606:Trogoniformes
4601:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4549:(mousebirds)
4548:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4255:Ciconiiformes
4250:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4064:(tropicbirds)
4063:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3914:(frogmouths)
3913:
3912:Podargiformes
3907:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3486:Columbiformes
3481:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3102:Palaeognathae
3100:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:(such as the
3053:
3049:
3048:Palaeognathae
3045:
3039:
3038:List of birds
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:Maastrichtian
2971:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2835:Palaeognathae
2833:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:Avebrevicauda
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:Archaeopteryx
1825:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:Archaeopteryx
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1680:to the first
1679:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1647:
1646:Archaeopteryx
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Archaeopteryx
1632:
1631:Late Jurassic
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:Archaeopteryx
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:palaeontology
1579:
1578:Late Jurassic
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:Eumaniraptora
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:Ornitholestes
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:Archaeopteryx
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:(alternately
989:
985:
981:
980:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
954:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
919:
918:
915:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
892:
891:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
865:
864:
863:Pantestudines
860:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
840:
839:
836:
835:
831:
825:
824:
820:
819:
812:
811:
805:
804:
800:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Carl Linnaeus
710:
709:Ornithologiae
706:
702:
698:
690:
689:
688:Archaeopteryx
684:
679:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:and hunting,
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Late Jurassic
568:
567:
566:Archaeopteryx
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:eggs, a high
457:
453:
449:
443:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
393:
388:
387:
385:
382:
378:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:Palaeognathae
338:
337:
335:
332:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
185:
152:
148:
144:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
72:
68:
57:
54:
49:
45:
41:
34:
19:
28697:
28620:Niels Krabbe
28570:Lars Jonsson
28551:
28507:Golden eagle
28449:Horror films
28433:The Big Year
28431:
28424:
28417:
28407:The Firebird
28405:
28398:
28391:
28379:
28367:
28360:
28348:
28344:To a Skylark
28331:
28132:Cockfighting
28102:Birdwatching
28082:
27991:
27862:Unenlagiidae
27787:
27780:
27772:
27765:
27757:
27750:
27743:
27736:
27729:
27724:Odontopteryx
27722:
27714:
27707:
27700:
27692:
27685:
27678:
27671:
27664:
27657:
27633:
27626:
27618:
27595:
27588:
27581:
27574:
27550:
27540:
27530:
27513:
27451:Galloanserae
27438:
27391:
27336:
27325:Lamarqueavis
27323:
27318:Cimolopteryx
27316:
27309:
27286:
27279:
27271:
27263:
27257:Australornis
27255:
27228:
27221:
27214:
27207:
27200:
27180:
27175:Pasquiaornis
27173:
27166:
27159:
27152:
27145:
27138:
27111:
27104:
27081:
27071:
27061:
27051:
27041:
27031:
27021:
27011:
27000:
26967:
26962:Khinganornis
26960:
26953:
26945:
26938:
26931:
26907:
26900:
26893:
26869:
26861:
26854:
26848:Piscivoravis
26846:
26838:
26815:
26808:
26801:
26794:
26787:
26763:
26755:
26748:
26727:Patagopteryx
26725:
26717:
26710:
26687:
26680:
26657:
26647:
26639:Xinghaiornis
26637:
26626:
26616:
26606:
26596:
26586:
26576:
26568:Jiuquanornis
26566:
26556:
26546:
26536:
26527:Gargantuavis
26525:
26515:
26505:
26495:
26485:
26477:Changmaornis
26475:
26465:
26455:
26445:
26384:
26295:Jinguofortis
26293:
26286:
26279:
26256:
26249:
26242:
26235:
26212:
26205:
26179:
26148:Neimengornis
26146:
26139:
26133:Jixiangornis
26131:
26124:
26118:Dalianraptor
26116:
26092:
26081:
26070:
26060:
26052:Yandangornis
26050:
26039:
26029:
26019:
26008:
25997:
25987:
25951:Troodontidae
25940:Troodontidae
25897:
25892:Wellnhoferia
25890:
25883:
25875:
25852:
25845:
25838:
25831:
25824:
25816:
25809:
25804:Eosinopteryx
25802:
25795:
25788:
25781:
25758:
25751:
25744:
25737:
25713:
25703:
25694:Palaeopteryx
25692:
25682:
25623:
25549:Pennaraptora
25528:
25521:
25514:
25509:Nothronychus
25507:
25500:
25493:
25488:Erlikosaurus
25486:
25481:Erliansaurus
25479:
25461:Suzhousaurus
25459:
25454:Martharaptor
25452:
25447:Enigmosaurus
25445:
25438:
25431:
25407:
25400:
25394:Fukuivenator
25392:
25385:
25379:Eshanosaurus
25377:
25334:
25327:
25320:
25315:Albertonykus
25313:
25293:
25286:
25279:
25272:Ceratonykini
25259:
25252:
25245:
25238:
25233:Nemegtonykus
25231:
25223:
25216:
25209:
25202:
25177:
25170:
25163:
25155:
25148:
25141:
25133:
25109:
25103:Tugulusaurus
25101:
25094:
25087:
25082:Haplocheirus
25080:
25073:
25066:
25058:
25051:
25021:
25013:Migmanychion
25011:
25000:
24991:Fukuivenator
24989:
24978:
24834:
24825:
24816:
24744:
24737:
24723:
24670:Aves (birds)
24669:
24612:Lepidosauria
24472:Euteleostomi
24416:Cyclostomata
24251:Superphylum
24182:
24170:
24158:
24146:
24056:(mousebirds)
24054:Coliiformes
23924:Gaviiformes
23916:Aequornithes
23824:Apodiformes
23785:Otidiformes
23761:Otidimorphae
23708:(sandgrouse)
23630:Phasianinae
23596:
23589:
23582:
23577:Odontophorus
23575:
23568:
23561:
23554:
23547:
23540:
23520:
23513:
23506:
23499:
23479:
23472:
23465:
23458:
23451:
23444:
23437:
23415:Oreophasinae
23361:
23341:
23334:
23239:(waterfowls)
23235:Anseriformes
22985:Cockfighting
22970:Conservation
22965:Bird feeding
22953:Birdwatching
22943:Ornithomancy
22883:Gansuiformes
22830:
22823:Fossil birds
22713:Intelligence
22603:
22528:
22524:
22520:
22516:
22512:
22506:
22500:
22462:
22414:Online books
22404:
22320:
22306:
22299:
22293:
22280:
22266:
22251:
22247:
22240:
22215:
22211:
22201:
22182:
22178:
22168:
22127:
22121:
22115:
22074:
22070:
22038:
22034:
22028:
22003:
21999:
21993:
21974:
21968:
21956:. Retrieved
21952:
21942:
21930:. Retrieved
21926:
21917:
21905:. Retrieved
21901:
21891:
21879:. Retrieved
21875:the original
21861:
21842:
21836:
21813:
21807:
21756:
21752:
21742:
21733:
21729:
21719:
21707:. Retrieved
21703:
21693:
21674:
21668:
21651:
21647:
21641:
21627:
21613:
21604:
21598:
21573:
21569:
21563:
21553:15 September
21551:. Retrieved
21548:Owlpages.com
21547:
21537:
21528:
21522:
21510:. Retrieved
21506:
21494:
21469:
21465:
21459:
21437:(3): 44–46.
21434:
21430:
21424:
21410:(2): 78–84.
21407:
21403:
21397:
21380:
21376:
21370:
21358:. Retrieved
21354:
21345:
21333:. Retrieved
21329:
21320:
21295:
21291:
21285:
21266:
21260:
21211:
21207:
21197:
21164:
21160:
21154:
21142:. Retrieved
21135:the original
21130:
21126:
21091:
21082:
21062:
21055:
21036:
21030:
21010:
21003:
20983:
20976:
20956:
20949:
20937:. Retrieved
20933:the original
20928:
20918:
20898:
20866:
20829:
20825:
20819:
20797:(1): 21–37.
20794:
20790:
20784:
20769:
20744:
20740:
20734:
20717:
20711:
20705:
20694:the original
20681:
20674:
20649:
20645:
20639:
20623:(1): 18–23.
20620:
20616:
20606:
20594:. Retrieved
20584:
20559:
20555:
20549:
20533:
20529:
20520:
20512:
20500:. Retrieved
20495:
20486:
20467:
20457:
20422:
20418:
20408:
20398:19 September
20396:. Retrieved
20392:
20382:
20370:. Retrieved
20362:
20352:
20343:
20339:
20333:
20316:
20310:
20304:
20296:
20269:
20265:
20255:
20238:
20234:
20224:
20199:
20195:
20189:
20164:
20160:
20154:
20135:
20129:
20110:
20104:
20077:
20073:
20063:
20033:(1): 63–71.
20030:
20026:
20019:
19976:
19972:
19962:
19929:
19925:
19915:
19890:
19886:
19880:
19850:(1): 68–80.
19847:
19843:
19830:
19797:
19793:
19783:
19774:
19770:
19713:
19709:
19699:
19648:
19644:
19634:
19615:
19609:
19574:
19568:
19535:
19531:
19525:
19492:
19488:
19482:
19447:
19443:
19433:
19398:
19394:
19384:
19355:
19351:
19305:
19301:
19295:
19252:
19248:
19238:
19203:
19199:
19189:
19157:(1): 87–96.
19154:
19148:
19138:
19093:
19089:
19079:
19050:
19046:
19036:
19017:
19013:
19007:
18999:
18976:
18942:
18936:
18932:
18926:
18909:
18903:
18899:
18893:
18884:
18880:
18874:
18839:
18833:
18823:
18814:
18808:
18791:
18785:
18779:
18770:
18764:
18755:
18751:
18745:
18725:
18718:
18698:
18691:
18671:
18664:
18644:
18637:
18627:26 September
18625:. Retrieved
18615:
18605:26 September
18603:. Retrieved
18593:
18570:
18564:
18541:
18535:
18516:
18510:
18477:
18473:
18463:
18444:
18410:
18404:
18398:
18371:
18367:
18361:
18353:
18321:(1): 21–33.
18318:
18314:
18304:
18295:
18289:
18269:
18259:
18226:
18222:
18218:
18212:
18192:
18185:
18165:
18158:
18123:
18119:
18109:
18079:(2): 52–58.
18076:
18072:
18066:
18031:
18027:
18017:
17992:
17988:
17982:
17949:
17943:
17937:
17918:
17912:
17902:
17885:
17879:
17873:
17848:
17842:
17838:
17832:
17807:
17801:
17795:
17770:
17766:
17760:
17752:
17704:(1): 20018.
17701:
17697:
17687:
17678:
17672:
17655:
17651:
17647:
17641:
17600:
17596:
17590:
17565:
17561:
17557:
17551:
17516:
17512:
17502:
17444:
17438:
17429:
17421:
17402:
17398:
17388:
17363:
17359:
17353:
17312:
17308:
17302:
17277:
17273:
17267:
17259:
17248:the original
17219:
17215:
17202:
17169:
17165:
17159:
17127:
17123:
17110:
17088:(1): 79–89.
17085:
17081:
17071:
17041:(1): 79–83.
17038:
17032:
17026:
16993:
16989:
16983:
16963:
16936:
16930:
16926:
16920:
16885:
16881:
16871:
16865:(2): 95–116.
16862:
16858:
16852:
16811:
16807:
16801:
16768:
16764:
16758:
16728:(6): e3707.
16725:
16721:
16700:the original
16679:
16675:
16665:
16632:
16626:
16620:
16607:(1): 29–37.
16604:
16600:
16591:
16583:
16572:the original
16551:
16547:
16538:
16530:
16505:
16499:
16493:
16485:
16458:
16454:
16444:
16417:
16413:
16403:
16384:
16380:
16370:
16350:
16343:
16327:
16323:
16310:
16277:
16271:
16265:
16238:
16234:
16224:
16213:the original
16208:
16204:
16191:
16150:
16146:
16140:
16095:
16091:
16081:
16036:
16032:
16026:
16018:
16006:. Retrieved
16002:the original
15988:
15966:(1): 57–64.
15963:
15959:
15949:
15941:
15938:
15937:(Erratum in
15906:
15900:
15890:
15871:
15867:
15857:
15830:
15826:
15816:
15789:
15785:
15775:
15751:
15747:
15734:
15709:
15705:
15699:
15682:
15678:
15672:
15637:
15633:
15623:
15573:
15569:
15556:
15544:. Retrieved
15540:the original
15524:
15517:
15482:
15479:Bird Studies
15478:
15472:
15447:
15443:
15437:
15405:
15401:
15388:
15363:
15359:
15352:
15322:(1): 12–25.
15319:
15315:
15305:
15286:
15276:
15235:
15231:
15225:
15198:
15194:
15188:
15184:
15176:
15143:
15139:
15133:
15116:
15112:
15106:
15063:
15057:
15047:
15035:. Retrieved
15028:the original
15023:
15010:
15002:
14999:
14998:(Erratum in
14967:
14961:
14951:
14931:
14921:
14886:
14882:
14872:
14843:(1): 57–67.
14840:
14836:
14823:
14812:the original
14791:
14787:
14774:
14741:
14737:
14733:
14727:
14713:
14680:
14676:
14670:
14651:
14645:
14636:
14630:
14619:the original
14614:
14610:
14597:
14580:
14574:
14568:
14552:(1): 89–95.
14549:
14545:
14535:
14502:
14498:
14492:
14480:. Retrieved
14476:the original
14465:
14454:the original
14433:
14429:
14416:
14391:
14387:
14383:
14377:
14366:the original
14357:
14350:
14331:
14288:
14284:
14271:
14259:. Retrieved
14255:the original
14250:
14240:
14215:
14211:
14201:
14166:
14162:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14100:
14087:(3): 84–93.
14084:
14080:
14067:
14040:
14036:
14026:
13996:(2): 55–66.
13993:
13989:
13985:
13979:
13946:
13942:
13911:(1): 11–13.
13908:
13904:
13900:
13894:
13874:
13867:
13834:
13830:
13824:
13797:
13791:
13781:
13746:
13742:
13732:
13697:
13691:
13681:
13670:the original
13649:
13645:
13632:
13620:. Retrieved
13615:
13605:
13595:15 September
13593:. Retrieved
13586:the original
13581:
13577:
13564:
13545:
13539:
13530:
13512:
13508:
13484:
13475:
13433:
13429:
13423:
13406:
13402:
13396:
13355:
13351:
13328:cite journal
13303:
13299:
13293:
13261:(1): 31–33.
13258:
13254:
13244:
13219:
13215:
13211:
13205:
13162:
13158:
13147:
13127:
13120:
13077:
13074:Reproduction
13073:
13063:
13033:(1): 67–75.
13030:
13026:
13016:
12981:
12977:
12967:
12924:
12920:
12888:
12884:
12878:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12794:
12784:
12773:the original
12752:
12748:
12735:
12723:. Retrieved
12719:the original
12709:
12697:. Retrieved
12693:the original
12688:
12678:
12658:
12652:
12640:. Retrieved
12636:
12626:
12615:the original
12594:
12588:
12579:
12571:
12538:
12532:
12526:
12494:(1): 28–35.
12491:
12485:
12475:
12442:
12438:
12432:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12393:
12358:
12354:
12344:
12332:. Retrieved
12327:
12317:
12305:. Retrieved
12301:the original
12296:
12287:
12275:. Retrieved
12271:
12262:
12250:. Retrieved
12247:paulnoll.com
12246:
12241:Noll, Paul.
12236:
12217:
12149:Paul Ehrlich
12139:. Retrieved
12131:
12121:
12102:
12096:
12073:
12067:
12048:
12042:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12003:
11991:. Retrieved
11979:
11969:
11950:
11944:
11919:
11915:
11905:
11886:
11836:
11830:
11824:
11805:
11799:
11780:
11774:
11721:
11717:
11707:
11674:
11670:
11649:. Retrieved
11635:
11605:
11596:
11577:
11564:
11552:. Retrieved
11540:
11531:
11523:
11511:
11499:. Retrieved
11495:
11486:
11467:
11458:
11449:
11443:
11431:. Retrieved
11426:
11416:
11365:
11361:
11348:
11305:
11301:
11276:. Retrieved
11272:the original
11243:
11239:
11233:
11229:
11221:
11165:
11161:
11148:
11136:. Retrieved
11129:the original
11098:
11092:
11079:
11038:
11034:
10996:
10992:
10979:
10934:
10930:
10920:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10867:
10859:the original
10830:
10826:
10816:
10806:14 September
10804:. Retrieved
10797:the original
10768:
10764:
10755:
10751:
10743:
10690:
10686:
10676:
10664:. Retrieved
10660:
10650:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10581:. Retrieved
10577:the original
10566:
10549:
10543:
10524:
10462:
10458:
10390:
10386:
10364:
10358:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10321:
10309:. Retrieved
10305:the original
10294:
10246:
10240:
10227:
10177:
10171:
10158:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10063:
10057:
10044:
10003:
9997:
9991:
9979:. Retrieved
9975:the original
9964:
9944:
9937:
9918:
9909:
9874:
9870:
9860:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9764:
9760:
9754:
9731:. Retrieved
9717:
9695:
9689:
9672:
9666:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9614:
9608:
9592:
9529:
9525:
9504:
9471:
9438:
9425:
9390:
9384:
9361:
9351:
9328:
9322:
9279:
9275:
9268:Cracraft, J.
9244:. Retrieved
9240:
9230:
9205:
9199:
9154:
9150:
9105:(1): 68–77.
9102:
9098:
9032:
9028:
9018:
8969:
8965:
8890:barn swallow
8887:
8862:conservation
8859:
8828:habitat loss
8825:
8793:
8748:
8718:
8656:
8600:
8574:
8571:nightingales
8552:
8517:
8425:
8383:Tangata manu
8372:
8362:
8347:Bird feeding
8343:bird feeders
8336:
8332:World War II
8293:
8278:
8250:wild turkeys
8214:
8181:(bird flu),
8175:tuberculosis
8160:
8148:wind turbine
8097:
8065:
8050:
8034:
8027:
8007:nectarivores
7999:insectivores
7987:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7914:
7909:
7892:experiences
7889:
7885:
7876:
7867:
7820:
7778:conspecifics
7773:
7769:
7764:
7752:Reed warbler
7720:
7714:
7666:
7648:
7633:
7627:chicks of a
7591:
7581:
7579:
7548:
7524:
7521:Golden eagle
7500:
7476:
7452:
7428:
7404:
7380:
7371:Clutch size
7356:Adult weight
7346:
7316:
7277:
7242:
7226:
7200:
7194:allopreening
7169:
7161:polygynandry
7146:
7144:they raise.
7142:
7118:
7062:woodswallows
7042:hummingbirds
7035:
7025:
6992:
6979:
6924:
6901:
6865:Coenocorypha
6863:
6850:
6846:
6823:
6816:
6807:
6772:mimicking a
6743:Song of the
6695:geomagnetism
6689:surrounding
6665:released in
6660:
6641:
6629:
6565:Arctic terns
6553:
6526:
6518:Canada geese
6468:
6459:Feather care
6440:button-quail
6425:
6416:sweat glands
6413:
6382:, engage in
6372:frigatebirds
6369:
6325:diving ducks
6293:hummingbirds
6290:
6267:
6237:Birds' diets
6233:
6187:
6155:
6140:
6091:
6064:
6041:treecreepers
6029:
5975:non-breeding
5966:
5935:
5916:Down feather
5889:
5883:
5877:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5778:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5734:. The avian
5724:visual field
5718:
5706:contact lens
5686:
5663:double cones
5649:. Birds are
5637:. The avian
5600:
5584:vasodilation
5576:
5567:gas exchange
5564:
5561:Organisation
5538:depolarising
5531:
5515:serous fluid
5512:
5477:
5461:
5441:
5436:
5403:
5353:) possess a
5339:Anseriformes
5327:intromittent
5324:
5305:
5246:
5219:to form the
5190:
5168:
5139:Bird anatomy
5111:cattle egret
5092:
5061:
5036:Distribution
5022:
5017:
5003:
4987:
4977:
4880:(passerines)
4876:
4855:
4824:
4793:
4695:
4670:
4635:
4624:Picocoraciae
4604:
4576:
4545:
4485:
4464:
4435:Strigiformes
4433:
4310:
4281:
4253:
4207:
4178:
4129:
4118:Aequornithes
4081:
4060:
3976:hummingbirds
3962:
3941:
3910:
3882:
3854:
3827:(nightjars)
3823:
3763:
3734:
3703:
3631:
3610:
3584:Cuculiformes
3582:
3571:Otidimorphae
3537:(sandgrouse)
3533:
3512:
3484:
3418:
3393:
3334:Anseriformes
3332:
3307:
3296:Galloanserae
3231:
3210:
3173:
3154:Tinamiformes
3152:
3113:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3041:
3025:
3022:Paleotropics
3006:
3002:Galloanserae
2995:
2988:
2967:
2965:
2945:
2899:
2875:
2870:Galloanserae
2839:
2824:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2734:
2726:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2572:
2549:
2547:
2522:
2495:
2494:
2470:
2469:
2446:
2422:
2421:
2398:
2374:
2373:
2349:
2348:
2334:Patagopteryx
2331:
2330:
2304:
2302:
2276:
2232:
2123:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2078:
2046:
2020:
2018:
1995:
1993:
1967:
1965:
1932:Jixiangornis
1930:
1928:
1912:
1910:
1880:
1878:
1855:
1853:
1830:
1828:
1805:
1803:
1767:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1736:Aurornis xui
1734:
1728:
1722:
1708:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1645:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1583:
1571:
1536:
1516:
1470:
1457:Troodontidae
1454:
1438:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1402:
1378:Eosinopteryx
1376:
1372:
1347:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1208:
1190:
1177:Pennaraptora
1175:
1159:
1145:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1065:
1061:
1024:
1022:
1016:
999:Avifilopluma
967:
912:
911:
896:
881:
868:
861:
828:
821:
801:
788:
773:
763:
745:
708:
694:
686:
662:birdwatching
641:domesticated
638:
591:
574:
564:
557:crocodilians
532:
506:, including
456:hard-shelled
417:
408:warm-blooded
403:
402:
312:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
53:
18:Modern birds
28854:iNaturalist
28722:Wikispecies
28625:Peter Scott
28610:Joseph Wolf
28600:Joseph Smit
28580:Edward Lear
28517:Pigeon/Dove
28484:Cendrawasih
28469:Feather boa
28460:In fashion
28292:In heraldry
28270:In the arts
28207:Wildfowling
28188:In hunting
28177:Sacred ibis
28162:Ornithology
28153:In science
28147:Vinkensport
27759:Proceriavis
27731:Odontoptila
27687:Gigantornis
27597:Ilbandornis
27532:Asteriornis
27273:Neogaeornis
27223:Hesperornis
27154:Chupkaornis
27106:Ichthyornis
26871:Yixianornis
26817:Tianyuornis
26765:Palintropus
26712:Alamitornis
26598:Meemannavis
26578:Juehuaornis
26517:Eogranivora
26457:Bellulornis
26281:Chongmingia
26031:Overoraptor
26021:Fukuipteryx
25684:Imperobator
25523:Segnosaurus
25288:Ceratonykus
25247:Parvicursor
25218:Khulsanurus
25211:Jaculinykus
25179:Patagonykus
25089:Patagonykus
25023:Yaverlandia
24963:Maniraptora
24950:Maniraptora
24909:Maniraptora
24788:Maniraptora
24656:Archosauria
24529:Rhipidistia
24245:(unranked)
24184:WikiProject
24094:Piciformes
23977:Australaves
23956:Suliformes
23874:Gruiformes
23729:(flamingos)
23638:Tetraoninae
23609:Phasianidae
23598:Rhynchortyx
23563:Dactylortyx
23430:Megapodidae
23420:Penelopinae
23378:Galliformes
23120:Rheiformes
23114:(ostriches)
23064:individuals
22938:Ornithology
22925:interaction
22680:Preen gland
22492:Ornithology
21759:(1): 8709.
21704:Star Ledger
21654:(1): 1–23.
21377:Art History
20596:18 December
20425:(1): 5–12.
20080:: 247–257.
19979:(1): 1–10.
19444:J Anim Ecol
18959:10261/43767
17888:: 365–396.
17679:Ornithology
16008:13 December
15679:Wilson Bull
15634:Circulation
15546:25 November
15508:10261/47141
15201:: 263–281.
15189:P. desolata
15066:(7–8): 47.
14291:(1): 1–31.
13622:13 December
13214:) mounds".
12334:13 December
12277:13 December
12252:13 December
12218:Ornithology
12141:13 December
11993:13 December
11651:11 February
11602:Mayr, Ernst
11554:30 December
11230:Ichthyornis
11190:11336/80763
10752:Ichthyornis
10718:10161/11144
10666:15 February
9393:(1): 1–95.
8931:Ornithology
8906:Avian sleep
8809:Micronesian
8695:vexillology
8679:Scandinavia
8632:V-22 Osprey
8163:psittacosis
8120:Sarus Crane
8104:honeyguides
8100:mutualistic
7939:Parus major
7935:Parus major
7874:zebra finch
7821:Birds have
7782:honeyguides
7693:fairy-wrens
7545:Wild turkey
7368:(per year)
7330:woodpeckers
7306:Nest of an
7253:camouflaged
7165:promiscuity
7074:urohidrosis
7070:hibernation
6877:woodpeckers
6873:New Zealand
6819:communicate
6624:New Zealand
6605:Albatrosses
6589:New Zealand
6522:V formation
6516:A flock of
6489:preen gland
6421:salt glands
6341:kingfishers
6263:gallbladder
6206:crepuscular
6174:shearwaters
6122:Bird flight
6106:woodpeckers
6102:kingfishers
6083:formic acid
6049:brood patch
6037:woodpeckers
6033:Phasianidae
6015:secondaries
5785:stomach oil
5689:ultraviolet
5655:ultraviolet
5546:endocardial
5480:aortic arch
5424:present in
5347:Galliformes
5064:snow petrel
5014:zebra finch
4782:Australaves
4701:woodpeckers
4676:kingfishers
4547:Coliiformes
4211:(penguins)
4184:albatrosses
4131:Gaviiformes
3964:Apodiformes
3723:Gruimorphae
3685:Elementaves
3612:Otidiformes
3309:Galliformes
3241:cassowaries
3156:(tinamous)
3044:crown group
3026:Asteriornis
2997:Asteriornis
2990:Austinornis
2782:A study on
2768:Ichthyornis
2728:Ichthyornis
2551:Ichthyornis
2082:Protopteryx
1611:Microraptor
1598:troodontids
1546:Maniraptora
1529:Simplified
1295:Deinonychus
1284:Deinonychus
1147:Maniraptora
1013:crown group
780:crown group
752:Archosauria
626:polyandrous
528:ornithology
411:vertebrates
389:Neornithes
251:Archosauria
29000:Categories
28565:John Gould
28328:In poetry
28302:Crow/Raven
28182:Sky burial
28097:Aviculture
28090:Activities
28037:Australian
27940:Appalachia
27933:Madagascan
27830:See also:
27752:Pelagornis
27620:Brontornis
27427:Neognathae
27346:see below↓
27311:Ceramornis
27281:Polarornis
27248:Vegaviidae
27216:Fumicollis
27182:Potamornis
27168:Judinornis
27161:Enaliornis
26985:Ornithurae
26895:Abitusavis
26689:Schizooura
26649:Yumenornis
26608:Platanavis
26588:Kaririavis
26548:Horezmavis
26497:Chaoyangia
26426:Euornithes
26413:Euornithes
26350:see below↓
26341:Euornithes
26288:Cratonavis
26164:Pygostylia
26141:Kompsornis
26126:Jeholornis
26062:Zhongornis
25989:Alcmonavis
25877:Alcmonavis
25847:Xiaotingia
25840:Serikornis
25783:Anchiornis
25739:Ambopteryx
25593:see below↓
25433:Alxasaurus
25322:Linhenykus
25306:Mononykini
25295:Xixianykus
25254:Qiupanykus
25240:Ondogurvel
25204:Dzharaonyx
25165:Bradycneme
25143:Alnashetri
24918:see below↓
24821:Dinosauria
24402:Vertebrata
24356:Enterogona
24290:Olfactores
23934:(penguins)
23787:(bustards)
23625:Perdicinae
23570:Dendrortyx
23542:Callipepla
23474:Megapodius
23439:Aepypodius
23317:Tadorninae
23299:true geese
23130:(tinamous)
23089:Neornithes
23000:Pheasantry
22975:Aviculture
22743:Incubation
22733:Lek mating
22527:, and the
22388:Audio help
22379:2008-01-05
22212:Waterbirds
21927:CornellLab
20536:(1): 1–6.
20502:27 January
20346:: 442–450.
20272:: e01793.
20235:The Condor
20120:0198520859
19844:Biotropica
19255:(1): 863.
19200:Nat Commun
18979:. London:
18573:. Oxford:
18544:. London:
18526:0691083584
18362:Uria aalge
17989:Waterbirds
17562:The Condor
17216:The Condor
17124:The Condor
16888:(1): 143.
16882:The Condor
16548:The Condor
15706:BioScience
15691:10088/4338
15444:The Condor
15402:The Condor
15366:(4): 486.
14482:20 October
14261:19 October
14212:The Condor
14043:(S1): S3.
13646:The Condor
12642:17 January
12324:"Drinking"
12076:. London:
11391:2328/35953
10416:10468/8068
9835:1903/27622
8942:References
8847:oil spills
8813:threatened
8805:Polynesian
8801:Melanesian
8796:extinction
8768:See also:
8663:witchcraft
8589:Catullus 2
8487:her symbol
8483:little owl
8430:, as when
8393:, the two
8363:3 of Birds
8316:cormorants
8225:61 million
8221:76 million
8201:See also:
8183:giardiasis
8140:pesticides
8023:co-evolved
8015:scavengers
8003:frugivores
7754:raising a
7361:Incubation
7318:Incubation
7297:nidifugous
7213:See also:
7180:phalaropes
7084:See also:
6999:hemisphere
6841:sunbittern
6826:sunbittern
6810:media help
6798:woodpecker
6745:house wren
6709:See also:
6601:California
6581:Antarctica
6537:waterbirds
6533:shorebirds
6448:sandgrouse
6396:scavengers
6313:shorebirds
6305:co-adapted
6220:See also:
6158:flightless
6110:homologous
6098:metatarsus
6045:passerines
6007:tertiaries
5885:Irediparra
5827:Merganetta
5797:neurotoxin
5793:New Guinea
5659:cone cells
5611:cerebellum
5554:epicardial
5550:myocardial
5446:among the
5406:gonochoric
5399:automictic
5367:proctodeum
5289:creatinine
5253:uricotelic
5143:See also:
5095:introduced
5080:extinction
5076:speciation
5068:Antarctica
5040:See also:
4998:See also:
4797:(seriemas)
4697:Piciformes
4405:Telluraves
4291:cormorants
4283:Suliformes
4087:sunbittern
3972:treeswifts
3886:(oilbird)
3843:Vanescaves
3736:Gruiformes
3614:(bustards)
3463:Columbaves
3286:Neognathae
3175:Rheiformes
3084:. (2024).
3072:superorder
3064:Neognathae
3036:See also:
2948:Cretaceous
2859:Neognathae
2806:See also:
2752:Euornithes
2511:Ornithurae
2377:Schizooura
2291:Euornithes
2248:Protobirds
2246:See also:
2035:Pygostylia
1914:Jeholornis
1857:Xiaotingia
1807:Anchiornis
1755:Cretaceous
1700:integument
1657:See also:
1017:Neornithes
988:crocodiles
984:archosaurs
972:crocodiles
964:Archosaurs
898:Crocodiles
883:Archosaurs
748:Crocodilia
742:Definition
695:The first
668:industry.
666:ecotourism
622:polygynous
618:monogamous
587:pterosaurs
575:Neornithes
533:Birds are
524:waterbirds
359:Neognathae
303:Ornithurae
277:Dinosauria
238:Sauropsida
29016:Dinosaurs
28480:In dance
28419:The Birds
28400:Swan Lake
28393:The Birds
28357:In prose
28297:Avalerion
28128:In sport
28124:Fletching
28107:Bird hide
28079:Human use
28032:Antarctic
27857:Sauriurae
27837:Carinatae
27673:Cyphornis
27659:Aequornis
27628:Gastornis
27590:Genyornis
27583:Dromornis
27140:Baptornis
27073:Limenavis
27053:Iaceornis
27043:Guildavis
27033:Gallornis
27023:Cerebavis
27013:Apatornis
26923:Gansuidae
26757:Apsaravis
26750:Ambiortus
26719:Kuszholia
26214:Sapeornis
26041:Rahonavis
25833:Pedopenna
25715:Rahonavis
25387:Falcarius
25329:Mononykus
25281:Albinykus
25111:Xiyunykus
24980:Elopteryx
24897:Theropoda
24882:Theropoda
24830:Theropoda
24804:Kingdom:
24554:Tetrapoda
24247:Bilateria
24003:(parrots)
23847:(hoatzin)
23798:Strisores
23779:(turacos)
23771:(cuckoos)
23700:(mesites)
23619:(turkeys)
23591:Philortyx
23508:Agelastes
23501:Acryllium
23492:Numididae
23481:Talegalla
23391:gamebirds
23384:landfowls
23363:Anseranas
23327:Anhimidae
23286:Anserinae
23069:fictional
22791:dinosaurs
22786:Theropoda
22773:Evolution
22718:Migration
22700:Behaviour
22447:from the
21781:2045-2322
21486:156972909
21236:0028-0836
21189:163584284
20957:Aphrodite
20307:and corn"
20003:1365-2311
19946:0015-4040
19932:(2): 92.
19730:0022-3395
19673:2045-7758
19517:205476732
19489:BioEssays
19302:Evolution
19279:2041-1723
18933:Grus grus
18345:1045-2249
18048:0962-8452
17726:2045-2322
17568:(1): 89.
17543:0141-6707
17440:Oecologia
17366:(6): 86.
17268:Apus apus
16904:0010-5422
16628:Evolution
15874:: 41–71.
13765:1045-2249
13409:: 31–48.
13096:1470-1626
12984:: 52–64.
12943:1661-5433
12852:0916-8818
12725:3 October
12699:3 October
11748:0028-0836
11699:239655248
11691:1543-592X
11501:6 January
11464:"Welcome"
11408:206555952
11246:: 1–179.
11234:Apatornis
11071:205246158
10771:: 1–179.
10756:Apatornis
10505:206544531
10475:CiteSeerX
10441:174811556
10425:0169-5347
10150:205225790
10096:206525132
9901:206517571
9844:1936-6434
9818:(1): 17.
9767:: e1032.
9222:249047881
9059:2054-5703
9010:212937591
8994:0028-0836
8832:buildings
8732:Beethoven
8593:albatross
8573:into his
8467:Aphrodite
8459:Canaanite
8399:Norse god
8304:captivity
8258:partridge
8252:, quail,
8246:pheasants
8112:commensal
8019:avivorous
7931:great tit
7872:) in the
7731:migration
7659:A female
7636:megapodes
7625:Altricial
7593:precocial
7583:altricial
7338:passerine
7326:megapodes
7293:precocial
7257:nightjars
7215:Bird nest
7153:polyandry
7058:nightjars
7037:Loriculus
7021:oxpeckers
7004:predators
6939:hornbills
6729:Bird song
6632:Irruptive
6573:Greenland
6541:temperate
6502:Migration
6475:bird lice
6453:crop milk
6436:mousebird
6349:Flamingos
6307:flowers.
6222:Bird food
6202:nocturnal
6198:nightjars
6184:Behaviour
6166:gigantism
6162:mammalian
5987:alternate
5891:Xenicibis
5851:Pezophaps
5845:Anserinae
5839:Tachyeres
5804:Anhimidae
5765:inner ear
5693:blue tits
5635:tubenoses
5579:diffusion
5523:ventricle
5452:sex ratio
5343:screamers
5315:fecal sac
5311:passerine
5308:altricial
5265:uric acid
5247:Like the
5221:synsacrum
5171:body plan
5145:Egg tooth
5103:game bird
5072:diversity
5030:flamingos
4859:(parrots)
4828:(falcons)
4641:hornbills
4565:Cavitaves
4257:(storks)
3858:(potoos)
3812:Strisores
3707:(hoatzin)
3635:(turacos)
3586:(cuckoos)
3516:(mesites)
3399:flamingos
3119:ostriches
3078:Cladogram
3056:ostriches
3018:Holarctic
2986:galliform
2972:from the
2882:waterfowl
2777:pygostyle
2498:Apsaravis
2100:Pengornis
2022:Sapeornis
1954:Euavialae
1882:Rahonavis
1763:pygostyle
1719:Oxfordian
1624:omnivores
1542:dinosaurs
1279:theropods
823:Squamates
775:PhyloCode
736:Theropoda
649:Songbirds
634:incubated
553:cladistic
541:dinosaurs
535:feathered
522:and some
500:forelimbs
480:passerine
460:metabolic
348:(ostrich)
290:Theropoda
211:Kingdom:
205:Eukaryota
141:Possible
28707:Wikidata
28464:Aigrette
28456:In music
28414:In film
28228:Products
28137:Falconry
28112:Big year
28017:European
27958:European
27872:Category
27680:Dasornis
27552:Qinornis
27209:Canadaga
27147:Brodavis
26955:Iteravis
26947:Hollanda
26909:Yanornis
26863:Yanornis
26840:Hollanda
26538:Hollanda
26507:Dingavis
26258:Yangavis
26182:Proornis
25826:Ostromia
25790:Aurornis
25336:Shuvuuia
25068:Bannykus
24812:Chordata
24810:Phylum:
24806:Animalia
24304:Tunicata
24241:Animalia
24239:Kingdom
24228:chordate
24148:Category
24022:Afroaves
23950:(storks)
23752:Passerea
23737:(grebes)
23673:Columbea
23584:Oreortyx
23556:Cyrtonyx
23446:Alectura
23410:Cracinae
23402:Cracidae
23279:Oxyurini
23269:Aythyini
23264:Anatinae
23248:Anatidae
22995:Falconry
22958:big year
22813:Seabirds
22723:Foraging
22670:Feathers
22557:Archived
22483:Archived
22390: ·
22262:, etc.).
22160:31211118
22152:15448269
22107:26320497
22099:14258730
21799:37296190
21790:10256695
21570:Folklore
21512:24 March
21244:14685236
21144:24 April
21090:(1950).
20741:Folklore
20538:Archived
20449:15931279
20372:19 March
20055:83734364
20011:91557693
19872:16315843
19822:87692272
19777:: 27–33.
19746:27746219
19738:17304814
19691:34257905
19552:19834483
19509:26577076
19474:22471769
19425:18211876
19330:16206523
19322:12144022
19287:22643890
19230:22643890
19181:21819397
19130:23300862
19090:PLOS ONE
18866:16777726
18502:43254694
18494:11672937
18267:(1998).
18251:26038182
18150:34403633
18101:21238200
18009:86336632
17974:85745432
17865:84258620
17824:84735736
17744:34625581
17633:42021321
17625:17773043
17491:Archived
17487:17355506
17479:28310921
17337:16688436
17294:11916987
17244:15957324
17194:22367357
17148:Archived
17018:83826161
17010:31963979
16912:31878910
16859:Notornis
16844:42276496
16836:15976305
16793:45578269
16785:10373249
16750:35357696
16657:28567971
16609:Archived
16477:10085262
16436:11807103
16332:Archived
16302:82259620
16257:84665086
16183:28990783
16175:15653503
16132:16908846
16073:20080662
15933:10687826
15849:85677766
15808:84770232
15764:Archived
15656:14443123
15612:Archived
15608:18920080
15426:Archived
15344:17961182
15268:84979098
15098:29987431
14994:10687826
14929:(1998).
14913:21113274
14861:Archived
14766:14041453
14758:10761049
14705:86511951
14527:26584982
14309:Archived
14193:21208965
14089:Archived
14018:44351032
13971:15836436
13963:25398576
13925:12641836
13773:90704358
13458:29778484
13388:45809019
13380:15313772
13320:17038201
13285:17148121
13197:26804558
13104:29559496
13008:13704885
13000:25194876
12951:24577119
12870:23965601
12813:84524738
12563:85424175
12518:14343146
12424:12814783
12385:18540594
12377:15767304
11936:11948196
11869:46640620
11861:17363673
11766:33177665
11576:(1990).
11545:Archived
11433:10 April
11400:24855267
11340:25504713
11278:22 March
11268:84035285
11260:2246/454
11210:Archived
11198:15662422
11125:17148284
11063:26444237
11015:24449041
10971:29279399
10912:16533313
10855:21978465
10793:84035285
10785:2246/454
10727:26439352
10642:25942493
10497:23493711
10433:31164250
10283:Archived
10271:12540892
10216:Archived
10204:17823350
10142:21796204
10100:Archived
10088:20133521
10036:37866029
10028:25082702
9981:3 August
9893:19095929
9852:16195453
9793:26157616
9681:55462557
9658:83726237
9597:Archived
9554:23719374
9417:18784798
9359:(1758).
9314:26824065
9270:(2015).
9191:32781465
9129:27989673
9077:26998335
9002:32188952
8900:See also
8866:preserve
8836:vehicles
8819:and the
8752:Natufian
8728:Messiaen
8720:In music
8709:In music
8683:heraldry
8647:Dominica
8630:and the
8622:and the
8609:. Other
8581:Catullus
8526:and the
8507:Painted
8481:, had a
8417:religion
8410:Etruscan
8379:Makemake
8270:woodcock
8229:Chickens
8144:roadkill
8093:chickens
8057:seabirds
8030:coevolve
7837:and the
7786:icterids
7701:red kite
7697:rifleman
7366:Clutches
7358:(grams)
7353:Species
7238:colonies
7230:seabirds
7157:polygamy
7149:polygyny
7080:Breeding
6931:dolphins
6927:seabirds
6782:Drumming
6561:Seabirds
6549:tropical
6529:seasonal
6481:preening
6465:Preening
6400:vultures
6329:penguins
6297:sunbirds
6151:aerofoil
6079:bacteria
6061:preening
6059:Red lory
5950:pterylae
5869:Burhinus
5833:Vanellus
5789:pitohuis
5697:kestrels
5615:cerebrum
5387:platypus
5351:Cracidae
5285:creatine
5259:extract
5249:reptiles
5088:penguins
5026:pelicans
5012:and the
4994:Genomics
4984:Ahlquist
4415:Afroaves
4316:pelicans
4293:, etc.)
3422:(grebes)
3313:chickens
3214:(kiwis)
3177:(rheas)
3060:tinamous
3014:Gondwana
2982:Cenozoic
2953:Gondwana
2902:perching
2878:landfowl
2846:tinamous
2771:and the
2756:perching
2745:Mesozoic
1717:period (
1715:Jurassic
1692:neotenic
1616:arboreal
1590:avialans
1558:Liaoning
1539:theropod
1424:Aurornis
1287:", with
1067:Coelurus
893:
813:
803:Reptiles
723:Aves in
705:John Ray
610:flocking
561:avialans
549:reptiles
538:theropod
520:seabirds
512:penguins
468:skeleton
448:feathers
381:Synonyms
318:Linnaeus
225:Chordata
221:Phylum:
215:Animalia
201:Domain:
28978:ZooBank
28656:Related
28512:Penguin
28500:Species
28317:Martlet
28276:In art
28261:Poultry
28251:Feather
28236:Chicken
28000:African
27928:African
27694:Laornis
27440:Neoaves
27288:Vegavis
27113:Janavis
26628:Wyleyia
25968:Avialae
25797:Caihong
25663:Paraves
25650:Paraves
25584:Paraves
24745:italics
24578:Amniota
24230:classes
24226:Extant
24160:Commons
23664:Neoaves
23549:Colinus
23515:Guttera
23453:Eulipoa
23274:Mergini
23138:(kiwis)
23122:(rheas)
22933:Ringing
22758:Hybrids
22753:Nesting
22708:Singing
22685:Plumage
22660:Dactyly
22630:Anatomy
22620:Outline
22610:: Aves)
22502:The Auk
22461:at the
22377: (
22348:minutes
22132:Bibcode
22123:Science
22079:Bibcode
22071:Science
22063:1934880
22043:Bibcode
22035:Ecology
22008:Bibcode
21761:Bibcode
21709:19 June
21590:1260073
21416:3289944
21312:3252550
21252:4349167
21216:Bibcode
21181:2694739
20939:5 March
20846:1177550
20811:3260591
20761:4216509
20666:4140937
20564:Bibcode
20440:1069015
20363:Audubon
20274:Bibcode
20216:3676463
20169:Bibcode
20082:Bibcode
20035:Bibcode
19981:Bibcode
19954:3492142
19895:Bibcode
19852:Bibcode
19814:2398801
19682:8258197
19653:Bibcode
19601:3324702
19452:Bibcode
19416:2596843
19257:Bibcode
19208:Bibcode
19206:: 863.
19159:Bibcode
19121:3531452
19098:Bibcode
18857:1560291
18427:3565958
18376:Bibcode
18231:Bibcode
18141:8370801
18081:Bibcode
18057:1688567
17954:Bibcode
17775:Bibcode
17735:8501033
17706:Bibcode
17605:Bibcode
17597:Science
17582:1366517
17521:Bibcode
17449:Bibcode
17380:4011301
17345:1736369
17317:Bibcode
17236:1369642
17174:Bibcode
17144:1368877
17090:Bibcode
17063:3565809
17043:Bibcode
16816:Bibcode
16808:Science
16730:Bibcode
16722:Ecology
16684:Bibcode
16649:2409431
16568:1368675
16522:4600164
16324:The Auk
16282:Bibcode
16235:The Auk
16155:Bibcode
16147:Science
16123:1568927
16100:Bibcode
16064:2836663
16041:Bibcode
15980:9317335
15924:1690512
15827:The Auk
15726:1309104
15664:2757501
15600:9882607
15487:Bibcode
15464:1369318
15422:1369185
15380:3677021
15324:Bibcode
15240:Bibcode
15203:Bibcode
15168:1942194
15148:Bibcode
15089:6061143
15068:Bibcode
15037:17 July
14985:1690512
14904:2990222
14883:The Auk
14857:1368983
14808:4087761
14788:The Auk
14697:2462941
14611:The Auk
14519:9237308
14450:4081571
14430:The Auk
14408:3677029
14305:4081839
14285:The Auk
14232:1369464
14184:3119002
14139:1439786
14119:Bibcode
14111:Science
14107:Pitohui
14045:Bibcode
14010:9933782
13859:4356193
13839:Bibcode
13815:1688915
13724:9461554
13715:1219171
13666:1368131
13450:5325853
13360:Bibcode
13276:1629050
13224:Bibcode
13188:4747794
13167:Bibcode
13112:4017618
13055:5948479
13047:1539953
12959:3035039
12861:3944358
12769:5717257
12749:The Auk
12637:Audubon
12611:1365774
12555:2459303
12509:1206904
12467:4372695
12447:Bibcode
12307:6 March
12034:1521007
11841:Bibcode
11832:Science
11757:7759463
11726:Bibcode
11370:Bibcode
11362:Science
11331:4405904
11310:Bibcode
11302:Science
11206:4354309
11170:Bibcode
11116:1834003
11043:Bibcode
10962:5776993
10939:Bibcode
10903:2100246
10835:Bibcode
10735:3099017
10695:Bibcode
10633:5426517
10612:Bibcode
10583:11 June
10467:Bibcode
10459:Science
10395:Bibcode
10311:11 June
10279:1160118
10251:Bibcode
10212:2519726
10182:Bibcode
10173:Science
10068:Bibcode
10059:Science
10008:Bibcode
9999:Science
9871:Science
9784:4476167
9638:Bibcode
9562:4364892
9534:Bibcode
9408:2517308
9305:4730849
9284:Bibcode
9276:Sci Adv
9246:11 June
9206:bioRxiv
9182:7783168
9107:Bibcode
9068:4785986
9037:Bibcode
8974:Bibcode
8870:restore
8843:bycatch
8724:Vivaldi
8667:Hoopoes
8611:English
8585:sparrow
8583:used a
8576:Odyssey
8548:Persian
8542:of the
8534:Pouākai
8463:Asherah
8365:by the
8339:birders
8324:fishing
8320:hunting
8312:Falcons
8296:parrots
8233:turkeys
8217:poultry
8132:hunting
7984:forests
7969:Ecology
7881:sib-sib
7831:peacock
7823:evolved
7794:cuckoos
7681:Corvida
7363:(days)
7334:cuckoos
7188:billing
7176:lekking
7138:anatids
6941:have a
6754:Mimicry
6691:Polaris
6675:diurnal
6652:Parrots
6636:finches
6577:Iceland
6444:bustard
6404:corvids
6282:insects
6259:gizzard
6247:carrion
6190:diurnal
6178:dippers
6023:coverts
5999:primary
5969:moulted
5954:plumage
5908:Feather
5857:Chionis
5769:cochlea
5492:nucleus
5468:air sac
5426:mammals
5395:diploid
5383:oviduct
5375:compete
5359:Neoaves
5337:), the
5301:pellets
5281:ostrich
5273:ammonia
5257:kidneys
5230:extinct
5225:sternum
5159:coverts
5121:, have
5084:seabird
5010:chicken
4287:boobies
4188:petrels
3365:Neoaves
3052:ratites
2969:Vegavis
2904:birds)
2895:Neoaves
2872:
2842:ratites
2576:Vegavis
2252:Avialae
2235:, 2015
1792:Avialae
1748:Germany
1604:. Some
1602:Paraves
1580:period.
1519:, 2015
1472:Avialae
1336:Paraves
1290:Troodon
1210:Paraves
1006:Avialae
966:, with
960:turtles
870:Turtles
830:Lizards
784:fossils
657:extinct
614:mobbing
598:culture
516:endemic
508:ratites
370:Neoaves
329:Extant
309:Class:
73:, 72–0
71:present
28954:uBio:
28905:NZOR:
28885:174371
28807:1AVESC
28538:People
28172:Augury
28010:Indian
27951:Indian
27265:Maaqwi
27063:Kookne
26940:Gansus
26618:Vorona
25999:Balaur
25002:Kakuru
24602:Sauria
24172:Portal
24048:(owls)
23522:Numida
23460:Leipoa
23343:Chauna
23336:Anhima
23031:Genera
23005:Imping
22923:Human
22763:Colony
22690:Vision
22675:Flight
22508:Condor
22459:"Bird"
22402:about
22327:
22313:
22287:
22273:
22258:
22158:
22150:
22105:
22097:
22061:
21981:
21907:15 May
21881:15 May
21849:
21824:
21797:
21787:
21779:
21681:
21588:
21484:
21451:820195
21449:
21414:
21360:6 June
21335:6 June
21310:
21273:
21250:
21242:
21234:
21208:Nature
21187:
21179:
21098:
21070:
21063:Athena
21043:
21018:
20991:
20964:
20906:
20874:
20844:
20809:
20759:
20664:
20474:
20447:
20437:
20365:. US:
20214:
20142:
20117:
20053:
20009:
20001:
19952:
19944:
19870:
19820:
19812:
19744:
19736:
19728:
19689:
19679:
19671:
19622:
19599:
19589:
19560:771357
19558:
19550:
19515:
19507:
19472:
19423:
19413:
19328:
19320:
19285:
19277:
19228:
19179:
19128:
19118:
18987:
18900:Sylvia
18864:
18854:
18733:
18706:
18679:
18652:
18581:
18552:
18523:
18500:
18492:
18451:
18425:
18343:
18277:
18249:
18200:
18173:
18148:
18138:
18099:
18054:
18046:
18007:
17972:
17863:
17822:
17742:
17732:
17724:
17631:
17623:
17580:
17541:
17485:
17477:
17378:
17343:
17335:
17292:
17242:
17234:
17192:
17142:
17061:
17016:
17008:
16971:
16910:
16902:
16842:
16834:
16791:
16783:
16748:
16655:
16647:
16566:
16520:
16475:
16434:
16358:
16300:
16255:
16181:
16173:
16130:
16120:
16071:
16061:
15978:
15931:
15921:
15847:
15806:
15724:
15662:
15654:
15606:
15598:
15532:
15462:
15420:
15378:
15342:
15293:
15266:
15258:
15166:
15096:
15086:
14992:
14982:
14939:
14911:
14901:
14855:
14837:Condor
14806:
14764:
14756:
14703:
14695:
14658:
14525:
14517:
14448:
14406:
14338:
14303:
14230:
14191:
14181:
14137:
14016:
14008:
13969:
13961:
13923:
13882:
13857:
13831:Nature
13812:
13771:
13763:
13722:
13712:
13664:
13552:
13456:
13448:
13386:
13378:
13318:
13283:
13273:
13195:
13185:
13135:
13110:
13102:
13094:
13053:
13045:
13006:
12998:
12957:
12949:
12941:
12868:
12858:
12850:
12811:
12795:Nature
12767:
12666:
12609:
12590:Condor
12561:
12553:
12516:
12506:
12465:
12439:Nature
12422:
12383:
12375:
12224:
12109:
12084:
12055:
12032:
11957:
11934:
11893:
11867:
11859:
11812:
11787:
11764:
11754:
11746:
11718:Nature
11697:
11689:
11614:517185
11612:
11584:
11406:
11398:
11338:
11328:
11266:
11204:
11196:
11162:Nature
11138:4 July
11123:
11113:
11069:
11061:
11035:Nature
11013:
10969:
10959:
10910:
10900:
10853:
10791:
10733:
10725:
10640:
10630:
10550:Nature
10531:
10503:
10495:
10477:
10439:
10431:
10423:
10277:
10269:
10242:Nature
10210:
10202:
10148:
10140:
10122:Nature
10094:
10086:
10034:
10026:
9952:
9925:
9899:
9891:
9850:
9842:
9791:
9781:
9755:Balaur
9733:14 May
9724:
9679:
9656:
9560:
9552:
9526:Nature
9479:
9449:
9415:
9405:
9339:
9312:
9302:
9220:
9189:
9179:
9127:
9075:
9065:
9057:
9008:
9000:
8992:
8966:Nature
8853:, and
8807:, and
8776:, and
8730:, and
8687:eagles
8675:Persia
8579:, and
8544:Mughal
8479:Athens
8475:Athena
8455:Inanna
8436:Hebrew
8421:augury
8268:, and
8262:grouse
8239:, and
8185:, and
8108:Borana
8046:kokako
8042:kererū
7991:niches
7827:mating
7788:, and
7717:fledge
7645:fledge
7554:6,050
7530:4,800
7506:4,000
7482:3,150
7458:2,200
7234:swifts
7163:, and
7096:, and
7060:, and
7046:torpor
6987:Swifts
6904:flocks
6869:snipes
6856:syrinx
6817:Birds
6671:Skomer
6667:Boston
6656:family
6597:Alaska
6569:Arctic
6535:, and
6495:anting
6428:pigeon
6378:, and
6337:sulids
6243:nectar
6210:waders
6200:, are
6116:Flight
6094:scales
6087:anting
5960:, and
5942:flight
5914:, and
5874:alular
5809:Jacana
5767:has a
5740:pinnae
5714:pecten
5710:retina
5519:atrium
5473:syrinx
5410:female
5293:cloaca
5217:pelvis
5205:septum
5199:. The
5175:flight
5006:genome
4980:Sibley
4437:(owls)
4324:ibises
4320:herons
3968:swifts
3769:waders
3744:cranes
2992:lentus
2868:
2765:-like
2473:Gansus
2352:Vorona
2233:et al.
1969:Balaur
1774:keeled
1733:, and
1517:et al.
1307:flight
834:snakes
832:&
612:, and
452:laying
394:, 1883
366:(fowl)
331:clades
46:, and
29006:Birds
28965:WoRMS
28957:21646
28942:Plazi
28934:36616
28921:81461
28867:IRMNG
28820:10699
28713:Q5113
28522:Raven
28322:Turul
28307:Eagle
28256:Guano
28083:birds
28005:Asian
27992:Birds
27946:Asian
25060:Aorun
24835:Clade
24826:Clade
24817:Clade
24329:Acopa
23292:swans
23254:ducks
23224:fowls
23019:Lists
22643:Brain
22608:class
22604:Birds
22156:S2CID
22103:S2CID
22059:JSTOR
21958:5 May
21932:5 May
21586:JSTOR
21503:(PDF)
21482:S2CID
21447:JSTOR
21412:JSTOR
21308:JSTOR
21248:S2CID
21185:S2CID
21177:JSTOR
21123:(PDF)
20842:JSTOR
20807:JSTOR
20757:S2CID
20697:(PDF)
20686:(PDF)
20662:JSTOR
20541:(PDF)
20526:(PDF)
20498:. FAO
20212:JSTOR
20051:S2CID
20007:S2CID
19950:JSTOR
19887:Oikos
19868:S2CID
19840:(PDF)
19818:S2CID
19810:JSTOR
19767:(PDF)
19742:S2CID
19556:S2CID
19513:S2CID
19326:S2CID
18498:S2CID
18423:JSTOR
18406:Oikos
18247:S2CID
18005:S2CID
17970:S2CID
17861:S2CID
17820:S2CID
17629:S2CID
17578:JSTOR
17494:(PDF)
17483:S2CID
17435:(PDF)
17376:JSTOR
17341:S2CID
17251:(PDF)
17240:S2CID
17232:JSTOR
17212:(PDF)
17190:S2CID
17151:(PDF)
17140:JSTOR
17120:(PDF)
17059:JSTOR
17034:Oikos
17014:S2CID
16908:S2CID
16840:S2CID
16789:S2CID
16645:JSTOR
16612:(PDF)
16597:(PDF)
16575:(PDF)
16564:JSTOR
16544:(PDF)
16518:JSTOR
16335:(PDF)
16320:(PDF)
16298:S2CID
16253:S2CID
16216:(PDF)
16201:(PDF)
16179:S2CID
15845:S2CID
15804:S2CID
15767:(PDF)
15744:(PDF)
15722:JSTOR
15660:S2CID
15615:(PDF)
15604:S2CID
15566:(PDF)
15460:JSTOR
15429:(PDF)
15418:JSTOR
15398:(PDF)
15376:JSTOR
15340:S2CID
15264:S2CID
15260:92549
15256:JSTOR
15164:JSTOR
15031:(PDF)
15020:(PDF)
14864:(PDF)
14853:JSTOR
14833:(PDF)
14815:(PDF)
14804:JSTOR
14784:(PDF)
14762:S2CID
14701:S2CID
14693:JSTOR
14622:(PDF)
14607:(PDF)
14523:S2CID
14457:(PDF)
14446:JSTOR
14426:(PDF)
14404:JSTOR
14369:(PDF)
14362:(PDF)
14312:(PDF)
14301:JSTOR
14281:(PDF)
14228:JSTOR
14092:(PDF)
14077:(PDF)
14014:S2CID
13967:S2CID
13855:S2CID
13769:S2CID
13673:(PDF)
13662:JSTOR
13642:(PDF)
13589:(PDF)
13574:(PDF)
13454:S2CID
13384:S2CID
13108:S2CID
13043:JSTOR
13004:S2CID
12955:S2CID
12809:S2CID
12776:(PDF)
12765:S2CID
12745:(PDF)
12618:(PDF)
12607:JSTOR
12585:(PDF)
12559:S2CID
12551:JSTOR
12463:S2CID
12381:S2CID
12030:JSTOR
11865:S2CID
11695:S2CID
11548:(PDF)
11537:(PDF)
11404:S2CID
11358:(PDF)
11264:S2CID
11213:(PDF)
11202:S2CID
11158:(PDF)
11132:(PDF)
11089:(PDF)
11067:S2CID
10989:(PDF)
10800:(PDF)
10789:S2CID
10761:(PDF)
10731:S2CID
10501:S2CID
10437:S2CID
10286:(PDF)
10275:S2CID
10237:(PDF)
10219:(PDF)
10208:S2CID
10168:(PDF)
10146:S2CID
10103:(PDF)
10092:S2CID
10054:(PDF)
10032:S2CID
9897:S2CID
9848:S2CID
9761:PeerJ
9677:S2CID
9654:S2CID
9600:(PDF)
9589:(PDF)
9558:S2CID
9218:S2CID
9006:S2CID
8699:flags
8681:. In
8567:Homer
8528:Māori
8509:tiles
8469:. In
8432:Jonah
8414:Roman
8375:deity
8300:mynas
8285:guano
8266:snipe
8254:doves
8241:geese
8237:ducks
8061:guano
8005:, or
7790:ducks
7685:crows
7588:blind
7342:kiwis
7270:Male
7028:bills
6963:Roost
6945:with
6860:sound
6830:hawks
6654:as a
6593:Chile
6432:finch
6380:skuas
6376:gulls
6361:Geese
6353:prion
6345:terns
6321:Loons
6309:Kiwis
6275:glean
5896:Swans
5791:from
5647:fovea
5627:kiwis
5484:aorta
5379:ovary
5355:penis
5335:kiwis
5209:spine
5119:galah
4491:hawks
4135:loons
3740:rails
3338:ducks
3082:et al
2747:era.
1778:alula
1606:basal
968:birds
958:(The
913:Birds
733:clade
653:Guano
602:songs
592:Many
486:wings
464:heart
415:class
404:Birds
392:Gadow
297:Clade
284:Clade
271:Clade
258:Clade
245:Clade
232:Clade
59:Birds
28970:1836
28898:8782
28893:NCBI
28880:ITIS
28872:1142
28841:GBIF
28802:EPPO
28763:BOLD
28755:Aves
28742:Aves
28728:Aves
28698:Aves
28350:Crow
28241:Down
27716:Manu
27492:see
27469:see
27413:see
26327:see
25949:see
25923:see
25570:see
24895:see
24868:see
22665:Eggs
22653:milk
22648:Crop
22638:Beak
22497:Sora
22405:Bird
22325:ISBN
22311:ISBN
22285:ISBN
22271:ISBN
22256:ISBN
22179:Oryx
22148:PMID
22095:PMID
21979:ISBN
21960:2024
21934:2024
21909:2009
21883:2009
21847:ISBN
21822:ISBN
21795:PMID
21777:ISSN
21711:2011
21679:ISBN
21555:2007
21514:2023
21362:2024
21337:2024
21271:ISBN
21240:PMID
21232:ISSN
21146:2014
21096:ISBN
21068:ISBN
21041:ISBN
21016:ISBN
20989:ISBN
20962:ISBN
20941:2013
20904:ISBN
20872:ISBN
20713:Ibis
20617:Oryx
20598:2007
20504:2023
20472:ISBN
20445:PMID
20400:2019
20374:2017
20312:Ibis
20140:ISBN
20115:ISBN
19999:ISSN
19942:ISSN
19734:PMID
19726:ISSN
19687:PMID
19669:ISSN
19620:ISBN
19597:PMID
19587:ISBN
19548:PMID
19505:PMID
19470:PMID
19421:PMID
19318:PMID
19283:PMID
19275:ISSN
19226:PMID
19177:PMID
19126:PMID
18985:ISBN
18905:Ibis
18862:PMID
18731:ISBN
18704:ISBN
18677:ISBN
18650:ISBN
18629:2014
18607:2014
18579:ISBN
18550:ISBN
18521:ISBN
18490:PMID
18449:ISBN
18341:ISSN
18275:ISBN
18198:ISBN
18171:ISBN
18146:PMID
18097:PMID
18044:ISSN
17841:)".
17740:PMID
17722:ISSN
17621:PMID
17560:)".
17539:ISSN
17475:PMID
17333:PMID
17290:PMID
17006:PMID
16969:ISBN
16900:ISSN
16832:PMID
16781:PMID
16746:PMID
16653:PMID
16473:PMID
16432:PMID
16356:ISBN
16171:PMID
16128:PMID
16069:PMID
16010:2007
15976:PMID
15929:PMID
15652:PMID
15596:PMID
15548:2008
15530:ISBN
15291:ISBN
15094:PMID
15039:2010
14990:PMID
14937:ISBN
14909:PMID
14754:PMID
14656:ISBN
14515:PMID
14484:2007
14336:ISBN
14263:2007
14189:PMID
14135:PMID
14006:PMID
13959:PMID
13921:PMID
13903:)".
13880:ISBN
13761:ISSN
13720:PMID
13624:2007
13597:2007
13550:ISBN
13446:PMID
13376:PMID
13356:1016
13334:link
13316:PMID
13281:PMID
13193:PMID
13133:ISBN
13100:PMID
13092:ISSN
13051:PMID
12996:PMID
12947:PMID
12939:ISSN
12866:PMID
12848:ISSN
12727:2013
12701:2013
12664:ISBN
12644:2021
12514:PMID
12420:PMID
12373:PMID
12336:2007
12309:2019
12279:2007
12254:2007
12222:ISBN
12143:2007
12107:ISBN
12082:ISBN
12053:ISBN
11995:2015
11955:ISBN
11932:PMID
11891:ISBN
11857:PMID
11810:ISBN
11785:ISBN
11762:PMID
11744:ISSN
11687:ISSN
11653:2022
11610:OCLC
11582:ISBN
11556:2017
11503:2023
11435:2008
11396:PMID
11336:PMID
11280:2015
11232:and
11194:PMID
11140:2008
11121:PMID
11059:PMID
11011:PMID
10967:PMID
10908:PMID
10851:PMID
10808:2007
10754:and
10723:PMID
10668:2024
10638:PMID
10585:2012
10529:ISBN
10493:PMID
10429:PMID
10421:ISSN
10313:2012
10267:PMID
10200:PMID
10138:PMID
10084:PMID
10024:PMID
9983:2014
9950:ISBN
9923:ISBN
9889:PMID
9840:ISSN
9789:PMID
9735:2020
9722:ISBN
9550:PMID
9477:ISBN
9447:ISBN
9413:PMID
9337:ISBN
9310:PMID
9248:2012
9187:PMID
9125:PMID
9073:PMID
9055:ISSN
8998:PMID
8990:ISSN
8892:and
8881:and
8868:and
8821:IUCN
8786:The
8742:and
8659:Owls
8643:flag
8641:The
8546:and
8444:dove
8440:יונה
8412:and
8402:Odin
8361:The
8322:and
8314:and
8298:and
8281:down
8156:dogs
8154:and
8152:cats
8044:and
7758:, a
7699:and
7691:and
7560:1.0
7536:1.0
7512:1.0
7488:1.0
7464:1.0
7440:1.5
7434:376
7416:4.5
7392:2.0
7336:and
7280:nest
7232:and
7190:and
7172:song
7124:and
6997:one
6935:tuna
6933:and
6599:and
6591:and
6575:and
6442:and
6363:and
6343:and
6333:auks
6331:and
6311:and
6279:pest
6255:crop
6196:and
6194:owls
6176:and
6170:auks
6147:wing
6124:and
6104:and
6092:The
6067:waxy
6039:and
5924:The
5882:and
5863:Crax
5761:owls
5757:Otus
5754:and
5751:Bubo
5745:Asio
5676:The
5633:and
5619:nest
5601:The
5552:and
5532:The
5521:and
5414:male
5269:urea
5235:and
5163:Vent
5117:and
5044:and
5028:and
4982:and
4322:and
4186:and
4091:kagu
4089:and
3974:and
3742:and
3239:and
3092:Aves
3068:rank
3020:and
2880:and
2844:and
2825:Aves
2810:and
2763:gull
2592:Aves
2250:and
1629:The
1552:and
970:and
703:and
643:and
494:and
418:Aves
322:1758
313:Aves
81:PreꞒ
28846:212
28794:695
28789:EoL
28776:CoL
28750:AFD
28737:ADW
28426:Kes
28246:Egg
28081:of
25225:Kol
22220:doi
22187:doi
22140:doi
22128:305
22087:doi
22075:148
22051:doi
22016:doi
21785:PMC
21769:doi
21656:doi
21652:122
21578:doi
21474:doi
21439:doi
21385:doi
21300:doi
21224:doi
21212:426
21169:doi
20834:doi
20799:doi
20795:104
20749:doi
20722:doi
20718:147
20654:doi
20625:doi
20572:doi
20560:126
20435:PMC
20427:doi
20321:doi
20317:132
20282:doi
20243:doi
20239:111
20204:doi
20177:doi
20090:doi
20043:doi
20031:131
19989:doi
19934:doi
19903:doi
19891:104
19860:doi
19802:doi
19718:doi
19677:PMC
19661:doi
19579:doi
19540:doi
19497:doi
19460:doi
19411:PMC
19403:doi
19399:275
19370:hdl
19360:doi
19310:doi
19265:doi
19216:doi
19167:doi
19116:PMC
19106:doi
19065:hdl
19055:doi
19022:doi
18955:hdl
18947:doi
18935:".
18914:doi
18910:146
18852:PMC
18844:doi
18840:273
18796:doi
18482:doi
18415:doi
18384:doi
18331:hdl
18323:doi
18239:doi
18221:".
18136:PMC
18128:doi
18124:208
18089:doi
18052:PMC
18036:doi
18032:264
17997:doi
17962:doi
17950:257
17923:doi
17890:doi
17853:doi
17849:121
17812:doi
17808:130
17783:doi
17767:Emu
17730:PMC
17714:doi
17660:doi
17650:".
17613:doi
17601:183
17570:doi
17529:doi
17465:hdl
17457:doi
17407:doi
17368:doi
17364:155
17325:doi
17282:doi
17278:205
17224:doi
17220:102
17182:doi
17132:doi
17098:doi
17086:119
17051:doi
16998:doi
16941:doi
16937:261
16890:doi
16886:103
16824:doi
16812:308
16773:doi
16738:doi
16726:103
16692:doi
16637:doi
16556:doi
16510:doi
16463:doi
16459:202
16422:doi
16418:204
16389:doi
16328:102
16290:doi
16278:101
16273:Emu
16243:doi
16239:123
16163:doi
16151:307
16118:PMC
16108:doi
16096:103
16059:PMC
16049:doi
16037:107
15968:doi
15964:199
15942:267
15919:PMC
15911:doi
15907:267
15876:doi
15835:doi
15831:121
15794:doi
15756:doi
15714:doi
15687:hdl
15683:106
15642:doi
15586:hdl
15578:doi
15503:hdl
15495:doi
15452:doi
15410:doi
15368:doi
15332:doi
15248:doi
15236:240
15211:doi
15199:228
15156:doi
15121:doi
15084:PMC
15076:doi
15064:105
15003:267
14980:PMC
14972:doi
14968:267
14899:PMC
14891:doi
14887:127
14845:doi
14796:doi
14792:106
14746:doi
14742:244
14736:".
14685:doi
14681:144
14615:103
14585:doi
14554:doi
14507:doi
14438:doi
14396:doi
14386:".
14293:doi
14220:doi
14179:PMC
14171:doi
14167:278
14127:doi
14115:258
14053:doi
13998:doi
13951:doi
13947:201
13913:doi
13847:doi
13835:373
13810:PMC
13802:doi
13798:265
13751:doi
13710:PMC
13702:doi
13698:330
13654:doi
13438:doi
13411:doi
13407:248
13368:doi
13308:doi
13271:PMC
13263:doi
13232:doi
13183:PMC
13175:doi
13082:doi
13078:155
13035:doi
13031:130
12986:doi
12929:doi
12893:doi
12856:PMC
12840:doi
12799:doi
12757:doi
12753:117
12599:doi
12543:doi
12539:100
12504:PMC
12496:doi
12455:doi
12443:386
12412:doi
12408:134
12363:doi
12359:208
12022:doi
11984:doi
11924:doi
11920:205
11849:doi
11837:315
11752:PMC
11734:doi
11722:587
11679:doi
11640:doi
11472:doi
11386:hdl
11378:doi
11366:344
11326:PMC
11318:doi
11306:346
11256:hdl
11248:doi
11244:286
11186:hdl
11178:doi
11166:433
11111:PMC
11103:doi
11051:doi
11039:526
11001:doi
10957:PMC
10947:doi
10935:115
10898:PMC
10890:doi
10886:208
10843:doi
10781:hdl
10773:doi
10769:286
10713:hdl
10703:doi
10628:PMC
10620:doi
10554:doi
10485:doi
10463:339
10411:hdl
10403:doi
10344:doi
10340:149
10259:doi
10247:421
10190:doi
10178:317
10130:doi
10126:475
10076:doi
10064:327
10016:doi
10004:345
9879:doi
9875:322
9830:hdl
9820:doi
9779:PMC
9769:doi
9646:doi
9542:doi
9530:498
9403:PMC
9395:doi
9391:149
9300:PMC
9292:doi
9210:doi
9177:PMC
9167:hdl
9159:doi
9115:doi
9063:PMC
9045:doi
8982:doi
8970:579
8834:or
8815:by
8693:In
8645:of
8599:'s
8524:Roc
8485:as
8385:of
8177:),
8091:of
8038:moa
7609:or
7563:11
7557:28
7533:40
7509:40
7485:64
7461:39
7437:20
7413:11
7410:25
7389:13
7344:).
6871:of
6679:sun
6543:or
6520:in
6204:or
6143:fly
5962:sex
5736:ear
5412:or
5271:or
5233:moa
5020:).
4986:'s
3237:emu
3070:of
492:moa
454:of
29002::
28980::
28967::
28944::
28931::
28918::
28895::
28882::
28869::
28856::
28843::
28830::
28817::
28804::
28791::
28781:V2
28778::
28768:51
28765::
28752::
28739::
28724::
28709::
25760:Yi
24837::
24828::
24819::
22523:,
22519:,
22515:,
22511:,
22505:,
22254::
22216:33
22214:.
22210:.
22183:40
22181:.
22177:.
22154:.
22146:.
22138:.
22126:.
22101:.
22093:.
22085:.
22073:.
22067:;
22057:.
22049:.
22039:46
22037:.
22014:.
22004:55
22002:.
21951:.
21925:.
21900:.
21869:.
21820:.
21793:.
21783:.
21775:.
21767:.
21757:13
21755:.
21751:.
21732:.
21728:.
21702:.
21650:.
21584:.
21574:85
21572:.
21546:.
21505:.
21480:.
21470:17
21468:.
21445:.
21435:81
21433:.
21408:30
21406:.
21381:22
21379:.
21353:.
21328:.
21306:.
21294:.
21246:.
21238:.
21230:.
21222:.
21210:.
21206:.
21183:.
21175:.
21165:31
21163:.
21131:12
21129:.
21125:.
21110:^
20927:.
20886:^
20854:^
20840:.
20830:33
20828:.
20805:.
20793:.
20755:.
20745:28
20743:.
20716:.
20660:.
20650:92
20648:.
20621:40
20619:.
20615:.
20570:.
20558:.
20534:28
20532:.
20528:.
20523:?"
20494:.
20466:.
20443:.
20433:.
20421:.
20417:.
20391:.
20361:.
20344:21
20342:.
20315:.
20309:.
20280:.
20270:30
20268:.
20264:.
20237:.
20233:.
20210:.
20200:19
20198:.
20175:.
20163:.
20088:.
20078:32
20076:.
20072:.
20049:.
20041:.
20029:.
20005:.
19997:.
19987:.
19977:44
19975:.
19971:.
19948:.
19940:.
19930:42
19928:.
19924:.
19901:.
19889:.
19866:.
19858:.
19848:34
19846:.
19842:.
19816:.
19808:.
19798:68
19796:.
19792:.
19775:12
19773:.
19769:.
19754:^
19740:.
19732:.
19724:.
19714:92
19712:.
19708:.
19685:.
19675:.
19667:.
19659:.
19649:11
19647:.
19643:.
19595:.
19585:.
19554:.
19546:.
19536:10
19534:.
19511:.
19503:.
19493:37
19491:.
19468:.
19458:.
19448:81
19446:.
19442:.
19419:.
19409:.
19397:.
19393:.
19368:.
19356:24
19354:.
19350:.
19338:^
19324:.
19316:.
19306:56
19304:.
19281:.
19273:.
19263:.
19251:.
19247:.
19224:.
19214:.
19202:.
19198:.
19175:.
19165:.
19155:81
19153:.
19147:.
19124:.
19114:.
19104:.
19092:.
19088:.
19063:.
19051:18
19049:.
19045:.
19016:.
19012:.
18983:.
18967:^
18953:.
18943:35
18941:.
18908:.
18860:.
18850:.
18838:.
18832:.
18792:37
18790:.
18577:.
18548:.
18496:.
18488:.
18478:56
18476:.
18472:.
18435:^
18421:.
18411:57
18409:.
18382:.
18372:73
18370:.
18366:.
18339:.
18329:.
18319:18
18317:.
18313:.
18245:.
18237:.
18227:57
18225:.
18144:.
18134:.
18122:.
18118:.
18095:.
18087:.
18077:13
18075:.
18050:.
18042:.
18030:.
18026:.
18003:.
17993:28
17991:.
17968:.
17960:.
17948:.
17919:38
17917:.
17911:.
17886:34
17884:.
17859:.
17847:.
17818:.
17806:.
17781:.
17771:81
17769:.
17765:.
17738:.
17728:.
17720:.
17712:.
17702:11
17700:.
17696:.
17656:38
17654:.
17627:.
17619:.
17611:.
17599:.
17576:.
17566:70
17564:.
17537:.
17527:.
17517:56
17515:.
17511:.
17489:.
17481:.
17473:.
17463:.
17455:.
17445:68
17443:.
17437:.
17432:)"
17403:10
17401:.
17397:.
17374:.
17362:.
17339:.
17331:.
17323:.
17313:93
17311:.
17288:.
17276:.
17272:.
17238:.
17230:.
17218:.
17214:.
17188:.
17180:.
17170:12
17168:.
17146:.
17138:.
17128:88
17126:.
17122:.
17096:.
17084:.
17080:.
17057:.
17049:.
17039:51
17037:.
17012:.
17004:.
16994:21
16992:.
16953:^
16935:.
16906:.
16898:.
16884:.
16880:.
16863:34
16861:.
16838:.
16830:.
16822:.
16810:.
16787:.
16779:.
16769:57
16767:.
16744:.
16736:.
16724:.
16720:.
16708:^
16690:.
16678:.
16674:.
16651:.
16643:.
16633:44
16631:.
16605:29
16603:.
16599:.
16562:.
16552:92
16550:.
16546:.
16516:.
16506:22
16504:.
16498:.
16471:.
16457:.
16453:.
16430:.
16416:.
16412:.
16385:30
16383:.
16379:.
16326:.
16322:.
16296:.
16288:.
16276:.
16251:.
16237:.
16233:.
16209:24
16207:.
16203:.
16177:.
16169:.
16161:.
16149:.
16126:.
16116:.
16106:.
16094:.
16090:.
16067:.
16057:.
16047:.
16035:.
16031:.
15996:.
15974:.
15962:.
15958:.
15927:.
15917:.
15905:.
15899:.
15870:.
15866:.
15843:.
15829:.
15825:.
15802:.
15788:.
15784:.
15762:.
15752:39
15750:.
15746:.
15720:.
15710:33
15708:.
15681:.
15658:.
15650:.
15638:21
15636:.
15632:.
15610:.
15602:.
15594:.
15584:.
15574:72
15572:.
15568:.
15501:.
15493:.
15483:38
15481:.
15458:.
15448:96
15446:.
15424:.
15416:.
15406:97
15404:.
15400:.
15374:.
15364:30
15362:.
15338:.
15330:.
15320:43
15318:.
15314:.
15262:.
15254:.
15246:.
15234:.
15209:.
15197:.
15193:.
15162:.
15154:.
15144:43
15142:.
15117:14
15115:.
15092:.
15082:.
15074:.
15062:.
15056:.
15022:.
14988:.
14978:.
14966:.
14960:.
14907:.
14897:.
14885:.
14881:.
14859:.
14851:.
14841:97
14839:.
14835:.
14802:.
14790:.
14786:.
14760:.
14752:.
14740:.
14699:.
14691:.
14679:.
14613:.
14609:.
14581:34
14579:.
14550:16
14548:.
14544:.
14521:.
14513:.
14503:70
14501:.
14444:.
14434:71
14432:.
14428:.
14402:.
14392:25
14390:.
14320:^
14307:.
14299:.
14289:76
14287:.
14283:.
14249:.
14226:.
14216:96
14214:.
14210:.
14187:.
14177:.
14165:.
14161:.
14147:^
14133:.
14125:.
14113:.
14085:24
14083:.
14079:.
14051:.
14041:64
14039:.
14035:.
14012:.
14004:.
13994:53
13992:.
13965:.
13957:.
13945:.
13933:^
13919:.
13907:.
13853:.
13845:.
13833:.
13808:.
13796:.
13790:.
13767:.
13759:.
13747:29
13745:.
13741:.
13718:.
13708:.
13696:.
13690:.
13660:.
13650:91
13648:.
13644:.
13614:.
13582:54
13580:.
13576:.
13521:^
13511:.
13499:^
13466:^
13452:.
13444:.
13434:12
13432:.
13405:.
13382:.
13374:.
13366:.
13354:.
13342:^
13330:}}
13326:{{
13304:81
13302:.
13279:.
13269:.
13257:.
13253:.
13230:.
13220:32
13218:.
13191:.
13181:.
13173:.
13163:26
13161:.
13157:.
13106:.
13098:.
13090:.
13076:.
13072:.
13049:.
13041:.
13029:.
13025:.
13002:.
12994:.
12982:37
12980:.
12976:.
12953:.
12945:.
12937:.
12923:.
12919:.
12905:^
12889:50
12887:.
12864:.
12854:.
12846:.
12836:59
12834:.
12830:.
12807:.
12797:.
12793:.
12763:.
12751:.
12747:.
12687:.
12635:.
12605:.
12595:73
12593:.
12587:.
12582:)"
12557:.
12549:.
12537:.
12512:.
12502:.
12492:96
12490:.
12484:.
12461:.
12453:.
12441:.
12418:.
12406:.
12379:.
12371:.
12357:.
12353:.
12326:.
12295:.
12270:.
12245:.
12156:^
12134:.
12130:.
12080:.
12028:.
12018:11
12016:.
11978:.
11930:.
11918:.
11914:.
11877:^
11863:.
11855:.
11847:.
11835:.
11760:.
11750:.
11742:.
11732:.
11720:.
11716:.
11693:.
11685:.
11675:52
11673:.
11661:^
11638:.
11634:.
11622:^
11572:;
11543:.
11539:.
11494:.
11470:.
11466:.
11425:.
11402:.
11394:.
11384:.
11376:.
11364:.
11360:.
11334:.
11324:.
11316:.
11304:.
11300:.
11288:^
11262:.
11254:.
11242:.
11238:.
11208:.
11200:.
11192:.
11184:.
11176:.
11164:.
11160:.
11119:.
11109:.
11097:.
11091:.
11065:.
11057:.
11049:.
11037:.
11023:^
11009:.
10997:63
10995:.
10991:.
10965:.
10955:.
10945:.
10933:.
10929:.
10906:.
10896:.
10884:.
10880:.
10849:.
10841:.
10831:26
10829:.
10825:.
10787:.
10779:.
10767:.
10763:.
10729:.
10721:.
10711:.
10701:.
10691:25
10689:.
10685:.
10659:.
10636:.
10626:.
10618:.
10606:.
10602:.
10552:.
10513:^
10499:.
10491:.
10483:.
10473:.
10461:.
10449:^
10435:.
10427:.
10419:.
10409:.
10401:.
10391:34
10389:.
10385:.
10373:^
10338:.
10334:.
10281:.
10273:.
10265:.
10257:.
10245:.
10239:.
10214:.
10206:.
10198:.
10188:.
10176:.
10170:.
10144:.
10136:.
10124:.
10098:.
10090:.
10082:.
10074:.
10062:.
10056:.
10030:.
10022:.
10014:.
10002:.
9895:.
9887:.
9873:.
9869:.
9846:.
9838:.
9828:.
9814:.
9810:.
9787:.
9777:.
9763:.
9759:.
9743:^
9704:^
9675:.
9652:.
9644:.
9632:.
9595:.
9591:.
9570:^
9556:.
9548:.
9540:.
9528:.
9513:^
9491:^
9461:^
9433:;
9411:.
9401:.
9389:.
9383:.
9371:^
9335:.
9308:.
9298:.
9290:.
9278:.
9274:.
9256:^
9239:.
9216:.
9208:.
9185:.
9175:.
9165:.
9155:38
9153:.
9149:.
9137:^
9123:.
9113:.
9103:27
9101:.
9097:.
9085:^
9071:.
9061:.
9053:.
9043:.
9031:.
9027:.
9004:.
8996:.
8988:.
8980:.
8968:.
8964:.
8950:^
8885:.
8857:.
8838:,
8803:,
8772:,
8726:,
8634:.
8473:,
8442:,
8438::
8310:.
8272:.
8264:,
8260:,
8256:,
8248:,
8235:,
8169:,
8165:,
8146:,
8142:,
8138:,
8134:,
8001:,
7784:,
7733:.
7687:,
7617:.
7551:)
7539:2
7527:)
7515:1
7503:)
7491:1
7479:)
7467:2
7455:)
7443:4
7431:)
7419:5
7407:)
7395:2
7386:3
7383:)
7332:,
7186:,
7159:,
7155:,
7151:,
7140:.
7092:,
7088:,
7056:,
7023:.
7010:.
6796:A
6768:A
6701:.
6438:,
6434:,
6430:,
6374:,
6359:.
6339:,
6327:,
6323:,
6319:.
6299:,
6295:,
6180:.
6172:,
6153:.
5964:.
5910:,
5812:,
5748:,
5716:.
5669:.
5629:,
5548:,
5494:.
5397:,
5303:.
5239:.
5177:.
5113:,
4326:)
4318:,
4289:,
4190:)
4137:)
3978:)
3970:,
3243:)
3121:)
2884:)
2848:)
1739:.
1727:,
1706:.
1626:.
974:.)
738:.
727:.
711:.
530:.
510:,
436:iː
430:eɪ
320:,
299::
286::
273::
260::
247::
234::
131:Pg
75:Ma
69:–
42:,
28859:3
28556:)
28550:(
28071:e
28064:t
28057:v
27906:e
27899:t
27892:v
27777:?
27762:?
27719:?
27697:?
27647:†
27638:?
27623:?
27608:†
27564:†
27555:?
27548:†
27538:†
27528:†
27328:?
27299:†
27276:?
27268:?
27260:?
27245:†
27124:†
27094:†
27079:†
27069:†
27059:†
27049:†
27039:†
27029:†
27019:†
27009:†
27005:?
26998:†
26950:?
26925:?
26920:†
26883:†
26874:?
26866:?
26851:?
26843:?
26828:†
26777:†
26768:?
26760:?
26738:†
26722:?
26700:†
26670:†
26655:†
26645:†
26635:†
26631:?
26624:†
26614:†
26604:†
26594:†
26584:†
26574:†
26564:†
26554:†
26544:†
26534:†
26530:?
26523:†
26513:†
26503:†
26493:†
26483:†
26473:†
26463:†
26453:†
26443:†
26315:†
26269:†
26225:†
26199:?
26194:†
26184:"
26180:"
26177:†
26136:?
26121:?
26106:†
26097:?
26090:†
26086:?
26079:†
26075:?
26068:†
26058:†
26048:†
26044:?
26037:†
26027:†
26017:†
26013:?
26006:†
26002:?
25995:†
25985:†
25937:†
25911:†
25902:?
25880:?
25865:†
25821:?
25771:†
25731:?
25726:†
25711:†
25701:†
25697:?
25690:†
25680:†
25558:†
25397:?
25382:?
25363:†
25228:?
25182:?
25160:?
25138:?
25106:?
25063:?
25036:†
25026:?
25019:†
25009:†
25005:?
24998:†
24994:?
24987:†
24983:?
24976:†
24780:e
24773:t
24766:v
24666:³
24647:³
24628:³
24622:³
24544:²
24519:²
24376:¹
24370:¹
24342:¹
24219:e
24212:t
24205:v
23393:)
23386:-
23382:(
23256:)
23252:(
23226:)
23222:(
23218:e
23216:a
23214:r
23212:e
23210:s
23208:n
23206:a
23204:o
23202:l
23200:l
23198:a
23196:G
23183:e
23181:a
23179:h
23177:t
23175:a
23173:n
23171:g
23169:o
23167:e
23165:N
22606:(
22596:e
22589:t
22582:v
22533:.
22394:)
22386:(
22381:)
22350:)
22346:4
22343:(
22277:.
22226:.
22222::
22195:.
22189::
22162:.
22142::
22134::
22109:.
22089::
22081::
22065:.
22053::
22045::
22022:.
22018::
22010::
21987:.
21962:.
21936:.
21911:.
21885:.
21855:.
21830:.
21801:.
21771::
21763::
21736:.
21734:2
21713:.
21687:.
21662:.
21658::
21635:.
21621:.
21592:.
21580::
21557:.
21516:.
21488:.
21476::
21453:.
21441::
21418:.
21391:.
21387::
21364:.
21339:.
21314:.
21302::
21296:3
21279:.
21254:.
21226::
21218::
21191:.
21171::
21148:.
21104:.
21076:.
21049:.
21024:.
20997:.
20970:.
20943:.
20912:.
20880:.
20848:.
20836::
20813:.
20801::
20763:.
20751::
20728:.
20724::
20668:.
20656::
20633:.
20627::
20600:.
20578:.
20574::
20566::
20506:.
20480:.
20451:.
20429::
20423:1
20402:.
20376:.
20327:.
20323::
20290:.
20284::
20276::
20249:.
20245::
20218:.
20206::
20183:.
20179::
20171::
20165:4
20148:.
20123:.
20098:.
20092::
20084::
20057:.
20045::
20037::
20013:.
19991::
19983::
19956:.
19936::
19909:.
19905::
19897::
19874:.
19862::
19854::
19824:.
19804::
19748:.
19720::
19693:.
19663::
19655::
19628:.
19603:.
19581::
19562:.
19542::
19519:.
19499::
19476:.
19462::
19454::
19427:.
19405::
19378:.
19372::
19362::
19332:.
19312::
19289:.
19267::
19259::
19253:3
19232:.
19218::
19210::
19204:3
19183:.
19169::
19161::
19132:.
19108::
19100::
19094:7
19073:.
19067::
19057::
19030:.
19024::
19018:8
19010:"
18993:.
18961:.
18957::
18949::
18920:.
18916::
18868:.
18846::
18802:.
18798::
18739:.
18712:.
18685:.
18658:.
18631:.
18609:.
18587:.
18558:.
18529:.
18504:.
18484::
18457:.
18429:.
18417::
18392:.
18386::
18378::
18364:"
18347:.
18333::
18325::
18283:.
18253:.
18241::
18233::
18206:.
18179:.
18152:.
18130::
18103:.
18091::
18083::
18060:.
18038::
18011:.
17999::
17976:.
17964::
17956::
17931:.
17925::
17896:.
17892::
17867:.
17855::
17826:.
17814::
17789:.
17785::
17777::
17746:.
17716::
17708::
17666:.
17662::
17635:.
17615::
17607::
17584:.
17572::
17545:.
17531::
17523::
17467::
17459::
17451::
17415:.
17409::
17382:.
17370::
17347:.
17327::
17319::
17296:.
17284::
17270:"
17226::
17196:.
17184::
17176::
17134::
17104:.
17100::
17092::
17065:.
17053::
17045::
17020:.
17000::
16977:.
16947:.
16943::
16914:.
16892::
16846:.
16826::
16818::
16795:.
16775::
16752:.
16740::
16732::
16694::
16686::
16680:6
16659:.
16639::
16558::
16524:.
16512::
16496:"
16479:.
16465::
16438:.
16424::
16397:.
16391::
16364:.
16304:.
16292::
16284::
16259:.
16245::
16185:.
16165::
16157::
16134:.
16110::
16102::
16075:.
16051::
16043::
16012:.
15982:.
15970::
15935:.
15913::
15884:.
15878::
15872:3
15851:.
15837::
15810:.
15796::
15790:4
15758::
15728:.
15716::
15693:.
15689::
15666:.
15644::
15588::
15580::
15550:.
15511:.
15505::
15497::
15489::
15466:.
15454::
15412::
15382:.
15370::
15346:.
15334::
15326::
15299:.
15270:.
15250::
15242::
15219:.
15213::
15205::
15170:.
15158::
15150::
15127:.
15123::
15100:.
15078::
15070::
15041:.
14996:.
14974::
14945:.
14915:.
14893::
14847::
14798::
14768:.
14748::
14721:.
14707:.
14687::
14664:.
14591:.
14587::
14562:.
14556::
14529:.
14509::
14486:.
14440::
14410:.
14398::
14344:.
14295::
14265:.
14234:.
14222::
14195:.
14173::
14141:.
14129::
14121::
14061:.
14055::
14047::
14020:.
14000::
13973:.
13953::
13927:.
13915::
13909:6
13888:.
13861:.
13849::
13841::
13818:.
13804::
13775:.
13753::
13726:.
13704::
13656::
13626:.
13599:.
13558:.
13513:1
13493:.
13460:.
13440::
13417:.
13413::
13390:.
13370::
13362::
13336:)
13322:.
13310::
13287:.
13265::
13259:1
13238:.
13234::
13226::
13199:.
13177::
13169::
13141:.
13114:.
13084::
13057:.
13037::
13010:.
12988::
12961:.
12931::
12925:8
12899:.
12895::
12872:.
12842::
12815:.
12801::
12759::
12729:.
12703:.
12672:.
12646:.
12601::
12565:.
12545::
12520:.
12498::
12469:.
12457::
12449::
12426:.
12414::
12387:.
12365::
12338:.
12311:.
12281:.
12256:.
12230:.
12145:.
12115:.
12090:.
12061:.
12036:.
12024::
11997:.
11986::
11963:.
11938:.
11926::
11899:.
11871:.
11851::
11843::
11818:.
11793:.
11768:.
11736::
11728::
11701:.
11681::
11655:.
11642::
11616:.
11590:.
11558:.
11534:"
11530:"
11505:.
11480:.
11474::
11437:.
11410:.
11388::
11380::
11372::
11342:.
11320::
11312::
11282:.
11258::
11250::
11188::
11180::
11172::
11142:.
11105::
11099:2
11073:.
11053::
11045::
11017:.
11003::
10973:.
10949::
10941::
10914:.
10892::
10878:"
10845::
10837::
10810:.
10783::
10775::
10737:.
10715::
10705::
10697::
10670:.
10644:.
10622::
10614::
10608:6
10587:.
10560:.
10556::
10537:.
10507:.
10487::
10469::
10443:.
10413::
10405::
10397::
10352:.
10346::
10332:"
10315:.
10261::
10253::
10192::
10184::
10152:.
10132::
10078::
10070::
10038:.
10018::
10010::
9985:.
9958:.
9931:.
9903:.
9881::
9854:.
9832::
9822::
9816:8
9795:.
9771::
9765:3
9737:.
9683:.
9660:.
9648::
9640::
9634:5
9564:.
9544::
9536::
9485:.
9455:.
9419:.
9397::
9345:.
9316:.
9294::
9286::
9280:1
9250:.
9224:.
9212::
9193:.
9169::
9161::
9131:.
9117::
9109::
9079:.
9047::
9039::
9033:3
9012:.
8984::
8976::
8434:(
7933:(
7547:(
7523:(
7499:(
7475:(
7451:(
7427:(
7403:(
7379:(
6965:.
6812:.
4699:(
4674:(
4639:(
4489:(
4314:(
4285:(
4182:(
4133:(
4093:)
4085:(
3966:(
3767:(
3746:)
3738:(
3401:)
3397:(
3336:(
3311:(
3235:(
3117:(
2876:(
2840:(
2573:†
2548:†
2524:†
2496:†
2471:†
2447:†
2423:†
2399:†
2375:†
2350:†
2332:†
2303:†
2277:†
2097:†
2079:†
2048:†
2019:†
1994:†
1966:†
1929:†
1911:†
1879:†
1854:†
1829:†
1804:†
1455:†
1439:†
1421:†
1403:†
1374:†
1349:†
1192:†
1161:†
1131:†
1099:†
1063:†
1019:)
1008:)
1001:)
994:)
442:/
439:z
433:v
427:ˈ
424:/
420:(
136:N
126:K
121:J
116:T
111:P
106:C
101:D
96:S
91:O
86:Ꞓ
50:.
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.