Muhammad - Knowledge

1420:); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it unverifiable in their eyes. The hadiths generally present an idealized view of Muhammad. Western scholars have expressed skepticism regarding the verifiability of these chains of transmission. It is widely believed by Western scholars that there was widespread fabrication of hadith during the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions, and it has been suggested that it is "very likely that a considerable number of hadiths that can be found in the hadith collections did not actually originate with the Prophet". In addition, the meaning of a hadith may have drifted from its original telling to when it was finally written down, even if the chain of transmission is authentic. Overall, some Western academics have cautiously viewed the hadith collections as accurate historical sources, while the "dominant paradigm" in Western scholarship is to consider their reliability suspect. Scholars such as 3301: 3180:, resulted in actual fighting and capture of booty and prisoners. In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe. Due to being outnumbered more than three to one, a spirit of fear ran throughout the Muslim camp; Muhammad tried to boost their morale by telling them he had a dream in which God promised to send 1,000 angels to fight with them. From a tactical standpoint, Muhammad placed troops in front of all of the wells so the Quraysh would have to fight for water, and positioned other troops in such a way that would require the Quraysh to fight uphill while also facing the sun. The 4634: 72: 3361:, Muhammad disclosed that he had received a divine revelation of a planned assassination attempt on him by the Banu Nadir, which involved dropping a boulder from a rooftop. Muhammad then initiated a siege on the tribe; during this time he also commanded the felling and burning of their palm groves, which was an unambiguous symbol of declaring war in Arabia. After a fortnight or so, the Banu Nadir capitulated. They were directed to vacate their land and permitted to carry only one camel-load of goods for every three people. From the spoils, Muhammad claimed a fertile piece of land where barley sprouted amongst palm trees. 2156:, who jubilantly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If you have spoken the truth to me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the great divinity who came to Moses aforetime, and lo, he is the prophet of his people." Khadija instructed Muhammad to let her know if Gabriel returned. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap, inquiring Muhammad if the being was still present each time. After Khadija removed her clothes with Muhammad on her lap, he reported that Gabriel left at that moment. Khadija thus told him to rejoice as she concluded it was not 4842:, in which he presents the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers. He rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision". Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded: on the contrary, his law enjoins sobriety, generosity, and compassion on his followers: the "legislator of Arabia" was "a great man". 3415:, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against Muhammad. Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed, they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him. No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations, partly due to sabotage attempts by Muhammad's scouts. After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered; according to 2300:. As Muhammad passed by them, they reportedly said hurtful things to him. The same happened when he passed by them a second time. On his third pass, Muhammad stopped and said, "Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him (God), who holds my life in His hand, I bring you slaughter." They fell silent and told him to go home, saying that he was not a violent man. The next day, a number of Quraysh approached him, asking if he had said what they had heard from their companions. He answered yes, and one of them seized him by his cloak. 4135: 2167:, a soothsayer, or a magician, suggesting that his experiences during these events bore resemblance to those associated with such figures widely recognized in ancient Arabia. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure events might have served as persuasive evidence for his followers regarding the divine origin of his revelations. Some historians posit that the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances are likely genuine, as they are improbable to have been concocted by later Muslims. 1156: 4441: 3569: 4015: 2041:, which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation the next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by 2721:

would warn them that a prophet would be sent to punish them. On hearing Muhammad's religious message, they said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us. Don't let them get to him before us!" Upon embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.

4506: 3518:, a man nearing death from an infection in his wounds from the previous Meccan siege. He pronounced that all the men should be put to death, their possessions to be distributed among Muslims, and their women and children to be taken as captives. Muhammad approved this pronouncement saying it aligned with the God's judgement. Consequently, 600–900 men of Banu Qurayza were executed. The women and children were distributed as slaves, with some being transported to 26029: 22045: 4606:

eyelashes. His hair, black and not entirely curly, hung over his ears. His long, dense beard stood out against his neatly trimmed mustache. His nose was long and aquiline, ending in a fine point. His teeth were well-spaced. His face was described as intelligent, and his clear skin had a line of hair from his neck to his navel. Despite a slight stoop, his stride was brisk and purposeful. Muhammad's lip and cheek were ripped by a slingstone during the

2004: 2171: 3935: 4762: 3721: 1824: 2529:, prohibiting trade and marriage with them. Nevertheless, Banu Hashim members could still move around the town freely. Despite facing increasing verbal abuse, Muhammad continued to navigate the streets and engage in public debates without being physically harmed. At a later point, a faction within Quraysh, sympathizing with Banu Hashim, initiated efforts to end the sanctions, resulting in a general consensus in 619 to lift the ban. 3799: 3251:, which tells the story of a Muslim woman being pranked by a Qaynuqa goldsmith. Regardless of the cause, the Banu Qaynuqa sought refuge in their fort, where Muhammad blockaded them, cutting off their access to food supplies. The Banu Qaynuqa requested help from their Arab allies, but the Arabs refused since they were supporters of Muhammad. After roughly two weeks, the Banu Qaynuqa capitulated without engaging in combat. 4262: 3377:, Muhammad's troops executed a surprise attack on them at their watering place, causing them to flee rapidly. In the confrontation, the Muslims lost one man, while the enemy suffered ten casualties. As part of their triumph, the Muslims seized 2,000 camels, 500 sheep and goats, and 200 women from the tribe. The Muslim soldiers desired the captive women, but they also sought ransom money. They asked Muhammad about using 2630: 26050: 22034: 784: 4496:) and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture. The greeting that Muhammad taught Muslims to offer each other, "may peace be upon you" (Arabic: 2666:, holy enclosure in Mecca, is widely accepted as the starting point, but there is disagreement among Islamic traditions as to what constitutes "the farthest place of worship". Some modern scholars maintain that the earliest tradition saw this faraway site as a celestial twin of the Kaaba, so that Muhammad's journey took him directly from Mecca through the heavens. A later tradition, however, refers to it as 26039: 4698:, these were essentially "printed manuscripts". Today, millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, especially Turkey and Iran, on posters, postcards, and even in coffee-table books, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world, and when encountered by Muslims from other countries, they can cause considerable consternation and offense. 1354: 1254: 3696:, a Jewish woman whose father, uncle, and husband had been killed by the Muslims. When asked why she did it, she replied, "You know what you've done to my people... I said to myself: If he is truly a prophet, he will know about the poison. If he's merely a king, I'll be rid of him." Muhammad suffered illness for a period due to the poison he ingested, and he endured sporadic pain from it until his death. 1925:, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca. Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth. Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate the unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5. 2741:, which basically means "severing of kinship ties." The departures spanned approximately three months. To avoid arriving in Medina by himself with his followers remaining in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed back to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some were held back by their families from leaving, but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca. 2191:

rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to past and future calamities. The verses also stressed the imminent final judgment and the threat of hellfire for skeptics. Due to the complexity of the experience, Muhammad was initially very reluctant to tell others about his revelations; at first, he confided in only a few select family members and friends. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife

2072: 2152:. By the time he got to her, he was already crawling on his hands and knees, shaking wildly and crying "Cover me!", as he thrusted himself onto her lap. Khadijah wrapped him in a cloak and tucked him in her arms until his fears dissipated. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and not a jinn. Muhammad was also reassured by Khadija's Christian cousin 3749:, had allied with the Meccans. A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'a, killing a few of them. The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting. After this event, Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay 3671:, to whom the treasure of Banu al-Nadir was entrusted, denied knowing its whereabouts. After a Jew disclosed his habitual presence around a particular ruin, Muhammad ordered excavations, and the treasure was found. When questioned about the remaining wealth, Kenana refused to divulge it. Kinana was then put through torture by Muhammad's decree and subsequently beheaded by 3188:. Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom were ransomed. Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad ascribed the victory to the assistance of an invisible host of angels. The Quranic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan verses, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils. 1339:

cases, may have been subject only to "tendential shaping". Other scholars have criticized the reliability of this method, suggesting that one cannot neatly divide traditions into purely legal and historical categories. Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely to convey a message, rather than to strictly and accurately record history.

2615:. Mut'im agreed, and after equipping himself, he rode out in the morning with his sons and nephews to accompany Muhammad to the city. When Abu Jahl saw him, he asked if Mut'im was simply giving him protection or if he had already converted to his religion. Mut'im replied, "Granting him protection, of course." Then Abu Jahl said, "We will protect whomever you protect." 796: 3888: 2518:, which claimed that Muhammad was infallible and thus could not be fooled by Satan, the historical memory of the early community has been reevaluated. As of the 20th century CE, Muslim scholars unanimously rejected this incident. On the other hand, most European biographers of Muhammad recognize the veracity of this incident of satanic verses on the basis of the 3660:. With the prospect of rich spoils from the mission, numerous volunteers answered his call. To keep their movements hidden, the Muslim military chose to march during the nighttime. As dawn arrived and the city folks stepped out of their fortifications to harvest their dates, they were taken aback by the sight of the advancing Muslim forces. Muhammad cried out, " 4716:, religion for Muhammad was not a private and individual matter but "the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself. He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject." 4882:'s admiration for Islam as an aesthetic product, enviably authentic, radiantly holistic, played such a central role in his view of Mohammed as an exemplary world-fashioner that he even used it as a scale of judgement for the classical (the dithyramb, we are told, has to radiate pure beauty if it is to resemble 'a Koran of poetry')". After quoting 1999:, a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death. 2813:). Tree trunks were used as pillars to hold up the roof, and there was no fancy pulpit; instead, Muhammad stood on top of a small stool to speak to the congregation. The structure was completed after about seven months in April 623, becoming the first Muslim building and mosque; its northern wall had a stone marking the direction of prayer ( 3502:. As the situation turned against the Qurayza, the tribe proposed to leave their land with one loaded camel each, but Muhammad refused. They then offered to leave without taking anything, but this was rejected as well, with Muhammad insisting on their unconditional surrender. The Qurayza subsequently requested to confer with one of their 2049:, a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within the wall. 2276:, such as bringing forth springs of water, yet he declined, reasoning that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majesty. Some satirized his lack of success by wondering why God had not bestowed treasure upon him. Others called on him to visit Paradise and return with tangible parchment scrolls of the 2396:. As for the third query, concerning the nature of the spirit, the Qur'anic revelation asserted that it was beyond human comprehension. Neither the Jews who devised the questions nor the Quraysh who posed them to Muhammad converted to Islam upon receiving the answers. Nadr and Uqba were later executed on Muhammad's orders after the 5239:, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ( 2888:

a treaty or a unilateral proclamation by Muhammad, the number of documents it comprised, the primary parties, the specific timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), whether it was drafted before or after Muhammad's removal of the three leading Jewish tribes of Medina, and the proper approach to translating it.

4386:. According to a BBC summary, "the Prophet Muhammad did not try to abolish slavery, and bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves himself. But he insisted that slave owners treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves. Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem". 3926:. He also reaffirmed that husbands had the right to discipline and strike their wives without excessive force if they were unfaithful or misbehaved. He explained that wives were entrusted to their husbands and, if obedient, deserved to be provided with food and clothing, as they were gifts from God for personal enjoyment. 2332:"By God, we can no longer endure this vilification of our forefathers, this derision of our traditional values, this abuse of our gods. Either you stop Muhammad yourself, Abu Talib, or you must let us stop him. Since you yourself take the same position as we do, in opposition to what he’s saying, we will rid you of him." 5292:, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20: "Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other; These are the exalted Gharaniq, whose intercession is hoped for." (Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans). cf Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166. 4660:, typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of Muhammad. During the Ilkhanid period, when Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shi'a groups used visual imagery, including images of Muhammad, to promote their particular interpretation of Islam's key events. Influenced by the 3612:'s second cousin, to negotiate with the Quraysh. As the negotiations were prolonged, rumors of Uthman's death began to spark, prompting Muhammad to call his followers to renew their oaths of loyalty. Uthman returned with news of a negotiation impasse. Muhammad remained persistent. In the end, the Quraysh sent 3846:. Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty. Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers. When Muhammad and his army reached 3411:. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al-Ahzab, in verses 33:9–27. During the battle, the Jewish tribe of 4664:

tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world, and accompanied by a "broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation" in "mosques, on tapestries, silks, ceramics, and in

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In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished. Following the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north, both ended without any fighting.

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and some of Muhammad's daughters, since it was considered shameful to kill a man in front of the women in his family. They instead chose to wait until Muhammad left the house the next morning; one of the men peeked into a window and saw what he believed to be Muhammad (but was actually Ali dressed in

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Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages. The early Quranic revelations utilized approaches of cautioning non-believers with divine punishment, while promising rewards to believers. They conveyed potential consequences like famine and killing for those who

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During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar

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offered their help, which Muhammad declined. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims initially held their ground but lost advantage when some archers disobeyed orders. As rumors of Muhammad's death spread, the Muslims started to flee, but he had only been injured and managed to escape with a group of

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or corroboration. The appellation is generally deemed imprecise, as the text neither established a state nor enacted Quranic statutes, but rather addressed tribal matters. While scholars from both the West and the Muslim world agree on the text's authenticity, disagreements persist on whether it was

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wished to send a prophet, couldn't He have found a better person than you, a weak and fatherless orphan?" Realizing his efforts were in vain, Muhammad asked the people of Ta'if to keep the matter a secret, fearing that this would embolden the hostility of the Quraysh against him. However, instead of

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Abu Talib politely dismissed them at first, thinking it was just a heated talk. But as Muhammad grew more vocal, Abu Talib requested Muhammad to not burden him beyond what he could bear, to which Muhammad wept and replied that he would not stop even if they put the sun in his right hand and the moon

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Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased for a period, causing Muhammad great distress and thoughts of suicide. On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending to jump off. However, upon reaching the peak, Gabriel appeared to him, affirming his status as the true Messenger of

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When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the

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offered his services, explaining that the task would require deception. Muhammad did not contest this. He then gathered accomplices, including Ka'b's foster brother, Abu Naila. They pretended to complain about their post-conversion hardships, persuading Ka'b to lend them food. On the night of their

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and staunch critic of Muhammad, had just returned from Mecca after producing poetry that mourned the death of the Quraysh at Badr and aroused them to retaliate. When Muhammad learned of this incitement against the Muslims, he asked his followers, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b, who has hurt God and His

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Permission has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. Those who have been evicted from their homes without right—only because they say, "Our Lord is Allah." And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means

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to join them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. Come June 622, a significant clandestine meeting was convened, again at Aqaba. In this gathering, seventy-five individuals from Yathrib (Medina) attended, including two women, representing all the converts of the oases. Muhammad asked them to

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As resistance to his proselytism in Mecca grew, Muhammad began to limit his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During this period, Muhammad had an encounter with six individuals from the Banu Khazraj. These men had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn

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dismiss the idea that Muhammad deliberately deceived his followers, arguing that Muhammad "was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith" and Muhammad's readiness to endure hardship for his cause, with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope, shows his sincerity. Watt, however, says

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Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign. In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, Muhammad seized control of Mecca. He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off

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chieftain who had been aided by the Qaynuqa in the past encouraged Muhammad to show leniency. In a narrated incident, Muhammad turned away from Ibn Ubayy, but undeterred, the chieftain grasped Muhammad's cloak, and refused to let go until Muhammad agreed to treat the tribe leniently. Despite being

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at that time. Muhammad used the building to host public and political meetings, as well as a place for the poor to gather to receive alms, food, and care. Christians and Jews were also allowed to participate in community worship at the mosque. Initially, Muhammad's religion had no organized way to

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included only the story of Muhammad's ascension from the sanctuary in Mecca to "the earthly heaven". Tabari placed this story at the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry, between his account of Khadija becoming "the first to believe in the Messenger of God" and his account of "the first male to

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for his methods, in particular his decision to omit his sources. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events. In the legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional

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Islam (1%) than among Shias (10%–15%). While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past, Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare. They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face

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on it and instructed him to read. When Muhammad confessed his illiteracy, Gabriel choked him forcefully, nearly suffocating him, and repeated the command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Gabriel choked him again in a similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Gabriel

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Various sources present a probable description of Muhammad in the prime of his life. He was slightly above average in height, with a sturdy frame and wide chest. His neck was long, bearing a large head with a broad forehead. His eyes were described as dark and intense, accentuated by long, dark

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put upon his tongue two short verses: "These are the high flying ones / whose intercession is to be hoped for." This led to a general reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and the Muslims in Abyssinia began to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted these verses at the

2438:, and her husband. The Quraysh then sent two men to retrieve them. Because leatherwork at the time was highly prized in Abyssinia, they gathered a lot of skins and transported them there so they could distribute some to each of the kingdom's generals. But the king firmly rejected their request. 3810:

gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight. They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors. Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn. The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals. Muhammad then turned his

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regarding Muhammad. The rabbis advised them to ask Muhammad three questions: recount the tale of young men who ventured forth in the first age; narrate the story of a traveler who reached both the eastern and western ends of the earth; and provide details about the spirit. If Muhammad answered

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of the 'Amr b. 'Awf tribe, had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans, and Muhammad did not disapprove of the killings. This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication. Most members of those tribes

1984:, who is said to have then foretold his prophethood. There are multiple versions of the story with details that contradict each other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as 3682:

Following their defeat by the Muslims, some of the Jews proposed to Muhammad that they stay and serve as tenant farmers, given the Muslims' lack of expertise and labor force for date palm cultivation. They agreed to give half of the annual produce to the Muslims. Muhammad consented to this

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took power in the early 16th century. The Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion, initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style by covering Muhammad's face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence.

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have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his

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The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend. Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named

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to prevent pregnancy, to which Muhammad replied, "You are not under any obligation to forbear from that..." Later, envoys arrived in Medina to negotiate the ransom for the women and children. Despite having the choice, all of them chose to return to their country instead of staying.

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and discussed how they had never faced such serious problems as they were facing from Muhammad. They said that he had derided their culture, denigrated their ancestors, scorned their faith, shattered their community, and cursed their gods. Sometime later, Muhammad came, kissing the

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which was published posthumously in 1730, described Muhammad as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker. He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians, to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the

5027:, who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of Muhammad, viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human being. All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to Muhammad. Some notable Sufis, such as 4625:, and instead decorate mosques with calligraphy, Quranic inscriptions, or geometrical designs. Today, the interdiction against images of Muhammad—designed to prevent worship of Muhammad, rather than God—is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam (85%–90% of Muslims) and 4367:

Nine of Muhammad's wives survived him. Aisha, who became known as Muhammad's favorite wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of Muhammad that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam.

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immediately sent an envoy to Muhammad and agreed to the same terms of relinquishing 50% of their annual harvest. However, since no combat occurred, the rank and file had no claim to a portion of the spoils. Consequently, all the loot became Muhammad's exclusive wealth.

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spoke for them, Muhammad refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina. Following the Battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of

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in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer.

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written by Muhammad. In the constitution, Medina's Arab and Jewish tribes promised to live peacefully alongside the Muslims and to refrain from making a separate treaty with Mecca. It also guaranteed the Jews freedom of religion. In the agreement, everyone under its

3342:. Mass casualties suffered by the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud resulted in many wives and daughters being left without a male protector, so after the battle, Muhammad received revelation allowing Muslim men to have up to four wives each, marking the beginning of 2207:. As word of Muhammad's revelations continued to spread throughout the rest of his family, they became increasingly divided on the matter, with the youth and women generally believing in him, while most of the men in the elder generations were staunchly opposed. 2765:

Muhammad's cloak), though unbeknownst to them, Muhammad had previously escaped from the back of the residence. When Ali went outside to go for a walk the following morning, the men realized they had been fooled, and the Quraysh consequently offered a 100-camel

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mustered a force of 10,000 men. Muhammad prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam,

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arrangement with the caveat that he could displace them at any time. While they were allowed to farm, he demanded the surrender of all gold or silver, executing those who secreted away their wealth. Taking a cue from what transpired in Khaybar, the Jews in

2497:, claiming that they had been cast by Satan to his tongue and God had abrogated them. Instead, verses that revile those goddesses were then revealed. The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca. 2469:, the episodes were more complex than the traditional accounts suggest; he proposes that there were divisions within the embryonic Muslim community, and that they likely went there to trade in competition with the prominent merchant families of Mecca. In 1995:. But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more illustrious suitor. When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative 2570:

to try to establish himself in the city and gain aid and protection against the Meccans, but he was met with a response: "If you are truly a prophet, what need do you have of our help? If God sent you as his messenger, why doesn't He protect you? And if

2229:. These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones recorded it in writing. Muhammad also introduced rituals to his group which included prayer ( 3329:, they assembled an army to oppose Muhammad. Upon being alerted by his scout about the impending threat, Muhammad convened a war council. Initially, he considered defending from the city center, but later decided to meet the enemy in open battle at 3191:

The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers. As a result, the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted were very bitter about the advance of Islam. Two pagans,

2376:

and asked Muhammad the questions, he told them he would provide the answers the next day. However, 15 days passed without a response from his God, leading to gossip among the Meccans and causing Muhammad distress. At some point later, the angel

4304:

who was 40 years old. The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one. Muhammad did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry

4559:) to the worlds". The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth. 3491:. Abu Sufyan refused their requirement. Nevertheless, later accounts claim that 11 Jewish individuals from the Qurayza were indeed agitated and acted against Muhammad, though the course of event may have been dramatized within the tradition. 3839:, who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this. One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color." 4328:

Muhammad performed household chores such as preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes. He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue; he listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him.

1854:

tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia. While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a

1900:) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina". Muhammad acquired the 1305:. However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Another early historical source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by 4325:. Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both. According to classical sources, Muhammad married Aisha when she was 6–7 years old; the marriage was consummated later, when she was 9 years old and he was 53 years old. 3513:

After a 25-day siege, the Banu Qurayza surrendered. The Muslims of Banu Aws entreated Muhammad for leniency, prompting him to suggest that one of their own should serve as the judge, which they accepted. Muhammad assigned the role to

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incited the Qurayza to attack the Muslims from their compound, but the Qurayza demanded the Quraysh to provide 70 hostages from among themselves to ascertain their commitment to their plans, as proposed by Muhammad's secret agent

2800:

A few days after settling in Medina, Muhammad negotiated for the purchase of a piece of land; upon this plot, the Muslims began constructing a building that would become Muhammad's residence as well as a community gathering place

2830:) like the Jews or a wooden clapper like the Christians, but one of the Muslims in the community had a dream where a man in a green cloak told him that someone with a loud booming voice should announce the service by crying out " 2522:. Historian Alfred T. Welch proposes that the period of Muhammad's turning away from strict monotheism was likely far longer but was later encapsulated in a story that made it much shorter and implicated Satan as the culprit. 2311:

attempted to entice Muhammad to quit preaching by giving him admission to the merchants' inner circle as well as an advantageous marriage, but he refused both of the offers. A delegation of them then, led by the leader of the

3691:

At the feast following the battle, the meal served to Muhammad was reportedly poisoned. His companion, Bishr, fell dead after consuming it, while Muhammad himself managed to vomit it out after tasting it. The perpetrator was

2187:

God. This encounter soothed Muhammad, and he returned home. Later, when there was another long break between revelations, he repeated this action, but Gabriel intervened similarly, calming him and causing him to return home.

3815:, a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts. 4720:

says there are two important political traditions in Islam—Muhammad as a statesman in Medina, and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies.

3448:, Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, 4103:

retook—and this time managed to keep—the city. In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves. Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a

2724:

The next year, five of the earlier converts revisited Muhammad, bringing with them seven newcomers, three of whom were from the Banu Aws. At Aqaba, near Mecca, they pledged their loyalty to him. Muhammad then entrusted

5301:"Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." (The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Jonathan E. Brockopp, p. 35). 1113:) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( 3510:. When asked about Muhammad's intentions, he gestured towards his throat, indicating an imminent massacre. He immediately regretted his indiscretion and tied himself to one of the Mosque pillars as a form of penance. 2580:, a Meccan chief with a summer residence in Ta'if. Muhammad felt despair due to the unexpected rejection and hostility he received in the city; at this point, he realized he had no security or protection except from 3861:

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally. After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the

4423:. Islamic belief is that ideally the Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death. Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer ( 4099:, Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration, and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly escaped. Similar events took place in 1925, when the 3819:

plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids. Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the

11565: 18207: 3664:! Khaybar is destroyed. For when we approach a people's land, a terrible morning awaits the warned ones." After a strenuous battle lasting more than a month, the Muslims successfully captured the city. 9991:

Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.

2670:, which is generally associated with Jerusalem. Over time, these different traditions merged to present the journey as one that began in Mecca, passed through Jerusalem, and then ascended to heaven. 6178:

Things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as I have been told are not to be accepted as trustworthy – all these things have I omitted.

3957:

After praying at the burial site in June 632, Muhammad suffered a dreadful headache that made him cry in pain. He continued to spend the night with each of his wives one by one, but he fainted in

25485: 2595:, and he said, "They did not allow him to enter Ta'if, so let us deny him entry to Mecca as well." Knowing the gravity of the situation, Muhammad asked a passing horseman to deliver a message to 1212:

to Muhammad. The Quran is mainly addressed to a single "Messenger of God" who is referred to as Muhammad in a number of verses. The Quranic text also describes the settlement of his followers in

1004:, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, 11366: 4502:) is used by Muslims throughout the world. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran. 3623:

If a Qurayshite came to Muhammad's side without his guardian's allowance, he was to be returned to the Quraysh; yet, if a Muslim came to the Quraysh, he would not be surrendered to Muhammad.

11443: 13931:

The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia

4585:. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used ( 25505: 2588:

stopped by and offered grapes, which Muhammad accepted. By the end of the encounter, Addas felt overwhelmed and kissed Muhammad's head, hands, and feet in recognition of his prophethood.

6414:

of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later ḥadīth compendia often included other collections as well. None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhārīʼs and Muslimʼs works.

3133:

Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered

1223:

The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context and timeline. Almost none of

1416:

Muslim scholars have typically placed a greater emphasis on the hadith literature instead of the biographical literature, since hadiths maintain a traditional chain of transmission (

4860:

be in earnest". Carlyle's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates Muhammad's status as a great man in history.

4540:

Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for Muhammad. Stories of Muhammad's life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and

2508:

and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad in Islam's first two centuries, which according to them corresponds to Quran 22:52. But since the rise of the

4886:, who said in a letter to some friend that "I must admit that you, the great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory", 25763: 25495: 25490: 4203:

between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Furthermore, in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims, many Christians (

3263:

angered by the incident, Muhammad spared the Qaynuqa, stipulating that they must depart Medina within three days and relinquish their property to the Muslims, with a fifth (

2773:

for Medina, which at the time was still named Yathrib; the two men arrived in Medina on 4 September 622. The Meccan Muslims who undertook the migration were then called the

1381:

collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings and traditions attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including

4172:. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at 3239:, regarded as the weakest and wealthiest of Medina's three main Jewish tribes. Muslim sources provide different reasons for the siege, including an altercation involving 1227:

are mentioned by name in the Quran, hence not providing sufficient information for a concise biography. The Quran is considered to be contemporary with Muhammad, and the

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On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.

3184:

commenced, and the Muslims ultimately won, killing at least forty-five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders, including

2933: 3432:. Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved. Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while 2599:, a member of his mother's clan, requesting his protection so that he could enter in safety. But Akhnas declined, saying that he was only a confederate of the house of 169: 4571:-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged. When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with the Arabic phrase 2551:, also died. Despite Muhammad's persuasions to Abu Talib to embrace Islam on his deathbed, he clung to his polytheistic beliefs until the end. Muhammad's other uncle, 3989:, Muhammad said that he felt his aorta being severed because of the food he ate at Khaybar. On 8 June 632, Muhammad died. In his last moments, he reportedly uttered: 2384:

In response to the first query, the Qur'an tells a story about a group of men sleeping in a cave (Qur'an 18:9–25), which scholars generally link to the legend of the

4834:(1762), "brushing aside hostile legends of Muhammad as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers". 21784: 5222:, p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the 4184:) forces because of the previous defeat, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the 2659:, while Mi'raj is from Jerusalem to the heavens. There is considered no substantial basis for the Mi'raj in the Quran, as the Quran does not address it directly. 21666: 3981:. He replied that God would not afflict him with such a vile disease, and ordered all the women to also take the remedy. According to various sources, including 2484:

Along with many others, Tabari recorded that Muhammad was desperate, hoping for an accommodation with his tribe. So, while he was in the presence of a number of

1276:(around the 8th and 9th century CE respectively). These include traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about his life. 2337:

in his left. When he turned around, Abu Talib called him and said, "Come back nephew, say what you please, for by God I will never give you up on any account."

21034: 3802:

Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).

4356:, who both died in childhood). All but one of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him. Some Shi'a scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad's only daughter. 25480: 23208: 1596:, the "Mountain of Light" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him "the Prophet of Allah" 4820:

he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism, and in an essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan". But in Voltaire's historical survey

1810: 7037:"From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" 3764:

the war and disrupted the peace". Some of these were later pardoned. Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of

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that sincerity does not directly imply correctness: in contemporary terms, Muhammad might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and

4852: 3357:, and they agreed to his request. However, while waiting, he departed from his companions and disappeared. When they found him at his home, according to 14145: 2123:, this time seeing a mighty being that engulfed the horizon and stared back at Muhammad even when he turned to face a different direction. This was the 1944:

to illness and became an orphan. For the next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather,

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Any tribes interested in forming alliances with Muhammad or the Quraysh were free to do so. These alliances were also protected by the ten-year truce.

2871:

was required to defend and protect the oasis if attacked. Politically, the agreement helped Muhammad better understand which people were on his side.

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accepting his request, they pelted him with stones, injuring his limbs. He eventually evaded this chaos and persecution by escaping to the garden of

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was among the first to present a more positive view of Muhammad when he argued that Muhammad should be esteemed by Christians as a valid prophet.

3165:

in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.

16913: 16105: 2926: 2350: 2163:

Muhammad's demeanor during his moments of inspiration frequently led to allegations from his contemporaries that he was under the influence of a

5023:

The Sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law, particularly from the end of the first Islamic century. Muslim mystics, known as

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of Abū Dāwūd (d. 275/889) and al-Nāsaʾī (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the

4752:) for the benefit of the poor; as Muhammad's power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular. 3596:, Muhammad embarked on the journey. He was dressed in his customary pilgrim attire and was accompanied by a group of followers. Upon reaching 3494:

Citing the intrigue of the Qurayza, Muhammad besieged the tribe, though the tribe denied the charges. However, there are sources that say the

3300: 2115:, which made him no longer want to live. In desperation, Muhammad fled from the cave and began climbing up towards the top of the mountain to 25468: 4003:

Historian Alfred T. Welch speculates that Muhammad's death was caused by Medinan fever, which was aggravated by physical and mental fatigue.

3546:, whom Zayd had raided in the past, the tribe seized the opportunity for revenge, attacking the caravan and injuring him. Upon his return to 2400:, while other captives were held for ransom. As Uqba pleaded, "But who will take care of my children, Muhammad?" Muhammad responded, "Hell!" 1092:. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the 3588:). The Kaaba has been rebuilt several times; the present structure, built in 1629, is a reconstruction of an earlier building dating to 683. 5090: 4419:: "I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is a Messenger of God". The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of 2465:

after the event of Hijra. These accounts agree that persecution played a major role in Muhammad sending them there. According to historian

15079: 10780: 2111:

When Muhammad came to his senses, he felt scared; he started to think that after all of this spiritual struggle, he had been visited by a

1088:. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and 26216: 22081: 21681: 15692: 12913: 12653: 11666: 11596: 10823: 10715: 10650: 10553: 4555:(1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power. The Quran refers to Muhammad as "a mercy ( 2834:" ("God is greater") to remind Muslims of their top priority; when Muhammad heard about this dream, he agreed with the idea and selected 14821: 14186: 13074: 12488: 12333: 11913: 11791:, where, astonishingly for the sixteenth century, he argued that Muhammad ought to be esteemed even in Christendom as a genuine prophet. 11630: 11420: 11269: 10746: 10684: 10613: 5054: 3977:

fed him an Abyssinian remedy when he was unconscious. When he came to, he inquired about it, and they explained they were afraid he had

3753:

for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.

2697:'s account, the Isra' came first and then the Mi'raj, and he put these stories before the deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib. In contrast, 24244: 23885: 16906: 12207: 11138: 8155: 2959: 2919: 2760:, the group of planned assassins approached Muhammad's home to carry out the attack but changed their minds upon hearing the voices of 3580:

long held a major economic and religious role for the area. Seventeen months after Muhammad's arrival in Medina, it became the Muslim

2473:'s letter preserved by Tabari, these emigrants returned after the conversion to Islam of a number of individuals in positions such as 21755: 21671: 15168: 12852:(1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". 5931: 4092: 4736:

privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents". Muhammad's message transformed society and

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Hill, following the insistence of the younger faction of his followers. As they prepared to depart, the remaining Jewish allies of

2559:

clan leadership, was initially willing to provide Muhammad with protection. However, upon hearing from Muhammad that Abu Talib and

1803: 7036: 26111: 26042: 25709: 25037: 24339: 21735: 21656: 15871: 15127: 5058: 3419:, all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded, while the women and children were enslaved. Walid N. Arafat and 3208:, one of three main Jewish tribes, but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after Muhammad's death. According to 2730:

protect him as they would protect their wives and children. They concurred and gave him their oath, commonly referred to as the

24458: 22719: 21676: 20566: 6394:. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth-/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two 4633: 3714: 3137:

verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans. According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the

1051: 502: 2662:

Quranic verse 17:1 recounts Muhammad's night journey from a revered place of prayer to the most distant place of worship. The

1331:

AH). Due to these early biographical efforts, more is known about Muhammad than almost any other founder of a major religion.

1272:

Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the

25870: 24446: 21686: 21643: 15054: 15030: 15011: 14985: 14904: 14881: 14860: 14807: 14756: 14732: 14708: 14673: 14649: 14625: 14603: 14576: 14555: 14534: 14510: 14488: 14467: 14443: 14422: 14403: 14384: 14331: 14307: 14283: 14256: 14235: 14214: 14180: 14130: 14106: 14085: 14064: 14040: 14016: 13995: 13971: 13950: 13915: 13891: 13867: 13843: 13815: 13791: 13767: 13743: 13722: 13700: 13675: 13651: 13627: 13603: 13568: 13547: 13521: 13496: 13472: 13448: 13422: 13401: 13371: 13347: 13303: 13282: 13258: 13235: 13211: 13165: 13141: 13117: 13093: 13068: 13037: 13013: 12983: 12955: 12923: 12902: 12839: 12787: 12766: 12738: 12714: 12693: 12672: 12647: 12623: 12595: 12531: 12510: 12482: 12461: 12440: 12416: 12392: 12373: 12319: 12288: 12263: 12238: 12183: 11907: 11859: 11780: 11660: 11624: 11590: 11559: 11530: 11497: 11455: 11414: 11329: 11263: 11132: 10817: 10774: 10740: 10709: 10678: 10644: 10607: 10537: 9977: 9883: 9847: 9384: 9139: 8727: 8702: 8609: 8149: 8110: 6818: 6580: 6510: 6464: 6379: 6302: 6171: 5811: 5784: 5386: 4814:, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. Voltaire had a mixed opinion on Muhammad: in his play 3897: 3652:, a flourishing oasis about 75 miles (121 km) north of Medina. The city was populated by Jews, including those from the 1236: 17694: 14971: 6385: 4637:

Muhammad's entry into Mecca and the destruction of idols. Muhammad is shown as a flame in this manuscript. Found in Bazil's

26196: 25742: 25654: 25449: 25340: 18704: 11335: 6824: 6546: 4678:

Turkey and elsewhere, but mosques were never decorated with images of Muhammad. Illustrated accounts of the night journey (

2769:

for the return of Muhammad's body, dead or alive. After staying hidden for three days, Muhammad subsequently departed with

646: 14952: 5044: 3850:, there were no hostile forces present. However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay 25147: 25057: 19522: 16098: 15097: 4444:

Calligraphic rendering of "may God honor him and grant him peace", customarily added after Muhammad's name, encoded as a

2748:

proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each clan. Having been informed about this by the angel

2268:, who were indifferent to his proselytizing activities, but when he started to attack their beliefs, tensions arose. The 1796: 1262: 25172: 15112: 6282: 3600:, they encountered Quraysh emissaries who questioned their intentions. Muhammad explained they had come to venerate the 25856: 23447: 22305: 6345: 6211: 4642: 1668: 826: 26206: 26116: 25770: 25610: 21538: 21492: 21152: 21146: 18919: 18618: 15046:

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community

14929: 14780: 14156: 12559: 6649: 5804:

The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments

5130: 4382:. Zayd then became the couple's adopted son, but was later disowned when Muhammad was about to marry Zayd's ex-wife, 3667:

The spoils, inclusive of the wives of the slain warriors, were distributed among the Muslims. The chief of the Jews,

2216: 1061: 611: 526: 15728: 9924: 4665:

glass and metalwork" besides books. In the Persian lands, this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the

26096: 26091: 25661: 25580: 25117: 23567: 23278: 23198: 23178: 21409: 21265: 20742: 20638: 17698: 17456: 16884: 16801: 16114: 15003: 12546: 8817: 4707: 4021: 3079: 2824:

call the community to prayer in a coordinated manner. To resolve this, Muhammad had considered using a ram's horn (

958: 17986: 13414:

The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1A, The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

11697: 4898:, and thus, "writing about Islam was for Jews a way of indulging in a fantasy world, far from the persecution and 4289:(from 622 until 632). Muhammad is said to have had thirteen wives in total (although two have ambiguous accounts, 3780:

and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.

3616:, an envoy with full negotiation powers. Following lengthy discussions, a treaty was finally enacted, with terms: 25573: 25333: 24073: 23924: 22074: 21903: 21709: 15517: 15485: 5465: 5105: 5071:

tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets," and Muhammad is considered an important prophet of God in the

4978: 4879: 4744:, and the hierarchy of values. Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in 3679:, as his own slave and later advised her to convert to Islam. She accepted and agreed to become Muhammad's wife. 3029: 2943: 2907: 2538: 1424:

do not reject the hadith which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in their historical context.

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forces and their allies withdrew, Muhammad, while bathing at his wife's abode, received a visit from the angel

2651:

lay out the famous Isra' and Mi'raj. Nowadays, Isra' is believed by Muslims to be the journey of Muhammad from

2148:

Frightened and unable to understand the experience, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down the mountain to his wife

2116: 2058: 1021: 639: 573: 11649:"Persian illustrated lithographed books on the miʻrāj: improving children's Shi'i beliefs in the Qajar period" 11406:

The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

10878: 4918:

argue that viewing Muhammad as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development.

25821: 25811: 25756: 25695: 25314: 25187: 24409: 23440: 23168: 22679: 21326: 21085: 20762: 19381: 18925: 15569: 15198: 15161: 14843: 12351: 9967: 6134: 5799: 5652: 5458: 5095: 5040: 4922:

holds that Muhammad was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation.

3866:, finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them. 3507: 3039: 2853: 2548: 1949: 1317: 1146: 1005: 549: 19233: 18113: 12915:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

11444:"Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nur): Representations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting" 6402:

of al-Tirmidhī (d. 279/892). Finally, the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the

4890:

goes on to show how Jews in Europe in particular held more nuanced views about Muhammad and Islam, being an

4674:

Concomitantly, some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced. Later images were produced in

3842:

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of

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Cimino, Richard (December 2005). ""No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11".

3054: 2547:, a crucial source of his financial and emotional support, died. In the same year, his uncle and guardian, 1933: 1489: 1390: 1302: 989: 366: 282: 242: 11821: 25436: 25227: 25222: 25007: 22540: 21990: 21855: 21661: 21429: 21222: 20599: 20088: 18339: 18330: 17024: 15878: 11000: 5135: 4835: 3923: 3902: 3440:

While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an

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Subsequently, Muhammad called upon the Meccan Muslims to relocate to Medina. This event is known as the

2280:. But Muhammad asserted that the Quran, in the form he conveyed it, was already an extraordinary proof. 26186: 26151: 25899: 25877: 25828: 25535: 25389: 23892: 23552: 23421: 22067: 21740: 21623: 21140: 20559: 18555: 15512: 15224: 14837: 13857: 12890: 12345: 4682:) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. During the 19th century, 3034: 2731: 2607:, who similarly declined on the basis of tribal principle. Finally, Muhammad dispatched someone to ask 2519: 1334:

Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic. However, Waqidi's biography has been widely

1001: 24209: 22684: 18573: 3325:, wearied by Muhammad's continuous attacks on their caravans, decided to take decisive action. Led by 26141: 25647: 25454: 24256: 24199: 23784: 23308: 23258: 22188: 21833: 21820: 21521: 21350: 21046: 20768: 20731: 18510: 17338: 16813: 15837: 15581: 15390: 15380: 15240: 14746: 14352: 11939:

Tolan, John. "The Prophet Muhammad: A Model of Monotheistic Reform for Nineteenth-Century Ashkenaz."

10856: 8213: 8196: 6669: 5531: 5001:. Contemporary criticism involves questioning Muhammad's legitimacy as a prophet, his moral conduct, 4690:

books, with Muhammad's face veiled, aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of

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The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition. Soon they realized their mistake and sent

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recorded that Muhammad's Mi'raj took place first, from near the Kaaba to the heavens, on the 27th of

2474: 2392:, literally "he of the two horns" (Qur'an 18:93–99), a tale that academics widely associate with the 1969: 1953: 1940:, and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother 1782: 1571: 1164: 1057: 688: 39: 20537:

Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732

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took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. Adherents to

2372:

correctly, they stated, he would be a Prophet; otherwise, he would be a liar. When they returned to

71: 26176: 25791: 25619: 25597: 25097: 23298: 23248: 23057: 22347: 21985: 21704: 21528: 21301: 20781: 20408: 19510: 19198: 19098: 16537: 15563: 15308: 15251: 15154: 14722: 13877: 13183: 11548:"When Nubuvvat encounters Valayat: Safavid painting of the "Prophet" Mohammad's Mi'raj, c. 1500–50" 10630: 4798: 4453: 4232: 4228: 4168:, Muhammad's friend and collaborator. With additional support, Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first 4069: 4057: 3765: 3461: 3049: 2999: 2964: 2608: 2427: 2304:

intervened, tearfully saying, "Would you kill a man for saying God is my Lord?" And they left him.

1906:

of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.

1224: 11552:

The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi'ism: Iconography and Religious Devotion in Shi'i Islam

3858:

that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.

3648:

Roughly ten weeks subsequent to his return from Hudaybiyya, Muhammad expressed his plan to invade

2525:

In 616, an agreement was established whereby all other Quraysh clans were to enforce a ban on the

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of nineteenth-century Europe, where Jews could live in harmony with their non-Jewish neighbors".

4875: 4713: 4301: 4220: 3958: 3746: 3550:, Muhammad ordered Zayd to lead a punitive operation against the Fazara in which their matriarch 3254:

Following the surrender of the Qaynuqa, Muhammad was moving to execute the men of the tribe when

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Once the ransom arrangements for the Meccan captives were finalized, he initiated a siege on the

3059: 3019: 2881:, maintains that Muhammad penned the text and divulges its assumed content without supplying any 1992: 1937: 1549: 1448: 1321: 1150: 751: 653: 309: 17: 24811: 23042: 20808: 19273: 19056: 18135: 17574: 14480:

The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam

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in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of

2461:, while the majority of the second group remained in Abyssinia at the time and went directly to 26146: 26131: 25842: 25530: 25356: 24404: 24384: 24234: 23904: 23532: 22664: 22576: 22000: 21929: 21898: 21828: 20752: 20747: 20665: 20104: 19354: 18609: 18550: 18440: 17920: 17311: 15707: 15375: 15273: 15132: 15117: 15102: 15084: 14976: 14957: 14798: 13464:

Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century

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The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8

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The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon

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to lie in his bed covered with his green hadrami mantle, assuring that it would safeguard him.

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finally recited the verses, allowing Muhammad to memorize them. These verses later constituted

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The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the

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Muslims were then required to depart back to Medina, however, they were permitted to make the

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was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin

1952:, the new leader of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning — 26136: 24558: 24513: 24324: 23919: 23383: 23373: 23268: 22794: 22749: 22252: 21946: 21924: 20675: 20552: 19609: 19478: 19375: 18170: 18037: 17826: 17730: 17585: 17498: 17210: 16975: 16519: 16326: 16035: 15905: 15652: 15459: 15360: 15040: 14503:

Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, Third Edition

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Quinn, Frederick (2008). "The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600)".

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Muhammad ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them, the

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or the pledge of war. Paradise was Muhammad's promise to them in exchange for their loyalty.

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Watt, W. Montgomery (1998). "Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B): [Fasc. 1-22]".

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to be sold. The proceeds were then utilized to purchase weapons and horses for the Muslims.

2221:

Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women,

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Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India

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Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph

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On Muhammad's return journey to Mecca, news of the events in Ta'if had reached the ears of

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after their expulsion by the Quraysh, and briefly mentions military encounters such as the

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In Islamic belief, Muhammad is regarded as the last prophet sent by God. Writings such as

1936:, died almost six months before he was born. Muhammad then stayed with his foster-mother, 392:ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب 8: 26086: 25956: 25927: 25777: 25626: 25590: 25257: 25137: 25107: 25027: 24553: 24493: 23814: 23734: 23228: 22789: 22734: 22654: 22596: 22479: 22374: 22104: 21838: 21714: 21608: 21424: 20863: 20660: 19660: 19604: 19399: 19067: 18709: 17932: 17627: 17297: 17079: 17056: 16050: 16040: 15968: 15963: 15599: 15490: 15323: 15265: 13325: 11171: 8500: 6361: 5919: 5028: 5002: 4830: 4733: 4471: 4434: 4270: 4252: 4161: 4049: 4045: 4024: 3906: 3875: 3855: 3847: 3824: 3793: 3676: 3609: 3483: 3334: 3326: 3255: 3213: 3138: 3099: 3084: 2726: 2646: 2435: 2124: 2095:. According to Islamic tradition, one day in 610 CE, when he was 40 years old, the angel 1382: 1289: 1248: 1101: 1093: 899: 744: 509: 478: 378: 161: 144: 79: 24301: 18565: 18491: 15278: 13317: 11876: 4740:

of life in the Arabian Peninsula; society focused on the changes to perceived identity,

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before the hijrah. As is well known, these two stories were later combined into one. In

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We can discern three strata of the Sunni ḥadīth canon. The perennial core has been the

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that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the Archangel

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these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (

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The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

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Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love,

1843: 1768: 1433: 1130: 1097: 1089: 930: 812: 629: 485: 461: 216: 35: 24286: 22907: 22601: 13245:

Goddard, Hugh (2000). "The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215)".

12150: 4824:, he presents Mohammed as a legislator and conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast". 4529: 3441: 3185: 1084:, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the 26201: 25977: 25970: 25920: 25806: 25237: 25167: 24937: 24856: 24851: 24776: 24751: 24696: 24686: 24676: 24646: 24626: 24616: 24483: 24478: 24436: 24379: 24176: 23859: 23854: 23829: 23774: 23749: 23393: 23067: 23027: 23017: 22967: 22952: 22942: 22902: 22862: 22852: 22729: 22699: 22659: 22545: 22381: 22359: 22149: 22139: 22010: 21995: 21745: 21450: 21172: 21110: 21100: 21090: 21075: 20823: 20726: 20698: 20586: 20445: 20045: 20038: 19958: 19717: 19645: 19592: 19500: 19320: 18907: 18646: 18589: 18447: 18375: 18236: 17781: 17631: 17606: 17564: 17238: 17097: 16819: 16723: 16501: 16338: 16302: 15958: 15830: 15770: 15744: 14613: 13853: 13825: 13535: 13357: 13313: 13221: 13179: 12861: 12808: 12581: 12573: 11787:

Indeed, greater tolerance for other religions was much in evidence in Πανθενωδια:

11772: 9963: 9217:

Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's

7825: 6721: 6498: 6452: 6371: 6290: 6255: 5125: 5006: 4982: 4966: 4856:(1841) describes "Mahomet" as "A silent great soul; he was one of those who cannot 4807: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4475:

attribute several miracles or supernatural events to Muhammad. One of these is the

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of Arab society. For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced

3542:

was tasked with guarding the convoy. When they journeyed through the territory of

3338:

loyal adherents. Satisfied they had restored their honor, the Meccans returned to

1880:

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the

1268:, believed to have been transmitted by his students shortly after his death in 833 26171: 25720: 25674: 25551: 25294: 24967: 24886: 24846: 24816: 24801: 24766: 24761: 24731: 24706: 24691: 24666: 24651: 24586: 24563: 24548: 24533: 24518: 24389: 24344: 24329: 24319: 24141: 24136: 23993: 23988: 23968: 23956: 23343: 23338: 23102: 23047: 23032: 23012: 22992: 22947: 22922: 22832: 22784: 22769: 22669: 22629: 22520: 22515: 22342: 22230: 22144: 22119: 21936: 21633: 21578: 21378: 21064: 21024: 20913: 20869: 20643: 20235: 19996: 19952: 19082: 18766: 18468: 18380: 17861: 17684: 17532: 17215: 17179: 16898: 16759: 16741: 16495: 16227: 15798: 15621: 15587: 15495: 15422: 15288: 15203: 15065: 15044: 14967: 14915: 14896: 14871: 14817: 14698: 14684: 14663: 14593: 14545: 14524: 14478: 14457: 14453: 14433: 14374: 14321: 14246: 14225: 14096: 14075: 14054: 14030: 14006: 13985: 13961: 13940: 13929: 13905: 13881: 13833: 13829: 13805: 13757: 13733: 13690: 13665: 13661: 13641: 13617: 13593: 13558: 13511: 13486: 13462: 13412: 13361: 13337: 13333: 13293: 13225: 13201: 13187: 13155: 13131: 13107: 13083: 12945: 12849: 12829: 12777: 12728: 12724: 12704: 12683: 12662: 12633: 12613: 12541: 12521: 12500: 12451: 12430: 12406: 12363: 12340:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. 12309: 11701: 11371: 11319: 9928: 9401: 9374: 8096: 7401: 7399: 6808: 6566: 6550: 4919: 4867: 4846:

admired Muhammad and Islam, and described him as a model lawmaker and conqueror.

4811: 4774: 4728:, family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the 4725: 4666: 4375: 4196: 3742: 3488: 3104: 2969: 2835: 2766: 2757: 2604: 2560: 2426:

and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor

2138: 1945: 1521: 1008:. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named 993: 906: 878: 513: 382: 370: 248: 31: 17981: 13759:

Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam: Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities

11653:

The Prophet's ascension: cross-cultural encounters with the Islamic mi'rāj tales

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appeared to him during his visit to the cave. The angel showed him a cloth with

30:

This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people named Muhammad, see

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With Muhammad's death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be.

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O God, forgive me and have mercy on me; and let me join the highest companions.

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were destined for hell due to not believing in Islam, he withdrew his support.

2501: 2413: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2346: 2317: 1902: 1727: 1714: 1406: 1364: 1217: 1197: 954: 950: 399: 19470: 12944:

El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2019). "Two Wives at the Same Time: Sawda and 'Aisha".

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represents the actions and sayings of Muhammad (preserved in reports known as

3783: 3498:

broke the treaty with Muhammad and assisted the enemies of Muslims during the

2637:. It marks the spot where Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have ascended to 1155: 26075: 26013: 25749: 25728: 25604: 25521: 25217: 25047: 24957: 24906: 24876: 24866: 24796: 24791: 24781: 24641: 24631: 24621: 24596: 24463: 24441: 24359: 24266: 24239: 24224: 24166: 23849: 23403: 23112: 23097: 23087: 23072: 23022: 22977: 22937: 22872: 22867: 22837: 22704: 22644: 22586: 22310: 22124: 21951: 21778: 21628: 21167: 21130: 21105: 20942: 20093: 19805: 19728: 19705: 19150: 18560: 18516: 18457: 18423: 18347: 18246: 18180: 17822: 17791: 17526: 17474: 16264: 16246: 16209: 15984: 15862: 15844: 15812: 15407: 14995: 14825: 14293: 13901: 13777: 13753: 13389: 13175: 13054: 13023: 12993: 12965: 12551: 10760: 8395: 8371: 7837: 7051: 6804: 6327: 6267: 4915: 4887: 4717: 4611: 3836: 3828: 3568: 3420: 3370: 3350: 2778: 2284: 2092: 2091:, his wealthy wife, gave him plenty of free time to spend in solitude in the 2080: 1961: 1696: 1593: 1168: 1009: 942: 185: 171: 18878: 18484: 17652: 7169: 7167: 4769:

by M. Prideaux (1699). He holds a sword and a crescent while trampling on a

4621:, Islamic religious art mainly focuses on the word. Muslims generally avoid 4440: 3732:

manuscript. The angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail, are also shown.

2449:

mentioned only one migration to Abyssinia, there were two sets according to

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Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr

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clan and Muhammad's caretaker, giving him an ultimatum to disown Muhammad:

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Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement

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The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah

14147:

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition

12585: 12281:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

5243:), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind." 3760:

to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by Muhammad.

25325: 24896: 24891: 24826: 24821: 24671: 24543: 24498: 24488: 24281: 24276: 24214: 24151: 23934: 23909: 23834: 23794: 23764: 23739: 23719: 23698: 23678: 23658: 23648: 23617: 23482: 23363: 23158: 23132: 23127: 22927: 22912: 22779: 22759: 22739: 22591: 22566: 22525: 22386: 22295: 22285: 22247: 22205: 22168: 22134: 21590: 21080: 20988: 20888: 20775: 20379: 20172: 19927: 19869: 19858: 19492: 19452: 19393: 19259: 19248: 19244: 18786: 18699: 18694: 17282: 16586: 16055: 16019: 15994: 14948: 13385: 11160: 9190:

Arafat. "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina".

8512: 7357: 7227: 7164: 7001: 6863: 6129: 5965: 5923: 5072: 4998: 4974: 4695: 4505: 4256: 4224: 4208: 3863: 3843: 3543: 2674: 2612: 2556: 2526: 2450: 2325: 2293: 2288: 2083:

where, according to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation

2046: 2025: 1847: 1648: 1134: 698: 320: 299: 18075: 17877: 17304: 16083: 14376:

The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

10003: 5253: 4724:

Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as

4072:. Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ( 2911: 1050:), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other 25939: 25863: 25401: 25279: 25087: 24987: 24836: 24756: 24528: 24419: 24261: 24204: 24181: 24146: 24095: 24085: 24053: 23998: 23824: 23804: 23729: 23693: 23597: 23582: 23507: 23432: 23368: 23328: 22897: 22887: 22764: 22694: 22581: 22550: 22530: 22474: 22469: 22424: 22319: 21893: 20975: 20932: 20903: 19908: 19788: 19692: 19683: 19267: 18914: 18867: 18751: 18432: 18185: 17258: 16014: 16004: 15989: 15318: 15298: 15246: 14791: 14659: 14568:

Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a]

14032:

Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam

13560:

The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad: A Translation of Al-Sīra Al-Nabawiyya

13531: 12820: 12682:

Borup, Jørn; Fibiger, Marianne Qvortrup; Kühle, Lene (1 October 2019).

12329: 11694: 10670:

Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism

10530:

Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque

9932: 8846: 8102: 7845: 7032: 6244:"Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions" 4990: 4954: 4895: 4863: 4745: 4741: 4374:

was a slave that Khadija gave to Muhammad. He was bought by her nephew

4185: 4053: 4041: 4032: 3757: 3653: 3403: 3399: 3354: 3330: 3277: 2694: 2512:

movement and systematic theology with its new doctrines, including the

2446: 2431: 2237: 1985: 1909:

Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with the

1862: 1398: 1298: 1273: 1258: 1030: 918: 328: 157: 109: 105: 20204: 17964: 17925: 17265: 17088: 6720:

Marr J.S., Hubbard E., Cathey J.T. (2014): The Year of the Elephant.

6206:. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. p. 1634. 2129: 2003: 1948:, until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, 1293:

written c. 767 CE (150 AH). Although the original work was lost, this

25406: 25396: 24977: 24916: 24473: 24116: 24043: 24028: 23949: 23869: 23864: 23789: 23744: 23724: 23703: 23688: 23668: 23653: 23517: 23477: 23408: 23358: 23122: 22997: 22724: 22495: 22419: 22326: 22300: 22220: 21598: 21029: 20971: 20918: 20786: 20467: 20457: 20145: 19597: 19408: 19334: 19180: 18968: 18837: 18538: 18522: 17867: 17514: 17202: 17151: 17015: 15953: 15631: 15593: 15575: 15219: 14694: 14520: 13542:. Translated by Gassick, Prof Trevor Le. Reading: Garnet Publishing. 13507: 13197: 12934: 12453:

Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam

12426: 12402: 12001: 11362: 11057: 9953:

Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas (2002), p. 163.

7245: 7197: 6641: 4626: 4568: 4552: 4314: 4177: 4096: 3910: 3773: 3769: 3592:

Early in 628, following a dream of making an unopposed pilgrimage to

3551: 3416: 3358: 3349:

Sometime later, Muhammad found himself needing to pay blood money to

3248: 3209: 3158: 3150: 2872: 2820: 2774: 2698: 2656: 2552: 2442: 2321: 2170: 2042: 2029: 1402: 1306: 1284: 22059: 20162: 14686:

Foundations of Muslim Images and Treatment of the World Beyond Islam

14227:

Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings

12812: 7829: 5190:, and others; there are also variant spellings of Muhammad, such as 4949:

has existed since the 7th century, when Muhammad was decried by his

4761: 3934: 3720: 2645:

It is at this low point in Muhammad's life that the accounts in the

1823: 25252: 24831: 24568: 24126: 24100: 24080: 24033: 23844: 23799: 23683: 23587: 23577: 23542: 23512: 23333: 22809: 22505: 22464: 22459: 22225: 22200: 21941: 21437: 21295: 21247: 21041: 20947: 20898: 20369: 20209: 20194: 19483: 19165: 19005: 18994: 18987: 18776: 18624: 18603: 18231: 18125: 18050: 17390: 17352: 17158: 15943: 15677: 15533: 12385:

The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English

11547: 7652: 7567: 7185: 4670: 4661: 4654: 4533: 4517: 4415: 4318: 4265:

The tomb of Muhammad is located in the quarters of his third wife,

4165: 4125: 4077: 3978: 3724:

A depiction of Muhammad (with veiled face) advancing on Mecca from

3503: 3286:

meeting with Ka'b, they murdered him when he was caught off-guard.

2770: 2584:, so he began praying. Shortly thereafter, Utbah's Christian slave 2301: 2222: 2200: 15672: 14299:

In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad

12151:"Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque" 10870: 9969:

The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"

6183: 3798: 2744:

Islamic tradition recounts that in light of the unfolding events,

1125: 25715: 25572: 25289: 25202: 24090: 24058: 24048: 23819: 23779: 23612: 23537: 23522: 23502: 22571: 22434: 22215: 22173: 22156: 21956: 21552: 21240: 21120: 20998: 20993: 20980: 20964: 20957: 20952: 20684: 20435: 20230: 19734: 19547: 19504: 19433: 19428: 19365: 19300: 19286: 19188: 18843: 18832: 18631: 18594: 18324: 18268: 18174: 17785: 17757: 17610: 17568: 17484: 17421: 17372: 17293: 16729: 16592: 16344: 16308: 15948: 15898: 15889: 15667: 15636: 13411:

Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (21 April 1977).

10461: 9192:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

8573: 7628: 5887: 5885: 5535: 5289: 5061:, but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of 4899: 4619:

hadith prohibits the creation of images of sentient living beings

4449: 4409:, the belief in Muhammad's prophethood is the main aspect of the 4345: 4261: 4107: 4073: 3832: 3820: 3807: 3649: 3471: 3467: 3322: 2749: 2678: 2629: 2600: 2494: 2485: 2378: 2364: 2308: 2269: 2179: 2096: 1957: 1874: 1870: 1851: 1834:

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in

1209: 1017: 997: 716: 678: 15021:

Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain; Al-Khattab, Nasiruddin (1 June 2007).

13907:

God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East

13513:

The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh

12045: 12043: 11578: 4048:(the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of 2264:

Initially, he had no serious opposition from the inhabitants of

2100: 25384: 24038: 23839: 23627: 23602: 23592: 23562: 23547: 23353: 22444: 22414: 22266: 22178: 22109: 21470: 21444: 21403: 21364: 21281: 21194: 21115: 21017: 20927: 20858: 20853: 20620: 20544: 20478: 20353: 20225: 20140: 20059: 20001: 19817: 19811: 19517: 19343: 19328: 19125: 19077: 19014: 18982: 18895: 18805: 18740: 18636: 18384: 18365: 18260: 18226: 17871: 17840: 17817: 17688: 17596: 17488: 17360: 17196: 17139: 17119: 17061: 17048: 17033: 16876: 16765: 16747: 16531: 15938: 15761: 15733: 15702: 15662: 15657: 15545: 15480: 15385: 10701:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

10662: 10660: 10636:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

5057:." He is thought to be the final manifestation, or seal of the 5018: 4871: 4560: 4541: 4510: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4465: 4410: 4406: 4274: 4169: 4100: 4028: 3661: 3657: 3605: 3547: 3535: 3449: 3374: 3309: 3162: 2877: 2826: 2815: 2803: 2738: 2715: 2682: 2673:

The dating of the events also differs from account to account.

2638: 2509: 2462: 2458: 1981: 1941: 1922: 1914: 1839: 1700: 1507: 1444: 1378: 1353: 1348: 1253: 1213: 1120: 1115: 1077: 1073: 974: 970: 938: 726: 521: 490: 140: 83: 19225:(The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and 14270:

The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought

14008:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder

10969: 10766:

Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world

8323: 7816:

Ahmed, Shahab (1998). "Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses".

6281:

Lecker, Michael (19 April 2010), Brockopp, Jonathan E. (ed.),

5882: 5691: 4223:

which deemed them heretics. Within a decade Muslims conquered

2024:, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the 1929:

deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.

1096:, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the 1046: 25764:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

25411: 24068: 23557: 23492: 22454: 22449: 22429: 22237: 21719: 21544: 21498: 21486: 21288: 21274: 21233: 21010: 20848: 20705: 20691: 20612: 20575: 20399: 20054: 20031: 20009: 19799: 19793: 19763: 19445: 19347: 19170: 19143: 19119: 19029: 18900: 18812: 18584: 18533: 18496: 18402: 18120: 18103: 17832: 17775: 17747: 17670: 17656: 17641: 17617: 17591: 17558: 17536: 17508: 17432: 17402: 17395: 17386: 17377: 17226: 17184: 16979: 16930: 16888: 16837: 16783: 16617: 16574: 16556: 16483: 16465: 16283: 16233: 15933: 15738: 15454: 15283: 14396:

Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity

13963:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

13735:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

12387:. Translated by Khan, Muhammad M. Dar-us-Salam Publications. 12040: 11928:

History of Islam in German Thought: From Leibniz to Nietzsche

11854:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. AuthorHouse. p. 15. 11805: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11301: 11299: 9599: 9597: 8137: 7861: 7142: 7140: 7077: 7044:

Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art

6525: 5068: 4770: 4749: 4521: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4322: 4310: 4266: 3962: 3851: 3745:

had good relations with Muhammad, whereas their enemies, the

3684: 3630: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3445: 3339: 3265: 3218: 3134: 2809: 2795: 2663: 2652: 2585: 2572: 2514: 2489: 2454: 2373: 2368: 2297: 2277: 2265: 2257:). By this point, Muhammad's religious movement was known as 2253: 2247: 2231: 2157: 2038: 1881: 1857: 1835: 1535: 1503: 1417: 1201: 1193: 1040: 1025: 985: 966: 926: 860: 569: 425: 352: 263: 116: 11124:

The mantle odes: Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muḥammad

10657: 10305: 9425: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8175: 8173: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 2453:. Of these two, the majority of the first group returned to 2071: 24063: 23487: 22439: 21385: 21357: 21307: 21254: 21199: 20712: 20199: 20123: 19754: 19537: 19210: 18999: 18889: 18873: 18418: 18130: 17836: 17795: 17666: 17621: 17478: 17327: 17231: 16270: 16252: 16215: 15539: 15146: 12947:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257

11769:

Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism

11651:. In Christiane J. Gruber; Frederick Stephen Colby (eds.). 11120: 10122: 10120: 9873: 9871: 9748: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9070: 9068: 8935: 8933: 8760: 8758: 8448: 8446: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8236: 8234: 7977: 7975: 7751: 6952: 6950: 6692: 6690: 6489:

Brown, Daniel W. (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5902: 5900: 5730: 5024: 4683: 4549: 4332:

Khadijah is said to have had four daughters with Muhammad (

4281:

Muhammad's life is traditionally defined into two periods:

4216: 4081: 3812: 3784:

Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk

3768:

in and around the Kaaba. According to reports collected by

3519: 2567: 2478: 2235:) with physical postures that embodied complete surrender ( 2164: 2112: 2066: 1109: 1072:

in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to

925:

religious, social, and political leader and the founder of

922: 866: 851: 721: 15000:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye)

13859:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

13488:

Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry – Revised Edition

13363:

The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam

12502:

Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam

11796: 11296: 11284: 10981: 10918: 10830: 10787: 10473: 10389: 10341: 10204: 10093: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9594: 9330: 9284: 9282: 8311: 7739: 7681: 7679: 7640: 7616: 7507: 7137: 7013: 6289:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–80, 3201:

converted to Islam, and little pagan opposition remained.

1612:

Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans

1283:(biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is 23632: 23527: 20389: 19783: 19565: 16969: 15551: 15025:(First ed.). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications Inc. 12311:

Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy

10485: 10216: 10192: 9669: 9379:. Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 453. 9306: 8969: 8894: 8882: 8818:

Muhammad: Biography of the Prophet. Karen Armstrong. 2023

8736: 8634: 8407: 8170: 7787: 7691: 7664: 7531: 7471: 7411: 6751: 6749: 6736: 6734: 6443:

Görke, Andreas (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5708: 5706: 4894:

minority feeling discriminated, they specifically lauded

3966: 3675:

in revenge for his brother. Muhammad took Kinana's wife,

3506:

allies who had embraced Islam, leading to the arrival of

3244: 2753: 2404:

Migration to Abyssinia and the incident of Satanic Verses

2196: 2145:

that resisted the ordinary limits of humanity and space.

2119:. But when he reached the summit, he experienced another 14665:

Understanding the Hadith: The Sacred Traditions of Islam

13807:

God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215

13312: 12007: 11829: 11214: 11187:

Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p. 212.

11181: 10511: 10509: 10413: 10377: 10281: 10168: 10117: 9868: 9818: 9816: 9681: 9645: 9621: 9584: 9582: 9543: 9519: 9507: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9437: 9415: 9413: 9318: 9146: 9127: 9085: 9083: 9065: 9041: 9029: 9017: 9005: 8957: 8930: 8834: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8755: 8518: 8458: 8443: 8383: 8347: 8275: 8258: 8231: 8219: 7972: 7945: 7775: 7727: 7592: 7345: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7152: 6967: 6965: 6947: 6887: 6687: 6608: 6322: 6320: 6112: 6110: 6004: 5955:, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, p. 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5953:

Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths

5897: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 3887: 3806:

Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the

2532: 14980:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 360–376. 14505:. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. 12030: 12028: 11735: 11616:

Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources

11226: 11202: 11090: 10885: 10666: 10365: 10317: 10293: 10269: 10257: 10245: 10180: 10156: 10081: 10057: 10045: 10033: 10009: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9777: 9760: 9736: 9700: 9633: 9567: 9531: 9495: 9373:

Ibn Hishām, ʻAbd al-Malik; Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad (1967).

9279: 9267: 9158: 9053: 8945: 8918: 8870: 8858: 8822: 8787: 8651: 8649: 8335: 7962: 7960: 7933: 7873: 7703: 7676: 7543: 7495: 7483: 5718: 5617:

See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif

3961:'s hut. He requested his wives to allow him to stay in 1012:

for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610

19060:('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') 15006:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 2005. pp. 406–479. 14595:

Muhammad's People: An Anthology of Muslim Civilization

12854:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

12106: 11190: 10585: 10353: 9724: 9555: 9354: 9095: 8981: 8359: 8299: 8246: 8141:

The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture

8023: 7999: 7715: 7386: 7384: 7217: 7215: 7113: 7065: 6977: 6746: 6731: 6702: 5703: 4793:

praised Muhammad because "he did not deviate from the

4649:

The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century

3973:, as his legs were trembling. His wives and his uncle 3620:

A ten-year truce was established between both parties.

2838:, a former Abyssinian slave known for his loud voice. 1463:

Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad

1076:(then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the 23209:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

14802:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 867–8. 14565:

Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998),

13684: 12200:"A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam" 12060: 12058: 12013: 10906: 10506: 10425: 10401: 10329: 10144: 10132: 10105: 10069: 10021: 9813: 9712: 9657: 9609: 9579: 9483: 9471: 9454: 9410: 9342: 9294: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9080: 8770: 8287: 8185: 7921: 7909: 7763: 7555: 7519: 7308: 7101: 7089: 6962: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6773: 6675: 6317: 6107: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6016: 5841: 5555: 5053:

venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or "

3776:, Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of 2543:

In 619, Muhammad faced a period of sorrow. His wife,

19758:(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) 12025: 11955: 11609: 10449: 10437: 9828: 9801: 9789: 8674: 8646: 8597: 8482: 8119: 8035: 8011: 7957: 7320: 7260: 6989: 6761: 6596: 5759: 5757: 5742: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 4870:

writers generally held positive views of Muhammad: "

4853:

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History

4105: 3982: 3939: 3656:, who had previously been expelled by Muhammad from 3436:

has contradicted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad.

2381:

came to Muhammad and provided him with the answers.

892: 869: 14816: 14689:. Michigan State University. Department of History. 14172:

Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives

13505: 12365:

Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam

12094: 12082: 12070: 11967: 11642: 11640: 11572: 9899: 9372: 9233: 8470: 7897: 7579: 7459: 7381: 7212: 6495:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6449:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6419: 5829: 5697: 5534:mentioning the differing accounts of the status of 5236: 4176:. Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the 3965:'s hut. He could not walk there without leaning on 3534:, Muhammad organized a caravan to conduct trade in 3474:, who instructed him to attack the Jewish tribe of 3353:. He sought monetary help from the Jewish tribe of 3247:in the Banu Qaynuqa market, and another version by 863: 857: 854: 848: 16928: 14873:Muhammad and the Supernatural: Medieval Arab Views 14700:The Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī's Kitāb Al-maghāzī 14267: 14144: 13563:. Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization. 13396:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. 12997: 12615:Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period 12432:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 12055: 11514: 11481: 11045:. Mountain View, Ca.: Unicode, Inc. 1 October 2009 10897: 10847: 10845: 10667:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Vernoit, Stephen (2006). 9245: 8720:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi 8098:The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 7858:The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (2010), p. 35. 7125: 6220: 6080: 5170:He is referred to by many appellations, including 4748:Mecca. The Quran requires payment of an alms tax ( 4630:veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame. 1869:. He is also claimed to have been a descendant of 1502:Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in 1235:to his lifetime, its discovery largely disproving 16887:above are only the ones mentioned by name in the 14641:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 13530: 12681: 11878:On heroes, hero worship and the heroic in history 11545: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11441: 10769:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–74. 10591: 10467: 7658: 7634: 7573: 6935: 6875: 6054: 5817: 5795: 5793: 5754: 5670: 4485:compilations is a literal splitting of the Moon. 4191:The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the 3525: 3304:"The Prophet Muhammad and the Muslim Army at the 26073: 25669:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources 19368:, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') 17956:Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo 16075: 15020: 14820:; Moussalli, Ahmad S.; Newby, Gordon D. (2009). 13380: 12383:Al-Bukhari, Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel (1 June 1997). 11637: 11367:"Why Islam does (not) ban images of the Prophet" 11256:Effigies dei: essays on the history of religions 6851: 6839: 5891: 5494: 3428:, and a transmitter of "odd tales" by the later 2340: 1171:likely dated within Muhammad's lifetime between 1064:for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he 977:forming the basis for Islamic religious belief. 14323:The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muḥammad 13457: 11512: 11479: 11402: 11249: 11114: 10842: 8616: 8131: 6066:"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?" 4300:At the age of 25, Muhammad married the wealthy 4164:, a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated 3909:, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ( 3455: 3224: 2705: 2418:In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to 2351:Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran 1976:on the northern segment of the route to Syria. 16879:believe that there were many prophets sent by 15125: 15110: 14564: 13431: 13316:; Montgomery, Mary W.; Grimme, Hubert (1906). 13253:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 34–41. 12568: 12247: 11468: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11165: 10975: 10625: 10623: 9178:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 8329: 7146: 7083: 6137:: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing 5790: 5500: 4563:is celebrated as a major feast throughout the 2891: 1601:Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca 1060:were initially few in number, and experienced 25341: 23448: 22075: 20560: 16914: 16099: 15162: 14620:. Columbia University Press. pp. 39–40. 13824: 13032:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 198. 12950:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–5. 12272: 12174:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 11689: 11687: 11685: 11655:. Indiana University Press. pp. 252–54. 11521:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 11311: 9861: 9859: 9857: 4138:Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750 CE: 2927: 2434:, the daughter of one of the Quraysh chiefs, 2388:. For the second query, the Qur'an speaks of 2225:, servants, slaves, and other members of the 2087:The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from 1804: 1204:. Muslims believe it represents the words of 820: 25506:Protest outside the Danish embassy in London 23954: 22317: 22271: 22257: 17028:(wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph 16708: 16699: 16690: 16681: 16672: 16663: 16654: 16645: 16444: 16435: 16426: 16417: 16408: 16399: 16390: 16381: 16372: 16194: 16185: 16176: 16167: 16158: 16149: 16140: 16131: 14830:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13717:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 13643:Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam 12642:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 12338:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 11603: 11488:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11245: 11243: 11241: 11073: 10722: 10691: 9399: 5091:Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad 4594: 4586: 3364: 3149:of others, there would have been demolished 2777:, while the Medinan Muslims were dubbed the 2251:) as a requirement of the Muslim community ( 1667:The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and 443: 416: 390: 343: 59: 34:. For the Islamic view and perspective, see 23890: 14775:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 14644:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 236. 14151:. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. 14077:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices 13876: 13410: 13174: 12231:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition 12228: 11646: 11579:Elizabeth Edwards; Kaushik Bhaumik (2008). 11539: 11435: 11391: 11121:Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (24 May 2010). 10620: 9230:Kister, "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza". 7993: 7757: 6791: 1885: 1685:(reported ascension to heaven to meet God) 1297:survives as extensive excerpts in works by 25355: 25348: 25334: 23455: 23441: 22082: 22068: 20567: 20553: 19386:A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: 18700:ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim 18502:Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) 17880:(Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) 16921: 16907: 16106: 16092: 15169: 15155: 13692:Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions 13556: 12382: 12171:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith 11682: 10799: 10753: 10735:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. 10528:Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005). 10479: 9854: 8852: 5946: 5912: 5385:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 5360: 4149: Rashidun caliphate, 632–661 CE. 3478:. Islamic sources recount that during the 2934: 2920: 2796:Building the religious community in Medina 2052: 1827:The birth of Muhammad in the 16th-century 1811: 1797: 827: 813: 70: 17247: 16113: 14965: 14940: 14612: 14591: 14497: 14349:: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making 13934:. Smith, Elder&Company, 65, Cornhill. 13540:The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume I 13481: 13274:Believers: spiritual leaders of the world 12943: 12776:Cheikh, Nadia Maria El (6 October 2015). 12540: 12519: 12425: 12401: 12283:. Michigan University press. p. 17. 12112: 12049: 11895: 11679:Cambridge History of Islam (1970), p. 30. 11238: 11127:. Indiana University Press. p. xii. 10556:. Archnet.org. 2 May 2005. Archived from 10491: 9962: 9112: 9110: 8999: 8912: 8805: 8749: 8561: 8452: 8437: 8425: 8413: 8401: 8377: 8179: 8053: 7891: 7867: 7811: 7809: 7800: 7733: 7610: 7477: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7405: 7375: 7363: 7290: 7278: 7233: 7173: 7158: 7007: 6956: 6869: 6696: 6189: 5876: 5597: 5410: 5404: 4701: 4155: Umayyad caliphate, 661–750 CE. 3741:was enforced for two years. The tribe of 3530:A few months after the conflict with the 2941: 2841: 1785:, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia 23462: 15693:Muhammad's letters to the heads of state 15063: 14869: 14850: 14634: 14544:Ṣallābī, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2005). 14452: 14412: 14369: 14201: 14074:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004). 14073: 13852: 13332: 13081: 13053: 13022: 12992: 12964: 12702: 12495: 12019: 11835: 11809: 11741: 11450:. Vol. 26. Brill. pp. 234–35. 11357: 11355: 11353: 11290: 11220: 11096: 11067: 11063: 11028: 10953: 10951: 10891: 10836: 10639:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 102–03. 10419: 10395: 10383: 10347: 10287: 10210: 10174: 10126: 10099: 9972:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 9911: 9754: 9694: 9651: 9627: 9603: 9549: 9525: 9513: 9448: 9431: 9336: 9324: 9202: 9152: 9074: 9047: 9035: 9023: 9011: 8963: 8939: 8840: 8764: 8464: 8353: 8341: 8317: 8281: 8269: 8240: 8225: 8138:Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009). 7981: 7951: 7824:(87). Maisonneuve & Larose: 67–124. 7745: 7697: 7685: 7646: 7622: 7598: 7537: 7351: 7302: 7119: 7019: 6983: 6797: 6740: 6708: 6681: 6602: 6565: 6531: 6360: 6116: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5641: 5635: 5573: 5561: 5512: 5348: 5325: 5313: 5111:List of founders of religious traditions 5031:, are directly descended from Muhammad. 4760: 4755: 4632: 4504: 4479:, which according to earliest available 4439: 4260: 4133: 4035:built over Muhammad's tomb in the center 3933: 3886: 3797: 3719: 3567: 3299: 2628: 2169: 2070: 2037:In 605, the Quraysh decided to roof the 2002: 1822: 1658: 1584: 1352: 1252: 1154: 25038:Reflections on the Revolution in France 14913: 14543: 14476: 14431: 14292: 14139: 13938: 13752: 13731: 13709: 13619:The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism 13591: 13356: 13339:The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad 13267: 13249:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 13244: 13150: 13126: 13102: 13077:from the original on 30 September 2015. 13063:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 13060:What everyone needs to know about Islam 13000:What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam 12703:Brockopp, Jonathan E. (19 April 2010). 12656:from the original on 22 September 2015. 12632: 12611: 12587:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z) 12449: 12403:Al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir 12034: 11874: 11633:from the original on 24 September 2015. 11599:from the original on 23 September 2015. 11232: 11208: 11196: 10924: 10826:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10793: 10728: 10687:from the original on 30 September 2015. 10616:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10527: 10371: 10323: 10299: 10275: 10263: 10251: 10222: 10198: 10186: 10162: 10087: 10063: 10051: 10039: 9882:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9846:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9771: 9742: 9675: 9639: 9561: 9537: 9501: 9360: 9312: 9288: 9273: 9183: 9164: 9138:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 9059: 8975: 8951: 8924: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8864: 8828: 8793: 8692: 8640: 8608:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1961 ( 8588: 8428:, p. 30–32, Chapter Three: Hijrah. 8365: 8305: 8144:. 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Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill. 14519: 14393: 14265: 14224:Phipps, William E. (6 October 2016). 14025: 13800: 13776: 13660: 13595:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity 13220: 13157:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13133:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13082:Fontaine, P. F. M. (4 October 2022). 12747: 12723: 12660: 12612:Beeston, A. F. L. (3 November 1983). 12491:from the original on 22 January 2018. 12470: 12358: 12328: 12258:. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. 12253: 12167: 12143: 12140:, Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 11–12. 12064: 11669:from the original on 16 October 2015. 11403:Freek L. 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Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Brill. 15106:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. 15092: 15088:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill. 15074: 15067:Kitab Al-tabaqat Al-kabir - Volume 2 14961:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. 14947: 14789: 14765: 14741: 14717: 14251:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 13924: 13612: 12827: 12474:Islam and the Politics of Secularism 12307: 12278: 11973: 11961: 11568:from the original on 2 January 2017. 11361: 11317: 10881:from the original on 7 October 2010. 10812:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 165. 10783:from the original on 1 January 2016. 10749:from the original on 1 January 2016. 10718:from the original on 1 January 2016. 10704:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 136. 10653:from the original on 1 January 2016. 10455: 10443: 9905: 9877: 9841: 9403:Kitab Al-tabaqat Al-kabir - Volume 2 9239: 9133: 9101: 8697:. 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Muhammad then sent a message to 1842:is believed to be in the month of 1588:Qur'anic revelation begins in the 25: 26228: 25771:The Cartoons that Shook the World 19922:('Before the rising of the Sun') 15612:(Khadija's slave and Adopted son) 15142: 14189:from the original on 14 June 2013 14098:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam 13176:Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 12912:Deming, David (10 January 2014). 12210:from the original on 19 June 2016 11423:from the original on 15 June 2013 11338:from the original on 14 June 2013 11272:from the original on 15 June 2013 11141:from the original on 15 June 2013 11043:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 11007:from the original on 24 June 2017 8158:from the original on 15 June 2013 7366:, p. 32, Chapter One: Mecca. 7236:, p. 31, Chapter One: Mecca. 7176:, p. 30, Chapter One: Mecca. 7010:, p. 20, Chapter One: Mecca. 6872:, p. 18, Chapter One: Mecca. 5806:, pp. 26–27. 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Among Arabic odes to Muhammad, 4405:Following the attestation to the 3369:Upon receiving a report that the 3276:, a wealthy half-Jewish man from 2875:, following his narration of the 2217:Persecution of Muslims by Meccans 1534:His grandfather transfers him to 1119:), found in transmitted reports ( 1062:hostility from Meccan polytheists 136:8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61–62) 26048: 26037: 26028: 26027: 25662:Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time 25118:The Open Society and Its Enemies 23279:The Closing of the American Mind 23199:Civilization and Its Discontents 23179:A Vindication of Natural Society 22044: 22043: 22032: 21553:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 20743:Timeline of the history of Islam 20574: 20089:Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles 18525:(Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) 14891:Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2013). 14870:Williams, Rebecca (2 May 2013). 14379:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. 13203:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 13160:. University of Oklahoma Press. 13136:. 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Every Muslim proclaims in the 4143: Muhammad, 622–632 CE. 4076:), the first two Muslim caliphs 4056:above the tomb was built by the 4013: 3938:The death of Muhammad. From the 2784: 2685:, while the Isra' from Mecca to 2430:. Among those who departed were 2355:The leaders of the Quraysh sent 1884:. He was also known as al-Amin ( 844: 794: 782: 276:Rasul Allah ('Messenger of God') 76:"Muhammad, the Messenger of God" 26212:Characters in the Divine Comedy 23925:Family as a model for the state 21904:List of ex-Muslim organisations 19731:(The Sacred or Forbidden Month) 19136:('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') 18492:Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog 17166:', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') 14772:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 14683:Towghi, Malek Muhammad (1991). 14438:. University Press of Florida. 14245:Powers, David S. (8 May 2014). 13762:. University of Chicago Press. 13366:. University of Chicago Press. 13292:Gordon, Matthew (30 May 2005). 11582:Visual sense: a cultural reader 11550:. In Pedram Khosronejad (ed.). 10877:. Ansariyan Publications, Qom. 10468:Borup, Fibiger & Kühle 2019 7332: 7239: 7191: 7179: 7025: 6785: 6714: 6629: 6620: 6559: 6406:of Ibn Mājah (d. 273/887), the 6354: 6274: 6204:Islam: a worldwide encyclopedia 6195: 6153: 6122: 6028: 5958: 5934:from the original on 5 May 2015 5259: 5246: 5106:List of biographies of Muhammad 4433:itself. Non-Muslims wishing to 4283:pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca 2908:List of expeditions of Muhammad 1427: 1367:, dated within his lifetime in 1129:), are also upheld and used as 26112:7th-century military personnel 25871:Muhammad: The Messenger of God 25275:Separation of church and state 25173:Collectivism and individualism 25128:The Origins of Totalitarianism 19035:Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) 18928:at the time of Abraham and Lot 18392:(People of Sodom and Gomorrah) 18059:(King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) 17551:(Joachim the father of Maryam) 16955: 16942: 15729:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace) 15582:Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 15070:. Pakistan Historical Society. 15049:. Princeton University Press. 14895:. Vol. 1. New York City: 14417:. Cambridge University Press. 14125:. Princeton University Press. 14095:Peters, F. E. (6 April 1994). 13883:Mohammed and the Rise of Islam 13862:. Cambridge University Press. 13810:. W. W. Norton & Company. 13738:. Cambridge University Press. 13715:A History of Islamic Societies 13622:. Cambridge University Press. 13491:. Princeton University Press. 13417:. Cambridge University Press. 13394:The Cambridge History of Islam 13298:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13227:The Life and Times of Muhammad 13206:. Cambridge University Press. 13029:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 12709:. Cambridge University Press. 12618:. Cambridge University Press. 11987:The Cambridge History of Islam 11823:Talk Of Napoleon At St. Helena 11755:The Cambridge History of Islam 11730:The Cambridge History of Islam 11318:Safi, Omid (2 November 2010). 11254:. In Dirk van der Plas (ed.). 9406:. Pakistan Historical Society. 8547:The Cambridge History of Islam 7587:The Cambridge History of Islam 7340:The Cambridge History of Islam 6242:Hoyland, Robert (March 2007). 5991:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5928:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5892:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 5495:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 5229: 5213: 5164: 5131:Muhammad's views on Christians 4614:, leaving a scar on his face. 3913:) manuscript (Edinburgh codex) 3699: 3633:pilgrimage in the coming year. 3526:Incidents with the Banu Fazara 3402:, the Quraysh military leader 3308:", from a 1595 edition of the 3269:) being retained by Muhammad. 2316:clan, known by the Muslims as 1662:Banu Hashim clan boycott ends 1336:criticized by Islamic scholars 78:inscribed on the gates of the 13: 1: 25822:Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet 25757:Seeing Islam as Others Saw It 25743:Muhammad: The "Banned" Images 25696:Latin biographies of Muhammad 25315:Category:Political philosophy 25188:Critique of political economy 23169:Oration on the Dignity of Man 18954: 15570:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 15199:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 14547:The Noble Life of the Prophet 13966:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13441:A History of the Arab Peoples 12667:. University of Texas Press. 12427:Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir 12336:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 12229:C. Brockman, Norbert (2011). 11324:. HarperCollins. p. 32. 11036:"Arabic Presentation Forms-A" 10966:Ordoni (1990), pp. 32, 42–44. 9920:by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, 7659:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7635:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7574:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 6810:Medieval Islamic civilization 6556:. Retrieved 15 February 2017. 6295:10.1017/ccol9780521886079.004 6139:. Darwin Press. p. 132. 6135:Narratives of Islamic Origins 5653:Encyclopaedia of Islam Online 5152: 5096:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 4953:contemporaries for preaching 4573:ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam 4364:, who died at two years old. 4115: 4112:—a ritual visit—to the tomb. 3947: 3604:, not to fight. He then sent 2854:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 2341:Quraysh delegation to Yathrib 2018: 1479: 1438: 1368: 1172: 1147:Historiography of early Islam 1080:, marks the beginning of the 911: 99: 25407:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 25213:Institutional discrimination 25208:History of political thought 23940:Negative and positive rights 23239:The Society of the Spectacle 21889:Apostasy in Islam by country 21756:Liberalism and progressivism 19827:(The Afternoon or the Night) 19725:12 months: Four holy months 19277:('Place-of-Landing Blessed') 18870:(s) or People of the Injil) 18208:Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel 17737:names and titles of Muhammad 17455: 16982:found in the Quran, such as 16076:Articles related to Muhammad 15698:Names and titles of Muhammad 15176: 14462:. New York Review of Books. 14394:Robin, Christian J. (2012). 14080:. Indiana University Press. 13670:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. 12800:Review of Religious Research 12782:. Harvard University Press. 12505:. Univ of California Press. 12456:. Univ of California Press. 12368:. Harvard University Press. 11789:compostio omnium dissidiorum 11446:. In Gulru Necipoglu (ed.). 10957:Nicholas Awde (2000), p. 10. 10729:Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). 10532:. Penerbit UTM. p. 88. 8622:Rodinson (2002), pp. 168–69. 6638:Islam: The Basics (Volume 1) 6035:Bora, Fozia (22 July 2015). 5664: 5270:Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 7. 5224:Muslim conquest of Palestine 5045:Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith 4925: 4246: 4219:) were disaffected from the 4086:Muslims believe awaits Jesus 4027:("the Prophet's mosque") in 3456:Invasion of the Banu Qurayza 3398:With the help of the exiled 3225:Conflicts with Jewish tribes 2752:, Muhammad asked his cousin 2633:Quranic inscriptions on the 2137:; it was not a naturalistic 1777: 1764: 1750: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1692: 1678: 1644: 1630: 1619: 1608: 1558: 1544: 1530: 1516: 1498: 1484: 1452: 1391:Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi 1326: 1311: 1237:Western revisionist theories 1090:marched on the city of Mecca 1044:) is the right way of life ( 990:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 283:Names and titles of Muhammad 243:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 7: 26197:Prophets in the Druze faith 25437:Everybody Draw Mohammed Day 25223:Justification for the state 25008:Two Treatises of Government 19596:(Flood of the Great Dam of 17917:Adam's immediate relatives 15234:Foster brothers and sisters 15064:Sa'd, Muḥammad Ibn (1972). 14914:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 14751:. Oxford University Press. 14727:. Oxford University Press. 14302:. Oxford University Press. 14175:. Oxford University Press. 13838:. Oxford University Press. 13786:. Oxford University Press. 13598:. Oxford University Press. 13516:. Oxford University Press. 13506:Ibn Hisham, ʻAbd al-Malik; 13277:. Oxford University Press. 13109:Muhammad: A Short Biography 12730:A New Introduction to Islam 12685:Religious Diversity in Asia 12308:Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). 11174:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10936:Asma Barlas (2002), p. 125. 9400:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad (1972). 9122:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 8693:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 6726:10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833 6626:Louis Jacobs (1995), p. 272 5377:Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–11 5284:The aforementioned Islamic 5078: 4106: 3983: 3940: 3584:, or direction for prayer ( 3373:were planning an attack on 3196:of the Aws Manat tribe and 3123:Military career of Muhammad 2904:Military career of Muhammad 2892:Beginning of armed conflict 2320:, went to Muhammad's uncle 2160:but an angel visiting him. 2059:Muhammad's first revelation 1457:Timeline of Muhammad's life 1239:about the Quran's origins. 1161:Birmingham Quran manuscript 961:. He is believed to be the 893: 694:Hadith of the pen and paper 10: 26233: 25900:Muhammad: The Final Legacy 25829:Muhammad: The Last Prophet 23893:Bellum omnium contra omnes 21806: 19803:('Remembrance', including 19449:(literally 'The Barrier') 18477:('Companions of the Wood') 18366:Companions of the Elephant 18315:People of the Burnt Garden 18290: 17679:('Companion of the Whale') 17275:('The Trustworthy Spirit') 16051:Mosque with the two Qiblas 15513:Aqaba pledge of allegiance 15080:"Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb" 15004:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 13584:Mahomet and His Successors 12891:Cambridge University Press 12300: 11930:, Routledge (2009), p. 93. 11902:. Harvard UP. p. 48. 11546:Christiane Gruber (2011). 11442:Christiane Gruber (2009). 11409:. Brill. pp. 207–09. 11258:. Brill. pp. 119–24. 10851:Barbara Freyer Stowasser, 7147:Wensinck & Rippen 2002 7084:Wensinck & Jomier 1990 6572:Muhammad: Prophet of Islam 6192:, p. 3, Introduction. 6163:In the Shadow of the Sword 5800:Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami 5501:Hourani & Ruthven 2003 5041:Judaism's view of Muhammad 5038: 5016: 4935: 4929: 4705: 4598: 4398: 4250: 4119: 3891:Anonymous illustration of 3879: 3873: 3787: 3708: 3641: 3561: 3459: 3391: 3293: 3228: 3120: 2901: 2895: 2851: 2845: 2788: 2713: 2622: 2536: 2520:criterion of embarrassment 2407: 2344: 2296:and performing the ritual 2214: 2056: 1442: 1431: 1346: 1301:and to a lesser extent by 1246: 1208:revealed by the archangel 1185: 1144: 1066:sent some of his followers 1020:in the cave and receiving 1002:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim 937:to preach and confirm the 29: 26023: 25991: 25937: 25894: 25887: 25805: 25704: 25565: 25519: 25467: 25427: 25420: 25367: 25310: 25160: 24929: 24577: 24310: 24190: 24109: 24021: 24012: 23878: 23712: 23641: 23470: 23417: 23321: 23309:Intellectuals and Society 23259:The Culture of Narcissism 23150: 22818: 22610: 22559: 22488: 22402: 22395: 22335: 22097: 22027: 21912: 21879: 21819: 21815: 21801: 21728: 21695: 21667:Geography and cartography 21642: 21589: 21585: 21569: 21395: 21317: 21264: 21213: 21209: 21185: 21055: 20879: 20839: 20722: 20674: 20598: 20594: 20583: 20532: 20491: 20419: 20342: 20303: 20252: 20218: 20182: 20155: 20077: 20070:('Mother of the Book(s)') 19985: 19979: 19974: 19940: 19774: 19745: 19714: 19696:(The Sabbath or Saturday) 19674: 19622: 19618: 19571: 19560: 19421: 19310: 19257: 19197: 19042: 18990:, literally 'The Garden') 18960: 18949: 18879:Qissis (Christian priest) 18795: 18731: 18658: 18582: 18413: 18300: 18296: 18285: 18217: 18153: 18084: 18023: 17910: 17906: 17895: 17854: 17805: 17708: 17467: 17463: 17450: 17413: 17370: 17325: 17177: 17108: 17006: 16999: 16995: 16961: 16950: 16937: 16929:People and things in the 16873: 16709: 16700: 16691: 16682: 16673: 16664: 16655: 16646: 16639: 16635: 16445: 16436: 16427: 16418: 16409: 16400: 16391: 16382: 16373: 16366: 16362: 16195: 16186: 16177: 16168: 16159: 16150: 16141: 16132: 16125: 16121: 16081: 16028: 15977: 15926: 15919: 15888: 15861: 15838:Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah 15822: 15760: 15753: 15716: 15645: 15526: 15518:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 15473: 15445: 15400: 15391:Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi 15381:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 15346: 15337: 15264: 15241:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 15233: 15212: 15191: 15184: 14899:. pp. vii–xi, 3–26. 14842:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14695:Waqidi, Muḥammad ibn Umar 14353:New York University Press 14230:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13184:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 13112:. Oneworld Publications. 12866:10.1017/S0041977X00049016 12350:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12254:Hitti, Philip K. (1928). 12233:. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. 12128:, Encyclopaedia of Islam. 10945:Armstrong (1992), p. 157. 10857:Encyclopedia of the Quran 10592:Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Adil; 8722:. Routledge. p. 79. 8585:Glubb (2002), pp. 179–86. 8214:Encyclopedia of the Quran 8197:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6670:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6503:10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 6457:10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 6166:. Doubleday. p. 42. 5532:Encyclopedia of the Quran 5012: 4595:Appearance and depictions 4456: 4389: 4338:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 4297:, as wife or concubine). 4188:, or "Wars of Apostasy". 4031:, Saudi Arabia, with the 3365:Raid on the Banu Mustaliq 3118: 2955: 2539:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 2386:Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 1789: 1655: 1581: 1462: 1455: 1342: 451: 424: 398: 351: 327: 318: 291: 269: 258: 235: 222: 209: 152: 125: 95: 90: 69: 56: 49: 40:Muhammad (disambiguation) 26207:The Fourteen Infallibles 26117:7th-century Asian people 25792:The Truth About Muhammad 25098:The Revolt of the Masses 23299:The Malaise of Modernity 23249:The History of Sexuality 22348:Catholic social teaching 21986:Islamic view of miracles 18926:Mesopotamian polytheists 18874:Ruhban (Christian monks) 18748:(People of the Verandah) 18625:People of Sabaʾ or Sheba 18428:(literally 'The Romans') 18348:Companions of Noah's Ark 18265:Rahmah the wife of Ayyub 18194:(Korah, cousin of Moses) 18114:Magicians of the Pharaoh 18016:(Muhammad's adopted son) 17308:(Angel of Death, Azrael) 17092:(fish or whale) of Jonah 15879:Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya 15564:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib 15252:Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith 15002:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 14529:. Taylor & Francis. 14413:Robinson, David (2004). 14207:Muhammad, Prophet of God 13939:Muranyi, Miklos (1998). 13732:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). 12971:Islam: The Straight Path 12881:Curtis, Michael (2009). 12664:Islam: Origin and Belief 12661:Bogle, Emory C. (1998). 11952:Watt, Bell (1995) p. 18. 11875:Carlyle, Thomas (1841). 11513:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11480:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11250:Kees Wagtendonk (1987). 10903:Bullough (1998), p. 119. 10602:. ISCA. pp. 65–66. 9944:Rodinson (2002), p. 261. 8536:Rodinson (2002), p. 164. 8093:Watt, William Montgomery 6491:"Western Hadith Studies" 5983:Watt, William Montgomery 5157: 5136:Muhammad's views on Jews 4993:, or portrayed him as a 4878:'s nation builder (...) 4799:Henri de Boulainvilliers 4579:) or the English phrase 4084:, and an empty one that 4070:Suleiman the Magnificent 3929: 3462:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 3231:Muhammad's views on Jews 1861:, someone who professed 1838:about the year 570, and 1357:Early manuscript of the 1181: 1123:) and in his biography ( 441:('Seal of the Prophets') 57: 26097:7th-century Arab people 26092:6th-century Arab people 25914:Islam: The Untold Story 25078:The Communist Manifesto 24004:Tyranny of the majority 23915:Consent of the governed 23379:Philosophy of education 21741:Creationism (evolution) 20409:Forbidden fruit of Adam 19879:('Decline of the Sun') 19767:(The Lesser Pilgrimage) 19497:Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn 18922:at the time of Muhammad 18896:Ahbār (Jewish scholars) 18353:Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm 18249:the companion of Joshua 17083:(female ant) of Solomon 15724:Possessions of Muhammad 15688:Family tree of Muhammad 15554:(son-in-law and cousin) 15329:Maymunah bint al-Harith 15225:Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb 14917:The Historical Muhammad 14598:. Courier Corporation. 14276:Oxford University Press 13835:Antisemitism: A History 13358:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 13230:. Cooper Square Press. 13006:Oxford University Press 12976:Oxford University Press 12759:Oxford University Press 12584:, eds. (27 June 2002). 10806:Clark, Malcolm (2011). 8695:The Historical Muhammad 6554:Encyclopedia Britannica 6549:9 February 2017 at the 6338:Oxford University Press 5273:Rodinson (2002), p. 71. 5256:cited in EoI; Muhammad. 5141:Possessions of Muhammad 5116:List of notable Hijazis 4959:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4907:William Montgomery Watt 4905:Recent writers such as 4714:William Montgomery Watt 4302:Khadijah bint Khuwaylid 4285:(from 570 to 622), and 4221:Eastern Orthodox Church 4006: 2681:, 18 months before the 2274:him to perform miracles 2053:Beginnings of the Quran 1938:Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb 1449:Family tree of Muhammad 1290:Life of God's Messenger 1257:An early manuscript of 1151:Historicity of Muhammad 965:within Islam, with the 904:'praiseworthy' 503:After Conquest of Mecca 310:Family tree of Muhammad 303:('Family of the House') 25843:Islam: Empire of Faith 23955: 23905:Clash of civilizations 23891: 22318: 22272: 22258: 22001:Persecution of Muslims 21899:List of former Muslims 20748:Succession to Muhammad 20021:(Scroll(s) of Abraham) 20013:(The Book of Muhammad) 19523:Cave of Seven Sleepers 19346:, literally 'Place of 19234:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 18610:Companions of the Rass 18511:Companions of Muhammad 18357:Companions of the Cave 17292:Angel of the Trumpet ( 15708:Muhammad and the Bible 15683:Tala' al Badru 'Alayna 15594:Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas 15376:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 15361:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 15274:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 15133:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15118:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15103:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15085:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14977:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14958:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14941:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14799:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14432:Rodgers, Russ (2012). 14371:Reynolds, Gabriel Said 14167:Peters, Francis Edward 14141:Peters, Francis Edward 14117:Peters, Francis Edward 14056:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13910:. Simon and Schuster. 13459:Howard-Johnston, James 11848:Younos, Farid (2010). 11717:Encyclopedia of Ethics 11085:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10594:Kabbani, Shaykh Hisham 10580:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10240:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9262:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8718:Faizer, Rizwi (2010). 8667:Maulana Muhammad Ali, 6636:Turner, Colin (2005). 6202:Çakmak, Cenap (2017). 5172:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah 5121:Muhammad and the Bible 4942:Criticism of the Quran 4838:published in 1787 his 4782: 4702:Islamic social reforms 4646: 4623:depictions of Muhammad 4610:. The wound was later 4601:Depictions of Muhammad 4537: 4460: 4350:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 4334:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 4278: 4239:, and established the 4157: 4130:Early Muslim conquests 4122:Succession to Muhammad 4001: 3954: 3914: 3803: 3733: 3589: 3564:Treaty of al-Hudaybiya 3480:preceding Meccan siege 3442:accusation of adultery 3318: 3168: 2860:Constitution of Medina 2848:Constitution of Medina 2842:Constitution of Medina 2732:second pledge of Aqaba 2642: 2566:Muhammad then went to 2504:incident was reported 2410:Migration to Abyssinia 2334: 2183: 2084: 2033: 2009:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1993:Fakhita bint Abi Talib 1921:viceroy in the former 1831: 1395:Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai 1374: 1320:of Waqidi's secretary 1269: 1218:Muslim victory at Badr 1178: 1086:Constitution of Medina 689:Companions of Muhammad 527:Milestones and records 38:. For other uses, see 26192:Prophets of the Quran 26167:Founders of religions 26162:Entering heaven alive 26157:7th-century diplomats 26107:7th-century merchants 25620:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 25598:Shama'il Muhammadiyah 23920:Divine right of kings 23384:Philosophy of history 23374:Philosophy of culture 23269:A Conflict of Visions 21785:Conversion to mosques 21652:Alchemy and chemistry 20262:(literally 'lamps'): 20175:statue) of Israelites 20108:(Casket of Shekhinah) 19610:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 19457:(Black Stone) & 19237:('The Blessed Place') 18705:Daughters of Muhammad 18695:Household of Muhammad 18671:Household of Abraham 18519:(literally 'Helpers') 17974:Disciples (including 17634:the son of Zechariah) 17223:(Honourable Scribes) 17211:Bearers of the Throne 16115:Prophets in the Quran 15653:Muhammad in the Quran 15460:Splitting of the Moon 15319:Ramla bint Abi Sufyan 14499:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 13990:. Lutterworth Press. 13878:Margoliouth, David S. 13802:Lewis, David Levering 13689:(24 September 2018). 13687:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 13667:The Religion of Islám 13536:Gassick, Dr Trevor Le 13483:Humphreys, R. Stephen 13222:Glubb, Sir John Bagot 12639:In search of Muhammad 12279:Dana, Nissim (2008). 12050:Buhl & Welch 1993 11899:The Lives of Muhammad 11585:. Berg. p. 344. 11025:Farah (1994), p. 135. 10698:Weston, Mark (2008). 10673:. Brill. p. 22. 10492:Buhl & Welch 1993 10314:, p. 344–5, 359. 9931:referencing Sirah by 9896:Lings (1987), p. 292. 9865:Lings (1987), p. 291. 9219:Muhammad and the Jews 8750:Buhl & Welch 1993 8414:Buhl & Welch 1993 8180:Buhl & Welch 1993 7801:Buhl & Welch 1993 7478:Buhl & Welch 1993 7291:Buhl & Welch 1993 7254:, 154, in Guillaume, 7206:, 153, in Guillaume, 6957:Buhl & Welch 1993 6697:Buhl & Welch 1993 6534:, pp. xi, 19–20. 6160:Holland, Tom (2012). 6062:Lumbard, Joseph E. B. 5877:Buhl & Welch 1993 5188:Last Prophet of Islam 5086:Ashtiname of Muhammad 5055:Manifestations of God 4947:Criticism of Muhammad 4932:Criticism of Muhammad 4826:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4764: 4756:European appreciation 4694:. Reproduced through 4636: 4508: 4477:splitting of the Moon 4443: 4360:bore him a son named 4309:, a Muslim widow, or 4264: 4251:Further information: 4137: 4120:Further information: 3991: 3937: 3901:, depicting Muhammad 3890: 3827:and two of his sons, 3801: 3723: 3694:Zaynab bint al-Harith 3571: 3482:, the Quraysh leader 3466:On the exact day the 3303: 3229:Further information: 3145: 3121:Further information: 2852:Further information: 2706:Migration to Medina ( 2632: 2330: 2173: 2143:transcendent presence 2074: 2006: 1846:. He belonged to the 1826: 1783:event of Ghadir Khumm 1781:Farewell pilgrimage, 1756:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 1520:Death of his mother, 1488:Death of his father, 1356: 1279:The earliest written 1265:l-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah 1256: 1229:Birmingham manuscript 1225:Muhammad's companions 1188:Muhammad in the Quran 1158: 589:Splitting of the Moon 186:24.46750°N 39.61139°E 25964:Cartoon Wars Part II 25907:The Life of Muhammad 25850:Innocence of Muslims 25648:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 25612:Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya 25536:2020 stabbing attack 25501:Akkari-Laban dossier 25068:Democracy in America 24447:political philosophy 24430:political philosophy 24245:political philosophy 24074:political philosophy 23984:Separation of powers 23945:Night-watchman state 23930:Monopoly on violence 23464:Political philosophy 23389:Political philosophy 23189:Democracy in America 21511:Ma malakat aymanukum 21086:Association football 20985:Moderate Kharijites 20042:(Scroll(s) of Moses) 19920:Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams 19637:('the Confederates') 19625:military expeditions 19400:The Prophet's Mosque 19358:('The Sacred Grove') 19154:(Station of Abraham) 18969:Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah 18645:('Companions of the 18444:(Sodom and Gomorrah) 18436:(Children of Israel) 18131:Moses' sister-in-law 18110:, who adopted Moses) 18053:, Qatafir or Qittin) 18032:Brothers (including 17778:He who spoke to God) 17101:(she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ 17073:sleepers of the cave 17041:) of the Abyssinians 15852:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 15558:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib 15428:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 15371:Zainab bint Muhammad 15366:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 15309:Jawairia bint Harith 15294:Zaynab bint Khuzayma 14855:. George Braziller. 14668:. Prometheus Books. 14614:Spellberg, Denise A. 14526:The Life of Muhammad 14501:, ed. (3 May 2018). 14169:(10 November 2010). 14053:(19 December 2013). 13942:The Life of Muhammad 13826:Lindemann, Albert S. 13783:The Arabs in History 13538:(1 September 2000). 13200:(27 February 1997). 13180:Donzel, Emeri J. van 12933:Dibble, Roy (1926). 12749:Brown, Jonathan A.C. 11998:Lewis (1993), p. 45. 11767:Warraq, Ibn (2007). 11700:8 April 2010 at the 11647:Ali Boozari (2010). 11611:D. Fairchild Ruggles 11321:Memories of Muhammad 10853:Wives of the Prophet 9935:, vol. II, page 409. 9376:The Life of Muhammad 8669:Muhammad The Prophet 8631:Lewis (2002), p. 44. 8594:Lewis (2002), p. 41. 8105:. pp. 116–117. 8082:(London, 1955), 193. 8080:The Life of Muhammad 6666:Names of the Prophet 6664:Jean-Louis Déclais, 6362:Jonathan, A.C. Brown 5920:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5739:, pp. 38, 41–3. 4971:Seal of the Prophets 4362:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 4342:Zainab bint Muhammad 4287:post-hijra in Medina 4182:Eastern Roman Empire 3739:truce of Hudaybiyyah 3673:Muhammad ibn Maslama 3558:Treaty of Hudaybiyya 3500:Battle of the Trench 3394:Battle of the Trench 3388:Battle of the Trench 3040:1st Daumat al-Jandal 2555:, who succeeded the 2457:before the event of 2125:spirit of revelation 2063:History of the Quran 1911:Year of the Elephant 1741:Battle of the Trench 1651:clan boycott begins 1387:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 1322:Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi 1141:Biographical sources 1058:Muhammad's followers 1022:his first revelation 988:. He was the son of 963:Seal of the Prophets 907:[mʊˈħæm.mæd] 801:Biography portal 230:Children of Muhammad 26127:Angelic visionaries 25957:Cartoon Wars Part I 25778:The Jewel of Medina 25627:Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra 25432:Lars Vilks drawings 25258:Right-wing politics 25138:A Theory of Justice 25108:The Road to Serfdom 25028:The Social Contract 23735:Christian democracy 23229:One-Dimensional Man 19661:Expedition of Tabuk 19605:Farewell Pilgrimage 19355:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19274:Munzalanm-Mubārakan 19093:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19068:Iram of the Pillars 18371:People of al-Ukhdūd 18323:(Companions of the 17782:Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh 17049:Domesticated donkey 17019:(cow) of Israelites 16041:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 15600:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 15491:Farewell Pilgrimage 15324:Safiyya bint Huyayy 15094:Watt, W. Montgomery 15076:Watt, W. Montgomery 14767:Watt, W. Montgomery 14743:Watt, W. Montgomery 14737:. ASIN: B000IUA52A. 14719:Watt, W. Montgomery 14636:Stillman, Norman A. 14320:(15 October 2015). 14161:. ASIN: B0012385Z6. 14051:Netton, Ian Richard 13832:(28 October 2010). 13804:(12 January 2009). 13508:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad 13336:(4 February 2014). 13326:Kopelman Foundation 13322:Jewish Encyclopedia 13154:(22 October 2014). 13152:Gabriel, Richard A. 13128:Gabriel, Richard A. 12850:Conrad, Lawrence I. 12727:(17 October 2003). 12578:Bosworth, C. Edmund 12499:(25 October 2022). 12497:Arjomand, Said Amir 12052:, pp. 360–376. 11826:(1903), pp. 279–80. 11308:, pp. 159–161. 11172:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 10976:Bearman et al. 2002 9880:, pp. 274–275. 9434:, pp. 211–212. 9136:, pp. 170–172. 8855:, Vol. 5, no. 4037. 8527:, pp. 112–114. 8330:Schacht et al. 1998 7061:on 3 December 2004. 6617:, pp. 286–287. 5029:Yusuf Abu al-Haggag 5007:ownership of slaves 4963:Biblical narratives 4822:Essai sur les mœurs 4617:However, since the 4561:Muhammad's birthday 4271:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 4162:Umar ibn al-Khattab 4093:Saud bin Abdul-Aziz 4046:al-Masjid an-Nabawi 4025:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 3907:Farewell Pilgrimage 3876:Farewell Pilgrimage 3870:Farewell pilgrimage 3794:Expedition of Tabuk 3677:Safiyya bint Huyayy 3638:Invasion of Khaybar 3214:Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy 3139:Masjid al-Qiblatayn 2611:, the chief of the 2361:Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt 2211:Opposition in Mecca 1932:Muhammad's father, 1383:Muhammad al-Bukhari 1249:Prophetic biography 1094:Farewell Pilgrimage 933:, he was a prophet 745:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 510:Farewell Pilgrimage 445:خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين 181: / 25950:Super Best Friends 25690:Muhammad at Medina 25443:The Satanic Verses 25380:Aniconism in Islam 25270:Political violence 25265:Political theology 25248:Left-wing politics 25243:Political spectrum 23349:Cultural pessimism 23344:Cultural criticism 22243:National character 22006:Quran and miracles 21920:Criticism of Islam 21624:Geometric patterns 21476:Gender segregation 21047:Non-denominational 20116:Trumpet of Israfil 19862:('The Late-Night') 19729:Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām 19475:(Cave of the Bull) 19460:Al-Hijr of Isma'il 19372:Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām 19064:Iram dhāt al-ʿImād 19049:(excluding Madyan) 18972:('The Holy Land') 18920:Meccan polytheists 18858:People of the Book 18716:Household of Salih 18691:Household of Moses 18639:(people of Ṣāliḥ) 18340:Disciples of Jesus 18312:People of Paradise 18104:Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim 17993:People of Solomon 17953:People of Abraham 17933:Believer of Ya-Sin 17901:People of Prophets 17599:(Jethro, Reuel or 17406:('Rebellious one') 17130:Beast of the Earth 16000:Mina, Saudi Arabia 15906:Dala'il al-Khayrat 15605:Waraqah ibn Nawfal 15433:Umamah bint Zainab 15356:Qasim ibn Muhammad 14748:Muhammad at Medina 14347:Muhammad in Europe 14318:Rāshid, Maʿmar ibn 14278:. pp. 17–54. 13984:(1 January 2018). 13685:Kloppenborg, Ria; 13579:Irving, Washington 13386:Lambton, Ann K. S. 13269:Goldman, Elizabeth 12526:. Harper Collins. 12405:(9 January 1997). 12168:Smith, P. (1999). 11896:Kecia Ali (2014). 11379:on 2 February 2012 11001:"Slavery in Islam" 10990:, p. 100-101. 10927:, pp. 168–69. 10554:"Prophet's Mosque" 9927:2 May 2012 at the 8078:, trans. and ed., 8066:Muhammad ibn Ishaq 7870:, p. 107–112. 7516:, p. 120-121. 6340:. pp. 33–34. 6333:Islam and the West 5985:(4 January 2024). 5775:Howarth, Stephen. 5449:, pp. 170–173 5363:, Vol. 5, no. 4037 5210:, and many others. 5146:Relics of Muhammad 4938:Criticism of Islam 4844:Napoleon Bonaparte 4783: 4658:Persian miniatures 4647: 4538: 4524:; Muhammad is the 4499:as-salamu 'alaykum 4461: 4354:Qasim ibn Muhammad 4307:Sawdah bint Zam'ah 4279: 4241:Rashidun Caliphate 4201:Roman–Persian Wars 4158: 3955: 3915: 3804: 3734: 3669:Kenana ibn al-Rabi 3590: 3409:Salman the Persian 3380:coitus interruptus 3335:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3319: 3290:Meccan retaliation 3274:Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf 3256:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3171:— Quran (22:39–40) 3080:3rd Wadi al-Qurra' 2791:Muhammad in Medina 2643: 2422:to the Abyssinian 2357:Nadr ibn al-Harith 2261:("purification"). 2245:, and almsgiving ( 2227:lower social class 2203:, and adopted son 2184: 2085: 2034: 1867:pre-Islamic Arabia 1832: 1548:Meets and marries 1375: 1270: 1179: 1159:Two folios of the 1102:converted to Islam 647:Medieval Christian 439:Khātam al-Nabiyyīn 191:24.46750; 39.61139 26187:People from Mecca 26152:Arab slave owners 26069: 26068: 26063: 26062: 25987: 25986: 25801: 25800: 25683:Muhammad at Mecca 25591:Sirah Rasul Allah 25561: 25560: 25375:Muhammad in Islam 25323: 25322: 25233:Philosophy of law 25178:Conflict theories 25018:The Spirit of Law 24925: 24924: 23974:Original position 23430: 23429: 23146: 23145: 22291:Spontaneous order 22281:Social alienation 22130:Cultural heritage 22091:Social philosophy 22057: 22056: 22023: 22022: 22019: 22018: 21991:Domestic violence 21981:Islamic terrorism 21976:Islamic extremism 21797: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21565: 21564: 21561: 21560: 21351:Marriage contract 21181: 21180: 21141:Political aspects 20870:Story of Prophets 20639:Prophets of Islam 20542: 20541: 20528: 20527: 20501:(Water or fluid) 20487: 20486: 20474:Sidrat al-Muntahā 20318:(Garlic or wheat) 20248: 20247: 20244: 20243: 19970: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19912:('The Afternoon') 19903:('The Afternoon') 19833:('The Mornings') 19666:Conquest of Mecca 19651:Battle of Khaybar 19587:Event of Mubahala 19583:(Night of Decree) 19556: 19555: 19511:Bilād ar-Rāfidayn 19454:Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad 19417: 19416: 19409:Salat (Synagogue) 19362:Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā 19213:Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan 19046:Arabian Peninsula 19021:Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn 18945: 18944: 18941: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18727: 18726: 18723: 18722: 18675:Brothers of Yūsuf 18546:Children of Ayyub 18539:Wife of Abu Lahab 18497:People of Fir'aun 18488:(People of Jonah) 18462:People of Shuaib 18448:People of Ibrahim 18381:People of Yathrib 18281: 18280: 18277: 18276: 18256:Nebuchadnezzar II 18149: 18148: 17891: 17890: 17887: 17886: 17850: 17849: 17719:and Strong Will') 17446: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17321: 17320: 17261:(Gabriel, chief) 17173: 17172: 16896: 16895: 16869: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16631: 16630: 16626: 16625: 16358: 16357: 16353: 16352: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16063: 15915: 15914: 15785:Sunan al-Tirmidhi 15616:Hassan ibn Thabit 15610:Zayd ibn Harithah 15441: 15440: 15314:Maria al-Qibtiyya 15304:Zaynab bint Jahsh 15260: 15259: 15056:978-0-691-22682-8 15032:978-9960-9919-0-0 15013:978-975-389-402-9 14987:978-90-04-09419-2 14906:978-0-7146-3142-4 14883:978-1-135-94085-0 14862:978-0-8076-0165-5 14838:cite encyclopedia 14809:978-90-04-08114-7 14758:978-0-19-577307-1 14734:978-0-19-577277-7 14724:Muhammad at Mecca 14710:978-0-415-57434-1 14675:978-1-61592-243-7 14662:(29 April 2011). 14651:978-0-8276-0198-7 14627:978-0-231-07999-0 14605:978-0-486-42502-3 14578:978-90-04-08118-5 14557:978-9960-9678-9-9 14536:978-1-351-88676-5 14523:(19 April 2022). 14512:978-1-4426-3673-6 14490:978-90-474-4195-3 14469:978-1-68137-493-2 14445:978-0-8130-3766-0 14424:978-0-521-82627-3 14405:978-0-19-533693-1 14386:978-1-5064-7388-8 14333:978-1-4798-0047-6 14309:978-0-19-530880-8 14285:978-0-19-532563-8 14274:. New York City: 14258:978-0-8122-0995-2 14237:978-1-4742-8935-1 14216:978-0-8028-0754-0 14182:978-0-19-974746-7 14132:978-0-691-11553-5 14108:978-1-4384-1597-0 14087:978-0-253-11074-9 14066:978-1-135-17960-1 14042:978-3-11-067498-9 14018:978-0-19-161399-9 13997:978-0-7188-9522-8 13973:978-0-313-36026-8 13952:978-0-86078-703-7 13917:978-1-4391-2941-8 13893:978-1-61640-503-8 13869:978-0-521-64696-3 13854:Madelung, Wilferd 13845:978-0-19-923503-2 13817:978-0-393-06790-3 13793:978-0-19-280310-8 13769:978-0-226-47107-5 13756:(15 March 2012). 13745:978-0-521-51441-5 13724:978-0-521-77933-3 13702:978-90-04-37888-9 13677:978-90-90-00408-2 13653:978-1-000-58502-5 13629:978-1-108-78765-9 13605:978-0-19-027753-6 13570:978-1-85964-040-1 13549:978-1-85964-142-2 13523:978-0-19-636034-8 13498:978-0-691-00856-1 13474:978-0-19-157608-9 13450:978-0-674-01017-8 13424:978-0-521-29135-4 13403:978-0-521-29135-4 13373:978-0-226-34686-1 13349:978-1-59463-230-3 13314:Gottheil, Richard 13305:978-0-313-32522-9 13295:The Rise of Islam 13284:978-0-19-508240-1 13260:978-1-56663-340-6 13237:978-0-8154-1176-5 13213:978-0-521-59984-9 13167:978-0-8061-8250-6 13143:978-0-8061-3860-2 13119:978-1-85168-131-0 13106:(24 April 1997). 13095:978-90-04-50234-5 13070:978-0-19-979413-3 13039:978-0-19-512558-0 13015:978-0-19-515713-0 12985:978-0-19-511234-4 12957:978-1-4744-2318-2 12925:978-0-7864-5642-0 12904:978-0-521-76725-5 12889:. New York City: 12841:978-0-8264-4964-1 12834:. A&C Black. 12789:978-0-674-73636-8 12768:978-0-19-955928-2 12740:978-0-631-21604-9 12716:978-1-139-82838-3 12695:978-90-04-41581-2 12674:978-0-292-70862-4 12649:978-0-304-70401-9 12625:978-0-521-24015-4 12597:978-90-04-12756-2 12582:Donzel, E. J. van 12574:Bianquis, Thierry 12533:978-0-06-115577-2 12512:978-0-520-38759-1 12484:978-1-136-48984-6 12463:978-0-520-97452-4 12442:978-0-88706-707-5 12429:(1 August 1987). 12418:978-0-7914-3150-4 12394:978-9960-717-31-9 12375:978-0-674-04742-6 12362:(24 April 2017). 12346:cite encyclopedia 12321:978-1-930409-11-8 12290:978-1-903900-36-9 12265:978-1-4655-4662-3 12240:978-1-59884-655-3 12204:bahai-library.com 12185:978-1-85168-184-6 11909:978-0-674-74448-6 11861:978-1-4918-2344-6 11782:978-1-61592-020-4 11662:978-0-253-35361-0 11626:978-1-4051-5401-7 11592:978-1-84520-741-0 11561:978-1-84885-168-9 11532:978-0-8122-4237-9 11499:978-0-8122-4237-9 11457:978-90-04-17589-1 11416:978-90-04-16861-9 11331:978-0-06-123135-3 11293:, pp. 14–15. 11265:978-90-04-08655-5 11252:"Images in Islam" 11134:978-0-253-22206-0 10839:, pp. 35–36. 10819:978-1-118-05396-6 10809:Islam For Dummies 10796:, p. 182–83. 10776:978-0-8078-5577-5 10742:978-0-275-98734-3 10711:978-0-470-18257-4 10680:978-90-04-14442-2 10646:978-0-470-18257-4 10609:978-1-930409-18-7 10539:978-983-52-0373-2 9979:978-0-19-636033-1 9964:Guillaume, Alfred 9757:, p. 139–40. 9386:978-0-19-636034-8 9208:Ahmad, pp. 85–94. 9104:, pp. 36–37. 8729:978-1-136-92113-1 8704:978-0-7456-5488-1 8216:, vol.1, p.176–7. 8151:978-0-19-530991-1 8112:978-1-4384-2340-1 8071:Sirat Rasul Allah 7420:, pp. 37–39. 7251:Sirat Rasul Allah 7203:Sirat Rasul Allah 7022:, p. 50, 55. 6820:978-0-415-96690-0 6582:978-1-86064-827-4 6512:978-1-118-63851-4 6466:978-1-118-63851-4 6381:978-90-04-15839-9 6304:978-0-521-88607-9 6173:978-0-7481-1951-6 6068:. Huffington Post 5909:, pp. 31–32. 5812:978-1-872531-65-6 5785:978-0-8264-8034-7 5334:, pp. 109–10 5286:histories recount 5101:Glossary of Islam 5049:Followers of the 4836:Emmanuel Pastoret 4791:Gottfried Leibniz 4767:La vie de Mahomet 4643:Jammu and Kashmir 4582:peace be upon him 4401:Muhammad in Islam 4395:Islamic tradition 4384:Zaynab bint Jahsh 4378:at the market in 4358:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4295:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4291:Rayhana bint Zayd 4235:, large parts of 4062:Al Mansur Qalawun 3903:prohibiting Nasī' 3728:, a 16th-century 3711:Conquest of Mecca 3705:Conquest of Mecca 3644:Battle of Khaybar 3540:Zayd ibn Harithah 3489:Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud 3444:was made against 3344:polygyny in Islam 3130: 3129: 2597:Akhnas ibn Shariq 2578:Utbah ibn Rabi'ah 2394:Alexander Romance 2197:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2182:visiting Muhammad 2154:Waraqa ibn Nawfal 2117:jump to his death 1968:. Another uncle, 1923:Himyarite kingdom 1821: 1820: 1769:Conquest of Mecca 1703:(called Yathrib) 1434:Muhammad in Mecca 1243:Early biographies 1233:radiocarbon dated 1107:The revelations ( 1098:Arabian Peninsula 1052:prophets in Islam 935:divinely inspired 903: 891: 837: 836: 455: 454: 434: 408: 361: 337: 217:Wives of Muhammad 36:Muhammad in Islam 16:(Redirected from 26224: 26142:Arab politicians 26055:Islam portal 26053: 26052: 26051: 26041: 26040: 26031: 26030: 25892: 25891: 25570: 25569: 25425: 25424: 25350: 25343: 25336: 25327: 25326: 25238:Political ethics 25228:Machiavellianism 25168:Authoritarianism 25153: 25143: 25133: 25123: 25113: 25103: 25093: 25083: 25073: 25063: 25053: 25043: 25033: 25023: 25013: 25003: 24993: 24983: 24973: 24963: 24953: 24943: 24019: 24018: 23960: 23896: 23886:Balance of power 23860:Social democracy 23855:Social Darwinism 23830:Multiculturalism 23775:Environmentalism 23750:Communitarianism 23457: 23450: 23443: 23434: 23433: 23394:Social criticism 23314: 23304: 23294: 23284: 23274: 23264: 23254: 23244: 23234: 23224: 23214: 23204: 23194: 23184: 23174: 23164: 22400: 22399: 22382:Frankfurt School 22360:Communitarianism 22323: 22277: 22263: 22084: 22077: 22070: 22061: 22060: 22047: 22046: 22039:Islam portal 22037: 22036: 22035: 21817: 21816: 21809: 21803: 21802: 21644:Medieval science 21587: 21586: 21577: 21571: 21570: 21228:Economic history 21211: 21210: 21187: 21186: 21173:Islam by country 20958:Bektashi Alevism 20596: 20595: 20587:Outline of Islam 20569: 20562: 20555: 20546: 20545: 20428:Plants of Sheba 20340: 20339: 20183:Of Noah's people 20153: 20152: 20121: 20120: 20112:Throne of Bilqis 20105:Tābūt as-Sakīnah 20046:Tablets of Stone 19976: 19975: 19959:First Pilgrimage 19775:Times for prayer 19718:Islamic calendar 19646:Battle of Hunayn 19620: 19619: 19562: 19561: 19501:Bayt al-Muqaddas 19040: 19039: 18951: 18950: 18710:Muhammad's wives 18685:Progeny of Imran 18567:Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj 18469:People of Madyan 18411: 18410: 18400: 18399: 18298: 18297: 18287: 18286: 18021: 18020: 17987:Zechariah's wife 17971:People of Jesus 17960:Ishmael's mother 17908: 17907: 17897: 17896: 17706: 17705: 17647:Isrāʾīl (Israel) 17632:John the Baptist 17465: 17464: 17452: 17451: 17245: 17244: 17239:Munkar and Nakir 17004: 17003: 16997: 16996: 16952: 16951: 16939: 16938: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16900: 16899: 16885:Islamic prophets 16883:to mankind. The 16714: 16713: 16712: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16642: 16641: 16637: 16636: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16414: 16413: 16412: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16378: 16377: 16376: 16369: 16368: 16364: 16363: 16200: 16199: 16198: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16182: 16181: 16180: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16155: 16154: 16153: 16146: 16145: 16144: 16137: 16136: 16135: 16128: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16108: 16101: 16094: 16085: 16084: 16072: 16071: 15924: 15923: 15899:Durod e Ibrahimi 15831:Sirat Ibn Hisham 15771:Sahih al-Bukhari 15758: 15757: 15745:Seal of Muhammad 15344: 15343: 15279:Sawda bint Zamʿa 15189: 15188: 15171: 15164: 15157: 15148: 15147: 15137: 15122: 15107: 15089: 15071: 15060: 15043:(9 March 2021). 15036: 15017: 14991: 14962: 14935: 14910: 14887: 14866: 14847: 14841: 14833: 14826:John L. Esposito 14818:Welch, Alford T. 14813: 14786: 14762: 14738: 14714: 14690: 14679: 14655: 14631: 14609: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14561: 14540: 14516: 14494: 14473: 14456:(2 March 2021). 14454:Rodinson, Maxime 14449: 14428: 14409: 14390: 14373:(7 March 2023). 14366: 14355:. pp. 6–7. 14337: 14313: 14289: 14273: 14262: 14241: 14220: 14203:Peterson, Daniel 14198: 14196: 14194: 14162: 14150: 14136: 14112: 14091: 14070: 14046: 14022: 14001: 13977: 13956: 13935: 13921: 13904:(19 July 2011). 13897: 13873: 13849: 13830:Levy, Richard S. 13821: 13797: 13773: 13749: 13728: 13706: 13681: 13657: 13633: 13609: 13588: 13587:. P. F. Collier. 13574: 13553: 13527: 13502: 13478: 13461:(10 June 2010). 13454: 13428: 13407: 13377: 13353: 13334:Hazleton, Lesley 13329: 13309: 13288: 13264: 13252: 13241: 13217: 13193: 13178:; Lewis, Brian; 13171: 13147: 13123: 13099: 13078: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13019: 13003: 12989: 12974:(3rd ed.). 12961: 12940: 12929: 12908: 12888: 12877: 12845: 12831:Six World Faiths 12824: 12793: 12772: 12744: 12725:Brown, Daniel W. 12720: 12699: 12678: 12657: 12634:Bennett, Clinton 12629: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12565: 12542:Armstrong, Karen 12537: 12516: 12492: 12467: 12446: 12422: 12398: 12379: 12355: 12349: 12341: 12325: 12295: 12294: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12157:. 11 March 2023. 12147: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12122: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12098: 12092: 12086: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12053: 12047: 12038: 12032: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11990: 11983: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11959: 11953: 11950: 11944: 11941:Common Knowledge 11937: 11931: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11819: 11813: 11812:, p. 240–2. 11807: 11794: 11793: 11773:Prometheus Books 11764: 11758: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11726: 11720: 11710: 11704: 11691: 11680: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11644: 11635: 11634: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11520: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11487: 11477: 11466: 11465: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11400: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11375:. Archived from 11359: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11247: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11185: 11179: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11087:. Vol. 7, p. 295 11077: 11071: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11040: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10946: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10904: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10869:Subhani, Jafar. 10866: 10860: 10849: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10664: 10655: 10654: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10589: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10560:on 23 March 2012 10550: 10544: 10543: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10504: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10398:, p. 286–7. 10393: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10350:, p. 285–6. 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10234:M.A. al-Bakhit, 10232: 10226: 10225:, p. 192–3. 10220: 10214: 10213:, p. 274–5. 10208: 10202: 10201:, p. 192–4. 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10102:, p. 263–4. 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10018:, p. 320–1. 10013: 10007: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9986: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9936: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9875: 9866: 9863: 9852: 9851: 9839: 9826: 9820: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9786:, p. 283–4. 9781: 9775: 9769: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9709:, p. 282–3. 9704: 9698: 9692: 9679: 9678:, p. 200–1. 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9606:, p. 251–2. 9601: 9592: 9586: 9577: 9576:, p. 265–6. 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9452: 9446: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9408: 9407: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9339:, p. 211–2. 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9315:, p. 147–8. 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9254: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9222: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9131: 9125: 9114: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9078: 9072: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8978:, p. 127–8. 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8903:, p. 120–3. 8898: 8892: 8891:, p. 113–4. 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8768: 8762: 8753: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8601: 8595: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8550: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8392:, p. 186–7. 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8320:, p. 245–7. 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8208:Sells, Michael. 8206: 8200: 8191:Sells, Michael. 8189: 8183: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8089: 8083: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8032:, p. 145–6. 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7994:Holt et al. 1977 7991: 7985: 7979: 7970: 7964: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7882:, p. 256–7. 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7813: 7804: 7798: 7785: 7784:, p. 173–4. 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7758:Margoliouth 2010 7755: 7749: 7748:, p. 167–8. 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7674: 7673:, p. 460–1. 7668: 7662: 7661:, p. 344–5. 7656: 7650: 7649:, p. 125–7. 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7625:, p. 125–6. 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7577: 7576:, p. 342–3. 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7552:, p. 113–4. 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7492:, p. 35–36. 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7388: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7256:Life of Muhammad 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7210: 7208:Life of Muhammad 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7074:, p. 79-81. 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7054:. Archived from 7041: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6960: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6896:, p. 38–46. 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6801: 6795: 6792:Gibb et al. 1986 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6744: 6738: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6567:Rodinson, Maxime 6563: 6557: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6440: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6372:Brill Publishers 6358: 6352: 6351: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6239: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6064:(24 July 2015). 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6041:The Conversation 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6013:, p. 18–19. 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5979: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5797: 5788: 5777:Knights Templar. 5773: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5658: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5564:, pp. 150–1 5544: 5538: 5524: 5518: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5470:Oxford Reference 5399: 5393: 5390: 5372: 5366: 5357:, pp. 112–4 5343: 5337: 5322:, pp. 197–8 5316:, pp. 173–4 5308: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5233: 5227: 5217: 5211: 5180:Prophet Muhammad 5176:Messenger of God 5168: 5126:Muhammad in film 4795:natural religion 4787:Guillaume Postel 4779:Ten Commandments 4651:Anatolian Seljuk 4590: 4589: 4546:Qasidat al-Burda 4526:Messenger of God 4458: 4435:convert to Islam 4372:Zayd ibn Haritha 4348:) and two sons ( 4253:Muhammad's wives 4154: 4148: 4142: 4111: 4050:Muhammad's tomb. 4017: 3999: 3988: 3985:Sahih al-Bukhari 3952: 3949: 3945: 3856:Khalid ibn Walid 3854:. A group under 3790:Battle of Hunayn 3272:Back in Medina, 3194:Asma bint Marwan 3172: 2975:Dhu al-'Ushairah 2950: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2727:Mus'ab ibn Umayr 2635:Dome of the Rock 2625:Isra' and Mi'raj 2619:Isra' and Mi'raj 2609:Mut'im ibn 'Adiy 2428:Aṣḥama ibn Abjar 2424:Kingdom of Aksum 2079:in the mountain 2023: 2020: 2014:Jami al-Tawarikh 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1699:, emigration to 1671:(his uncle) die 1481: 1453: 1422:Wilferd Madelung 1373: 1370: 1330: 1328: 1315: 1313: 1177: 1174: 1165:early manuscript 1082:Islamic calendar 1015: 983: 931:Islamic doctrine 916: 913: 909: 898: 896: 886: 884: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 829: 822: 815: 799: 798: 797: 789:Islam portal 787: 786: 785: 769:History of Islam 574:First revelation 457: 456: 447: 446: 428: 420: 419: 402: 394: 393: 371:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 355: 347: 346: 331: 270:Other names 205: 204: 202: 201: 200: 198: 193: 192: 187: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 164:, Medina, Arabia 162:Prophet's Mosque 135: 133: 104: 101: 80:Prophet's Mosque 74: 64: 63: 62: 47: 46: 21: 26232: 26231: 26227: 26226: 26225: 26223: 26222: 26221: 26177:Miracle workers 26072: 26071: 26070: 26065: 26064: 26059: 26049: 26047: 26019: 26007:Muslim Massacre 25983: 25933: 25883: 25809: 25797: 25700: 25578: 25575: 25557: 25552:Je suis Charlie 25515: 25472: 25470:Jyllands-Posten 25463: 25416: 25363: 25354: 25324: 25319: 25306: 25295:Totalitarianism 25156: 25151: 25141: 25131: 25121: 25111: 25101: 25091: 25081: 25071: 25061: 25051: 25041: 25031: 25021: 25011: 25001: 24991: 24981: 24971: 24968:Treatise on Law 24961: 24951: 24941: 24921: 24579: 24573: 24312: 24306: 24192: 24186: 24105: 24008: 23994:State of nature 23989:Social contract 23969:Ordered liberty 23957:Noblesse oblige 23874: 23708: 23637: 23466: 23461: 23431: 23426: 23413: 23339:Critical theory 23317: 23312: 23302: 23292: 23282: 23272: 23262: 23252: 23242: 23232: 23222: 23212: 23202: 23192: 23182: 23172: 23162: 23142: 22820: 22814: 22612: 22606: 22555: 22484: 22391: 22343:Budapest School 22331: 22120:Cosmopolitanism 22093: 22088: 22058: 22053: 22033: 22031: 22015: 21937:Cultural Muslim 21908: 21875: 21821:Other religions 21811: 21807: 21789: 21724: 21691: 21638: 21581: 21579:Islamic studies 21575: 21557: 21391: 21336: 21313: 21260: 21205: 21204: 21177: 21126:Moral teachings 21069: 21051: 21025:Nation of Islam 20938:Twelver Shi'ism 20875: 20841:Religious texts 20835: 20753:Early conquests 20736: 20718: 20670: 20590: 20579: 20573: 20543: 20538: 20524: 20483: 20421: 20415: 20338: 20299: 20254: 20240: 20214: 20178: 20151: 20125: 20124:Mentioned idols 20119: 20081: 20079: 20073: 20018:Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm 19981: 19962: 19953:Laylat al-Mabit 19936: 19888:('The Evening') 19877:Dulūk ash-Shams 19845:('The Morning') 19839:('The Morning') 19776: 19770: 19741: 19716: 19710: 19699:Days of battles 19670: 19624: 19614: 19575:Incident of Ifk 19567: 19552: 19543:Palestine River 19413: 19382:Masjid al-Dirar 19312: 19306: 19253: 19201: 19193: 19048: 19044: 19038: 18975:'Blessed' Land' 18956: 18933: 18797: 18791: 18772:Umayyad Dynasty 18733: 18719: 18680:Lot's daughters 18664: 18663:('People of the 18662: 18654: 18606:(people of Hud) 18592: 18578: 18570:(Gog and Magog) 18453:People of Ilyas 18406: 18404: 18398: 18331:Jesus' apostles 18308:Aṣḥāb al-Jannah 18292: 18273: 18219: 18213: 18177:of Moses' time) 18145: 18121:Wise, pious man 18108:Wife of Pharaoh 18100:Imraʾat Firʿawn 18087:Aaron and Moses 18086: 18080: 18036:(Benjamin) and 18025: 18019: 17937:Family of Noah 17902: 17883: 17846: 17801: 17772:Mūsā Kalīmullāh 17718: 17716: 17714: 17704: 17630:ibn Zakariyyā ( 17459: 17438: 17409: 17366: 17317: 17279:Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus 17269:('The Spirit') 17243: 17221:Kirāman Kātibīn 17216:Harut and Marut 17193:Angels of Hell 17169: 17104: 16991: 16957: 16946: 16933: 16927: 16897: 16892: 16865: 16860: 16842: 16824: 16806: 16788: 16770: 16752: 16734: 16710: 16701: 16692: 16683: 16674: 16665: 16656: 16647: 16627: 16622: 16604: 16579: 16561: 16543: 16524: 16506: 16488: 16470: 16446: 16437: 16428: 16419: 16410: 16401: 16392: 16383: 16374: 16354: 16349: 16331: 16313: 16295: 16276: 16257: 16239: 16220: 16196: 16187: 16178: 16169: 16160: 16151: 16142: 16133: 16117: 16112: 16077: 16069: 16060: 16036:Masjid al-Haram 16024: 15973: 15911: 15884: 15857: 15818: 15806:Sunan al-Nasa'i 15799:Sunan Abi Dawud 15749: 15712: 15641: 15622:Bilal ibn Rabah 15588:Abd al-Muttalib 15542:(father-in-law) 15536:(father-in-law) 15522: 15496:Farewell Sermon 15469: 15465:Isra and Mi'raj 15437: 15423:Zaynab bint Ali 15396: 15333: 15289:Hafsa bint Umar 15256: 15229: 15208: 15204:Amina bint Wahb 15180: 15175: 15145: 15140: 15057: 15033: 15014: 14994: 14988: 14943: 14938: 14932: 14907: 14884: 14863: 14835: 14834: 14810: 14783: 14759: 14735: 14711: 14676: 14652: 14628: 14606: 14583: 14581: 14579: 14558: 14537: 14513: 14491: 14470: 14446: 14425: 14406: 14387: 14363: 14334: 14310: 14286: 14259: 14238: 14217: 14192: 14190: 14183: 14159: 14133: 14109: 14088: 14067: 14043: 14029:(6 July 2020). 14019: 13998: 13982:Muesse, Mark W. 13974: 13953: 13918: 13894: 13886:. Cosimo, Inc. 13870: 13846: 13818: 13794: 13770: 13746: 13725: 13703: 13678: 13654: 13630: 13616:(2 June 2022). 13606: 13571: 13550: 13524: 13499: 13475: 13451: 13437:Ruthven, Malise 13433:Hourani, Albert 13425: 13404: 13374: 13360:(15 May 2009). 13350: 13306: 13285: 13261: 13238: 13214: 13168: 13144: 13120: 13104:Forward, Martin 13096: 13071: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13016: 12986: 12958: 12939:. Viking Press. 12926: 12905: 12842: 12813:10.2307/3512048 12790: 12769: 12741: 12717: 12696: 12675: 12650: 12626: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12562: 12534: 12513: 12485: 12464: 12443: 12419: 12395: 12376: 12343: 12342: 12322: 12303: 12298: 12291: 12277: 12273: 12266: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12186: 12166: 12162: 12149: 12148: 12144: 12136: 12132: 12123: 12119: 12111: 12107: 12099: 12095: 12087: 12083: 12075: 12071: 12063: 12056: 12048: 12041: 12033: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11984: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11960: 11956: 11951: 11947: 11938: 11934: 11925: 11921: 11910: 11894: 11890: 11873: 11869: 11862: 11851:Islamic Culture 11846: 11842: 11834: 11830: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11797: 11783: 11775:. p. 147. 11765: 11761: 11752: 11748: 11740: 11736: 11727: 11723: 11711: 11707: 11702:Wayback Machine 11692: 11683: 11678: 11674: 11663: 11645: 11638: 11627: 11608: 11604: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11562: 11544: 11540: 11533: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11478: 11469: 11458: 11440: 11436: 11426: 11424: 11417: 11401: 11392: 11382: 11380: 11372:Washington Post 11360: 11351: 11341: 11339: 11332: 11316: 11312: 11304: 11297: 11289: 11285: 11275: 11273: 11266: 11248: 11239: 11231: 11227: 11219: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11195: 11191: 11186: 11182: 11170: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11095: 11091: 11079:A.J. Wensinck, 11078: 11074: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11008: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10902: 10898: 10890: 10886: 10867: 10863: 10850: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10820: 10804: 10800: 10792: 10788: 10777: 10758: 10754: 10743: 10727: 10723: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10681: 10665: 10658: 10647: 10628: 10621: 10610: 10590: 10586: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10526: 10522: 10514: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10480:Ibn Kathīr 1998 10478: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10406: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10382: 10378: 10370: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10334: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10310: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10286: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10233: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10209: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10038: 10034: 10026: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10001: 9997: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9929:Wayback Machine 9916: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9876: 9869: 9864: 9855: 9845: 9840: 9829: 9821: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9455: 9447: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9418: 9411: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9255: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9188: 9184: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 9006: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8859: 8853:Al-Bukhari 1997 8851: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8780: 8771: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8737: 8730: 8716: 8712: 8705: 8691: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8666: 8662: 8654: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8553: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8207: 8203: 8199:, vol.1, p.176. 8190: 8186: 8178: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8090: 8086: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7973: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7830:10.2307/1595926 7818:Studia Islamica 7814: 7807: 7799: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7700:, p. 75–6. 7696: 7692: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7540:, p. 45–6. 7536: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7354:, p. 40–2. 7350: 7346: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305:, p. 53–4. 7301: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7213: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7058: 7039: 7035:(August 1999). 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6821: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6732: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6564: 6560: 6551:Wayback Machine 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6441: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6382: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6325: 6318: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6279: 6275: 6248:History Compass 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6108: 6104:, pp. 6–7. 6100: 6096: 6088: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5980: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5798: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5727:, p. 9,12. 5723: 5719: 5715:, pp. 4–5. 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5600:, pp. 24–5 5582:, pp. 76–7 5576:, pp. 96–7 5570:, pp. 88–9 5545: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5400: 5396: 5384: 5373: 5369: 5361:Al-Bukhari 1997 5344: 5340: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5283: 5279: 5264: 5260: 5252:See also Quran 5251: 5247: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5081: 5047: 5037: 5035:Other religions 5021: 5015: 4951:non-Muslim Arab 4944: 4934: 4928: 4920:Alford T. Welch 4868:German Romantic 4831:Social Contract 4784: 4758: 4726:social security 4710: 4704: 4667:Timurid dynasty 4639:Hamla-i Haydari 4603: 4597: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4376:Hakim bin Hizam 4259: 4249: 4233:Byzantine Egypt 4229:Byzantine Syria 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4118: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4023: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3997: 3950: 3932: 3922:months without 3916: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3844:Byzantine Syria 3796: 3788:Main articles: 3786: 3735: 3717: 3709:Main articles: 3707: 3702: 3646: 3640: 3566: 3560: 3528: 3464: 3458: 3396: 3390: 3367: 3298: 3292: 3233: 3227: 3174: 3170: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3114: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2910: 2900: 2894: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2798: 2793: 2787: 2718: 2712: 2627: 2621: 2605:Suhayl ibn Amir 2561:Abd al-Muttalib 2541: 2535: 2416: 2408:Main articles: 2406: 2353: 2343: 2219: 2213: 2199:, close friend 2178:image of angel 2174:A 16th-century 2141:, but rather a 2069: 2055: 2035: 2021: 2007:Miniature from 1946:Abd al-Muttalib 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1817: 1791: 1683:Isra and Mi'raj 1458: 1451: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1371: 1351: 1345: 1325: 1310: 1251: 1245: 1196:is the central 1190: 1184: 1175: 1153: 1145:Main articles: 1143: 1013: 994:Amina bint Wahb 981: 969:as well as his 929:. According to 914: 847: 843: 833: 795: 793: 783: 781: 774: 773: 740: 732: 731: 712: 704: 703: 674: 664: 663: 625: 617: 616: 602: 594: 593: 582:Isra and Mi'raj 565: 555: 554: 540: 532: 531: 514:Farewell Sermon 481: 442: 427: 418:أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم 415: 401: 389: 354: 342: 330: 314: 287: 254: 249:Amina bint Wahb 196: 194: 190: 188: 184: 183: 180: 175: 172: 170: 168: 167: 166: 165: 148: 147: 145:State of Medina 137: 131: 129: 121: 120: 119:, Hejaz, Arabia 113: 102: 86: 77: 65: 58: 52: 43: 32:Muhammad (name) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26230: 26220: 26219: 26214: 26209: 26204: 26199: 26194: 26189: 26184: 26179: 26174: 26169: 26164: 26159: 26154: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26134: 26129: 26124: 26119: 26114: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26067: 26066: 26061: 26060: 26058: 26057: 26045: 26035: 26024: 26021: 26020: 26018: 26017: 26010: 26003: 25995: 25993: 25989: 25988: 25985: 25984: 25982: 25981: 25974: 25967: 25960: 25953: 25945: 25943: 25935: 25934: 25932: 25931: 25924: 25917: 25910: 25903: 25895: 25889: 25885: 25884: 25882: 25881: 25874: 25867: 25860: 25853: 25846: 25839: 25832: 25825: 25817: 25815: 25803: 25802: 25799: 25798: 25796: 25795: 25788: 25781: 25774: 25767: 25760: 25753: 25746: 25739: 25732: 25725: 25718: 25713: 25705: 25702: 25701: 25699: 25698: 25693: 25686: 25679: 25672: 25665: 25658: 25651: 25644: 25637: 25630: 25623: 25616: 25608: 25601: 25594: 25586: 25584: 25567: 25563: 25562: 25559: 25558: 25556: 25555: 25548: 25546:Issue No. 1178 25543: 25541:Issue No. 1011 25538: 25533: 25527: 25525: 25517: 25516: 25514: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25477: 25475: 25465: 25464: 25462: 25461: 25452: 25447: 25439: 25434: 25428: 25422: 25418: 25417: 25415: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25394: 25393: 25392: 25382: 25377: 25371: 25369: 25365: 25364: 25353: 25352: 25345: 25338: 25330: 25321: 25320: 25318: 25317: 25311: 25308: 25307: 25305: 25304: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25285:Social justice 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25262: 25261: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25193:Egalitarianism 25190: 25185: 25183:Contractualism 25180: 25175: 25170: 25164: 25162: 25158: 25157: 25155: 25154: 25144: 25134: 25124: 25114: 25104: 25094: 25084: 25074: 25064: 25054: 25044: 25034: 25024: 25014: 25004: 24994: 24984: 24974: 24964: 24954: 24944: 24933: 24931: 24927: 24926: 24923: 24922: 24920: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24834: 24829: 24824: 24819: 24814: 24809: 24804: 24799: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24754: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24709: 24704: 24699: 24694: 24689: 24684: 24679: 24674: 24669: 24664: 24659: 24654: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24634: 24629: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24589: 24583: 24581: 24575: 24574: 24572: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24516: 24511: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24481: 24476: 24471: 24466: 24461: 24456: 24451: 24450: 24449: 24439: 24434: 24433: 24432: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24316: 24314: 24308: 24307: 24305: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24248: 24247: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24196: 24194: 24188: 24187: 24185: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24159: 24154: 24149: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24113: 24111: 24107: 24106: 24104: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24077: 24076: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24025: 24023: 24016: 24010: 24009: 24007: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23979:Overton window 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23888: 23882: 23880: 23876: 23875: 23873: 23872: 23867: 23862: 23857: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23837: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23810:Libertarianism 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23722: 23716: 23714: 23710: 23709: 23707: 23706: 23701: 23696: 23691: 23686: 23681: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23651: 23645: 23643: 23639: 23638: 23636: 23635: 23630: 23625: 23620: 23615: 23610: 23605: 23600: 23595: 23590: 23585: 23580: 23575: 23570: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23510: 23505: 23500: 23495: 23490: 23485: 23480: 23474: 23472: 23468: 23467: 23460: 23459: 23452: 23445: 23437: 23428: 23427: 23425: 23424: 23418: 23415: 23414: 23412: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23399:Social science 23396: 23391: 23386: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23325: 23323: 23319: 23318: 23316: 23315: 23305: 23295: 23289:Gender Trouble 23285: 23275: 23265: 23255: 23245: 23235: 23225: 23219:The Second Sex 23215: 23205: 23195: 23185: 23175: 23165: 23154: 23152: 23148: 23147: 23144: 23143: 23141: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23010: 23005: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22985: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22824: 22822: 22816: 22815: 22813: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22616: 22614: 22608: 22607: 22605: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22563: 22561: 22557: 22556: 22554: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22492: 22490: 22486: 22485: 22483: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22406: 22404: 22397: 22393: 22392: 22390: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22356: 22355: 22345: 22339: 22337: 22333: 22332: 22330: 22329: 22324: 22315: 22314: 22313: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22269: 22264: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22234: 22233: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22211:Invisible hand 22208: 22203: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22171: 22166: 22165: 22164: 22154: 22153: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22101: 22099: 22095: 22094: 22087: 22086: 22079: 22072: 22064: 22055: 22054: 22052: 22051: 22041: 22028: 22025: 22024: 22021: 22020: 22017: 22016: 22014: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21961: 21960: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21939: 21934: 21933: 21932: 21927: 21916: 21914: 21913:Related topics 21910: 21909: 21907: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21891: 21885: 21883: 21877: 21876: 21874: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21847: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21825: 21823: 21813: 21812: 21799: 21798: 21795: 21794: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21782: 21775: 21770: 21769: 21768: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21732: 21730: 21726: 21725: 21723: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21701: 21699: 21693: 21692: 21690: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21648: 21646: 21640: 21639: 21637: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21595: 21593: 21583: 21582: 21567: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21559: 21558: 21556: 21555: 21550: 21549: 21548: 21536: 21534:Sources of law 21531: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21514: 21507: 21502: 21495: 21490: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21441: 21434: 21433: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21412: 21407: 21399: 21397: 21393: 21392: 21390: 21389: 21382: 21375: 21368: 21361: 21354: 21347: 21339: 21337: 21335: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21318: 21315: 21314: 21312: 21311: 21304: 21299: 21292: 21285: 21278: 21270: 21268: 21262: 21261: 21259: 21258: 21251: 21244: 21237: 21230: 21225: 21219: 21217: 21207: 21206: 21203: 21202: 21197: 21191: 21183: 21182: 21179: 21178: 21176: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21158:Social welfare 21155: 21150: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 21072: 21070: 21068: 21067: 21062: 21056: 21053: 21052: 21050: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21038: 21037: 21027: 21022: 21021: 21020: 21015: 21014: 21013: 21008: 21007: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20983: 20969: 20968: 20967: 20962: 20961: 20960: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20930: 20925: 20924: 20923: 20922: 20921: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20885: 20883: 20877: 20876: 20874: 20873: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20845: 20843: 20837: 20836: 20834: 20833: 20832: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20784: 20779: 20772: 20765: 20763:Historiography 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20739: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20729: 20723: 20720: 20719: 20717: 20716: 20709: 20702: 20695: 20688: 20680: 20678: 20672: 20671: 20669: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20624: 20617: 20616: 20615: 20604: 20602: 20592: 20591: 20584: 20581: 20580: 20572: 20571: 20564: 20557: 20549: 20540: 20539: 20533: 20530: 20529: 20526: 20525: 20523: 20522: 20516: 20515: 20514: 20513:(River or sea) 20508: 20495: 20493: 20489: 20488: 20485: 20484: 20482: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20461: 20451: 20450: 20449: 20439: 20425: 20423: 20417: 20416: 20414: 20413: 20412: 20411: 20403: 20393: 20383: 20373: 20363: 20357: 20346: 20344: 20337: 20331: 20325: 20319: 20313: 20307: 20305: 20301: 20300: 20298: 20297: 20296: 20295: 20283: 20282: 20281: 20269: 20258: 20256: 20250: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20242: 20241: 20239: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20222: 20220: 20216: 20215: 20213: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20179: 20177: 20176: 20165: 20159: 20157: 20150: 20149: 20133: 20129: 20127: 20118: 20117: 20114: 20109: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20085: 20083: 20075: 20074: 20072: 20071: 20063: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20043: 20022: 20014: 20005: 19991: 19989: 19983: 19982: 19972: 19971: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19963: 19961: 19956: 19949: 19944: 19942: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19917: 19916: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19904: 19889: 19874: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19853:('The Night') 19848: 19847: 19846: 19840: 19828: 19809:('Praising'), 19780: 19778: 19777:or remembrance 19772: 19771: 19769: 19768: 19759: 19749: 19747: 19743: 19742: 19740: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19732: 19722: 19720: 19712: 19711: 19709: 19708: 19703: 19700: 19697: 19688: 19678: 19676: 19672: 19671: 19669: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19656:Battle of Uhud 19653: 19648: 19643: 19641:Battle of Badr 19638: 19628: 19626: 19616: 19615: 19613: 19612: 19607: 19601: 19589: 19584: 19580:Laylat al-Qadr 19576: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19558: 19557: 19554: 19553: 19551: 19550: 19544: 19541: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19507: 19498: 19495: 19490: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19472:Ghār ath-Thawr 19468: 19463: 19438: 19437: 19436: 19425: 19423: 19419: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19411: 19406: 19405: 19404: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19384: 19379: 19369: 19359: 19337: 19332: 19325: 19316: 19314: 19308: 19307: 19305: 19304: 19295:('Township of 19290: 19280: 19279: 19278: 19264: 19262: 19255: 19254: 19252: 19251: 19242: 19241: 19240: 19239: 19238: 19223:Al-Wādil-Ayman 19217:Valley of Tuwa 19205: 19203: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19158:Safa and Marwa 19155: 19147: 19137: 19128: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19095: 19086: 19073: 19072: 19071: 19052: 19050: 19037: 19036: 19033: 19023: 19018: 19008: 19006:Door of Hittah 19003: 18991: 18978: 18977: 18976: 18964: 18962: 18958: 18957: 18947: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18929: 18923: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18898: 18883: 18882: 18881: 18876: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18841: 18829: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18809: 18806:Ahl al-Dhimmah 18801: 18799: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18789: 18783: 18774: 18769: 18767:Iranian people 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18743: 18737: 18735: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18724: 18721: 18720: 18718: 18717: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18668: 18666: 18656: 18655: 18653: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18634: 18629: 18628: 18627: 18612: 18607: 18600: 18598: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18576: 18571: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18542: 18541: 18530: 18529: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18520: 18507:Aṣḥāb Muḥammad 18499: 18494: 18489: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18475:Aṣḥāb al-Aykah 18472: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18437: 18429: 18421: 18414: 18408: 18397: 18396: 18395:Nation of Noah 18393: 18387: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18350: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18328: 18318: 18317: 18316: 18313: 18304: 18302: 18294: 18293: 18283: 18282: 18279: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18250: 18247:Caleb or Kaleb 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18223: 18221: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18211: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18189: 18183: 18178: 18168: 18157: 18155: 18151: 18150: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18117: 18116: 18111: 18097: 18090: 18088: 18082: 18081: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18072: 18071: 18060: 18054: 18041: 18029: 18027: 18018: 18017: 18011: 18010: 18009: 18004: 18002:Queen of Sheba 17999: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17969: 17968: 17967: 17965:Isaac's mother 17962: 17957: 17951: 17948: 17947: 17946: 17943: 17935: 17930: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17914: 17912: 17904: 17903: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17885: 17884: 17882: 17881: 17878:Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn 17875: 17865: 17858: 17856: 17852: 17851: 17848: 17847: 17845: 17844: 17830: 17820: 17815: 17809: 17807: 17806:Debatable ones 17803: 17802: 17800: 17799: 17789: 17788:Friend of God) 17779: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17761: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17733: 17722: 17720: 17715:('Those of the 17703: 17702: 17692: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17674: 17650: 17649: 17648: 17635: 17625: 17614: 17604: 17594: 17589: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17562: 17552: 17546: 17540: 17530: 17524: 17518: 17512: 17502: 17492: 17482: 17471: 17469: 17461: 17460: 17448: 17447: 17444: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17429: 17417: 17415: 17411: 17410: 17408: 17407: 17399: 17383: 17381: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17364: 17357: 17349: 17342: 17334: 17332: 17323: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17315: 17309: 17301: 17290: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17276: 17273:Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn 17255: 17253: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17235: 17234: 17229: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17199: 17190: 17188: 17175: 17174: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17167: 17155: 17143: 17133: 17123: 17112: 17110: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17093: 17084: 17075: 17065: 17052: 17042: 17029: 17020: 17010: 17008: 17001: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16989: 16988: 16987: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16948: 16947: 16935: 16934: 16926: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16903: 16894: 16893: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16867: 16866: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16858: 16853: 16845: 16843: 16841: 16840: 16835: 16827: 16825: 16823: 16822: 16817: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16799: 16791: 16789: 16787: 16786: 16781: 16773: 16771: 16769: 16768: 16763: 16755: 16753: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16737: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16706: 16697: 16688: 16679: 16670: 16661: 16652: 16640: 16633: 16632: 16629: 16628: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16607: 16605: 16603: 16602: 16599:Gautama Buddha 16596: 16590: 16582: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16564: 16562: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16546: 16544: 16542: 16541: 16535: 16527: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16509: 16507: 16505: 16504: 16499: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16486: 16481: 16473: 16471: 16469: 16468: 16463: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16442: 16433: 16424: 16415: 16406: 16397: 16388: 16379: 16367: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16342: 16334: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16316: 16314: 16312: 16311: 16306: 16298: 16296: 16294: 16293: 16287: 16279: 16277: 16275: 16274: 16268: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16237: 16231: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16192: 16183: 16174: 16165: 16156: 16147: 16138: 16126: 16119: 16118: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16088: 16082: 16079: 16078: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16046:Masjid al-Aqsa 16043: 16038: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15981: 15979: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15930: 15928: 15921: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15909: 15902: 15894: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15875: 15867: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15826: 15824: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15792:Sunan Ibn Maja 15788: 15781: 15774: 15766: 15764: 15755: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15720: 15718: 15717:Related things 15714: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15649: 15647: 15646:Related topics 15643: 15642: 15640: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15627:Anas ibn Malik 15624: 15619: 15613: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15591: 15585: 15579: 15573: 15567: 15561: 15555: 15549: 15543: 15537: 15530: 15528: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15508:Year of Sorrow 15505: 15503:Delegates Year 15500: 15499: 15498: 15488: 15483: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15470: 15468: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15451: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15418:Muhsin ibn Ali 15415: 15413:Husayn ibn Ali 15410: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15394: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15352: 15350: 15341: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15270: 15268: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15222: 15216: 15214: 15213:Foster parents 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15195: 15193: 15186: 15182: 15181: 15174: 15173: 15166: 15159: 15151: 15144: 15143:External links 15141: 15139: 15138: 15123: 15108: 15090: 15072: 15061: 15055: 15037: 15031: 15018: 15012: 14992: 14986: 14963: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14930: 14911: 14905: 14888: 14882: 14867: 14861: 14848: 14814: 14808: 14787: 14781: 14763: 14757: 14739: 14733: 14715: 14709: 14691: 14680: 14674: 14656: 14650: 14632: 14626: 14610: 14604: 14589: 14577: 14562: 14556: 14550:. Darussalam. 14541: 14535: 14517: 14511: 14495: 14489: 14474: 14468: 14450: 14444: 14429: 14423: 14410: 14404: 14391: 14385: 14367: 14361: 14338: 14332: 14314: 14308: 14294:Ramadan, Tariq 14290: 14284: 14263: 14257: 14242: 14236: 14221: 14215: 14199: 14181: 14163: 14157: 14137: 14131: 14113: 14107: 14092: 14086: 14071: 14065: 14047: 14041: 14023: 14017: 14011:. OUP Oxford. 14002: 13996: 13978: 13972: 13957: 13951: 13936: 13922: 13916: 13902:Miller, Judith 13898: 13892: 13874: 13868: 13850: 13844: 13822: 13816: 13798: 13792: 13778:Lewis, Bernard 13774: 13768: 13754:Lassner, Jacob 13750: 13744: 13729: 13723: 13707: 13701: 13682: 13676: 13658: 13652: 13634: 13628: 13610: 13604: 13589: 13575: 13569: 13554: 13548: 13528: 13522: 13503: 13497: 13479: 13473: 13467:. OUP Oxford. 13455: 13449: 13429: 13423: 13408: 13402: 13390:Lewis, Bernard 13378: 13372: 13354: 13348: 13330: 13310: 13304: 13289: 13283: 13265: 13259: 13242: 13236: 13218: 13212: 13194: 13172: 13166: 13148: 13142: 13124: 13118: 13100: 13094: 13079: 13069: 13055:Esposito, John 13051: 13038: 13026:, ed. (2003). 13024:Esposito, John 13020: 13014: 12994:Esposito, John 12990: 12984: 12966:Esposito, John 12962: 12956: 12941: 12930: 12924: 12909: 12903: 12878: 12846: 12840: 12825: 12794: 12788: 12773: 12767: 12745: 12739: 12721: 12715: 12700: 12694: 12679: 12673: 12658: 12648: 12630: 12624: 12609: 12596: 12566: 12560: 12538: 12532: 12517: 12511: 12493: 12483: 12468: 12462: 12447: 12441: 12435:. SUNY Press. 12423: 12417: 12411:. SUNY Press. 12399: 12393: 12380: 12374: 12356: 12326: 12320: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12289: 12271: 12264: 12246: 12239: 12221: 12191: 12184: 12160: 12142: 12130: 12117: 12113:Spellberg 1996 12105: 12093: 12081: 12069: 12054: 12039: 12024: 12012: 12000: 11991: 11978: 11966: 11964:, p. 232. 11954: 11945: 11932: 11919: 11908: 11888: 11867: 11860: 11840: 11838:, p. 244. 11828: 11814: 11795: 11781: 11759: 11746: 11734: 11721: 11713:Islamic ethics 11705: 11681: 11672: 11661: 11636: 11625: 11602: 11591: 11571: 11560: 11538: 11531: 11505: 11498: 11467: 11456: 11434: 11415: 11390: 11365:(5 May 2011). 11349: 11330: 11310: 11295: 11283: 11264: 11237: 11235:, p. 121. 11225: 11223:, p. 181. 11213: 11211:, p. 120. 11201: 11189: 11180: 11164: 11152: 11133: 11113: 11101: 11089: 11072: 11066:, p. 12; 11056: 11027: 11018: 10992: 10980: 10978:, p. 475. 10968: 10959: 10947: 10938: 10929: 10917: 10905: 10896: 10884: 10861: 10841: 10829: 10818: 10798: 10786: 10775: 10761:Ernst, Carl W. 10752: 10741: 10721: 10710: 10690: 10679: 10656: 10645: 10619: 10608: 10584: 10571: 10545: 10538: 10520: 10505: 10496: 10494:, p. 374. 10484: 10482:, p. 344. 10472: 10470:, p. 132. 10460: 10458:, p. 268. 10448: 10446:, p. 147. 10436: 10434:, p. 361. 10424: 10422:, p. 287. 10412: 10410:, p. 360. 10400: 10388: 10386:, p. 286. 10376: 10374:, p. 203. 10364: 10362:, p. 140. 10352: 10340: 10338:, p. 358. 10328: 10326:, p. 200. 10316: 10304: 10302:, p. 189. 10292: 10290:, p. 269. 10280: 10278:, p. 226. 10268: 10266:, p. 188. 10256: 10254:, p. 230. 10244: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10189:, p. 191. 10179: 10177:, p. 274. 10167: 10165:, p. 189. 10155: 10153:, p. 328. 10143: 10141:, p. 327. 10131: 10129:, p. 264. 10116: 10114:, p. 326. 10104: 10092: 10090:, p. 225. 10080: 10078:, p. 325. 10068: 10066:, p. 186. 10056: 10054:, p. 182. 10044: 10042:, p. 181. 10032: 10030:, p. 321. 10020: 10008: 9995: 9978: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9910: 9898: 9889: 9867: 9853: 9844:, p. 274. 9827: 9825:, p. 283. 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9774:, p. 203. 9759: 9747: 9745:, p. 202. 9735: 9733:, p. 128. 9723: 9711: 9699: 9697:, p. 254. 9680: 9668: 9656: 9654:, p. 200. 9644: 9642:, p. 197. 9632: 9630:, p. 253. 9620: 9618:, p. 280. 9608: 9593: 9591:, p. 267. 9578: 9566: 9554: 9552:, p. 248. 9542: 9540:, p. 179. 9530: 9528:, p. 235. 9518: 9516:, p. 213. 9506: 9504:, p. 152. 9494: 9492:, p. 252. 9482: 9480:, p. 119. 9470: 9468:, p. 251. 9453: 9451:, p. 212. 9436: 9424: 9409: 9392: 9385: 9365: 9353: 9341: 9329: 9327:, p. 211. 9317: 9305: 9303:, p. 249. 9293: 9291:, p. 141. 9278: 9276:, p. 148. 9266: 9244: 9232: 9223: 9210: 9201: 9182: 9169: 9167:, p. 141. 9157: 9155:, p. 126. 9145: 9126: 9106: 9094: 9092:, p. 262. 9079: 9077:, p. 197. 9064: 9062:, p. 130. 9052: 9050:, p. 196. 9040: 9038:, p. 194. 9028: 9026:, p. 240. 9016: 9014:, p. 193. 9004: 9000:Armstrong 2013 8992: 8990:, p. 219. 8980: 8968: 8966:, p. 192. 8956: 8954:, p. 127. 8944: 8942:, p. 191. 8929: 8927:, p. 137. 8917: 8913:Armstrong 2013 8905: 8893: 8881: 8879:, p. 113. 8869: 8867:, p. 110. 8857: 8845: 8843:, p. 176. 8833: 8831:, p. 107. 8821: 8810: 8806:Armstrong 2013 8798: 8796:, p. 143. 8786: 8784:, p. 197. 8769: 8767:, p. 173. 8754: 8752:, p. 370. 8735: 8728: 8710: 8703: 8685: 8683:, p. 179. 8673: 8671:, pp. 199–200. 8660: 8658:, p. 178. 8645: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606:, p. 123. 8596: 8587: 8578: 8566: 8562:Armstrong 2013 8551: 8538: 8529: 8517: 8515:(1993), p. 21. 8505: 8503:(1979), p. 21. 8493: 8491:, p. 227. 8481: 8469: 8467:, p. 111. 8457: 8453:Humphreys 1991 8442: 8438:Armstrong 2013 8430: 8426:Armstrong 2013 8418: 8416:, p. 367. 8406: 8402:Armstrong 2013 8394: 8382: 8378:Armstrong 2013 8370: 8358: 8356:, p. 246. 8346: 8334: 8332:, p. 366. 8322: 8310: 8298: 8296:, p. 144. 8286: 8284:, p. 245. 8274: 8272:, p. 144. 8257: 8255:, p. 211. 8245: 8243:, p. 143. 8230: 8228:, p. 244. 8218: 8201: 8184: 8182:, p. 366. 8169: 8150: 8130: 8128:, p. 148. 8118: 8111: 8084: 8058: 8054:Armstrong 2013 8046: 8044:, p. 146. 8034: 8022: 8020:, p. 145. 8010: 8008:, p. 572. 7998: 7986: 7984:, p. 135. 7971: 7956: 7954:, p. 134. 7944: 7942:, p. 184. 7932: 7930:, p. 129. 7920: 7918:, p. 126. 7908: 7896: 7892:Armstrong 2013 7884: 7872: 7868:Al-Tabari 1987 7860: 7851: 7805: 7803:, p. 365. 7786: 7774: 7762: 7760:, p. 135. 7750: 7738: 7734:Schroeder 2002 7726: 7724:, p. 114. 7714: 7712:, p. 210. 7702: 7690: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7639: 7637:, p. 344. 7627: 7615: 7611:Armstrong 2013 7603: 7601:, p. 125. 7591: 7589:(1977), p. 36. 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7504:, p. 102. 7494: 7482: 7480:, p. 364. 7470: 7458: 7454:Armstrong 2013 7446: 7442:Armstrong 2013 7434: 7430:Armstrong 2013 7422: 7410: 7406:Armstrong 2013 7395: 7380: 7376:Armstrong 2013 7368: 7364:Armstrong 2013 7356: 7344: 7342:(1977), p. 31. 7331: 7319: 7317:, p. 552. 7307: 7295: 7293:, p. 363. 7283: 7281:, p. 146. 7279:Rosenwein 2018 7271: 7259: 7238: 7234:Armstrong 2013 7226: 7211: 7190: 7178: 7174:Armstrong 2013 7163: 7161:, p. 148. 7159:Rosenwein 2018 7151: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7110:, p. 235. 7100: 7088: 7086:, p. 319. 7076: 7064: 7024: 7012: 7008:Armstrong 2013 7000: 6998:, p. 100. 6988: 6976: 6961: 6959:, p. 362. 6946: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6870:Armstrong 2013 6862: 6850: 6838: 6819: 6805:Meri, Josef W. 6796: 6784: 6782:, p. 213. 6772: 6760: 6758:, p. 286. 6745: 6730: 6713: 6701: 6699:, p. 361. 6686: 6674: 6657: 6650: 6644:. p. 16. 6628: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6581: 6558: 6536: 6524: 6511: 6478: 6465: 6430: 6418: 6380: 6353: 6347:978-0195090611 6346: 6328:Lewis, Bernard 6316: 6303: 6273: 6254:(2): 581–602. 6231: 6219: 6213:978-1610692175 6212: 6194: 6190:Armstrong 2013 6182: 6172: 6152: 6145: 6121: 6106: 6094: 6079: 6053: 6027: 6025:, p. 261. 6015: 6003: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5911: 5896: 5881: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5789: 5768: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5702: 5690: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5632:, p. 234. 5619: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5598:El-Azhari 2019 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5539: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5466:"Banu Qurayza" 5462: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5411:Armstrong 2007 5408: 5405:Al-Tabari 1997 5394: 5392: 5391: 5378: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5303: 5294: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5258: 5245: 5228: 5212: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5036: 5033: 5014: 5011: 4985:labeled him a 4930:Main article: 4927: 4924: 4892:ethnoreligious 4884:Heinrich Heine 4848:Thomas Carlyle 4803:Vie de Mahomed 4759: 4757: 4754: 4706:Main article: 4703: 4700: 4692:graphic novels 4645:, India, 1808. 4608:battle of Uhud 4599:Main article: 4596: 4593: 4530:Topkapı Palace 4516:of faith, the 4407:oneness of God 4399:Main article: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4313:, daughter of 4248: 4245: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4117: 4114: 4101:Saudi militias 4020: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4005: 3995: 3971:Fadl ibn Abbas 3931: 3928: 3885: 3874:Main article: 3871: 3868: 3785: 3782: 3718: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3642:Main article: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3614:Suhayl ibn Amr 3562:Main article: 3559: 3556: 3527: 3524: 3516:Sa'd ibn Muadh 3460:Main article: 3457: 3454: 3434:Meir J. Kister 3426:Malik ibn Anas 3392:Main article: 3389: 3386: 3366: 3363: 3306:Battle of Uhud 3296:Battle of Uhud 3294:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3226: 3223: 3182:Battle of Badr 3178:Raid of Nakhla 3144: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3030:Badr al-Maw'id 3027: 3022: 3020:Hamra' al-Asad 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2898:Battle of Badr 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2864:legal covenant 2846:Main article: 2843: 2840: 2807:) for prayer ( 2797: 2794: 2789:Main article: 2786: 2783: 2714:Main article: 2711: 2704: 2687:Bayt al-Maqdis 2668:Bayt al-Maqdis 2623:Main article: 2620: 2617: 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2502:Satanic verses 2414:Satanic Verses 2405: 2402: 2398:Battle of Badr 2390:Dhu al-Qarnayn 2347:Seven Sleepers 2342: 2339: 2324:, head of the 2212: 2209: 2101:Quranic verses 2054: 2051: 2001: 1844:Rabi' al-Awwal 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1728:Battle of Uhud 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1715:Battle of Badr 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1440: 1437: 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1407:Malik ibn Anas 1365:Malik ibn Anas 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1247:Main article: 1244: 1241: 1198:religious text 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1176: 568–645 1142: 1139: 1000:tribal leader 835: 834: 832: 831: 824: 817: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 791: 776: 775: 772: 771: 765: 764: 759: 754: 748: 747: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 637: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 578: 577: 566: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 518: 517: 506: 505: 499: 498: 493: 488: 482: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 453: 452: 449: 448: 436: 422: 421: 410: 396: 395: 363: 349: 348: 339: 325: 324: 316: 315: 313: 312: 304: 295: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 277: 273: 271: 267: 266: 260: 259:Known for 256: 255: 253: 252: 246: 239: 237: 233: 232: 224: 220: 219: 211: 207: 206: 156: 154: 150: 149: 139: 138: 127: 123: 122: 115: 114: 97: 93: 92: 88: 87: 75: 67: 66: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26229: 26218: 26215: 26213: 26210: 26208: 26205: 26203: 26200: 26198: 26195: 26193: 26190: 26188: 26185: 26183: 26180: 26178: 26175: 26173: 26170: 26168: 26165: 26163: 26160: 26158: 26155: 26153: 26150: 26148: 26147:Arab prophets 26145: 26143: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26132:Arab generals 26130: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26079: 26077: 26056: 26046: 26044: 26036: 26034: 26026: 26025: 26022: 26016: 26015: 26014:Faith Fighter 26011: 26009: 26008: 26004: 26002: 26001: 25997: 25996: 25994: 25990: 25979: 25975: 25972: 25968: 25965: 25961: 25958: 25954: 25951: 25947: 25946: 25944: 25942: 25941: 25936: 25930: 25929: 25925: 25923: 25922: 25918: 25916: 25915: 25911: 25909: 25908: 25904: 25902: 25901: 25897: 25896: 25893: 25890: 25886: 25880: 25879: 25875: 25873: 25872: 25868: 25866: 25865: 25861: 25859: 25858: 25854: 25852: 25851: 25847: 25845: 25844: 25840: 25838: 25837: 25833: 25831: 25830: 25826: 25824: 25823: 25819: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25808: 25804: 25794: 25793: 25789: 25787: 25786: 25782: 25780: 25779: 25775: 25773: 25772: 25768: 25766: 25765: 25761: 25759: 25758: 25754: 25752: 25751: 25750:Rangila Rasul 25747: 25745: 25744: 25740: 25738: 25737: 25733: 25731: 25730: 25729:Izhar ul-Haqq 25726: 25724: 25723: 25719: 25717: 25714: 25712: 25711: 25707: 25706: 25703: 25697: 25694: 25692: 25691: 25687: 25685: 25684: 25680: 25678: 25677: 25673: 25671: 25670: 25666: 25664: 25663: 25659: 25657: 25656: 25652: 25650: 25649: 25645: 25643: 25642: 25638: 25636: 25635: 25631: 25629: 25628: 25624: 25622: 25621: 25617: 25615: 25613: 25609: 25607: 25606: 25605:Sirat-un-Nabi 25602: 25600: 25599: 25595: 25593: 25592: 25588: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25577: 25571: 25568: 25564: 25554: 25553: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25531:2015 shooting 25529: 25528: 25526: 25524: 25523: 25522:Charlie Hebdo 25518: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25478: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25466: 25460: 25458: 25453: 25451: 25448: 25446: 25444: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25433: 25430: 25429: 25426: 25423: 25421:Controversies 25419: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25391: 25388: 25387: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25372: 25370: 25366: 25362: 25358: 25351: 25346: 25344: 25339: 25337: 25332: 25331: 25328: 25316: 25313: 25312: 25309: 25303: 25302: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25263: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25245: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25218:Jurisprudence 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25165: 25163: 25159: 25150: 25149: 25145: 25140: 25139: 25135: 25130: 25129: 25125: 25120: 25119: 25115: 25110: 25109: 25105: 25100: 25099: 25095: 25090: 25089: 25085: 25080: 25079: 25075: 25070: 25069: 25065: 25060: 25059: 25055: 25050: 25049: 25048:Rights of Man 25045: 25040: 25039: 25035: 25030: 25029: 25025: 25020: 25019: 25015: 25010: 25009: 25005: 25000: 24999: 24995: 24990: 24989: 24985: 24980: 24979: 24975: 24970: 24969: 24965: 24960: 24959: 24958:De re publica 24955: 24950: 24949: 24945: 24940: 24939: 24935: 24934: 24932: 24928: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24818: 24815: 24813: 24810: 24808: 24805: 24803: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24753: 24750: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24608: 24605: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24585: 24584: 24582: 24578:20th and 21st 24576: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24462: 24460: 24457: 24455: 24452: 24448: 24445: 24444: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24431: 24428: 24427: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24317: 24315: 24311:18th and 19th 24309: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24246: 24243: 24242: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24195: 24189: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24167:Nizam al-Mulk 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24114: 24112: 24108: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24075: 24072: 24071: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24026: 24024: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24011: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23959: 23958: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23883: 23881: 23877: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23850:Republicanism 23848: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23717: 23715: 23711: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23677: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23646: 23644: 23640: 23634: 23631: 23629: 23626: 23624: 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23599: 23596: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23571: 23569: 23566: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23499: 23496: 23494: 23491: 23489: 23486: 23484: 23481: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23473: 23469: 23465: 23458: 23453: 23451: 23446: 23444: 23439: 23438: 23435: 23423: 23420: 23419: 23416: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23404:Social theory 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23326: 23324: 23320: 23311: 23310: 23306: 23301: 23300: 23296: 23291: 23290: 23286: 23281: 23280: 23276: 23271: 23270: 23266: 23261: 23260: 23256: 23251: 23250: 23246: 23241: 23240: 23236: 23231: 23230: 23226: 23221: 23220: 23216: 23211: 23210: 23206: 23201: 23200: 23196: 23191: 23190: 23186: 23181: 23180: 23176: 23171: 23170: 23166: 23161: 23160: 23156: 23155: 23153: 23149: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23058:Radhakrishnan 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22825: 22823: 22819:20th and 21st 22817: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22617: 22615: 22611:18th and 19th 22609: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22564: 22562: 22558: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22493: 22491: 22487: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22407: 22405: 22401: 22398: 22394: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22376: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22354: 22351: 22350: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22340: 22338: 22334: 22328: 22325: 22322: 22321: 22316: 22312: 22309: 22308: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22276: 22275: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22232: 22229: 22228: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22195: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22187: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22163: 22160: 22159: 22158: 22155: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22137: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22102: 22100: 22096: 22092: 22085: 22080: 22078: 22073: 22071: 22066: 22065: 22062: 22050: 22042: 22040: 22030: 22029: 22026: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21970: 21967: 21966: 21965: 21962: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21952:Post-Islamism 21950: 21948: 21945: 21944: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21922: 21921: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21911: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21886: 21884: 21882: 21878: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21845: 21844:Protestantism 21842: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21831: 21830: 21827: 21826: 21824: 21822: 21818: 21814: 21804: 21800: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21780: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21767: 21764: 21763: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21733: 21731: 21727: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21700: 21698: 21694: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21682:Ophthalmology 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21649: 21647: 21645: 21641: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21596: 21594: 21592: 21588: 21584: 21580: 21572: 21568: 21554: 21551: 21547: 21546: 21542: 21541: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21512: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21500: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21488: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21446: 21442: 21440: 21439: 21435: 21431: 21430:Death penalty 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21417: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21405: 21401: 21400: 21398: 21396:Other aspects 21394: 21388: 21387: 21383: 21381: 21380: 21376: 21374: 21373: 21369: 21367: 21366: 21362: 21360: 21359: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21348: 21346: 21345: 21341: 21340: 21338: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21319: 21316: 21310: 21309: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21297: 21293: 21291: 21290: 21286: 21284: 21283: 21279: 21277: 21276: 21272: 21271: 21269: 21267: 21263: 21257: 21256: 21252: 21250: 21249: 21245: 21243: 21242: 21238: 21236: 21235: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21220: 21218: 21216: 21212: 21208: 21201: 21200:Jurisprudence 21198: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21188: 21184: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21148: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21073: 21071: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21057: 21054: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21036: 21033: 21032: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21019: 21016: 21012: 21009: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20991: 20990: 20987: 20986: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20973: 20970: 20966: 20963: 20959: 20956: 20955: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20920: 20917: 20916: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20891: 20890: 20887: 20886: 20884: 20882: 20881:Denominations 20878: 20872: 20871: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20846: 20844: 20842: 20838: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20794: 20790: 20789: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20777: 20773: 20771: 20770: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20740: 20738: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20724: 20721: 20715: 20714: 20710: 20708: 20707: 20703: 20701: 20700: 20696: 20694: 20693: 20689: 20687: 20686: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20677: 20673: 20667: 20666:Holiest sites 20664: 20662: 20661:Judgement Day 20659: 20657: 20656: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20622: 20618: 20614: 20611: 20610: 20609: 20606: 20605: 20603: 20601: 20597: 20593: 20589: 20588: 20582: 20577: 20570: 20565: 20563: 20558: 20556: 20551: 20550: 20547: 20536: 20531: 20520: 20517: 20512: 20509: 20506: 20503: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20496: 20494: 20490: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20447: 20443: 20440: 20437: 20433: 20430: 20429: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20420:Bushes, trees 20418: 20410: 20407: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20397: 20394: 20391: 20387: 20384: 20381: 20377: 20374: 20371: 20367: 20364: 20361: 20358: 20355: 20351: 20348: 20347: 20345: 20341: 20335: 20332: 20329: 20326: 20323: 20320: 20317: 20314: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20302: 20293: 20290: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20279: 20276: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20267: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20257: 20251: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20223: 20221: 20217: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20160: 20158: 20156:Of Israelites 20154: 20147: 20143: 20142: 20137: 20134: 20131: 20130: 20128: 20126:(cult images) 20122: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20102: 20100: 20099:Staff of Musa 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20084: 20076: 20069: 20068: 20064: 20061: 20057: 20056: 20051: 20047: 20044: 20041: 20040: 20036: 20035: 20033: 20029: 20028: 20023: 20020: 20019: 20015: 20012: 20011: 20006: 20003: 19999: 19998: 19993: 19992: 19990: 19988: 19984: 19977: 19973: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19954: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19939: 19930: 19929: 19924: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19911: 19910: 19905: 19902: 19899: 19898: 19896: 19895: 19890: 19887: 19886: 19881: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19860: 19855: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19844: 19841: 19838: 19835: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19826: 19823: 19822: 19820: 19819: 19814: 19813: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19801: 19796: 19795: 19790: 19786: 19785: 19779: 19773: 19766: 19765: 19760: 19757: 19756: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19744: 19736: 19733: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19724: 19723: 19721: 19719: 19715:Months of the 19713: 19707: 19704: 19701: 19698: 19695: 19694: 19689: 19686: 19685: 19680: 19679: 19677: 19673: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19621: 19617: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19595: 19594: 19593:Sayl al-ʿArim 19590: 19588: 19585: 19582: 19581: 19577: 19574: 19573: 19570: 19563: 19559: 19549: 19545: 19542: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514:(Mesopotamia) 19513: 19512: 19508: 19506: 19502: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19474: 19473: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19461: 19456: 19455: 19451: 19450: 19448: 19447: 19442: 19441: 19439: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19424: 19420: 19410: 19407: 19401: 19398: 19395: 19391: 19388: 19387: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19377: 19376:Sacred Mosque 19373: 19370: 19367: 19363: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19352: 19351: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19330: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19318: 19317: 19315: 19309: 19302: 19298: 19294: 19291: 19288: 19284: 19281: 19276: 19275: 19271: 19270: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19261: 19256: 19250: 19246: 19243: 19236: 19235: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19224: 19221: 19220: 19218: 19214: 19212: 19207: 19206: 19204: 19202:or Tīh Desert 19200: 19196: 19190: 19187: 19182: 19178: 19175: 19174: 19172: 19168: 19167: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19153: 19152: 19151:Maqām Ibrāhīm 19148: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19123: 19121: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19101: 19100: 19096: 19094: 19090: 19087: 19084: 19080: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19065: 19062: 19061: 19059: 19058: 19054: 19053: 19051: 19047: 19041: 19034: 19031: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19016: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19001: 18997: 18996: 18992: 18989: 18985: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18970: 18966: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18952: 18948: 18927: 18924: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18901:Rabbani/Rabbi 18899: 18897: 18894: 18893: 18891: 18887: 18884: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18847: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18839: 18835: 18834: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18822: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18814: 18810: 18808: 18807: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18794: 18788: 18784: 18782: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18738: 18736: 18730: 18715: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18693: 18690: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18672: 18670: 18669: 18667: 18661: 18657: 18648: 18644: 18643:Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr 18641: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18626: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18591: 18587: 18586: 18581: 18575: 18572: 18569: 18568: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18531: 18524: 18521: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18473: 18470: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18459: 18458:People of Nuh 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18443: 18442: 18438: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18427: 18426: 18422: 18420: 18416: 18415: 18412: 18409: 18401: 18394: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18358: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18341: 18337: 18334: 18333: 18332: 18329: 18326: 18322: 18321:Aṣḥāb as-Sabt 18319: 18314: 18311: 18310: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18303: 18299: 18295: 18288: 18284: 18270: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18251: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18237:Bal'am/Balaam 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18222: 18220:not specified 18216: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18193: 18190: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18169: 18166: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18152: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18115: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18101: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18083: 18077: 18074: 18069: 18065: 18061: 18058: 18055: 18052: 18048: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18022: 18015: 18012: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17994: 17992: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17982:Mary's mother 17980: 17977: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17944: 17942: 17941:Father Lamech 17939: 17938: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17915: 17913: 17909: 17905: 17898: 17894: 17879: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17853: 17842: 17838: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17808: 17804: 17797: 17793: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17777: 17773: 17770: 17766:(Son of Mary) 17765: 17762: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17749: 17745: 17742: 17738: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17713: 17712: 17707: 17700: 17696: 17693: 17691:son of Jacob) 17690: 17686: 17683: 17678: 17675: 17672: 17668: 17664: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17639: 17636: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17613:son of David) 17612: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17587: 17583: 17580: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17566: 17563: 17560: 17556: 17553: 17550: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17528: 17525: 17522: 17519: 17516: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17500: 17496: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17453: 17449: 17435: 17434: 17430: 17428: 17424: 17423: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17412: 17405: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17394:(the (chief) 17393: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17363: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17354: 17350: 17348: 17347: 17343: 17341: 17340: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17313: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17274: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17267: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17240: 17237: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17165: 17161: 17160: 17156: 17153: 17149: 17148: 17144: 17141: 17137: 17134: 17131: 17127: 17126:Dābbat al-Arḍ 17124: 17121: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17085: 17082: 17081: 17076: 17074: 17071:(dog) of the 17070: 17066: 17063: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17050: 17046: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17035: 17030: 17027: 17026: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17011: 17009: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16940: 16936: 16932: 16924: 16919: 16917: 16912: 16910: 16905: 16904: 16901: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16847: 16846: 16844: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16833: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16811: 16810: 16808: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16797: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16779: 16775: 16774: 16772: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16761: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16725: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16717: 16707: 16698: 16689: 16680: 16671: 16662: 16653: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16634: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16613: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16600: 16597: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16552: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16515: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16497: 16493: 16492: 16490: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16479: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16443: 16434: 16425: 16416: 16407: 16398: 16389: 16380: 16371: 16370: 16365: 16361: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16340: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16317: 16315: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16304: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16211: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16193: 16184: 16175: 16166: 16157: 16148: 16139: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16109: 16104: 16102: 16097: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16080: 16073: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15985:Jabal al-Nour 15983: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15925: 15922: 15918: 15908: 15907: 15903: 15901: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15881: 15880: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15863:Sirat-un-Nabi 15860: 15854: 15853: 15849: 15847: 15846: 15845:Sirat-un-Nabi 15842: 15840: 15839: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15828: 15827: 15825: 15821: 15815: 15814: 15813:Kitab al-Kafi 15810: 15808: 15807: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15780: 15779: 15775: 15773: 15772: 15768: 15767: 15765: 15763: 15759: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15743: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15715: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15644: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15595: 15592: 15590:(grandfather) 15589: 15586: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15571: 15568: 15565: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15472: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15444: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15408:Hasan ibn Ali 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401:Grandchildren 15399: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15211: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15172: 15167: 15165: 15160: 15158: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15086: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15069: 15068: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15042: 15041:Peters, F. E. 15038: 15034: 15028: 15024: 15019: 15015: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14983: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14969: 14964: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14945: 14933: 14931:9780745654881 14927: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14889: 14885: 14879: 14876:. Routledge. 14875: 14874: 14868: 14864: 14858: 14854: 14849: 14845: 14839: 14831: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14795: 14794: 14788: 14784: 14782:0-19-881078-4 14778: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14703:. Routledge. 14702: 14701: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14681: 14677: 14671: 14667: 14666: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14597: 14596: 14590: 14580: 14574: 14570: 14569: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14549: 14548: 14542: 14538: 14532: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14482: 14481: 14475: 14471: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14430: 14426: 14420: 14416: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14397: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14368: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14342:Reeves, Minou 14339: 14335: 14329: 14326:. NYU Press. 14325: 14324: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14281: 14277: 14272: 14271: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14243: 14239: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14188: 14184: 14178: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14158:0-691-11460-9 14154: 14149: 14148: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14079: 14078: 14072: 14068: 14062: 14059:. Routledge. 14058: 14057: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14027:Nagel, Tilman 14024: 14020: 14014: 14010: 14009: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13989: 13988: 13987:Four Wise Men 13983: 13979: 13975: 13969: 13965: 13964: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13937: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13926:Muir, William 13923: 13919: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13889: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13865: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13785: 13784: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13765: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13730: 13726: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13679: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13649: 13646:. Routledge. 13645: 13644: 13639: 13638:Kister, M. J. 13635: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13597: 13596: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13555: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13519: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13500: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13365: 13364: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13297: 13296: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13251: 13250: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13195: 13192:. E.J. Brill. 13191: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13135: 13134: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13091: 13087: 13086: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13052: 13041: 13035: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13011: 13007: 13002: 13001: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12921: 12918:. McFarland. 12917: 12916: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12887: 12886: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12860:(2): 225–40. 12859: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12807:(2): 162–74. 12806: 12802: 12801: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12781: 12780: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12680: 12676: 12670: 12666: 12665: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12616: 12610: 12599: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12570:Bearman, Peri 12567: 12563: 12561:9780062316837 12557: 12553: 12552:HarperCollins 12549: 12548: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12525: 12524: 12518: 12514: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12477:. Routledge. 12476: 12475: 12469: 12465: 12459: 12455: 12454: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12386: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12360:Ahmed, Shahab 12357: 12353: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12292: 12286: 12282: 12275: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12187: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12164: 12156: 12152: 12146: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12121: 12114: 12109: 12102: 12097: 12090: 12085: 12078: 12073: 12066: 12061: 12059: 12051: 12046: 12044: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12021: 12020:Stillman 1979 12016: 12009: 12004: 11995: 11988: 11982: 11976:, p. 17. 11975: 11970: 11963: 11958: 11949: 11942: 11936: 11929: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11892: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11871: 11863: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11844: 11837: 11836:Brockopp 2010 11832: 11825: 11824: 11818: 11811: 11810:Brockopp 2010 11806: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11792: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11750: 11744:, p. 30. 11743: 11742:Esposito 1998 11738: 11731: 11725: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11641: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11606: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11542: 11534: 11528: 11524: 11519: 11518: 11509: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11422: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11314: 11307: 11302: 11300: 11292: 11291:Esposito 2011 11287: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11234: 11229: 11222: 11221:Rodinson 2021 11217: 11210: 11205: 11199:, p. 36. 11198: 11193: 11184: 11177: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11117: 11110: 11105: 11099:, p. 47. 11098: 11097:Brockopp 2010 11093: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11070:, p. 17. 11069: 11068:Nigosian 2004 11065: 11064:Esposito 1998 11060: 11044: 11037: 11031: 11022: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10963: 10954: 10952: 10942: 10933: 10926: 10921: 10915:, p. 46. 10914: 10909: 10900: 10894:, p. 18. 10893: 10892:Esposito 1998 10888: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10846: 10838: 10837:Esposito 1998 10833: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10802: 10795: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10663: 10661: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10518:, p. 90. 10517: 10512: 10510: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10469: 10464: 10457: 10452: 10445: 10440: 10433: 10428: 10421: 10420:Rodinson 2021 10416: 10409: 10404: 10397: 10396:Rodinson 2021 10392: 10385: 10384:Rodinson 2021 10380: 10373: 10368: 10361: 10356: 10349: 10348:Rodinson 2021 10344: 10337: 10332: 10325: 10320: 10313: 10308: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10288:Rodinson 2021 10284: 10277: 10272: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10248: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10211:Rodinson 2021 10207: 10200: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10175:Rodinson 2021 10171: 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10140: 10135: 10128: 10127:Rodinson 2021 10123: 10121: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10100:Rodinson 2021 10096: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10041: 10036: 10029: 10024: 10017: 10012: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9959: 9950: 9941: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9914: 9908:, p. 66. 9907: 9902: 9893: 9885: 9879: 9874: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9843: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9824: 9819: 9817: 9810:, p. 49. 9809: 9804: 9798:, p. 48. 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9721:, p. 75. 9720: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9696: 9695:Rodinson 2021 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9677: 9672: 9666:, p. 65. 9665: 9660: 9653: 9652:Rodinson 2021 9648: 9641: 9636: 9629: 9628:Rodinson 2021 9624: 9617: 9612: 9605: 9604:Rodinson 2021 9600: 9598: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9570: 9564:, p. 88. 9563: 9558: 9551: 9550:Rodinson 2021 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9526:Hazleton 2014 9522: 9515: 9514:Rodinson 2021 9510: 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9450: 9449:Rodinson 2021 9445: 9443: 9441: 9433: 9432:Rodinson 2021 9428: 9422:, p. 62. 9421: 9416: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9396: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9369: 9363:, p. 42. 9362: 9357: 9351:, p. 91. 9350: 9345: 9338: 9337:Rodinson 2021 9333: 9326: 9325:Rodinson 2021 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9283: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9242:, p. 39. 9241: 9236: 9227: 9220: 9214: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9154: 9153:Peterson 2007 9149: 9141: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9086: 9084: 9076: 9075:Rodinson 2021 9071: 9069: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9048:Rodinson 2021 9044: 9037: 9036:Rodinson 2021 9032: 9025: 9024:Hazleton 2014 9020: 9013: 9012:Rodinson 2021 9008: 9001: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8977: 8972: 8965: 8964:Rodinson 2021 8960: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8940:Rodinson 2021 8936: 8934: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8841:Rodinson 2021 8837: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8766: 8765:Rodinson 2021 8761: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8677: 8670: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8650: 8642: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8611: 8605: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8548: 8542: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8501:Fazlur Rahman 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8465:Arjomand 2022 8461: 8455:, p. 92. 8454: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8368:, p. 49. 8367: 8362: 8355: 8354:Fontaine 2022 8350: 8344:, p. 10. 8343: 8342:Nigosian 2004 8338: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8318:Fontaine 2022 8314: 8308:, p. 61. 8307: 8302: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8282:Fontaine 2022 8278: 8271: 8270:Rodinson 2021 8266: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8241:Rodinson 2021 8237: 8235: 8227: 8226:Fontaine 2022 8222: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8114: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7982:Rodinson 2021 7978: 7976: 7969:, p. 22. 7968: 7963: 7961: 7953: 7952:Rodinson 2021 7948: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7906:, p. 77. 7905: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7810: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7778: 7772:, p. 32. 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7746:Rodinson 2021 7742: 7736:, p. 86. 7735: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7698:Peterson 2007 7694: 7688:, p. 75. 7687: 7686:Peterson 2007 7682: 7680: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7648: 7647:Hazleton 2014 7643: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7623:Hazleton 2014 7619: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7599:Hazleton 2014 7595: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7564:, p. 68. 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7538:Brockopp 2010 7534: 7528:, p. 40. 7527: 7522: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7468:, p. 68. 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7393:, p. 86. 7392: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7352:Brockopp 2010 7348: 7341: 7335: 7329:, p. 11. 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7303:Peterson 2007 7299: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7269:, p. 37. 7268: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7224:, p. 73. 7223: 7218: 7216: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7128: 7122:, p. 51. 7121: 7120:Peterson 2007 7116: 7109: 7104: 7098:, p. 35. 7097: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7073: 7068: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7020:Rodinson 2021 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6986:, p. 49. 6985: 6984:Rodinson 2021 6980: 6974:, p. 73. 6973: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6932:, p. 56. 6931: 6926: 6920:, p. 52. 6919: 6914: 6908:, p. 46. 6907: 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6800: 6794:, p. 102 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6770:, p. 61. 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6743:, p. 16. 6742: 6741:Reynolds 2023 6737: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6711:, p. 51. 6710: 6709:Rodinson 2021 6705: 6698: 6693: 6691: 6683: 6682:Esposito 1998 6678: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6653: 6651:9780415341066 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6603:Esposito 2003 6599: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6532:Madelung 1997 6528: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6468: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6428:, p. 99. 6427: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374:. p. 9. 6373: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6229:, p. xv. 6228: 6223: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6117:Nigosian 2004 6113: 6111: 6103: 6098: 6092:, p. xi. 6091: 6086: 6084: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6012: 6007: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5894:, p. 57. 5893: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5751:, p. 22. 5750: 5745: 5738: 5737:Rodinson 2021 5733: 5726: 5725:Esposito 1998 5721: 5714: 5713:Esposito 2002 5709: 5707: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5644:, p. 98. 5643: 5642:Esposito 1998 5640: 5638:, p. 21. 5637: 5636:Robinson 2004 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5606:, p. 115 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594:, p. 134 5593: 5590: 5588:, p. 142 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574:Peterson 2007 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5562:Rodinson 2021 5560: 5557: 5554: 5552:, p. 301 5551: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5515:, p. 36. 5514: 5513:Esposito 1998 5511: 5509:, p. 32. 5508: 5505: 5503:, p. 22. 5502: 5499: 5497:, p. 57. 5496: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5461:in Sunnah.com 5460: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5443:, p. 225 5442: 5439: 5437:, p. 140 5436: 5433: 5431:, p. 259 5430: 5427: 5425:, p. 149 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5413:, p. 148 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5383:, p. 169 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5351:, p. 176 5350: 5349:Rodinson 2021 5347: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326:Brockopp 2010 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314:Rodinson 2021 5312: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5235:According to 5232: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184:God's Apostle 5181: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4987:false prophet 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957:, and by the 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916:Bernard Lewis 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4718:Bernard Lewis 4715: 4712:According to 4709: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4592: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565:Islamic world 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4411:Islamic faith 4408: 4402: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4346:Fatimah Zahra 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199:empires. The 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4004: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3924:intercalation 3919: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3811:attention to 3809: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424:contemporary 3422: 3421:Barakat Ahmad 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3371:Banu Mustaliq 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035:Dhat ar-Riqa' 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:Banu Qaynuqa' 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2792: 2785:Medinan years 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2285:Amr ibn al-As 2283:According to 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2081:Jabal al-Nour 2078: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:swordsmanship 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1825: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594:Jabal an-Nour 1591: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1350: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1170: 1169:Hijazi script 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 941:teachings of 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917:– 8 June 632 908: 901: 895: 889: 880: 874: 841: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 811: 810: 808: 807: 802: 792: 790: 780: 779: 778: 777: 770: 767: 766: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 673: 668: 667: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 598: 597: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 579: 575: 571: 568: 567: 564: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 515: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 500: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 463: 459: 458: 450: 440: 437: 435: 432: 423: 414: 411: 409: 406: 397: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 362: 359: 350: 340: 338: 335: 326: 323: 322: 317: 311: 308: 305: 302: 301: 297: 296: 294: 290: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 272: 268: 265: 262:Establishing 261: 257: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 212: 208: 203: 163: 159: 155: 153:Resting place 151: 146: 142: 128: 124: 118: 111: 107: 98: 94: 89: 85: 81: 73: 68: 55: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 26137:Arab Muslims 26012: 26005: 25999: 25938: 25926: 25919: 25912: 25905: 25898: 25876: 25869: 25862: 25855: 25848: 25841: 25834: 25827: 25820: 25790: 25783: 25776: 25769: 25762: 25755: 25748: 25741: 25734: 25727: 25721: 25708: 25688: 25681: 25675: 25667: 25660: 25653: 25646: 25641:Marzban-nama 25639: 25634:Siyer-i Nebi 25632: 25625: 25618: 25614:(Ibn Kathir) 25611: 25603: 25596: 25589: 25574:Biographies 25550: 25520: 25481:Descriptions 25469: 25456: 25442: 25360: 25299: 25198:Elite theory 25146: 25136: 25126: 25116: 25106: 25096: 25086: 25076: 25066: 25056: 25046: 25036: 25026: 25016: 25006: 24996: 24986: 24976: 24966: 24956: 24946: 24936: 24235:Guicciardini 24191:Early modern 24161: 24014:Philosophers 23964:Open society 23900:Body politic 23770:Distributism 23760:Conservatism 23755:Confucianism 23674:Gerontocracy 23664:Dictatorship 23618:Sovereignty‎ 23608:Ruling class 23498:Emancipation 23483:Citizenship‎ 23307: 23297: 23287: 23277: 23267: 23257: 23247: 23237: 23227: 23217: 23207: 23197: 23187: 23177: 23167: 23157: 22577:Guicciardini 22560:Early modern 22535: 22396:Philosophers 22370:Conservatism 22365:Confucianism 22353:Distributism 22286:Social norms 22274:Sittlichkeit 22260:Ressentiment 22206:Institutions 22184:Human nature 21964:Islamophobia 21829:Christianity 21777: 21710:Contemporary 21604:Architecture 21543: 21509: 21497: 21485: 21443: 21436: 21402: 21384: 21379:Nikah mut'ah 21377: 21370: 21363: 21356: 21349: 21342: 21306: 21294: 21287: 21280: 21273: 21253: 21246: 21239: 21232: 21145: 20868: 20792: 20774: 20767: 20711: 20704: 20697: 20690: 20683: 20676:Five Pillars 20653: 20626: 20619: 20608:God in Islam 20585: 20534: 20518: 20510: 20504: 20498: 20463: 20453: 20441: 20431: 20405:In Paradise 20395: 20385: 20375: 20365: 20359: 20349: 20333: 20330:(Plant stem) 20327: 20321: 20315: 20309: 20304:Plant matter 20291: 20285: 20277: 20271: 20265: 20259: 20168: 20139: 20135: 20103: 20067:Umm al-Kitāb 20065: 20052: 20039:Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā 20037: 20024: 20016: 20007: 19994: 19951: 19947:Ghadir Khumm 19931:('The Dawn') 19925: 19919: 19906: 19900: 19891: 19882: 19876: 19873:('The Noon') 19867: 19856: 19850: 19842: 19836: 19830: 19824: 19816: 19810: 19804: 19798: 19792: 19782: 19761: 19752: 19702:Days of Hajj 19690: 19687:(The Friday) 19681: 19633: 19591: 19578: 19546:Paradise of 19533:Jordan River 19528:Dār an-Nadwa 19527: 19509: 19471: 19466:Cave of Hira 19458: 19453: 19443: 19390:Masjid Qubāʾ 19389: 19371: 19361: 19353: 19339: 19327: 19319: 19293:Qaryat Yūnus 19292: 19282: 19272: 19232: 19222: 19208: 19199:Sinai Region 19181:Dam of Sheba 19176: 19164: 19149: 19139: 19130: 19115: 19097: 19075: 19063: 19055: 19025: 19020: 19010: 18993: 18980: 18967: 18885: 18863: 18854:Ahl al-Kitāb 18853: 18831: 18827:Zoroastrians 18823: 18818:disbelievers 18811: 18804: 18762:Banu Qurayza 18757:Banu Qaynuqa 18746:Ahl as-Suffa 18745: 18659: 18642: 18614: 18583: 18566: 18551:Sons of Adam 18506: 18482: 18474: 18465: 18439: 18433:Banī Isrāʾīl 18431: 18424: 18389: 18352: 18335: 18320: 18307: 18252:Luqman's son 18099: 18063: 18056: 18046: 17950:Luqman's son 17921:Martyred son 17813:Dhūl-Qarnain 17763: 17753: 17725: 17717:Perseverance 17709: 17687:ibn Ya‘qūb ( 17677:Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt 17676: 17665:('He of the 17662: 17575:Dhabih Ullah 17431: 17426: 17420: 17401: 17389: 17371: 17359: 17351: 17344: 17337: 17326: 17305:Malakul-Mawt 17303: 17278: 17272: 17264: 17249: 17220: 17201: 17178: 17157: 17145: 17135: 17125: 17115: 17096: 17087: 17078: 17068: 17064:) of Solomon 17055: 17044: 17032: 17023: 17014: 16983: 16855: 16848: 16830: 16812: 16794: 16776: 16758: 16740: 16722: 16610: 16585: 16567: 16549: 16530: 16512: 16494: 16476: 16458: 16337: 16319: 16301: 16282: 16263: 16245: 16226: 16208: 16197:إِسْمَاعِيْل 16179:إِبْرَاهِيْم 16010:Mount Arafat 15904: 15897: 15877: 15870: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15829: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15778:Sahih Muslim 15776: 15769: 15548:(son-in-law) 15177: 15131: 15116: 15101: 15083: 15066: 15045: 15023:Sahih Muslim 15022: 14999: 14975: 14956: 14949:Abel, Armand 14922:Polity Press 14916: 14892: 14872: 14852: 14829: 14797: 14792: 14771: 14747: 14723: 14699: 14685: 14664: 14640: 14617: 14594: 14582:, retrieved 14567: 14546: 14525: 14502: 14479: 14458: 14434: 14414: 14395: 14375: 14345: 14322: 14298: 14269: 14247: 14226: 14206: 14191:. Retrieved 14171: 14146: 14121: 14097: 14076: 14055: 14031: 14007: 13986: 13962: 13941: 13930: 13906: 13882: 13858: 13834: 13806: 13782: 13758: 13734: 13714: 13711:Lapidus, Ira 13691: 13666: 13662:Klein, F. A. 13642: 13618: 13614:Katz, Steven 13594: 13583: 13559: 13539: 13512: 13487: 13463: 13440: 13413: 13393: 13362: 13338: 13321: 13294: 13273: 13248: 13226: 13202: 13188: 13156: 13132: 13108: 13084: 13059: 13043:. Retrieved 13028: 12999: 12970: 12946: 12935: 12914: 12884: 12857: 12853: 12830: 12804: 12798: 12778: 12753: 12729: 12705: 12684: 12663: 12638: 12614: 12601:. Retrieved 12586: 12545: 12522: 12501: 12473: 12452: 12431: 12407: 12384: 12364: 12337: 12310: 12280: 12274: 12255: 12249: 12230: 12224: 12212:. Retrieved 12203: 12194: 12170: 12163: 12154: 12145: 12137: 12133: 12125: 12124:J. Schacht, 12120: 12108: 12096: 12084: 12072: 12035:Goddard 2000 12015: 12003: 11994: 11986: 11981: 11969: 11957: 11948: 11940: 11935: 11927: 11926:Ian Almond, 11922: 11898: 11891: 11877: 11870: 11850: 11843: 11831: 11822: 11817: 11788: 11786: 11768: 11762: 11754: 11749: 11737: 11729: 11724: 11712: 11708: 11675: 11652: 11615: 11605: 11581: 11574: 11551: 11541: 11516: 11508: 11483: 11447: 11437: 11425:. Retrieved 11405: 11381:. Retrieved 11377:the original 11370: 11340:. Retrieved 11320: 11313: 11286: 11274:. Retrieved 11255: 11233:Gabriel 2014 11228: 11216: 11209:Gabriel 2014 11204: 11197:Bennett 1998 11192: 11183: 11175: 11167: 11155: 11143:. Retrieved 11123: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11092: 11080: 11075: 11059: 11047:. Retrieved 11042: 11030: 11021: 11009:. Retrieved 10995: 10983: 10971: 10962: 10941: 10932: 10925:Ramadan 2007 10920: 10908: 10899: 10887: 10874: 10864: 10852: 10832: 10808: 10801: 10794:Bennett 1998 10789: 10765: 10755: 10731: 10724: 10700: 10693: 10669: 10635: 10631:Weston, Mark 10598: 10587: 10579: 10574: 10562:. Retrieved 10558:the original 10548: 10529: 10523: 10499: 10487: 10475: 10463: 10451: 10439: 10427: 10415: 10403: 10391: 10379: 10372:Gabriel 2014 10367: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10324:Gabriel 2014 10319: 10307: 10300:Gabriel 2007 10295: 10283: 10276:Rodgers 2012 10271: 10264:Gabriel 2007 10259: 10252:Rodgers 2012 10247: 10235: 10230: 10223:Gabriel 2014 10218: 10206: 10199:Gabriel 2014 10194: 10187:Gabriel 2014 10182: 10170: 10163:Gabriel 2014 10158: 10146: 10134: 10107: 10095: 10088:Rodgers 2012 10083: 10071: 10064:Gabriel 2007 10059: 10052:Gabriel 2007 10047: 10040:Gabriel 2007 10035: 10023: 10011: 9998: 9990: 9983:. Retrieved 9968: 9958: 9949: 9940: 9917: 9913: 9901: 9892: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9772:Rodgers 2012 9750: 9743:Rodgers 2012 9738: 9726: 9714: 9702: 9676:Rodgers 2012 9671: 9659: 9647: 9640:Rodgers 2012 9635: 9623: 9611: 9569: 9562:Peters 2003b 9557: 9545: 9538:Rodgers 2012 9533: 9521: 9509: 9502:Rodgers 2012 9497: 9485: 9473: 9427: 9402: 9395: 9375: 9368: 9361:Lapidus 2012 9356: 9344: 9332: 9320: 9313:Rodgers 2012 9308: 9296: 9289:Gabriel 2007 9274:Rodgers 2012 9269: 9257: 9235: 9226: 9218: 9213: 9204: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9177: 9172: 9165:Ramadan 2007 9160: 9148: 9129: 9117: 9097: 9060:Gabriel 2014 9055: 9043: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8976:Gabriel 2007 8971: 8959: 8952:Gabriel 2014 8947: 8925:Rodgers 2012 8920: 8908: 8901:Gabriel 2007 8896: 8889:Gabriel 2007 8884: 8877:Gabriel 2007 8872: 8865:Gabriel 2007 8860: 8848: 8836: 8829:Gabriel 2007 8824: 8813: 8801: 8794:Lassner 2012 8789: 8719: 8713: 8694: 8688: 8676: 8668: 8663: 8641:Rodgers 2012 8636: 8627: 8618: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8569: 8546: 8541: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8496: 8484: 8479:, p. 8. 8472: 8460: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8373: 8366:Rodgers 2012 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 8313: 8306:Gabriel 2007 8301: 8289: 8277: 8248: 8221: 8209: 8204: 8192: 8187: 8160:. Retrieved 8140: 8133: 8121: 8097: 8087: 8079: 8076:A. Guillaume 8069: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7996:, p. 39 7989: 7947: 7940:Lapidus 2012 7935: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7854: 7821: 7817: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7710:Beeston 1983 7705: 7693: 7671:Ṣallābī 2005 7666: 7654: 7642: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7594: 7586: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7509: 7502:Muranyi 1998 7497: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7425: 7418:Ramadan 2007 7413: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7339: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7229: 7207: 7201: 7193: 7181: 7154: 7134:, p. 7. 7127: 7115: 7103: 7096:Rodgers 2012 7091: 7079: 7067: 7056:the original 7043: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6972:Anthony 2020 6944:, p. 9. 6937: 6930:Gabriel 2007 6925: 6918:Roggema 2008 6913: 6906:Roggema 2008 6901: 6894:Roggema 2008 6889: 6884:, p. 8. 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829:. Retrieved 6809: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6756:Johnson 2015 6716: 6704: 6684:, p. 6. 6677: 6665: 6660: 6637: 6631: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6571: 6561: 6539: 6527: 6516:, retrieved 6494: 6470:, retrieved 6448: 6421: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6366: 6356: 6331: 6308:, retrieved 6286: 6276: 6251: 6247: 6222: 6203: 6197: 6185: 6177: 6162: 6155: 6133: 6130:Donner, Fred 6124: 6119:, p. 6. 6097: 6070:. Retrieved 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6040: 6030: 6018: 6011:Bennett 1998 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5990: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5938:24 September 5936:. Retrieved 5927: 5914: 5907:Lapidus 2002 5838:, p. 9. 5831: 5819: 5803: 5776: 5771: 5766:, p. 7. 5749:Rodgers 2012 5744: 5732: 5720: 5693: 5648: 5622: 5613: 5604:Anthony 2020 5568:Forward 1997 5558:, p. 89 5542: 5528:Banu Qurayza 5527: 5522: 5507:Lapidus 2002 5487: 5473:. Retrieved 5469: 5454:Sahih Muslim 5452: 5435:Ramadan 2007 5419:, p. 42 5407:, p. 14 5397: 5370: 5355:Gabriel 2007 5341: 5332:Rodgers 2012 5328:, p. 72 5306: 5297: 5280: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5240: 5231: 5220:Goldman 1995 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5067: 5059:Adamic cycle 5051:Baháʼí Faith 5048: 5022: 4945: 4911:Richard Bell 4904: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4850:in his book 4839: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4802: 4785: 4766: 4765:Muhammad in 4738:moral orders 4734:aristocratic 4729: 4723: 4711: 4687: 4679: 4648: 4638: 4616: 4604: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567:, excluding 4556: 4539: 4497: 4487: 4480: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4424: 4414: 4404: 4370: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4299: 4280: 4209:Monophysites 4190: 4174:Ghadir Khumm 4159: 4090: 4039: 4002: 3992: 3956: 3942:Siyer-i Nebi 3920: 3917: 3896: 3882:Ghadir Khumm 3860: 3841: 3817: 3808:Banu Hawazin 3805: 3766:Arabian gods 3762: 3755: 3743:Banu Khuza'a 3736: 3726:Siyer-i Nebi 3690: 3681: 3666: 3662:Allahu Akbar 3647: 3591: 3532:Banu Qurayza 3529: 3512: 3496:Banu Qurayza 3493: 3476:Banu Qurayza 3465: 3438: 3413:Banu Qurayza 3397: 3378: 3368: 3348: 3321:In 625, the 3320: 3315:Siyer-i Nebi 3313: 3271: 3264: 3253: 3237:Banu Qaynuqa 3234: 3206:Banu Qaynuqa 3203: 3190: 3175: 3169: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3050:Banu Qurayza 2947: 2882: 2876: 2869:jurisdiction 2857: 2832:allahu akbar 2825: 2819:) which was 2814: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2743: 2736: 2723: 2719: 2707: 2691:Last Rabi’ul 2686: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2647: 2644: 2590: 2565: 2542: 2524: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2483: 2440: 2417: 2383: 2354: 2335: 2331: 2306: 2282: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2230: 2220: 2189: 2185: 2176:Siyer-i Nebi 2162: 2147: 2128: 2110: 2106:Quran 96:1-5 2093:cave of Hira 2086: 2036: 2012: 1990: 1978: 1966:martial arts 1931: 1926: 1908: 1901: 1879: 1856: 1850:clan of the 1840:his birthday 1833: 1829:Siyer-i Nebi 1676:c. 620 1642:c. 616 1628:c. 615 1617:c. 614 1606:c. 613 1590:Cave of Hira 1576:Fatima Zahra 1556:c. 599 1542:c. 595 1528:c. 583 1514:c. 577 1496:c. 570 1428:Meccan years 1415: 1411:al-Daraqutni 1376: 1359: 1333: 1294: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1222: 1191: 1124: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1056: 1045: 1039: 1029: 979: 957:, and other 939:monotheistic 839: 838: 684:Ghadir Khumm 624:Perspectives 469: 430: 413:Abū al-Qāsim 404: 357: 333: 319: 306: 298: 279: 226: 213: 44: 26082:570s births 25992:Video games 25836:The Message 25576:of Muhammad 25459:controversy 25445:controversy 25390:collections 25072:(1835–1840) 24952:(c. 350 BC) 24942:(c. 375 BC) 24559:Tocqueville 24524:Saint-Simon 24489:Montesquieu 24340:Bolingbroke 24272:Machiavelli 24152:Ibn Khaldun 24117:Alpharabius 24110:Middle Ages 23935:Natural law 23910:Common good 23835:Nationalism 23795:Imperialism 23765:Corporatism 23740:Colonialism 23720:Agrarianism 23699:Technocracy 23679:Meritocracy 23659:Bureaucracy 23649:Aristocracy 23364:Historicism 23193:(1835–1840) 23159:De Officiis 22883:de Beauvoir 22853:Baudrillard 22805:Vivekananda 22795:Tocqueville 22710:Kierkegaard 22526:Ibn Khaldun 22496:Alpharabius 22387:Personalism 22296:Stewardship 22253:Reification 22248:Natural law 22169:Familialism 22135:Culturalism 21834:Catholicism 21729:Other areas 21720:Theological 21715:Eschatology 21672:Mathematics 21609:Calligraphy 21539:Theological 21493:Inheritance 21410:Cleanliness 20782:Shi'a Imams 20776:Ahl al-Bayt 20380:Pomegranate 20280:(The Earth) 20173:golden calf 19746:Pilgrimages 19479:Hudaybiyyah 19394:Quba Mosque 19348:Prostration 19299:,' that is 19260:Mesopotamia 19249:Mount Tabor 19245:Mount Sinai 19227:Mount Sinai 19177:ʿArim Sabaʾ 18915:Polytheists 18665:Household') 18660:Ahl al-Bayt 18617:(People of 18615:Qawm Tubbaʿ 18561:Wife of Lut 18556:Wife of Nuh 18407:or families 18405:ethnicities 18126:Moses' wife 17609:ibn Dāwūd ( 17391:ash-Shayṭān 17283:Holy Spirit 17109:Non-related 16438:ذُو الكِفْل 16056:Quba Mosque 15995:Jabal Thawr 15823:Books about 15486:Expeditions 15339:Descendants 14968:Welch, A.T. 14660:Swarup, Ram 14398:. OUP USA. 13945:. Ashgate. 13382:Holt, P. M. 13342:. Penguin. 12330:Ahmad, Anis 12101:Willis 2013 12089:Cimino 2005 12077:Curtis 2009 11383:27 December 11342:29 December 11306:Peters 2010 10988:Powers 2014 10913:Reeves 2003 10875:The Message 10871:"Chapter 9" 10516:Peters 2003 10360:Phipps 2016 9918:The Message 9731:Morgan 2009 9719:Swarup 2011 9664:Phipps 2016 9420:Kister 2022 9349:Miller 2011 8988:Peters 1994 8513:John Kelsay 8390:Peters 1994 8253:Peters 2021 8162:26 December 8006:Towghi 1991 7782:Peters 1994 7770:Cheikh 2015 7722:Phipps 2016 7562:Deming 2014 7526:Phipps 2016 7514:Gordon 2005 7327:Rāshid 2015 7315:Murray 2011 7267:Phipps 2016 7108:Netton 2013 7033:Ali, Wijdan 6780:Muesse 2018 6768:Peters 2010 6102:Reeves 2003 6023:Peters 1994 5836:Peters 2003 5686:Conrad 1987 5647:R. Walzer, 5592:Morgan 2009 5586:Phipps 2016 5441:Waqidi 2011 5423:Irving 1904 5241:rasūl Allāh 5073:Druze faith 5063:Bahá'u'lláh 4999:Christendom 4975:Middle Ages 4746:pre-Islamic 4696:lithography 4452:code point 4257:Ahl al-Bayt 4225:Mesopotamia 3951: 1595 3905:during the 3864:Banu Thaqif 3751:blood money 3700:Final years 3544:Banu Fazara 3283:Ibn Maslama 3258:, a Muslim 3151:monasteries 3065:Hudaybiyyah 3060:Banu Lahyan 3055:al-Muraysi' 2613:Banu Nawfal 2557:Banu Hashim 2527:Banu Hashim 2294:Black Stone 2272:challenged 2047:Black Stone 2026:Black Stone 2022: 1315 1848:Banu Hashim 1792:This box: 1649:Banu Hashim 1572:Umm Kulthum 1167:written in 1135:Islamic law 752:Possessions 699:Ahl al-Bayt 654:Historicity 321:Arabic name 300:Ahl al-Bayt 189: / 26087:632 deaths 26076:Categories 25940:South Park 25888:Television 25864:Fetih 1453 25402:Ibn Hisham 25357:Depictions 25280:Separatism 25088:On Liberty 24988:The Prince 24717:Huntington 24220:Campanella 24147:al-Ghazali 24096:Thucydides 24054:Lactantius 23999:Statolatry 23825:Monarchism 23805:Liberalism 23730:Capitalism 23713:Ideologies 23694:Plutocracy 23642:Government 23598:Revolution 23583:Propaganda 23533:Legitimacy 23508:Government 23369:Humanities 23329:Agnotology 22988:Kołakowski 22551:Ibn Tufayl 22531:Maimonides 22475:Thucydides 22470:Tertullian 22425:Lactantius 22320:Volksgeist 22301:Traditions 22115:Convention 21894:Ex-Muslims 21779:Shu'ubiyya 21773:Psychology 21761:Literature 21751:Inventions 21697:Philosophy 21505:Leadership 21481:Honorifics 21136:Philosophy 20943:Isma'ilism 20904:Maturidism 20787:Caliphates 20758:Golden Age 20649:Revelation 20274:(Planets) 20268:(The Moon) 20219:Of Quraysh 20094:Noah's Ark 19987:Holy books 19831:Al-Ghuduww 19825:Al-ʿAshiyy 19789:Invocation 19781:Times for 19632:Battle of 19623:Battles or 19215:(The Holy 19081:(formerly 19028:(Mainland 18838:Hypocrites 18785:People of 18752:Banu Nadir 18732:Implicitly 18574:Son of Nuh 18532:People of 18466:Ahl Madyan 18441:Muʾtafikāt 18361:Al-Raqaim? 18336:Ḥawāriyyūn 18218:Implied or 18163:(possibly 18093:Egyptians 18085:People of 18043:Egyptians 17864:(Jeremiah) 17764:Ibn Maryam 17517:(Ezekiel?) 17356:(Asmodeus) 17250:Muqarrabun 16986:(Generous) 16956:Non-humans 16944:Characters 16684:زَكَرِيَّا 16648:سُلَيْمَان 16587:Dhu l-Kifl 16015:Green Dome 16005:Muzdalifah 15990:Mount Uhud 15299:Umm Salama 14996:"MUHAMMED" 14972:"Muḥammad" 14966:Buhl, F.; 14822:"Muḥammad" 14521:Rubin, Uri 14362:0814775640 14193:1 December 13532:Ibn Kathir 13318:"Mohammed" 13198:Gil, Moshe 12893:. p. 12065:Quinn 2008 11427:1 December 11363:Safi, Omid 11276:1 December 11145:27 January 11081:Muʿd̲j̲iza 10564:26 January 10432:Glubb 2001 10408:Glubb 2001 10336:Glubb 2001 10312:Glubb 2001 10151:Glubb 2001 10139:Glubb 2001 10112:Glubb 2001 10076:Glubb 2001 10028:Glubb 2001 10016:Glubb 2001 9985:8 December 9933:Ibn Hisham 9922:chapter 48 9823:Glubb 2001 9808:Brown 2011 9796:Brown 2011 9784:Glubb 2001 9707:Glubb 2001 9616:Glubb 2001 9589:Glubb 2001 9574:Glubb 2001 9490:Glubb 2001 9478:Nagel 2020 9466:Glubb 2001 9301:Glubb 2001 9090:Glubb 2001 8782:Glubb 2001 8477:Rubin 2022 8294:Glubb 2001 8103:SUNY Press 8074:, 280, in 7967:Brown 2011 7928:Glubb 2001 7916:Glubb 2001 7880:Ahmed 2017 7550:Glubb 2001 7490:Lewis 2002 7222:Brown 2003 7132:Klein 1906 7072:Glubb 2001 6996:Brown 2011 6615:Robin 2012 6445:"Muhammad" 6426:Ardic 2012 6146:0878501274 6046:4 February 5996:4 February 5987:"Muhammad" 5824:Ahmad 2009 5580:Brown 2011 5550:Nagel 2020 5457:, hadith 5417:Brown 2011 5320:Glubb 2001 5153:References 5039:See also: 5017:See also: 4991:Antichrist 4973:." In the 4955:monotheism 4936:See also: 4896:Al-Andalus 4888:John Tolan 4866:says that 4864:Ian Almond 4777:, and the 4742:world view 4730:status quo 4669:until the 4612:cauterized 4514:profession 4429:) and the 4205:Nestorians 4186:Ridda wars 4116:Succession 4054:Green Dome 4042:al-Walid I 4033:Green Dome 3880:See also: 3825:Abu Sufyan 3758:Abu Sufyan 3654:Banu Nadir 3610:Abu Sufyan 3598:Hudaybiyya 3508:Abu Lubaba 3484:Abu Sufyan 3404:Abu Sufyan 3400:Banu Nadir 3355:Banu Nadir 3327:Abu Sufyan 3281:apostle?" 3278:Banu Nadir 3159:synagogues 3025:Banu Nadir 2902:See also: 2758:That night 2695:Ibn Hisham 2493:behest of 2467:W. M. Watt 2447:Ibn Hisham 2436:Abu Sufyan 2432:Umm Habiba 2345:See also: 2215:See also: 2057:See also: 1986:al-Dhahabi 1863:monotheism 1482: 570 1443:See also: 1439:Early life 1399:Abu Dawood 1372: 780 1329: 230 1314: 207 1299:Ibn Hisham 1259:Ibn Hisham 915: 570 672:Succession 612:Christians 550:Diplomatic 400:Teknonymic 379:ʿAbd Manāf 367:ʿAbd Allāh 353:Patronymic 197:Green Dome 195: ( 176:39°36′41″E 173:24°28′03″N 158:Green Dome 103: 570 25397:Ibn Ishaq 24998:Leviathan 24978:Monarchia 24972:(c. 1274) 24807:Oakeshott 24752:Mansfield 24747:Luxemburg 24732:Kropotkin 24627:Bernstein 24580:centuries 24494:Nietzsche 24437:Jefferson 24365:Condorcet 24313:centuries 24292:Pufendorf 24157:Marsilius 24044:Confucius 24029:Aristotle 24022:Antiquity 23950:Noble lie 23870:Third Way 23865:Socialism 23790:Feudalism 23745:Communism 23725:Anarchism 23704:Theocracy 23689:Oligarchy 23669:Democracy 23654:Autocracy 23568:Pluralism 23553:Obedience 23518:Hierarchy 23478:Authority 23409:Sociology 23359:Historism 23068:Santayana 23038:Oakeshott 23008:MacIntyre 22993:Kropotkin 22968:Heidegger 22821:centuries 22735:Nietzsche 22700:Jefferson 22685:Helvétius 22650:Condorcet 22613:centuries 22597:Montaigne 22420:Confucius 22410:Augustine 22327:Worldview 22221:Modernity 22194:Formation 22011:Symbolism 21969:Incidents 21947:Criticism 21839:Mormonism 21736:Astrology 21662:Cosmology 21657:Astronomy 21599:Arabesque 21466:Etiquette 21425:Blasphemy 21215:Economics 21030:Ahmadiyya 20972:Muhakkima 20919:Wahhabism 20909:Mu'tazili 20894:Ash'arism 20468:Date palm 20458:Palm tree 20446:Lote-tree 20422:or plants 20366:Qith-thāʾ 20294:(The Sun) 20292:Ash-Shams 20253:Celestial 20146:False god 20082:or beings 20080:of people 20062:of David) 20004:of Jesus) 19837:Al-Bukrah 19600:in Sheba) 19378:of Mecca) 19335:Monastery 19313:locations 19311:Religious 19268:Al-Jūdiyy 18961:Mentioned 18955:Locations 18868:Christian 18848:Believers 18833:Munāfiqūn 18796:Religious 18734:mentioned 18647:Stoneland 18523:Muhajirun 18301:Mentioned 18203:Abū Lahab 18198:As-Sāmirī 18188:(Goliath) 18154:Evil ones 18068:Zulaykhah 18024:People of 17911:Good ones 17711:Ulul-ʿAzm 17699:Zechariah 17695:Zakariyyā 17515:Dhūl-Kifl 17468:Mentioned 17314:(Michael) 17203:Zabāniyah 17180:Malāʾikah 17152:Honey bee 16802:Zechariah 15959:Abyssinia 15954:Jerusalem 15872:Ash-Shifa 15632:Umm Ayman 15576:Abu Lahab 15393:(Adopted) 15220:Thuwaybah 15185:Relatives 14897:Routledge 14571:, Brill, 14483:. BRILL. 14143:(2003b). 13780:(2002) . 13695:. BRILL. 13088:. BRILL. 12874:162350288 12733:. Wiley. 12688:. BRILL. 12590:. Brill. 12155:Arab News 11974:Watt 1974 11962:Watt 1974 10456:Cole 1996 10444:Katz 2022 9906:Watt 1956 9878:Khan 1998 9842:Khan 1998 9755:Sa'd 1972 9240:Watt 1956 9198:: 100–07. 9180:, p. 754. 9134:Watt 1964 9118:, Quraysh 9116:Uri Rubin 9102:Watt 1956 8681:Watt 1956 8656:Watt 1956 8604:Watt 1961 8525:Watt 1974 8489:Watt 1956 8210:Ascension 8193:Ascension 8126:Adil 2002 8042:Adil 2002 8030:Adil 2002 8018:Adil 2002 7904:Watt 1974 7838:0585-5292 7466:Watt 1953 7391:Watt 1953 7246:Ibn Ishaq 7198:Ibn Ishaq 7052:0928-6802 6942:Watt 1974 6882:Watt 1974 6858:Watt 1960 6846:Watt 1971 6831:3 January 6642:Routledge 6268:1478-0542 6227:Watt 1953 6090:Watt 1953 5764:Watt 1974 5665:Citations 5630:Watt 1974 5447:Watt 1974 5429:Muir 1861 5381:Watt 1964 5003:marriages 4983:Byzantine 4926:Criticism 4828:, in his 4801:, in his 4627:Ahmadiyya 4553:al-Busiri 4536:, Turkey. 4315:Umm Ruman 4247:Household 4213:Jacobites 4197:Sassanian 4193:Byzantine 4178:Byzantine 4097:Wahhabism 3911:Ilkhanate 3893:al-Bīrūnī 3774:al-Azraqi 3770:Ibn Ishaq 3747:Banu Bakr 3552:Umm Qirfa 3430:Ibn Hajar 3417:Ibn Ishaq 3359:Ibn Ishaq 3351:Banu Amir 3249:Ibn Ishaq 3210:al-Waqidi 3198:Abu 'Afak 3005:Dhu 'Amar 2944:Campaigns 2873:Ibn Ishaq 2821:Jerusalem 2775:Muhajirun 2699:al-Tabari 2657:Jerusalem 2553:Abu Lahab 2549:Abu Talib 2322:Abu Talib 2075:The cave 2043:Ibn Ishaq 2030:Ilkhanate 1950:Abu Talib 1873:, son of 1669:Abu Talib 1562:Birth of 1403:Ibn Majah 1316:AH), and 1307:al-Waqidi 1303:Al-Tabari 1285:Ibn Ishaq 1274:Hijri era 1231:has been 1070:Abyssinia 1026:preaching 1006:Abu Talib 975:practices 971:teachings 921:) was an 888:romanized 659:Criticism 292:Relatives 132:632-06-08 26182:Muhammad 26122:Adoptees 26033:Category 25812:Category 25676:Muhammad 25581:Category 25496:Timeline 25491:Opinions 25486:Reprints 25473:cartoons 25457:Idomeneo 25361:Muhammad 25253:Centrism 24948:Politics 24938:Republic 24907:Voegelin 24887:Spengler 24872:Shariati 24847:Rothbard 24802:Nussbaum 24702:Habermas 24677:Fukuyama 24667:Foucault 24592:Ambedkar 24569:Voltaire 24539:de Staël 24514:Rousseau 24395:Franklin 24370:Constant 24330:Beccaria 24162:Muhammad 24142:Gelasius 24127:Averroes 24101:Xenophon 24081:Polybius 24034:Chanakya 23879:Concepts 23845:Populism 23815:Localism 23800:Islamism 23785:Feminism 23684:Monarchy 23588:Property 23578:Progress 23543:Monopoly 23513:Hegemony 23422:Category 23334:Axiology 23322:See also 23113:Voegelin 23103:Spengler 23078:Shariati 23033:Nussbaum 23018:Maritain 22978:Irigaray 22958:Habermas 22923:Foucault 22908:Durkheim 22810:Voltaire 22775:de Staël 22750:Rousseau 22675:Franklin 22536:Muhammad 22521:Gelasius 22506:Avempace 22489:Medieval 22465:Polybius 22460:Plutarch 22226:Morality 22201:Ideology 22189:Identity 22098:Concepts 22049:Category 21942:Islamism 21925:Muhammad 21881:Apostasy 21856:Hinduism 21746:Feminism 21677:Medicine 21517:Military 21471:Gambling 21420:Apostasy 21415:Criminal 21327:Marriage 21296:Tayammum 21248:Murabaha 21121:Madrasas 21111:Holidays 21101:Clothing 21096:Children 21091:Calendar 21042:Quranism 20976:Khawarij 20948:Alawites 20899:Atharism 20793:Rashidun 20632:In Islam 20627:Muhammad 20456:(Tender 20436:Tamarisk 20370:Cucumber 20288:(Stars) 20266:Al-Qamar 20231:Al-ʿUzzā 20078:Objects 19892:Qabl al- 19843:Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ 19706:Doomsday 19634:al-Aḥzāb 19324:(Church) 19057:Al-Aḥqāf 18995:Jahannam 18988:Paradise 18595:Bedouins 18390:Qawm Lūṭ 18232:Abu Bakr 18062:Wife of 18051:Potiphar 18034:Binyāmin 17754:Al-Masīḥ 17726:Muḥammad 17663:Dhūn-Nūn 17607:Sulaymān 17545:(Elijah) 17457:Prophets 17373:Shayāṭīn 17331:(Genies) 17159:Qaswarah 17140:Wild ass 17118:(Female 17116:ʿAnkabūt 17039:elephant 16856:Muhammad 16850:Muhammad 16796:Zakariya 16724:Sulayman 16711:مُحَمَّد 16657:إِلْيَاس 16402:أَيُّوْب 16384:يَعْقُوب 16375:إِسْحَاق 16020:Al-Baqi' 15978:Symbolic 15678:Al-Burda 15596:(cousin) 15560:(cousin) 15534:Abu Bakr 15447:Miracles 15348:Children 15178:Muhammad 15096:(1960). 15078:(1971). 14970:(1993). 14953:"Baḥīrā" 14951:(1960). 14769:(1974). 14745:(1956). 14721:(1953). 14697:(2011). 14638:(1979). 14616:(1996). 14459:Muhammad 14344:(2003). 14296:(2007). 14205:(2007). 14187:Archived 14119:(2003). 13928:(1861). 13880:(2010). 13856:(1997). 13713:(2002). 13664:(1906). 13640:(2022). 13581:(1904). 13510:(1978). 13485:(1991). 13439:(2003). 13392:(1977). 13271:(1995). 13224:(2001). 13186:(1986). 13130:(2007). 13075:Archived 13057:(2011). 12996:(2002). 12968:(1998). 12936:Mohammed 12751:(2011). 12654:Archived 12636:(1998). 12544:(2013). 12489:Archived 12332:(2009). 12314:. ISCA. 12208:Archived 12138:Muhammad 11989:, p. 37. 11914:Archived 11757:, p. 52. 11732:, p. 34. 11698:Archived 11667:Archived 11631:Archived 11613:(2011). 11597:Archived 11566:Archived 11462:Archived 11448:Muqarnas 11421:Archived 11336:Archived 11270:Archived 11178:, p. 13. 11176:Muhammad 11139:Archived 11109:Muhammad 11011:16 April 11005:Archived 10879:Archived 10824:Archived 10781:Archived 10763:(2004). 10747:Archived 10716:Archived 10685:Archived 10651:Archived 10633:(2008). 10614:Archived 10596:(2002). 9966:(1955). 9925:Archived 8643:, ch. 1. 8549:, p. 45. 8156:Archived 8095:(1988). 7186:Quran 53 7046:(7): 3. 6825:Archived 6807:(2004). 6569:(2002). 6547:Archived 6544:Muhammad 6412:Muwaṭṭaʾ 6392:Ṣaḥīḥayn 6386:Archived 6364:(2007). 6330:(1993). 6132:(1998). 6072:24 March 5932:Archived 5924:"Qurʾān" 5922:(2007). 5802:(2003), 5649:Ak̲h̲lāḳ 5196:Mohammed 5079:See also 4880:Schlegel 4812:Persians 4671:Safavids 4662:Buddhist 4655:Ilkhanid 4534:Istanbul 4518:Shahadah 4446:ligature 4416:Shahadah 4319:Abu Bakr 4166:Abu Bakr 4126:Rashidun 4078:Abu Bakr 3998:Muhammad 3996:— 3979:pleurisy 3975:al-Abbas 3959:Maymunah 3829:Muawiyya 3312:-Turkic 3212:, after 3186:Abu Jahl 3155:churches 2948:Muhammad 2771:Abu Bakr 2746:Abu Jahl 2675:Ibn Sa'd 2593:Abu Jahl 2506:en masse 2451:Ibn Sa'd 2420:emigrate 2318:Abu Jahl 2302:Abu Bakr 2223:freedmen 2201:Abu Bakr 2150:Khadijah 2028:in 605 ( 1997:Khadijah 1974:caravans 1934:Abdullah 1919:Aksumite 1895:faithful 1636:Ethiopia 1568:Ruqayyah 1550:Khadijah 1490:Abdullah 1318:the work 959:prophets 894:Muḥammad 883:مُحَمَّد 840:Muhammad 563:Miracles 545:Military 470:Muhammad 462:a series 460:Part of 345:مُحَمَّد 341:Muḥammad 329:Personal 251:(mother) 245:(father) 223:Children 91:Personal 61:مُحَمَّد 51:Muhammad 26202:Quraysh 26043:Commons 26000:Quraish 25928:Khaybar 25736:Mahomet 25722:Inferno 25716:Falnama 25368:History 25290:Statism 25203:Elitism 25161:Related 24962:(51 BC) 24892:Strauss 24867:Scruton 24862:Schmitt 24852:Russell 24772:Michels 24767:Maurras 24762:Marcuse 24722:Kautsky 24692:Gramsci 24687:Gentile 24657:Dworkin 24647:Du Bois 24642:Dmowski 24637:Chomsky 24632:Burnham 24617:Benoist 24587:Agamben 24554:Thoreau 24544:Stirner 24534:Spencer 24479:Mazzini 24469:Maistre 24464:Madison 24459:Le Play 24390:Fourier 24355:Carlyle 24335:Bentham 24325:Bastiat 24320:Bakunin 24297:Spinoza 24287:Müntzer 24257:Leibniz 24230:Grotius 24210:Bossuet 24177:Plethon 24122:Aquinas 24091:Sun Tzu 24059:Mencius 24049:Han Fei 23820:Marxism 23780:Fascism 23613:Society 23538:Liberty 23523:Justice 23503:Freedom 23163:(44 BC) 23093:Sombart 23088:Skinner 23073:Scruton 23053:Polanyi 23028:Niebuhr 23013:Marcuse 22948:Gramsci 22943:Gentile 22903:Du Bois 22893:Deleuze 22863:Benoist 22833:Agamben 22790:Thoreau 22780:Stirner 22770:Spencer 22720:Le Play 22670:Fourier 22655:Emerson 22640:Carlyle 22625:Bentham 22602:Müntzer 22572:Erasmus 22546:Plethon 22541:Photios 22501:Aquinas 22435:Mencius 22403:Ancient 22336:Schools 22216:Loyalty 22174:History 22162:Counter 22157:Culture 22125:Customs 21996:Nursing 21957:Qutbism 21871:Sikhism 21866:Judaism 21861:Jainism 21851:Druzism 21687:Physics 21634:Pottery 21619:Gardens 21614:Carpets 21529:Slavery 21451:Divorce 21438:Dhabiĥa 21266:Hygiene 21241:Takaful 21223:Banking 21153:Science 21147:Qurbani 21116:Mosques 21076:Animals 21065:Culture 20999:Nukkari 20994:Azzabas 20981:Azariqa 20965:Zaydism 20953:Alevism 20829:Ottoman 20819:Almohad 20814:Fatimid 20809:Córdoba 20804:Abbasid 20799:Umayyad 20732:Leaders 20727:History 20685:Shahada 20600:Beliefs 20521:(Drink) 20507:(River) 20492:Liquids 20324:(Shoot) 20312:(Onion) 20272:Kawākib 20260:Maṣābīḥ 20205:Yaghūth 19941:Implied 19901:Al-Aṣīl 19851:Al-Layl 19735:Ramaḍān 19684:Jumuʿah 19548:Shaddad 19440:Arabia 19434:Antakya 19429:Antioch 19422:Implied 19366:Al-Aqsa 19301:Nineveh 19287:Babylon 19132:Ḥaraman 19102:(Hegra) 19099:Al-Ḥijr 19089:ʿArafāt 19083:Yathrib 19078:Madīnah 18908:Sabians 18844:Muslims 18813:Kāfirūn 18781:Khazraj 18632:Quraysh 18403:Tribes, 18325:Sabbath 18269:Shaddad 18242:Barṣīṣā 18175:Pharaoh 18171:Firʿawn 17868:Ṣamūʾīl 17855:Implied 17786:Abraham 17758:Messiah 17611:Solomon 17597:Shuʿayb 17569:Ishmael 17565:Ismāʿīl 17529:(Eber?) 17523:(Aaron) 17485:Al-Yasa 17422:Ghilmān 17298:Raphael 17294:Isrāfīl 17057:hud-hud 17007:Related 17000:Animals 16877:Muslims 16760:Al-Yasa 16730:Solomon 16693:يَحْيَى 16666:اليَسَع 16593:Ezekiel 16429:هَارُون 16411:شُعَيْب 16345:Ishmael 16309:Abraham 16303:Ibrahim 16143:إِدرِيس 16029:Mosques 15949:Khaybar 15741:(Camel) 15637:Gabriel 15584:(uncle) 15578:(uncle) 15572:(uncle) 15566:(uncle) 15243:(Uncle) 15192:Parents 15128:"Ka'ba" 15098:"Āmina" 14828:(ed.). 14584:21 June 13045:19 June 12821:3512048 12603:13 June 12301:Sources 12214:20 June 11003:. BBC. 10578:"Isa", 10004:110:1–3 8574:Quran 8 7846:1595926 6518:26 June 6472:29 June 6310:27 June 5787:p. 199. 5536:Rayhana 5475:28 June 5290:Gabriel 5208:Mohamed 5204:Muhamad 5200:Mahamad 5192:Mohamet 4995:heretic 4979:Western 4967:figures 4900:pogroms 4676:Ottoman 4569:Wahhabi 4522:the God 4459:‎ 4450:Unicode 4108:ziyarat 4074:Sahabah 4068:sultan 4066:Ottoman 4060:sultan 3821:Quraysh 3730:Ottoman 3650:Khaybar 3472:Gabriel 3468:Quraysh 3323:Quraysh 3260:Khazraj 3163:mosques 3135:Quranic 3075:Khaybar 2750:Gabriel 2679:Ramadan 2601:Quraysh 2545:Khadija 2495:Gabriel 2486:Quraysh 2379:Gabriel 2365:Yathrib 2314:Makhzum 2309:Quraysh 2270:Quraysh 2259:tazakka 2193:Khadija 2180:Gabriel 2135:Gabriel 2097:Gabriel 2089:Khadija 2032:period) 1958:archery 1913:, when 1889: 1875:Abraham 1871:Ishmael 1852:Quraysh 1592:on the 1360:Muwatta 1214:Yathrib 1210:Gabriel 1131:sources 1018:Gabriel 998:Quraysh 947:Abraham 902: 890:: 739:Related 717:Salawat 679:Saqifah 640:Judaism 426:Epithet 236:Parents 160:at the 18:Mohamad 26172:Medina 25385:Hadith 25152:(1992) 25142:(1971) 25132:(1951) 25122:(1945) 25112:(1944) 25102:(1929) 25092:(1859) 25082:(1848) 25062:(1820) 25052:(1791) 25042:(1790) 25032:(1762) 25022:(1748) 25012:(1689) 25002:(1651) 24992:(1532) 24982:(1313) 24912:Walzer 24902:Taylor 24857:Sartre 24822:Popper 24817:Pareto 24812:Ortega 24797:Nozick 24787:Mouffe 24737:Laclau 24697:Guénon 24682:Gandhi 24622:Berlin 24612:Bauman 24607:Badiou 24597:Arendt 24564:Tucker 24454:Le Bon 24415:Herder 24405:Haller 24400:Godwin 24385:Fichte 24380:Engels 24375:Cortés 24345:Bonald 24302:Suárez 24277:Milton 24267:Luther 24240:Hobbes 24225:Filmer 24215:Calvin 24200:Boétie 24193:period 24172:Ockham 24039:Cicero 23840:Nazism 23628:Utopia 23603:Rights 23593:Regime 23563:People 23548:Nation 23354:Ethics 23313:(2010) 23303:(1991) 23293:(1990) 23283:(1987) 23273:(1987) 23263:(1979) 23253:(1976) 23243:(1967) 23233:(1964) 23223:(1949) 23213:(1935) 23203:(1930) 23183:(1756) 23173:(1486) 23118:Walzer 23108:Taylor 23098:Sowell 23083:Simmel 23048:Pareto 23043:Ortega 22953:Guénon 22938:Gehlen 22933:Gandhi 22888:Debord 22873:Butler 22868:Berlin 22858:Bauman 22848:Badiou 22838:Arendt 22828:Adorno 22760:Ruskin 22715:Le Bon 22690:Herder 22665:Fichte 22660:Engels 22630:Bonald 22620:Arnold 22592:Milton 22587:Luther 22567:Calvin 22445:Origen 22415:Cicero 22375:Social 22311:Family 22306:Values 22267:Rights 22231:Public 22179:Honour 22110:Anomie 22105:Agency 21808: 21766:poetry 21576: 21461:Ethics 21445:Dhimmi 21404:Baligh 21365:Mahram 21322:Family 21302:Toilet 21282:Miswak 21035:Lahori 21018:Najdat 20914:Salafi 20864:Seerah 20859:Tafsir 20854:Hadith 20824:Sokoto 20769:Sahaba 20644:Angels 20621:Tawhid 20578:topics 20519:Sharāb 20479:Zaqqūm 20396:Zaytūn 20376:Rummān 20362:(Herb) 20354:Lentil 20343:Fruits 20336:(Seed) 20278:Al-Arḍ 20255:bodies 20226:Al-Lāt 20141:Ṭāghūt 20132:'Ansāb 20060:Psalms 20027:Tawrāt 20010:Qurʾān 20002:Gospel 19894:Ghurūb 19859:ʿIshāʾ 19818:Tasbīḥ 19812:Takbīr 19806:Taḥmīd 19598:Ma'rib 19518:Canaan 19505:'Ariha 19503:& 19344:Mosque 19340:Masjid 19329:Miḥrāb 19140:Kaʿbah 19134:Āminan 19126:Bakkah 19116:Makkah 19111:Ḥunayn 19043:In the 19015:Midian 19011:Madyan 18983:Jannah 18864:Naṣārā 18798:groups 18741:Amalek 18637:Thamūd 18425:Ar-Rūm 18385:Medina 18291:Groups 18261:Nimrod 18227:Abraha 18141:Sister 18136:Mother 18076:Mother 18038:Simeon 18026:Joseph 18007:Vizier 17997:Mother 17872:Samuel 17862:Irmiyā 17841:Gideon 17823:Maryam 17818:Luqmān 17735:Other 17689:Joseph 17638:Yaʿqūb 17549:ʿImrān 17489:Elisha 17427:Wildān 17414:Others 17378:Demons 17346:ʿIfrīt 17312:Mīkāil 17281:('The 17266:Ar-Rūḥ 17259:Jibrīl 17185:Angels 17120:spider 17080:namlah 17062:hoopoe 17016:baqara 16968:('The 16875:Note: 16766:Elisha 16748:Elijah 16702:عِيسَى 16675:يُونُس 16538:Jethro 16532:Shuayb 16502:Joseph 16460:Is'haq 16447:دَاوُد 16420:مُوسَى 16393:يُوسُف 16339:Ismail 16170:صَالِح 15939:Medina 15927:Cities 15920:Places 15890:Durood 15762:Hadith 15734:Pulpit 15703:Hadith 15668:Durood 15658:Mawlid 15618:(poet) 15546:Uthman 15527:People 15474:Events 15386:Fatima 15113:"Waḥy" 15053: 15029: 15010: 14984: 14928: 14903: 14880: 14859: 14806: 14779: 14755: 14731: 14707: 14672: 14648: 14624: 14602: 14575: 14554: 14533: 14509: 14487: 14466: 14442: 14421: 14402: 14383: 14359: 14330: 14306: 14282: 14255: 14234: 14213: 14179: 14155: 14129: 14105: 14084: 14063: 14039: 14015: 13994: 13970: 13949: 13914: 13890: 13866: 13842: 13814: 13790: 13766: 13742: 13721: 13699: 13674: 13650: 13626: 13602: 13567: 13546: 13520: 13495: 13471: 13447: 13421: 13400: 13370: 13346: 13302: 13281: 13257: 13234: 13210: 13164: 13140: 13116: 13092: 13067: 13036: 13012: 12982: 12954: 12922: 12901: 12872: 12838: 12819: 12786: 12765: 12737: 12713: 12692: 12671: 12646: 12622: 12594: 12558: 12530: 12509: 12481: 12460: 12439: 12415: 12391: 12372: 12318: 12287: 12262: 12237: 12182: 11985:Watt, 11906: 11858: 11779: 11753:Watt, 11728:Watt, 11695:(1998) 11693:Lewis 11659: 11623: 11589: 11558: 11529: 11496: 11454: 11413: 11328: 11262: 11161:21:107 11159:Quran 11131: 10816: 10773: 10739: 10708: 10677: 10643: 10606: 10536: 10002:Quran 9976: 9383: 9256:Watt, 9176:Meri, 8726: 8701: 8545:Watt, 8148: 8109: 7844: 7836: 7585:Watt, 7338:Watt, 7050: 6817: 6648: 6588:12 May 6579: 6509: 6463: 6396:Sunans 6378: 6344: 6301: 6266: 6210: 6170: 6143: 5966:17:106 5964:Quran 5810: 5783: 5779:1985. 5019:Sufism 5013:Sufism 4989:, the 4876:Herder 4872:Goethe 4808:Romans 4688:mi'raj 4680:mi'raj 4557:rahmat 4542:poetry 4528:", in 4511:Muslim 4494:Hadith 4490:Sunnah 4482:tafsir 4466:hadith 4454:U+FDFA 4431:prayer 4390:Legacy 4275:Medina 4237:Persia 4170:caliph 4153: 4147: 4141: 4128:, and 4058:Mamluk 4029:Medina 3658:Medina 3606:Uthman 3548:Medina 3450:An-Nur 3375:Medina 3310:Mamluk 3161:, and 3095:Hunayn 3085:Mu'tah 3045:Trench 3010:Bahran 2965:Safwan 2960:Al-‘Īṣ 2878:hijrah 2862:was a 2827:shofar 2816:qiblah 2804:masjid 2767:bounty 2762:Sawdah 2739:Hijrah 2716:Hijrah 2708:Hijrah 2683:Hijrah 2639:heaven 2510:hadith 2463:Medina 2443:Tabari 2441:While 2369:rabbis 2326:Hashim 2278:Qur'an 2121:vision 2065:, and 1982:Bahira 1964:, and 1917:, the 1915:Abraha 1778:61–62 1765:59–60 1751:57–58 1737:56–57 1724:54–55 1711:53–54 1701:Medina 1693:51–52 1679:49–50 1645:45–46 1631:44–45 1620:43–44 1574:, and 1564:Zainab 1559:28–29 1545:24–25 1531:12–13 1508:Arabia 1474:Event 1445:Mawlid 1379:hadith 1349:Hadith 1343:Hadith 1121:hadith 1116:sunnah 1078:Hijrah 1074:Medina 1014: 984:CE in 982: 879:Arabic 757:Relics 727:Mawlid 711:Praise 539:Career 522:Hadith 496:Medina 491:Hijrah 383:Quṣayy 375:Hāshim 210:Spouse 141:Medina 84:Medina 25878:Bilal 25807:Films 25566:Books 25455:2006 25412:Hilya 25301:Index 24930:Works 24917:Weber 24882:Spann 24877:Sorel 24842:Röpke 24837:Rawls 24792:Negri 24782:Mosca 24777:Mises 24742:Lenin 24712:Hoppe 24707:Hayek 24672:Fromm 24662:Evola 24652:Dugin 24549:Taine 24529:Smith 24509:Renan 24504:Paine 24425:Iqbal 24410:Hegel 24360:Comte 24350:Burke 24262:Locke 24252:James 24205:Bodin 24137:Dante 24132:Bruni 24086:Shang 24069:Plato 23623:State 23573:Power 23558:Peace 23493:Elite 23471:Terms 23151:Works 23138:Žižek 23123:Weber 23063:Röpke 23023:Negri 23003:Lasch 22973:Hoppe 22928:Fromm 22918:Evola 22898:Dewey 22878:Camus 22785:Taine 22765:Smith 22755:Royce 22745:Renan 22680:Hegel 22645:Comte 22635:Burke 22582:Locke 22516:Dante 22511:Bruni 22480:Xunzi 22455:Plato 22450:Philo 22430:Laozi 22238:Mores 22150:Multi 22140:Inter 21930:Quran 21810:Other 21705:Early 21629:Music 21545:Kalam 21499:Jizya 21487:Hudud 21372:Nikah 21289:Najis 21275:Ghusl 21234:Sukuk 21163:Women 21131:Music 21106:Flags 21011:Sufri 21004:Wahbi 20989:Ibadi 20889:Sunni 20849:Quran 20706:Zakat 20692:Salah 20655:Qadar 20613:Allah 20576:Islam 20535:Note: 20464:Nakhl 20454:Līnah 20400:Olive 20350:ʿAdas 20322:Shaṭʾ 20310:Baṣal 20286:Nujūm 20236:Manāt 20210:Yaʿūq 20195:Suwāʿ 20163:Baʿal 20058:(The 20055:Zabūr 20032:Torah 20030:(The 20000:(The 19997:Injīl 19980:Other 19885:Masāʾ 19800:Dhikr 19794:Ṣalāh 19784:Duʿāʾ 19764:Umrah 19540:River 19484:Ta'if 19446:Ḥijāz 19374:(The 19321:Bayʿa 19297:Jonah 19283:Bābil 19171:Sheba 19166:Sabaʾ 19144:Kaaba 19120:Mecca 19030:Egypt 18886:Yahūd 18824:Majūs 18619:Tubba 18590:Arabs 18585:Aʿrāb 18534:Mecca 18517:Anṣār 18485:Yūnus 18483:Qawm 18192:Qārūn 18186:Jālūt 18181:Hāmān 18165:Terah 18064:ʿAzīz 18057:Malik 18047:ʿAzīz 17976:Peter 17833:Ṭālūt 17776:Moses 17756:(The 17748:Jesus 17731:Aḥmad 17685:Yūsuf 17671:Whale 17657:Jonah 17653:Yūnus 17642:Jacob 17628:Yaḥyā 17618:Uzair 17601:Hobab 17592:Ṣāliḥ 17559:Isaac 17555:Isḥāq 17543:Ilyās 17537:Enoch 17533:Idrīs 17521:Hārūn 17509:David 17505:Dāwūd 17495:Ayyūb 17403:Mārid 17396:Devil 17387:Iblīs 17361:Qarīn 17353:Sakhr 17227:Raqib 17197:Mālik 17136:Ḥimār 17098:nāqat 17045:Ḥimār 17025:dhiʾb 16984:Karīm 16980:Allah 16976:Names 16966:Allāh 16931:Quran 16889:Quran 16838:Jesus 16814:Yahya 16784:Jonah 16778:Yunus 16742:Ilyas 16618:David 16612:Dawud 16575:Aaron 16569:Harun 16557:Moses 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