762:, he crushed the rebellion during a grueling winter campaign in 1217–18. Jochi led an army against the Kyrgyz and other rebels while Dorbei led the attack on the Tumed. Rather than take the primary road, Dorbei, with considerable time and effort, cut a new path and surprised the Tumed. Because envoys were deemed sacrosanct by the Mongols, and because of Boroqul's death, the Khori-Tumeds were punished severely. Chormagan was restored to power and allowed to continue his wife collecting, the Tumed queen Botoqui was ordered to marry Qutuqa, and a hundred Tumeds were sacrificed in vengeance for Boroqul's death. The Kyrgyz rebellion was also cruelly suppressed and the territory of the Khaganate converted into a handicraft colony. By 1219, Jochi's control of his Siberian territories was secure and he could participate in the
758:, a trusted companion and mentor from Genghis Khan's childhood, led an expedition against the rebellion, despite having a strong premonition of his impending death if he went. He achieved initial successes against the tribes but, while away from the main expeditionary force, was ambushed and killed by Tumed scouts. Incensed at the news of Boroqul's death, Genghis made preparations to personally lead the campaign, but was convinced otherwise by Muqali and Bo'orchu; instead, Jochi was sent, and, accompanied by the general
37:
1043:
boats. Following that campaign, the
Mongols sent large armies up to 10,000 men for the expeditions of 1285 and 1286. Led by Tata'erdai and Yangwuludai, the expeditions sailed across the sea in 1000 small boats carrying 10 men each. The Mongol armies apparently reached the southern tip of Sakhalin, since ramparts of a Mongol-Chinese fort dated to the 13th century were discovered at
794:, forcing them northward or else assimilating them. Merkit survivors of the Battle of Irtysh River had sent an envoy to the Uyghurs, but their envoy was killed by the Uyghurs, who had submitted to the Mongol Empire. The Merkit fled to the Kipchack confederation, specifically among the Qanling. At some point likely between 1209 and 1219, most likely 1217 or 1218, General
810:, and destroyed them. Qudu, the surviving son of the late Toqto'a Beki (who was killed at the Battle of the Irtysh), managed to flee with some of the Qanling to what is now northern Kazakhstan. Jebe and Subutai pursued and defeated Qudu, his surviving Merkit, and some of his Qanling allies. In 1236, the westward expansion of
1066:
Another Ainu raid was recorded in 1305, one which evaded the Mongol army. In 1308, the Ainu chieftains Waying and
Yushannu communicated through the Nivkh that they desired to surrender. An Ainu ambassador went to Nurgan with gifts of swords and armor and promised to pay a tribute of furs every year,
1058:
troops garrisoning the Amur region to withdraw in 1287. Nine years later, two Nivkh commanders defected to the Ainu, and in 1297 an Ainu force under the chieftain Waying crossed the strait on Nivkh boats and raided settlements on the continent. The Nivkh that were still aligned with the Yuan dynasty
1042:
The next record of an invasion on the Ainu was in 1282, when
Jurchens under Mongol rule were sent to aid the war effort by making boats to ship supplies across the sea. In 1284, a Mongol expedition was postponed from September to November out of fears that the windy seas might topple the supply
749:, the widow of the chieftain Darduqul-Soqor. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate refused the Mongol demands for soldiers to quash the rebellion. This spread into a general uprising among the so-called Forest Peoples, specifically the Ursut, Qabqanas, Tenlek, and Kešdi.
853:
notes that Mongol imperial domains stretched northward until there were no people, and that the northern subjects were so poor that the
Mongols took labor for tribute from them as opposed to goods. The historian Stephen Pow speculates that as the
967:
territory. At some point after 1221, Wannu broke from the
Mongols, and in 1232 the Mongol Empire requested Goryeo to attack Eastern Xia. In 1233, as part of a punitive expedition into Goryeo to force that dynasty's compliance, Ögedai sent
955:. That same year, he attempted a rebellion against his Mongol allies. This was swiftly subdued, and Wannu accepted the Mongols as his lords. In 1218, the Eastern Xia armies joined those of the Mongols in pursuit of remnants of the
684:, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. When meeting Jochi to offer his submission, he delivered some 10,000 soldiers. By securing an alliance with the Oirat, the Mongols now had access to trade routes extending all the way to the
1022:
Not long after subjugating the Nivkh in
Manchuria, the Mongol Empire received reports from the Nivkh of yearly invasion by the peoples of the east, namely the Guwei – Ainu – and the Yiliyu – "deer", which could refer to any
753:
and Qutuqa Beki were captured. Chormagan was taken captive first, due to his alleged depredations of whatever women he found interest in. Qutuqa Beki then tried to negotiate but was instead taken hostage as well.
943:. After the Mongols defeated him in 1216, he sent his son Tege to the Mongols as a hostage in order to pledge his loyalty to the empire. In 1217, due to the futility of establishing a kingdom in the area of
1003:
furs from the lower Amur and
Sakhalin that were especially favored by the Mongol-Chinese upper class at the time. For the Nivkh, surrendering to the Mongols ensured them a military alliance against the
233:
1059:
warned that the Ainu planned to cross the sea from Guohuo when the sea froze. When the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in mid-1297, the Yuan met the Ainu army and defeated them near
972:
and
Alchidai to subdue Eastern Xia. The Mongol armies quickly overwhelmed Eastern Xia and Wannu was beheaded. The conquered territory was given to the youngest brother of the late
2640:
Trekhsviatskyi, Anatolii (2007). "At the far edge of the
Chinese Oikoumene: Mutual relations of the indigenous population of Sakhalin with the Yuan and Ming dynasties".
1801:
3011:
1031:
on
November 30, 1264. The Ainu returned the next year to attack the Nivkh, and the Mongols sent supplies of food and weapons. With the formation of the Mongol-led
226:
1039:. Taxiala requested permission for another expedition, this time in winter when the narrowest point of the Strait would be frozen over, but this was rejected.
1087:
army under Kublai's Kipchak general Tutugh reoccupied the Kyrgyz lands in 1293, which secured the Yuan dynasty large portions of Central and Eastern Siberia.
2939:
219:
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1294:
3882:
759:
3345:
2690:
The peoples of Northeast Asia through time : precolonial ethnic and cultural processes along the coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait
882:
forcing the inhabitants to flee indicate northern Mongol military operations. Pow also argues that Russian folklore and the accounts of
3489:
890:
also claimed that the Golden Horde controlled from along the Irtysh to the Yugra people - with Islamic traders visiting those domains.
745:
In 1217, the Khori-Tumed, perhaps angered by the presence of Jochi's armies moving westward, revolted against Mongol authority, led by
509:
3257:
3249:
725:, in what is present-day southern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan, but were again defeated. The surviving Merkit fled west to the
302:
276:
3950:
2736:
1079:
sent a Chinese official, with a new batch of settlers, to serve as judge of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan basin areas. Ogedei's grandson
849:) until they reached the Arctic Ocean. Carpine also separately lists the "Parrosites" and Samoyeds as subject people. Likewise,
3497:
514:
806:, likely joined in force with a Uyghur army, met the Merkit at the Chem River in Central Asia, in what is present-day western
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motivated the Mongols to force the submission of the two peoples and establish an administration post at Nurgan (present-day
534:
2542:[The Ainu and Ainu culture from historical records of the Yuan and Ming]. In Katō, Hirofumi; Suzuki, Kenji (eds.).
814:, the son of Jochi, smashed into the Kipchaks and incorporated their lands and other portions of Western Siberia into his
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503:
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676:, Genghis Khan's chief wife; Qutuqa's other son, Torolchi married Qolui, a daughter of Jochi; and Qutuqa's daughter
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499:
488:
478:
264:
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in China, an expedition commanded by Taxiala was launched in 1272 and 1273 but was stymied by raging water in the
668:, submitted to the Mongols and secured the alliance through a web of marriages: One of his sons, Inalchi, married
4015:
3945:
3545:
3473:
3379:
3215:
492:
484:
410:
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3441:
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583:. This early period of expansion gained the Mongol Empire access to trade and tribute all the way north to the
564:
468:
406:
357:
347:
319:
243:
28:
3926:
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717:. Through the guidance of Qutuqa Beki, the campaign tracked the Merkits and Naimans and defeated them at the
524:
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and the southern borderlands of Siberia and established the Mongol Empire. In 1207, he sent his eldest son
600:
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379:
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as Taxiala failing to succeed in this expedition instead of not being given permission. Original quote in
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2013:
1905:
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324:
297:
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165:
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3398:
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3312:
3296:
3058:
444:
430:
384:
374:
369:
2512:[Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north"]. In Kikuchi, Toshihiko (ed.).
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suggest control over, or at least successful expeditions into, up as far north as the Arctic Ocean.
1576:
1220:
657:
342:
140:
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1304:
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in either late 1208 or very early 1209. After that defeat, the Merkit and Naiman regrouped at the
3363:
2416:
539:
416:
1987:. Vol. 2. Auflage: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. Münster:
999:
rivers in 1263. For the Mongols, subjugating this region gained them tribute, in particular the
3001:
2722:
2103:
2098:
Atwood, Christopher P. (2007). "The Date of the 'Secret History of the Mongols' Reconsidered".
1458:
1269:
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leader Liu-ke declared his allegiance to Genghis in 1212 and conquered Manchuria from the Jin.
887:
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in the first decade of the 13th century and the early territorial expansion of his empire into
2557:
1980:
1909:
1848:
3744:
3688:
3021:
2543:
2467:
2019:
1676:
1649:
1610:
1403:
1265:
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire
1051:
576:
2446:
1988:
1946:
3644:
3636:
3116:
714:
661:
572:
2583:"The Mongol Empire's Northern Border: Re-evaluating the Surface Area of the Mongol Empire"
874:, would likely have passed to the Mongols. He hypothesizes that Norse sagas which mention
8:
3892:
2846:
2563:
1854:
2768:
2657:
2488:
2433:
2412:"Early Mongol Expansion in Western Siberia and Turkestan (1207–1219): a Reconstruction"
1829:
1782:
913:
850:
3714:
3046:
2986:
2671:
The conquest of Ainu lands : ecology and culture in Japanese expansion, 1590–1800
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1992:
1956:
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1821:
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1952:
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1024:
314:
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2023:
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1263:
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In 1215, the warlord Puxian Wannu, a Jin commander, seceded from Jin and founded
863:
803:
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continued throughout the 13th century, including against northern possessions of
580:
70:
2538:
Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2012). "Gen-Mindai no shiryō kara mieru Ainu to Ainu bunka"
1508:
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1191:
867:
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393:
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1817:
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submitted and paid taxes to the Mongol Empire, the Novgorodian control of the
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Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
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783:
685:
669:
617:
584:
188:
183:
66:
3141:
2508:
Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2010). "Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai"
1612:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
1232:
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734:
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175:
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2437:
2411:
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1762:
1138:
Kradin, Nikolay N. (2016-01-11). "Kyrgyz Khaganate". In Dalziel, Nigel;
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3816:
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3151:
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960:
883:
879:
807:
568:
170:
2545:
Atarashii Ainu shi no kōchiku : senshi hen, kodai hen, chūsei hen
1540:
81:
Mongol Empire subjugates large portions of Siberia and Northeast China
3776:
3766:
3131:
3111:
3106:
3065:
1920:. Vol. 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge:
1682:
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811:
750:
689:
629:
588:
335:
285:
105:
36:
2582:
2133:
977:
587:
in certain areas. Further expansion in North Asia and into historic
3902:
3121:
2981:
2863:
2383:
1355:
1353:
1028:
944:
929:
842:
815:
791:
621:
673:
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3867:
3857:
3842:
3146:
3101:
3096:
2883:
2873:
2811:
795:
775:
755:
730:
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710:
665:
645:
592:
560:
157:
152:
148:
125:
62:
2714:
2194:
2192:
1350:
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3821:
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3126:
3086:
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2796:
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2323:
2284:
964:
875:
787:
718:
706:
649:
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633:
130:
120:
110:
1071:
Re-occupation of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan river basins (1270–1293)
3897:
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3761:
3701:
2868:
2858:
2806:
2335:
2189:
1080:
1000:
996:
952:
871:
681:
653:
625:
135:
3282:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1577:"The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the United Empire, 1206–1260"
1422:
3847:
3801:
3161:
3091:
992:
921:
893:
837:
the Mongols campaigned northward against the "Parrosites" (
799:
2313:
2311:
2262:
2260:
1556:
769:
660:, and others. The Oirat ruler Qutuqa Beki, who during the
3887:
2228:
1876:
1874:
664:
had allied with Genghis Khan's rival and former friend,
2308:
2296:
2272:
2257:
2216:
2204:
1083:
occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on. The
559:
launched several military expeditions in the region of
2244:, p. 140) interprets the relevant passage in the
599:, and into as late as the early 14th century with the
3012:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2551:(in Japanese). Hokkaido University. pp. 138–145.
2359:
1871:
1528:
1496:
2177:
2165:
1981:"Christians in Korea at the End of the 13th Century"
1718:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1629:
1581:
The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1334:
The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes
798:
was dispatched to deal with these survivors and he,
628:
to conquer the Siberian "Forest People", namely the
2490:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1114:
1011:
920:. While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general
713:, who were enemies of Genghis Khan and opposed his
2595:
1438:
3007:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1742:
1730:
1699:
1477:
1369:
241:
3937:
2523:] (in Japanese). Hokkaido University Press.
1767:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
705:The expedition also encountered remnants of the
3427:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
688:. In 1214-1215, Jochi's expedition reached the
2639:
2385:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2341:
2329:
2290:
2241:
2198:
2155:
620:had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in
2730:
1985:Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters
611:
227:
2910:
2673:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1763:"A Study of Jebe's Expedition to Tung Ching"
1651:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
1583:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1215.
912:. The Mongols crushed the Jin armies at the
2593:
1983:. In Winkler, Dietmar W.; Tang, Li (eds.).
1562:
1550:
1518:
1460:The Secret History of the Mongols: Volume 2
1336:. Cambridge University Press. p. 789.
1258:
1214:
908:In 1211, of the Mongol Empire launched its
778:had been encroaching into the lands of the
656:, Ursut, Qabqanas, Tubas, Kem-Kemjuit, the
2737:
2723:
2011:
1615:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
1456:
234:
220:
35:
2107:
1305:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768593.001.0001
1217:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
2537:
2521:A history and cultures of Northeast Asia
2507:
2444:
2317:
2302:
2278:
2266:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2139:
1944:
1654:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
1647:
1579:. In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
1332:. In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
894:Securing Northeast Manchuria (1212–1263)
2620:
2559:Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine
2143:
1850:Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine
1608:
1574:
1299:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
770:Western Siberia (1209–1219, 1236-1240s)
740:
3938:
3357:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3316:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2687:
2668:
2486:
2381:
2365:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2097:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1880:
1799:
1534:
1514:
1502:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1327:
1137:
774:In portions of southwest Siberia, the
3676:
3187:
2909:
2756:
2718:
2555:
2409:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2043:
1846:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1444:
1428:
1405:The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire
1401:
1359:
1187:The Mongol Conquests in World History
1179:
1177:
1120:
215:
3188:
2940:Administrative divisions and vassals
1806:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1674:
1292:
1254:
1252:
1133:
1131:
1129:
3207:
2580:
2465:
1969:
1895:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1635:
1546:
1522:
1490:
1432:
1386:
1380:
1363:
1183:
1050:The rebellion of the Mongol prince
13:
2692:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
2082:
2052:
2040:
1938:
1760:
1597:
1457:Rachewiltz, Igor de (2022-11-07).
1286:
1174:
900:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
701:Battle of Irtysh River (1208/1209)
606:
14:
4027:
2744:
2598:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1249:
1126:
1109:The Secret History of the Mongols
928:and captured Mukden (present-day
924:travelled even further east into
2606:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1328:Allsen, Thomas T. (2023-07-31).
1012:Conquest of Sakhalin (1264–1308)
2757:
2514:Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka
2382:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
2347:
2124:
2091:
2073:
2064:
2012:Pennington, Reina, ed. (2003).
2005:
1886:
1840:
1793:
1754:
1668:
1641:
1575:Dunnell, Ruth W. (2023-07-31).
1568:
1450:
1408:. Scarecrow Press. p. 26.
601:securing of the Sakhalin island
3951:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2472:. Edinburgh University Press.
2375:
1918:The Cambridge History of China
1675:Mote, Victor L. (2018-02-07).
1648:Favereau, Marie (2021-04-20).
1321:
1208:
1158:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe173
1102:
904:Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia
29:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
3927:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3624:Division of the Mongol Empire
2548:新しいアイヌ史の構築 : 先史編・古代編・中世編
2445:Henthorn, William E. (1963).
1945:Henthorn, William E. (1963).
1609:Forsyth, James (1994-09-08).
1402:Buell, Paul D. (2010-02-12).
1330:"18: The Mongols and Siberia"
1215:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1090:
1008:who had invaded their lands.
983:Raids from the Nivkh and the
2587:Genius Loci - Laszlovszky 60
2451:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
2130:Henthorn, 1963, p. 100 n. 78
2100:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
1293:Hope, Michael (2016-10-06).
1018:Mongol invasions of Sakhalin
963:dynasty which were invading
947:, he relocated to northeast
827:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
818:, which became known as the
16:Part of the Mongol conquests
7:
2874:Manghit / Mangudai
2625:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2581:Pow, Stephen (2018-01-01).
2448:Korea: The Mongol Invasions
2388:. New York: Facts on File.
1948:Korea: The Mongol Invasions
1800:Martin, H. Desmond (1943).
1184:May, Timothy (2013-02-15).
910:invasion of the Jin dynasty
776:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
22:Mongol campaigns in Siberia
10:
4032:
4011:1300s in the Mongol Empire
4006:1290s in the Mongol Empire
4001:1280s in the Mongol Empire
3996:1270s in the Mongol Empire
3991:1260s in the Mongol Empire
3986:1250s in the Mongol Empire
3981:1240s in the Mongol Empire
3976:1230s in the Mongol Empire
3971:1220s in the Mongol Empire
3966:1210s in the Mongol Empire
3961:1200s in the Mongol Empire
3677:
3653:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2594:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
2049:McLynn, 2015, p. 385 n. 60
1979:Toepel, Alexander (2009).
1922:Cambridge University Press
1225:Cambridge University Press
1145:The Encyclopedia of Empire
1015:
897:
698:
612:First campaign (1207–1209)
498:Hungary and Croatia (
3924:
3835:
3754:
3687:
3683:
3672:
3616:
3565:
3468:(1223 / 1236–40)
3414:
3391:
3374:(1257 / 1284–88)
3344:
3269:
3214:
3203:
3183:
3074:
3020:
2997:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2932:
2928:
2905:
2820:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2015:Amazons to Fighter Pilots
1818:10.1017/S0035869X00098166
991:) at the junction of the
672:, the second daughter of
567:. The first campaigns in
555:In the 13th century, the
483:Poland and Bohemia (
450:
443:
424:
392:
334:
284:
263:
258:
253:
89:
45:
41:The Mongol Empire in 1276
34:
26:
21:
2688:Zgusta, Richard (2015).
2642:Journal of Asian History
2547:
2539:
2516:
2509:
2254:8:151: 征東招討使塔匣剌請征骨嵬部，不允。
2079:Henthorn, 1963, p. 74-77
2070:Henthorn, 1963, p. 6, 14
1221:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1095:
1054:in Manchuria forced the
829:, after the conquest of
658:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
141:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
2950:Invasions and conquests
2869:Paiza / Gerege
2417:Central Asiatic Journal
2410:Buell, Paul D. (1992).
1463:. BRILL. p. 1049.
1027:. The Mongols attacked
764:conquest of Qara Khitai
565:invasions and conquests
4016:14th-century conflicts
3946:13th-century conflicts
3607:(1260 / 1301)
3335:(1274 / 1281)
3002:Franco-Mongol alliance
2669:Walker, Brett (2001).
2621:Stephan, John (1971).
2487:McLynn, Frank (2015).
2088:Henthorn, 1963, p. 102
1912:. In Franke, Herbert;
951:along the border with
916:at a mountain pass in
888:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari
729:and the Naiman leader
147:Remnant forces of the
2556:Peers, Chris (2015).
2466:May, Timothy (2018).
2020:Westport, Connecticut
1991:. pp. 279 n. 3.
1847:Peers, Chris (2015).
1678:Siberia: Worlds Apart
1233:10.1017/9781108347990
1067:ending the conflict.
898:Further information:
3498:Serbia and Bulgaria
2540:元・明代の史料にみえるアイヌとアイヌ文化
2242:Trekhsviatskyi (2007
1924:. pp. 257–258.
1892:Henthorn, 1963, p. 6
1761:Qu, Da-Feng (1998).
1362:, pp. 6–8, 10;
741:1217–1219 rebellions
662:rise of Genghis Khan
573:rise of Genghis Khan
244:Mongol invasions and
3745:Khagans of the Yuan
3474:Poland and Bohemia
3250:Khwarazmian Empire
2975:Society and economy
2623:Sakhalin: A History
2564:Pen and Sword Books
2342:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
2330:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
2291:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
2199:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
2156:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
2061:Peers, 2015, p. 109
1914:Twitchett, Denis C.
1855:Pen and Sword Books
1812:(1–2): 60, note 2.
835:invasion of Hungary
515:Bulgaria and Serbia
3956:History of Siberia
3490:Holy Roman Empire
2945:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2493:. Hachette Books.
2158:, pp. 145–6;
2102:(37): 43, n. 149.
1989:LIT Verlag Münster
1910:"The Chin dynasty"
1549:, pp. 57–58;
1272:. pp. 46–48.
1194:. pp. 37–38.
914:Battle of Yehuling
851:William of Rubruck
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3645:Kaidu–Kublai war
3637:Berke–Hulagu war
3629:Toluid Civil War
3410:
3409:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
2982:House of Borjigin
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2613:978-06-31-16785-3
2573:978-1-4738-5382-9
2510:「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題
2500:978-0-306-82395-4
2479:978-0-7486-4237-3
2469:The Mongol Empire
2395:978-0-8160-4671-3
2332:, pp. 142–3.
2293:, pp. 143–4.
2033:978-0-313-32707-0
2018:. Vol. A–Q.
1998:978-3-643-50045-8
1931:978-0-521-24331-5
1864:978-1-4738-5382-9
1802:"The Mongol Army"
1727:, pp. 10–11.
1692:978-0-429-96588-3
1661:978-0-674-24421-4
1638:, pp. 58–59.
1622:978-0-521-47771-0
1590:978-1-009-30197-8
1470:978-90-04-53175-8
1415:978-1-4617-2036-2
1343:978-1-009-30197-8
1314:978-0-19-876859-3
1279:978-0-307-40716-0
1260:Weatherford, Jack
1242:978-1-108-44100-1
1201:978-1-86189-971-2
1167:978-1-118-44064-3
1140:MacKenzie, John M
1037:Strait of Tartary
856:Novgorod Republic
552:
551:
547:
546:
510:Holy Roman Empire
210:
209:
85:
84:
4023:
3731:
3718:
3715:Töregene Khatun
3705:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3402:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3336:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3235:
3227:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3184:
3147:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3137:Sarai Batu/Berke
3042:Chagatai Khanate
2930:
2929:
2907:
2906:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2684:
2665:
2636:
2617:
2602:. Translated by
2601:
2590:
2577:
2552:
2534:
2504:
2483:
2462:
2441:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1955:. pp. 5–6.
1953:Brill Publishers
1942:
1936:
1935:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1773:(1/2): 171–177.
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1572:
1566:
1563:Ratchnevsky 1991
1560:
1554:
1551:Ratchnevsky 1991
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1519:Ratchnevsky 1991
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1025:Tungusic peoples
959:armies from the
530:Byzantine Thrace
256:
255:
248:
236:
229:
222:
213:
212:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3912:
3831:
3750:
3729:
3716:
3703:
3679:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3450:Volga Bulgaria
3443:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3406:
3400:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3305:Southern China
3298:
3290:
3289:Northern China
3281:
3279:
3265:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3233:
3225:
3199:
3198:
3171:
3070:
3047:House of Ögedei
3016:
2987:House of Ögedei
2955:Destructiveness
2924:
2923:
2893:
2830:
2816:
2759:
2748:
2743:
2700:
2681:
2633:
2614:
2574:
2549:
2541:
2531:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2480:
2459:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:History of Yuan
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2252:History of Yuan
2247:History of Yuan
2238:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2142:, p. 415;
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2109:10.1.1.963.4527
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2024:Greenwood Press
2010:
2006:
1999:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1906:Franke, Herbert
1903:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:. p. 105.
1845:
1841:
1798:
1794:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1537:, pp. 142.
1533:
1529:
1521:, p. 117;
1517:, p. 502;
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1227:. p. 115.
1213:
1209:
1202:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1136:
1127:
1123:, pp. 3–7.
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1073:
1020:
1014:
906:
896:
772:
743:
703:
614:
609:
607:Jochi campaigns
581:Western Siberia
563:as part of its
553:
548:
425:Other invasions
249:
245:
242:
240:
201:
193:
180:
162:
144:
73:
71:Northeast China
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:Oghul Qaimish
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Mongol Armenia
2989:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2648:(2): 131–155.
2637:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2604:Thomas Haining
2591:
2578:
2572:
2553:
2535:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2463:
2458:978-1297514982
2457:
2442:
2407:
2394:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:, p. 503.
2358:
2346:
2344:, p. 143.
2334:
2322:
2320:, p. 139.
2307:
2305:, p. 419.
2295:
2283:
2281:, p. 416.
2271:
2269:, p. 418.
2256:
2237:, p. 417.
2227:
2225:, p. 417.
2215:
2213:, p. 415.
2203:
2201:, p. 140.
2188:
2176:
2164:
2162:, p. 132.
2148:
2132:
2123:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2032:
2026:. p. 14.
2004:
1997:
1968:
1962:978-1297514982
1961:
1937:
1930:
1894:
1885:
1883:, p. 146.
1870:
1863:
1839:
1792:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1685:. p. 38.
1667:
1660:
1640:
1628:
1621:
1596:
1589:
1567:
1565:, p. 117.
1555:
1553:, p. 117.
1539:
1527:
1507:
1505:, p. 141.
1495:
1476:
1469:
1449:
1437:
1431:, p. 21;
1421:
1414:
1385:
1368:
1349:
1342:
1320:
1313:
1285:
1278:
1248:
1241:
1207:
1200:
1173:
1166:
1148:(1 ed.).
1125:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1072:
1069:
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
895:
892:
868:Kola Peninsula
860:Northern Dvina
831:Volga Bulgaria
771:
768:
760:Dorbei Doqshin
747:Botoqui Tarqun
742:
739:
733:fled south to
699:Main article:
613:
610:
608:
605:
550:
549:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
496:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Volga Bulgaria
456:
448:
447:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
403:
396:
394:Southeast Asia
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
338:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
317:
312:
311:
310:
300:
295:
288:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
267:
261:
260:
254:
251:
250:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
168:
161:
160:
155:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
101:
100:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4028:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
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3928:
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3909:
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3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Chagatai Khan
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
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3760:
3759:
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3649:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
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3619:
3615:
3609:
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3595:
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3579:
3577:
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3570:
3568:
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3552:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:Latin Empire
3504:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
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3421:
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3403:
3397:
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3390:
3384:
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3362:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
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3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:Northern Yuan
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Imperial Seal
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:Pax Mongolica
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:Mongol Empire
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:9789004300439
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2680:9780520248342
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2632:9780198215509
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2532:
2530:9784832967342
2526:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:(1/2): 1–32.
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2318:Nakamura 2012
2314:
2312:
2304:
2303:Nakamura 2010
2299:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2279:Nakamura 2010
2275:
2268:
2267:Nakamura 2010
2263:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:Nakamura 2010
2231:
2224:
2223:Nakamura 2010
2219:
2212:
2211:Nakamura 2010
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2186:, p. 36.
2185:
2180:
2174:, p. 96.
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2146:, p. 21.
2145:
2141:
2140:Nakamura 2010
2136:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1751:, p. 12.
1750:
1745:
1739:, p. 11.
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1715:, p. 10.
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1525:, p. 57.
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1493:, p. 57.
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1447:, pp. 5.
1446:
1441:
1435:, p. 57.
1434:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1383:, p. 58.
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1366:, p. 58.
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:. p. 2.
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:Udege peoples
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:According to
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:rise to power
712:
708:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Oghul Qaimish
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:and southern
578:
577:South Central
574:
571:involved the
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Mongol Empire
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
446:
442:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
423:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
395:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
339:
337:
333:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:
283:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
266:
262:
257:
252:
247:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
214:
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
99:
98:Mongol Empire
96:
95:
94:
93:
88:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3697:Genghis Khan
3466:Kievan Rus'
3444:(1237–1300s)
3436:(1237–1300s)
3280:Western Xia
3242:Qara Khitai
3223:
3075:Major cities
3054:Golden Horde
3030:Yuan dynasty
2917:Organization
2851:
2802:Khong Tayiji
2689:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2622:
2597:
2586:
2562:. Barnsley:
2558:
2544:
2520:
2513:
2489:
2468:
2447:
2421:
2415:
2399:. Retrieved
2384:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2251:
2245:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2179:
2167:
2151:
2144:Stephan 1971
2135:
2126:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2014:
2007:
1984:
1947:
1940:
1917:
1888:
1853:. Barnsley:
1849:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1631:
1611:
1580:
1570:
1558:
1542:
1530:
1510:
1498:
1459:
1452:
1440:
1424:
1404:
1333:
1323:
1295:
1288:
1268:. New York:
1264:
1216:
1210:
1186:
1144:
1116:
1104:
1085:Yuan dynasty
1074:
1065:
1049:
1045:Cape Crillon
1041:
1033:Yuan dynasty
1021:
982:
974:Genghis Khan
938:
907:
824:
820:Golden Horde
773:
744:
704:
686:Arctic Ocean
670:Checheyikhen
618:Genghis Khan
615:
585:Arctic Ocean
554:
520:Latin Empire
435:
308:Nizari state
265:Central Asia
90:Belligerents
67:Central Asia
3772:Sartaq Khan
3741:Kublai Khan
3736:Möngke Khan
3710:Ögedei Khan
3689:Great Khans
3655:(1314–1318)
3647:(1268–1301)
3599:(1260–1323)
3583:(1253–1256)
3566:Middle East
3460:(1238–1239)
3401:(1221–1327)
3260:(1219–1256)
3252:(1219–1221)
3234:(1264–1308)
3226:(1207-1308)
3092:Azov (Azaq)
2758:Terminology
2517:北東アジアの歴史と文化
2376:Works cited
2366:Atwood 2004
2184:Zgusta 2015
2172:Zgusta 2015
2160:Walker 2001
1881:McLynn 2015
1535:McLynn 2015
1515:Atwood 2004
1503:McLynn 2015
1077:Kublai Khan
1056:Han Chinese
989:Tyr, Russia
941:Eastern Xia
918:Zhangjiakou
735:Qara Khitai
654:Khori-Tumed
597:Jin dynasty
358:Eastern Xia
348:Western Xia
272:Qara Khitai
176:Eastern Xia
166:Jin dynasty
136:Khori-Tumed
3940:Categories
3908:Nogai Khan
3792:Özbeg Khan
3723:Güyük Khan
3617:Civil wars
3605:Palestine
3514:Lithuania
3434:Circassia
3167:Xacitarxan
3152:Soltaniyeh
2889:Darughachi
1951:. Leiden:
1445:Buell 1992
1429:Buell 1992
1360:Buell 1992
1190:. London:
1121:Buell 1992
1091:References
961:Later Liao
884:Marco Polo
880:Bjarmaland
870:, and the
808:Kazakhstan
569:North Asia
469:Durdzuketi
454:Kievan Rus
171:Later Liao
3777:Orda Khan
3767:Batu Khan
3631:(1260–64)
3575:(1241–43)
3573:Anatolia
3548:(1287–88)
3540:(1285–86)
3532:(1264–65)
3524:(1259–60)
3516:(1258–59)
3492:(1241–42)
3484:(1241–42)
3476:(1240–41)
3452:(1229–36)
3442:Chechnya
3382:(1300–02)
3346:Southeast
3325:(1253–56)
3307:(1235–79)
3299:(1231–60)
3291:(1211–34)
3244:(1216–18)
3232:Sakhalin
3192:Campaigns
3142:Saray-Jük
3132:Samarkand
3107:Karakorum
3066:Ilkhanate
2824:Political
2708:912504787
2654:0021-910X
2430:0008-9192
2118:1059-3152
2104:CiteSeerX
1834:162432699
1826:1474-0591
1779:0001-6446
1683:Routledge
1075:In 1270,
1061:Lake Kizi
949:Manchuria
926:Manchuria
812:Batu Khan
751:Chormaqan
630:Uriankhai
616:By 1206,
589:Manchuria
525:Lithuania
474:Circassia
336:East Asia
325:Palestine
293:Caucassus
286:West Asia
246:conquests
106:Uriankhai
53:1201–1308
3903:Boroldai
3883:Khubilai
3863:Bo'orchu
3836:Military
3730:(regent)
3717:(regent)
3704:(regent)
3589:Baghdad
3538:Hungary
3482:Hungary
3425:Georgia
3372:Vietnam
3224:Siberia
3122:Maragheh
3022:Khanates
2970:Religion
2965:Military
2914:Politics
2864:Kurultai
2827:Military
2662:41933457
2438:41927806
1916:(eds.).
1908:(1978).
1787:43391686
1749:Pow 2018
1737:Pow 2018
1725:Pow 2018
1713:Pow 2018
1636:May 2018
1547:May 2018
1523:May 2018
1491:May 2018
1433:May 2018
1381:May 2018
1364:May 2018
1262:(2010).
1192:Reaktion
1142:(eds.).
1029:Sakhalin
945:Liaoning
930:Shenyang
843:Samoyeds
839:Permiaks
816:appanage
804:Tuqachar
792:Bashkirs
709:and the
692:and the
680:married
622:Mongolia
595:and the
380:Sakhalin
298:Anatolia
277:Khwarezm
58:Location
27:Part of
3873:Boroqul
3868:Guo Kan
3858:Negudar
3843:Subutai
3743: (
3581:Alamut
3554:Serbia
3546:Poland
3530:Thrace
3522:Poland
3458:Alania
3323:Yunnan
3258:Persia
3216:Central
3195:Battles
3102:Bolghar
3097:Bukhara
3082:Almalik
2884:Kheshig
2812:Tarkhan
2401:2 March
2356:《 元史 》，
932:). The
864:Pechora
796:Subutai
756:Boroqul
731:Kuchlug
727:Uyghurs
711:Naimans
707:Merkits
694:Songhua
666:Jamukha
646:Buryats
593:Cumania
561:Siberia
540:Gazaria
464:Cumania
436:Siberia
405:Burma (
401:Vietnam
315:Baghdad
158:Cumania
153:Naimans
149:Merkits
126:Buryats
63:Siberia
3853:Muqali
3827:Ghazan
3822:Arghun
3812:Hulegu
3702:Tolui
3678:People
3639:(1262)
3597:Syria
3591:(1258)
3556:(1291)
3508:(1242)
3500:(1242)
3416:Europe
3399:India
3380:Burma
3366:(1293)
3355:Burma
3333:Japan
3314:Tibet
3297:Korea
3157:Tabriz
3127:Qarshi
3087:Avarga
2933:Topics
2837:Jarlig
2797:Jinong
2792:Khanum
2787:Khatun
2777:Khagan
2769:Titles
2706:
2696:
2677:
2660:
2652:
2629:
2610:
2570:
2527:
2497:
2476:
2455:
2436:
2428:
2392:
2239:
2116:
2106:
2030:
1995:
1959:
1928:
1861:
1832:
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978:Temüge
965:Goryeo
957:Khitan
934:Khitan
876:Tatars
866:, and
847:Nenets
841:) and
802:, and
790:, and
788:Khanty
780:Selkup
719:Irtysh
652:, the
650:Tuvans
648:, the
644:, the
642:Khakas
640:, the
636:, the
634:Oirats
632:, the
535:Serbia
504:Second
489:Second
479:Alania
445:Europe
411:Second
320:Levant
303:Persia
204:others
131:Tuvans
121:Khakas
111:Oirats
78:Result
69:, and
3898:Kadan
3893:Bayan
3878:Jelme
3817:Abaqa
3807:Kebek
3787:Toqta
3782:Berke
3762:Jochi
3755:Khans
3392:South
3364:Java
3117:Majar
3059:Wings
2879:Tümen
2859:Yassa
2842:Örtöö
2807:Noyan
2658:JSTOR
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2434:JSTOR
1830:S2CID
1783:JSTOR
1270:Crown
1150:Wiley
1096:Notes
1081:Kaidu
1052:Nayan
1001:sable
997:Amgun
970:Güyük
953:Korea
872:Yugra
784:Mansi
682:Tolui
674:Börte
638:Barga
626:Jochi
500:First
493:Third
485:First
431:India
407:First
385:Japan
375:Korea
370:Tibet
343:China
189:Udege
184:Nivkh
116:Barga
3848:Jebe
3802:Duwa
3271:East
3208:Asia
3162:Ukek
3112:Dadu
2920:Life
2847:Orda
2782:Khan
2704:OCLC
2694:ISBN
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995:and
993:Amur
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