953:
govern the
Jiankun (Ch'ien-K'un) region which later became Yenisei. Li Ling was a grandson of Li Guang (Li Kuang) of the Longxi Li family descended from Laozi which the Tang dynasty Li imperial family claimed descent from. The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a victorious successful war between 840 and 848 to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate and its centre at the Orkhon valley using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance. Tang forces under General Shi Xiong wounded the Uyghur Khagan (Qaghan) Ögä, seized livestock, took 5,000–20,000 Uyghur Khaganate soldiers captive, killed 10,000 Uyghur Khaganate sources on 13 February 843 at the Battle of Shahu (kill the barbarians) mountain.
2184:
922:
942:) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.
813:
867:, the Kyrgyz army was defeated, the Khagan Bars died. The Kyrgyz state was conquered, Gokturk troops were stationed in the Minusinsk Basin. However, management was handed over to the Kyrgyz ruler. Already in 711, China arrived Kyrgyz embassy. Perhaps it was sent by Bars Khagan before his death in the hope of help. In 722 and 723 two arrived in Tang Empire Kyrgyz embassies headed by
1444:. Khudi︠a︡kov, I︠U︡. S. (I︠U︡liĭ Sergeevich), Худяков, Ю. С. (Юлий Сергеевич), Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N.F. Katanova. Institut istorii i prava., Хакасский государственный университет имени Н.Ф. Катанова. Институт истории и права. Abakan: Izd-vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova. p. 69.
1285:，北降丁令，并三國。" rough translation: "Zhizhi saw that Wusun had numerous soldiers and their ambassador again had not returned. He commanded his armies, encountered and attacked the Wusun, defeating them. Then he attacked the Wujie in the north; the Wujie surrendered. Dispatching his armies westwards, he defeated the
952:
The
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate of the Are family bolstered his ties and alliance to the Tang imperial family against the Uyghur Khaganate by claiming descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling who had defected to the Xiongnu and married a Xiongnu princess, daughter of Qiedihou Chanyu and was sent to
978:
did not rush to create him khagan. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the
Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.
1670:. Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane – Editura Istros. p. 245.
842:
and even tried to conclude a dynastic alliance with him by marrying his "younger sister-princess" to him. However, this only temporarily dulled the most acute contradictions between the
Gokturks and the Kyrgyz, who fought for dominance over
998:
around 1130; the Kyrgyz were not defeated, but there is some speculation that at some point they came under the sway of the Qara Khitai. Almost 80 years later, in 1207/1208, the Kyrgyz submitted to the rising power of the
Mongols under
56:
906:
also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan
847:. In 707 and 709 Kyrgyz envoys visited the Tang Empire twice. At this time, the Gokturks were at war with the Tang Empire and the Kyrgyz found themselves in a new coalition with the
1198:
Mustafa Kalkan, (2005), “Kırgız Boylarının
Yenisey’den Çıkarılmaları ve Coğrafî Dağılımları”, (in Turkish), Erdem: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Dergisi, Vol: 15, No: 47, Page: 77-100.
863:. However, in the winter of 710–711. the Gokturk army, having made a roundabout maneuver, crossed the Sayan Range and suddenly fell upon the Kyrgyz. As a result of the defeat in
548:
who had previously ruled the Kyrgyz. The empire was established as a khaganate in 7th century. The khaganate's territory at its height would briefly include parts of modern-day
804:
in 710. After Turkic downfall, they submitted to
Uyghurs. Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin (毗伽頓頡斤).
309:
295:
270:
1972:
1892:
1932:
1234:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. It was when the
859:
and a bridgehead for the invasion of the Kyrgyz lands. Bars Khagan did not dare to intervene, hoping for the impregnability of their lands beyond the
2352:
472:
1506:
851:, Chik, Az and Tang Empire. The greatest danger to the Gokturks during this period was represented by the Kyrgyz who gained strength. In 709, the
1510:
982:
After Are's murder by one of his officials in 847, new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu
Chengming Khagan (英武誠明可汗) by Xuanzong, who sent Li Ye (
2541:
907:
1803:
1639:
1600:
1562:
1336:
1315:
1227:
1706:
The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent
International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001
1260:
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17:
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The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent
International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001
2556:
975:
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2219:
1713:
1675:
465:
2051:
883:, in 632. He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan (失鉢屈阿棧) who was later appointed to the Yanran (燕然) Commandery.
2445:
2214:
938:
in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (
2546:
1966:
1926:
1594:
1751:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
1482:
1449:
990:
After the tenth century, there is little additional information regarding the Kyrgyz until their absorption into the
458:
1792:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 126, 291, 190, 191, 15, 16.
1954:
1853:
1681:
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1886:
1876:
1797:
1633:
1398:
1220:
714:
490:
1914:
1278:
1020:
55:
2526:
1589:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
2377:
2344:
2306:
2231:
1737:
1180:
The peoples of Southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era Chapter IV. Late Turkic time. (in Russian)
2409:
2362:
2319:
2201:
864:
589:
1426:
630:
conquered the Kyrgyzes, then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆), along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射),
2561:
2424:
2414:
2367:
2357:
2324:
2248:
2134:
2107:
2102:
2044:
353:
345:
2112:
1961:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 99.
1921:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 92.
880:
852:
823:
585:
369:
2097:
971:
677:
337:
111:
1787:
1623:
2419:
2385:
2329:
1584:
1413:
755:
1664:
The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
1554:
1347:
1312:
970:'Fathering Heroes', ' Martial and Sincere', ' Brilliant Khagan') by
2451:
2314:
2258:
1199:
1026:
1881:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 114.
1628:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
8:
2209:
2144:
2037:
1524:
816:
516:
498:
409:
119:
1826:"Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840"
1239:
2551:
2015:
1845:
1768:
1731:
1500:
658:
1181:
544:
since the 7th century. By the 9th century, the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over the
2536:
2484:
2019:
1962:
1922:
1882:
1793:
1719:
1709:
1671:
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1590:
1488:
1478:
1455:
1445:
935:
401:
2390:
2159:
2129:
2087:
1837:
1760:
1043:
1035:
957:
911:
797:
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689:
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385:
275:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2173:
1319:
1231:
1205:
1187:
860:
827:
801:
1680:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
2192:
2168:
2119:
2069:
921:
835:
537:
522:
73:
568:. After the 10th century, there was little information on the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
2515:
2500:
2334:
2286:
2154:
2149:
2092:
1723:
1472:
1224:
991:
789:
670:
441:
393:
302:
2029:
1492:
1459:
1289:; northwards he subjugated the Dinglings. Thus, he quelled three countries."
974:. But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departed Chang'an. The new emperor
2490:
2456:
2291:
2273:
1324:
ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
1000:
994:
in the thirteenth century. There was a conflict between the Kyrgyz and the
939:
844:
662:
614:
533:
288:
2281:
1281:– Account of the Xiongnu" quote: "郅支見烏孫兵多，其使又不反，勒兵逢擊烏孫，破之。因北擊烏揭，烏揭降。發其兵西破
1273:
1235:
995:
915:
903:
887:
719:
613:
The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the
529:
2495:
2397:
2296:
2060:
1878:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
1789:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
1625:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
771:
666:
657:
and Jiankun (Kyrgyzes). During those times, Kyrgyz people lived in the
650:
617:. The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period.
557:
553:
433:
87:
1849:
1825:
1772:
848:
377:
1662:
1370:
Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
1216:
635:
69:
1994:
1708:. Veit, Veronika, 1944–. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2007. p. 61.
1394:
1302:, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98–108
1841:
1764:
1090:
1074:
956:
In 845, Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (
902:
and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang imperial
895:
839:
793:
654:
631:
578:
561:
183:
156:
143:
135:
2468:
2139:
2082:
2077:
1439:
899:
891:
879:
The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the
621:
541:
425:
361:
1555:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 or Jilijisi 吉利吉思, Qirqiz (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
931:
831:
642:
624:
565:
525:
163:
1996:
Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jami' al-Tawarikh
822:
After an unsuccessful campaign against the Kyrgyz in 693, the
800:. His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek's defeated in hands of
2402:
871:
Isibo Sheyuzhe Bishi Sygin and Tegin Juili Pinhezhong Sigin.
868:
646:
627:
549:
1395:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest"
812:
2124:
856:
92:
509:
914:
and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to
601:
840: The Kyrgyz Khaganate conquers the Uyghur Khaganate
1475:
The perilous frontier : nomadic empires and China
1473:
Barfield, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1950- (1989).
1621:
1124:
Pitsye Tungye Gin (𐰯𐰄𐰾𐰾𐰘𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏𐰘𐰅 𐰏𐰄𐰪)
1298:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in
60:
Hypothetical extent of territory in the 9th century
528:that existed for about a century between the late
1084:Inanch Alp Bilge(𐰃𐰣𐰀𐰣𐰲𐰆 𐰀𐰞𐰯 𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅)
680:, the Kyrgyzes' endonym was first transcribed as
2513:
1477:. Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. p. 152.
1292:
1251:Golden, Peter B. (2012), “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”,
1141:Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (宗英雄武誠明可汗)
874:
2059:
2045:
1582:
466:
1505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1440:Butanaev, V. I︠A︡.; Бутанаев, В. Я. (2000).
886:The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the
965:
855:army defeated the Chiks and Azs, capturing
2052:
2038:
1509:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
669:, about 7,000 li (4,000 km) west of
473:
459:
1959:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800)
1919:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800)
1364:
1328:
1030:, title of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khagan was
722:, respectively. other transcriptions are
540:people, who had been located in southern
1955:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
1915:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
1830:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1753:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1660:
1654:
1337:"The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî"
1094:
1089:
920:
811:
1525:"V.Ya. Butanaev, Yu.S. Khudyakov, 2000"
918:by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).
14:
2514:
1992:
1952:
1912:
1874:
1823:
1785:
1750:
1392:
1334:
2033:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
830:was forced to recognize the title of
788:They were largely subordinate to the
673:– the center of Xiongnu's territory.
521:'State of the Kyrgyz') was a
2009:
1856:from the original on 2 December 2021
1552:
502:
27:539–1207 Turkic empire in Inner Asia
2542:Former countries in Chinese history
2446:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2215:Protectorate of the Western Regions
1039:
24:
1642:from the original on 11 March 2023
1603:from the original on 11 March 2023
1377:
934:did extend his influence onto the
925:Yenisei Kyrgyz tableware and altar
25:
2573:
2010:刘正寅 (2013年). "《史集·部族志·乞儿吉思部》研究".
1158:Yingwu Chengming Khagan (英武誠明可汗)
792:from 560s to 700s. Kyrgyz khagan
777:'gray' (horse color) plus suffix
2182:
1999:. p. Preface and Chapter 1.
1393:Drompp, Michael (January 2002).
571:
307:
293:
268:
54:
2003:
1993:Stefan, Kamola (January 2019).
1986:
1975:from the original on 2023-03-11
1946:
1935:from the original on 2023-03-11
1906:
1895:from the original on 2023-03-11
1875:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
1868:
1817:
1806:from the original on 2023-03-11
1786:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
1779:
1744:
1698:
1687:from the original on 2021-10-26
1615:
1576:
1565:from the original on 2021-02-01
1546:
1535:from the original on 2023-01-27
1517:
1466:
1442:Istorii︠a︡ eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov
1433:
1401:from the original on 2023-03-11
770:and suggests a derivation from
1622:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
1305:
1266:
1245:
1221:Records of the Grand Historian
1210:
1192:
1174:
1120:𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏 𐰅𐰼𐰚𐰄𐰤
898:. Li Ling was captured by the
807:
715:Records of the Grand Historian
494:
13:
1:
2557:Former countries in East Asia
1957:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
1917:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
1167:
1052:
598:conquers the Kyrgyz Khaganate
536:centuries. It ruled over the
2522:History of the Kyrgyz people
1661:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
1372:The Medieval History Journal
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1157:
1148:
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1123:
1114:
1109:
1107:
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1086:
1083:
1072:
510:
7:
1953:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
1913:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
1824:Drompp, Michael R. (1999).
1583:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
875:Relations with Tang dynasty
426:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
10:
2578:
2315:against Northwest khanates
1013:
986:) to award him the title.
894:, grandson of the general
608:
2547:Former monarchies of Asia
2437:
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2343:
2305:
2272:
2230:
2200:
2191:
2180:
2068:
1335:Golden, Peter B. (2017).
1311:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
1047:
961:
865:Battle of Sayan Mountains
758:reconstructs underlying *
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693:
641:In 50 BC, Xiongnu chanyu
590:Battle of Sayan Mountains
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1238:had just stabilized the
796:was a brother-in-law to
604:840–924: Imperial period
418:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
354:Western Turkic Khaganate
346:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
18:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
2113:Second Turkic Khaganate
1300:Central Asiatic Journal
881:Emperor Taizong of Tang
586:Second Turkic Khaganate
370:Second Turkic Khaganate
331:Early Turkic Khaganates
2098:First Turkic Khaganate
1736:: CS1 maint: others (
1421:Cite journal requires
1313:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz"
1011:
950:
926:
819:
678:Chinese historiography
338:First Turkic Khaganate
235:• Disestablished
112:Orkhon Turkic language
2532:925 disestablishments
2240:against Western Turks
1559:www.chinaknowledge.de
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928:
924:
815:
105:Common languages
2452:Greater Central Asia
1346:: 16. Archived from
817:Elegest inscription
410:Kara-Khanid Khanate
394:Karluk Yabghu State
225:• Established
120:Old Turkic language
34:State of the Kyrgyz
2527:840 establishments
1553:Theobald, Ulrich.
1318:2021-02-01 at the
1287:Jiankun (Kyrgyzes)
1230:2022-11-09 at the
1204:2022-04-09 at the
1186:2020-07-01 at the
927:
820:
659:Borohoro Mountains
2509:
2508:
2485:Chinese Turkestan
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1715:978-3-447-05537-6
1677:978-973-27-1962-6
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1027:Jami' al-tawarikh
1018:According to the
968:
936:Mongolian Plateau
930:The Khitan ruler
910:(阿熱) invaded the
581:founded the state
520:
508:
503:𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠
483:
482:
402:Oghuz Yabgu State
378:Türgesh Khaganate
323:
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37:𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠
16:(Redirected from
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1253:Turkic Languages
1249:
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1190:
1178:
1154:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰄𐰤𐰍𐰆
1153:
1136:
1119:
1116:Bilge Tong Erkin
1104:
1080:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰋𐰏
1079:
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507:romanized:
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414:
406:
398:
390:
386:Uyghur Khaganate
382:
374:
366:
362:Khazar Khaganate
358:
350:
342:
325:
324:
311:
310:
297:
296:
285:
284:
276:Uyghur Khaganate
272:
271:
265:
264:
249:
248:
203:
188:
140:
116:
97:
58:
39:
30:
29:
21:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2562:Nomadic empires
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2481:Western Regions
2474:Chinese Tartary
2464:Eurasian nomads
2429:
2386:against Dzungar
2372:
2353:against Mongols
2339:
2301:
2268:
2226:
2210:against Xiongnu
2193:Chinese empires
2187:
2178:
2070:Nomadic empires
2064:
2058:
2028:
2027:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1667:
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1655:
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1636:
1620:
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1597:
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1471:
1467:
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1422:
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1411:
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1404:
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1391:
1378:
1369:
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1356:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1320:Wayback Machine
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1271:
1267:
1250:
1246:
1232:Wayback Machine
1215:
1211:
1206:Wayback Machine
1197:
1193:
1188:Wayback Machine
1179:
1175:
1170:
1152:
1135:
1118:
1103:
1078:
1016:
1010:
1007:
949:
946:
877:
861:Sayan Mountains
810:
665:valley on east
620:Before 201 BC,
611:
574:
479:
450:
449:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
333:
332:
308:
294:
269:
236:
226:
201:
195:
194:• 847–866
186:
180:
179:• 693–711
148:
138:
124:
114:
100:
95:
61:
44:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2575:
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2438:Related topics
2435:
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2417:
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2407:
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2405:
2395:
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2393:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:against Turpan
2355:
2349:
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2332:
2327:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:Chief Official
2212:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2189:
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2165:
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2116:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2090:
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2074:
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2066:
2065:
2063:history series
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2002:
1985:
1968:978-9004391789
1967:
1945:
1928:978-9004391789
1927:
1905:
1887:
1867:
1842:10.2307/605932
1836:(3): 390–403.
1816:
1798:
1778:
1765:10.2307/605932
1759:(3): 394–395.
1743:
1714:
1697:
1676:
1653:
1634:
1614:
1596:978-3447055376
1595:
1575:
1545:
1516:
1483:
1465:
1450:
1432:
1423:|journal=
1376:
1363:
1327:
1304:
1291:
1265:
1244:
1240:Central Region
1209:
1191:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰀𐰳𐰆
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:Personal Name
1015:
1012:
1008:Michael Drompp
1005:
972:Emperor Wuzong
947:Michael Drompp
944:
876:
873:
809:
806:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
592:
582:
573:
570:
538:Yenisei Kyrgyz
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
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330:
329:
328:
321:
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313:
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305:
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298:
291:
282:
279:
278:
273:
261:
260:
255:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
196:
193:
190:
189:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
147:
146:
141:
132:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
108:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
90:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:Nomadic empire
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2574:
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2555:
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2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2501:Greater China
2499:
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2400:
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2379:
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2354:
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2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:Northern Yuan
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Northern Liao
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:against Tibet
2247:
2245:
2244:Eastern Turks
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:Mongol Empire
2153:
2151:
2150:Khamag Mongol
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1894:
1890:
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1484:1-55786-043-2
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1451:5-7810-0119-0
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1374:, 21(2): 302.
1373:
1367:
1353:on 2022-04-03
1349:
1345:
1344:Türkologiya 4
1338:
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1263:. p. 15 of 29
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1150:Yingwu Khagan
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1022:
1004:
1002:
997:
993:
992:Mongol Empire
987:
985:
980:
977:
973:
959:
954:
943:
941:
937:
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648:
645:defeated the
644:
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629:
626:
623:
618:
616:
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
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576:
575:
572:Periodization
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
518:
512:
500:
492:
488:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
454:
453:
443:
442:Seljuk Empire
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
327:
326:
306:
304:
303:Mongol Empire
301:
300:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
200:
197:
191:
185:
182:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
145:
142:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
121:
118:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
19:
2491:China proper
2457:Central Asia
2444:
2292:Eastern Liao
2282:Western Liao
2011:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1877:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1833:
1829:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1788:
1781:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1705:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1663:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1624:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1585:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1558:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1529:kronk.spb.ru
1528:
1519:
1474:
1468:
1441:
1435:
1414:cite journal
1403:. Retrieved
1371:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1261:archived pdf
1256:
1252:
1247:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1176:
1149:
1132:
1115:
1100:
1095:Aje dynasty
1073:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1001:Genghis Khan
989:
981:
955:
951:
929:
885:
878:
845:Central Asia
821:
798:Bilge Khagan
787:
782:
779:-q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
756:Peter Golden
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
713:
701:
697:
685:
681:
675:
663:Manasi River
640:
619:
615:Tang dynasty
612:
486:
484:
417:
289:Liao dynasty
258:Succeeded by
257:
252:
40:
2264:Tarim Basin
1860:4 September
1274:Book of Han
1075:Bars Khagan
996:Qara Khitai
888:Han dynasty
808:Bars Khagan
783:k(X)z/g(X)z
720:Book of Han
253:Preceded by
96:(since 970)
2516:Categories
2496:Sinosphere
2398:Lifan Yuan
2297:Later Liao
2061:Inner Asia
2012:《中国边疆史地研究》
1979:2022-07-09
1939:2022-07-09
1899:2022-07-09
1888:9004141294
1810:2020-11-21
1799:9004141294
1691:2020-04-30
1646:8 February
1635:9004141294
1607:8 February
1569:2019-12-13
1539:2023-01-27
1405:2019-12-13
1357:2022-11-09
1168:References
1133:Ajo Khagan
772:Old Turkic
750:(居勿), and
667:Tengir-Too
634:(丁零), and
558:Kyrgyzstan
554:Kazakhstan
532:and early
499:Old Turkic
429:c.950–1241
153:Government
139:(official)
115:(official)
88:Ordu-Baliq
2552:Khakassia
2410:Manchuria
2363:Manchuria
2320:Manchuria
2020:224661200
1732:cite book
1724:182731462
1501:cite book
1279:vol. 94 B
1217:Sima Qian
1065:Religion
1021:Tobchiyan
904:Li family
702:Chien-kun
655:Dinglings
649:, Wujie (
594:758: The
584:711: The
511:Qyrğyz El
445:1037–1194
129:Religion
70:Khaganate
41:Qyrğyz El
2537:Khanates
2425:Xinjiang
2415:Mongolia
2391:genocide
2325:Mongolia
2160:Chagatai
2093:Göktürks
1973:Archived
1933:Archived
1893:Archived
1854:Archived
1804:Archived
1682:Archived
1640:Archived
1601:Archived
1563:Archived
1533:Archived
1493:18629749
1460:47206450
1399:Archived
1316:Archived
1228:Archived
1225:Vol. 110
1202:Archived
1184:Archived
1161:847–866
1144:795–847
1127:758–795
1110:711–758
1091:Tengrism
1087:693–711
1068:Dynasty
1006:—
976:Xuanzong
962:宗英雄武誠明可汗
945:—
916:Chang'an
896:Li Guang
890:general
840:Bars Bek
834:for the
828:Qapaghan
802:Qapaghan
794:Bars Bek
790:Göktürks
752:Xiajiasi
661:and the
632:Dingling
588:won the
579:Bars Bek
562:Mongolia
437:977–1186
421:840–1207
413:840–1212
405:766–1055
184:Bars Bek
157:Monarchy
144:Buddhism
136:Tengrism
49:693–1130
2469:Tartary
2259:Beiting
2174:Dzungar
2169:Timurid
2120:Tibetan
2083:Xianbei
2078:Xiongnu
2014:(第1期).
1044:Chinese
1036:Persian
1014:Khagans
958:Chinese
900:Xiongnu
892:Li Ling
853:Gokturk
849:Türgesh
826:khagan
824:Gokturk
754:(黠戛斯),
738:(紇戛斯),
736:Hejiasi
734:(紇扢斯),
706:Chinese
698:Jiankun
690:Chinese
622:Xiongnu
609:History
546:Uyghurs
542:Siberia
519:
491:Chinese
397:756–840
389:744–840
381:699–766
373:682–744
365:650–969
357:581–742
349:581–645
341:552–603
212:History
187:(first)
81:Capital
2140:Mongol
2135:Kyrgyz
2130:Uyghur
2088:Rouran
2018:
1965:
1925:
1885:
1850:605932
1848:
1796:
1773:605932
1771:
1722:
1712:
1674:
1632:
1593:
1491:
1481:
1458:
1448:
1062:Reign
1059:Title
1046::
960::
932:Abaoji
838:ruler
836:Kyrgyz
832:Khagan
768:Qïrqïŕ
766:< *
764:Qïrqïz
762:< *
760:Qïrğïz
746:(契骨),
742:(護骨),
732:Hegusi
730:(紇骨),
726:(結骨),
708::
692::
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