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plummeting and their commanders were losing confidence. When they reached
Sanfengshan (Three-peaked Hill), a snowstorm suddenly broke out, and it was so cold that the faces of the Jin troops went as white as corpses, and they could hardly march. Rather than attack them when they were desperate with their backs to the wall, the Mongols left them an escape route and then ambushed them when they let down their guard during the retreat. The Jin army collapsed without a fight, and the Mongols pursued the fleeing Jin troops relentlessly. Wanyan Heda was killed, and most of his commanders also lost their lives. After the
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1945:, declared war upon the Jurchens, and placed a large army in the field. The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. Driven thus into a corner, the Jurchens fought with the courage of despair and long held out against the combined efforts of their enemies. At last, Emperor Aizong saw that the struggle could not be prolonged, and he prepared himself to end his life. When the enemy breached the city walls, Emperor Aizong committed suicide after passing the throne to his general
1697:
1917:
point the
Mongols had arrived outside Guide and were preparing to besiege the city. The Mongol general Sajisibuhua had set up camp north of the city, on the bank of a river. Guannu then led his 450 troops out on boats from the southern gate at night, armed with fire-lances. They rowed along the river by the eastern side of the city, reaching the Mongol camp early in the morning. Emperor Aizong watched the battle from the northern gate of the city, with his imperial boat prepared for him to flee to Xuzhou if the Jin troops were defeated.
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1562:. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler,
1461:
demonstrate submission, Genghis Khan reportedly turned to the south and spat on the ground; then he mounted his horse, and rode toward the north, leaving the stunned envoy choking in his dust. He gave the Jin emperor a very insulting message which the envoy dared not repeat upon his return to the Jin court. His defiance of the Jin envoys was tantamount to a declaration of war between the
Mongols and Jurchens.
1619:. Moran Jinzhong's second-in-command, Pucha Qijin, surrendered to the Mongols with all the troops under him, throwing Zhongdu into crisis. Emperor Xuanzong then sent reinforcements north: Yongxi leading the troops from Zhending and Zhongshan (numbers not given), and Wugulun Qingshou leading 18,000 imperial guards, 11,000 infantry and cavalry from the southwestern route, and 10,000 soldiers from
1777:
smaller force of light cavalry to skirt around the valley and attack the Jin troops from behind. Wanyan Heda saw that his plan had been foiled and prepared his troops for a Mongol assault. At Mount Yu, southwest of
Dengzhou, the two armies met in a pitched battle. The Jin army had an advantage in numbers, and fought fiercely. The Mongols then withdrew from Mount Yu by about 30
1921:
had achieved a remarkable victory and was promoted by
Emperor Aizong. But Guide was not defensible in the long term, and the other courtiers urged Emperor Aizong to move to Caizhou, which had stronger walls and more provisions and troops. Pucha Guannu opposed the move, afraid that his power base would be weakened and arguing that Caizhou's advantages had been overstated.
1484:, and recounted the generations of grievances his people held against the Jurchens and detailed the torture and murder of his ancestors. He explained that he had not sought this war against the Jurchens. At the dawn on the fourth day, Genghis Khan emerged with the verdict: "The Eternal Blue Sky has promised us victory and vengeance".
2391:
In A.D. 1232 an army of 30,000 Mongol warriors invaded the
Chinese city of Kai-fung-fu, where the Chinese fought back with fire arrows ... Mongol leaders learned from their enemies and found ways to make fire arrows even more deadly as their invasion spread toward Europe. On Christmas Day 1241 Mongol
1803:
dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the
Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin – a forecast that would later be proven true – but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They
1953:
There are great men of the vanquished Jin who have gotten mixed up in odd jobs falling as low as butchering and peddling, or leaving to become Yellow Caps. All of them are still referred to by their old government . The family of
Pacification Commissioner Wang has a number of men who push carts and
1920:
The Jin troops assaulted the Mongol camp from two directions, using their fire-lances to throw the
Mongols into a panic. More than 3,500 Mongols drowned in the river while trying to flee, and the Mongol stockades were all burned to the ground. Sajisibuhua was also killed in the battle. Pucha Guannu
1786:
On the way from
Dengzhou to Kaifeng, the Mongols easily took county after county, and burnt all the supplies they captured so as to cut off Wanyan Heda's supply lines. Wanyan Heda was forced to withdraw, and ran into the Mongols at Three-peaked Hill in Junzhou. At this point, the Jin troops on the
1931:
Three months later, Emperor Aizong used a plot to assassinate Guannu, and then quickly began preparations to move to Caizhou. By the time new reports reached him that Caizhou was still too weak in defences, troops and supplies, he was already on the way there. The fate of the Jin dynasty was then
1916:
Pucha Guannu then launched a coup with his troops, killing Ma Yong and more than 300 other courtiers, as well as about 3,000 officers, palace guards and civilians who refused to cooperate with him. He made Emperor Aizong a puppet ruler and became the real master of the Jin imperial court. At this
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and the Tatars, they claimed sovereignty over all the tribes of the steppe. High court officials in the Jin government defected to the Mongols and urged Genghis Khan to attack the Jin dynasty. But fearful of a trap or some other nefarious scheme, Genghis Khan refused. Upon receiving the order to
1854:
Wanyan Heda's army still had more than 100,000 men after the battle at Mount Yu, and the Mongols adopted a strategy of exhausting the enemy. The Jin troops had little rest all the way from Dengzhou, and had not eaten for three days because of the severing of their supply lines. Their morale was
1776:
Wanyan Heda learned of this plan and led 200,000 men to intercept Tolui. At Dengzhou, he set an ambush in a valley with several tens of thousands of cavalry hidden behind the crest of either mountain, but Tolui's spies alerted him and he kept his main force with the supply train, sending only a
1787:
Yellow River were also diverted southwards to meet Tolui's attack, and the Mongol northern force under Ăgedei Khan seized this opportunity to cross the frozen river and join up with Tolui â even at this point, their combined strength was only about 50,000. By 1232, the Jurchen ruler,
1995:
against the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Towns which surrendered were spared from sacking and massacre by Kublai Khan. The Khitan reluctantly left their homeland in Manchuria as the Jin moved their primary capital from Beijing south to Kaifeng and defected to the Mongols.
1542:), in 1213, Li Ying, Li Xiong and a few other Jin generals assembled a militia of more than 10,000 men who inflicted several defeats on the Mongols. The Mongols smashed the Jin armies, each numbering in the hundreds of thousands, and broke through
1519:, who promptly defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement, fought at Yehuling, the Mongols massacred thousands of Jin troops. While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general
1889:). Scattered Jin armies began to gather at Guide from the surrounding region and Hebei, and the supplies in the city could no longer feed all these soldiers. Thus Emperor Aizong was left with only 450 Han Chinese troops under the command of
1675:
with 100,000 men. The siege dragged on for months and the Mongols were harassed by local militia, while Jin reinforcements were about to arrive. Muqali then died of illness, and the Mongols retreated. This was the siege in which the
1981:
or died of disease and famine as agricultural and urban city infrastructure were destroyed. The Mongols spared cities from massacre and sacking if they surrendered, such as Kaifeng, which was surrendered to
1783:, and Tolui changed his strategy. Leaving a part of his force to keep Wanyan Heda occupied, he sent most of his men to strike northwards at Kaifeng in several dispersed contingents to avoid alerting Heda.
1986:
by Xu Li, Yangzhou, which was surrendered to Bayan by Li Tingzhi's second in command after Li Tingzhi was executed by the Southern Song, and Hangzhou, which was spared from sacking when it surrendered to
2023:. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals
1515:
which took place in 1211. There, Wanyan Jiujin, the Jin field commander, made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, he sent a messenger to the Mongol side,
1465:
1867:, the most daring of all their commanders. Emperor Aizong was driven south again, and by this time Kaifeng had been taken by the Mongols so he established his new capital at Caizhou (present-day
1480:. By organising a long discussion, everyone in the community was included in the process. The Khan prayed privately on a nearby mountain. He removed his hat and belt, bowed down before the
1680:
troops supporting the Mongols gave up and went home, incurring the wrath of Genghis Khan. In the wars against the Mongols, therefore, the Jin relied heavily on subjects or allies like the
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1048:
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Wanyan Yongji, angry on hearing how Genghis Khan behaved, sent the message to the Khan that "Our Empire is like the sea; yours is but a handful of sand ... How can we fear you?"
1949:. Wanyan Chenglin, historically known as Emperor Mo, ruled for less than a day before he was finally killed in battle. Thus the Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9, 1234.
1977:
James Waterson cautioned against attributing the population drop in northern China to Mongol slaughter since much of the population may have moved to southern China under the
2417:
1885:
In 1233, after Emperor Aizong had abandoned Kaifeng and failed to raise a new army for himself in Hebei, he returned to Henan and established his base in Guide (present-day
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The Mongols valued physicians, craftsmen and religious clerics and ordered them to be spared from death and brought to them when cities were taken in northern China.
1507:, supported Genghis Khan and showed him a safe road to the Jin dynasty's heartland. The first important battle between the Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty was the
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in a vain attempt to reestablish himself there. Thousands of people offered a stubborn resistance to the Mongols, who entrusted the conduct of the attack to
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2557:. Vol. 1 of Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356.
1566:, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Xuanzong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi then decided to shift the capital south to
409:
1570:, above the objections of many courtiers including Li Ying. From then on, the Jin were strictly on the defensive and Zhongdu fell to the Mongols in 1215.
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2666:"çȘéć°æ±ć·±äžćčŽæ±ćäžæ·è§æćè蟚--ć
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çæ±ć°äžäžæ· A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei"
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were left to guard Zhongdu. At this point, one of the Jin armies defected to the Mongols and launched an attack on Zhongdu from the south, taking
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1623:, with Li Ying in charge of the supply train. Zhongdu fell to the Mongols on June 1, 1215. Then they systematically rooted out all resistance in
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The Jurchens used fire arrows against the Mongols during the defence of Kaifeng in 1232. The Mongols adopted this weapon in later conquests.
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empire started, there were multiple raids between 1207 and 1209. When the Mongols invaded Jin territory in 1211, Ala 'Qush, the chief of the
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led troops to pursue Emperor Aizong as he retreated, and destroyed an 80,000-strong Jin army led by Wanyan Chengyi (ćźéĄæżèŁ) at Pucheng (èČć).
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to destroy them, but the Mongols were able to drive Jin forces out of their territory. The Tatars eventually captured Khabul's successor,
79:
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1791:, was besieged in Kaifeng. They together smashed the Jin forces. Ăgedei Khan soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals.
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1962:, escape taxes and corvée labor, and receive clothing and food. It is to a great extent the cause for the people's sorrow and distress.
1399:. The war, which started in 1211, lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
854:
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instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan.
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Jin armies under Emperor Aizong successfully stopped several Mongol offensives, with major victories in the process, such as at the
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troops used fire arrows to capture the city of Budapest in Hungary, and in 1258 to capture the city of Baghdad in what is now Iraq.
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provinces from 1217 to 1223. Genghis Khan did however need to turn his attention to the east in 1219, due to another event in
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2019:(èæć) defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor,
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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan Ricardo; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (2015).
1859:, Mongol troops took the city of Yuzhou. Kaifeng was doomed and Emperor Aizong soon abandoned the city and entered
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with all the city's population. One month later, the Mongols decided to use a three-pronged attack to converge on
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Palace, 'Palace of Long Spring,' there are many gentlemen of the vanquished Jin court, who by being there avoid
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dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.
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This Is Rocket Science: True Stories of the Risk-Taking Scientists Who Figure Out Ways to Explore Beyond Earth
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tribes living on the Mongol steppes and encouraged rivalries among them. When the Mongols were unified under
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2639:. European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 130.
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1671:. The garrison in Chang'an, 200,000 under Wanyan Heda, was too strong and Muqali had to turn to besieging
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to withdraw in 1230. In 1231, the Mongols attacked again and finally took Fengxiang. The Jin garrison in
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succeeded his father, he rebuffed Jin offers of peace talks but the Jin officers murdered Mongol envoys.
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Chan, Hok-Lam (1997). "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih".
2654:. Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. p. 175.
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leader Liu-ke had declared his allegiance to Genghis in 1212 and conquered Manchuria from the Jin.
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plain. In 1214, Genghis Khan surrounded the court of the Golden Khan in Zhongdu. The Jin general
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The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185â1265
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and Zijing Gap by November 1213. From 1213 until early 1214, the Mongols pillaged the entire
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1603:. Genghis Khan then dispatched his troops to attack Zhongdu again, led by the surrendered
8:
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would start from Fengxiang, enter Tong Pass, and then pass through Song territory at the
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2815:. Needham Research Institute Series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 24â29.
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2035:(èéć; Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals
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state. Because the Jurchens defeated the powerful steppe nomads and allied with the
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was more humane, and under his advice Ăgedei Khan rejected the cruel proposal.
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to guard the city, and dispersed the rest of the troops to forage in Su (in
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When the Mongol army besieged the Jin central capital, Zhongdu (present-day
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2609:. Ăditions de l'Ăcole des hautes Ă©tudes en sciences sociales. p. 147.
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sealed for good, despite the earlier victory against great odds at Guide.
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States
2047:. Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the
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1988:
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The Jurchen rulers of the Jin dynasty collected tribute from some of the
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2809:"2 The Mongol conquest and the new configuration of power, 1206â76"
2043:(ćŽćŻŠ), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under
1628:
1528:
1477:
1457:
1426:
413:
1838:
1773:) to reemerge south of Kaifeng to catch the Jurchens by surprise.
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to the Jin throne and demanded the submission of the Mongols as a
1437:(nailed to a wooden mule). The Jin dynasty also conducted regular
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Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery
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Balfour, Alan H.; Zheng, Shiling (2002). Balfour, Alan H. (ed.).
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1983:
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1577:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader
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2331:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
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are called 'Transport Commissioner' or 'Attendant Courtier.' In
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commander Doqolqu was dispatched to attempt a frontal attack on
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1875:). Subutai wished to massacre the whole of the population. But
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Aufzeichnungen ĂŒber die Mongolischen Tatan von Chao Hung, 1221
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800,000 infantry and 150,000 elite cavalry spread across the
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against the Mongol nomads, either enslaving or killing them.
1414:
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3415:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
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Herbert Franke; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1994).
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2375:(illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p.
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Mongol Warrior 1200–1350 Publisher: Osprey Publishing
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continued possessing their titles in the Mongol empire and
1520:
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2003:
and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the
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Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).
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1991:. Han Chinese and Khitan soldiers defected en masse to
1588:
After the shift of the Jin capital to Kaifeng, the Jin
3145:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2214:
Weatherford, Jack (2004), "2: Tale of Three Rivers",
1585:(Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
1490:
1353:
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Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare".
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of the Jin dynasty had ordered Ambaghai executed by
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2503:(illustrated ed.). Wiley-Academy. p. 25.
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Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600â1492
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Conquest of Jurchen Jin by Mongols and Song dynasty
1761:from north, east and west. The western force under
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2813:The Politics of Chinese Medicine Under Mongol Rule
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2284:
3140:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
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1753:panicked and abandoned the city, pulling back to
1646:The Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death
1429:, and handed him over to the Jin imperial court.
1421:in the 12th century, the Jurchens encouraged the
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2527:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2473:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2446:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2419:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
3560:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2691:"çȘéć°æ±ć·±äžćčŽæ±ćäžæ·è§æćè蟚-ć
Œèźșéć
äčé
çæ±ć°äžäžæ·-ćœćź¶ćČćŠç€ŸäŒç§ćŠćŠæŻæćæ°æźćș"
2624:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 50.
2217:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
2637:Foundations and Limits of State Power in China
2287:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1834:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty (1230â1234)
1807:
1444:In 1210, a delegation arrived at the court of
4084:
2863:
1323:
1309:
1205:
1042:
915:
572:
3043:
2496:
2581:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
2324:
2213:
4091:
4077:
2870:
2856:
2780:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257â283.
2356:. Cambridge University Press. p. 263.
2172:
2170:
1448:(r. 1206â27) to proclaim the ascension of
1212:
1198:
1049:
1035:
922:
908:
579:
565:
2604:
2328:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2523:
2469:
2442:
2415:
2176:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1817:
1695:
1641:
1463:
2718:[New Yuan History/Volume 146].
2607:Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001
2167:
1794:
14:
4279:
3490:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3449:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2839:
2806:
2757:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2634:
2403:
2282:
1939:, wishing to give the Jin dynasty the
1558:and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew,
1468:Mongol cavalry battle Jurchen warriors
277:
4072:
3809:
3320:
3042:
2889:
2851:
1193:
1030:
903:
560:
3321:
3073:Administrative divisions and vassals
2774:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2771:
2179:Journal of Medieval Military History
2144:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21.
69:"Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
27:1211â1234 campaign in northern China
3340:
2619:
2577:
1726:in 1229, Battle of Weizhou (1230),
1650:
1472:After Genghis Khan returned to the
24:
4172:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2650:Gary Seaman; Daniel Marks (1991).
2283:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
2007:dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders,
1972:
1491:Mongol conquest under Genghis Khan
1373:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
1219:
137:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
25:
18:Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty
4348:
2877:
2249:The Secret History of the Mongols
1692:Mongol conquest under Ăgedei Khan
1527:and captured Mukden (present-day
1523:travelled even further east into
2635:Schram, Stuart Reynolds (1987).
437:
426:
150:
34:
4307:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty
4237:Jin dynasty coinage (1115â1234)
2890:
2833:
2800:
2765:
2726:
2708:
2683:
2658:
2643:
2628:
2613:
2598:
2571:
2544:
2517:
2490:
2463:
2436:
2409:
2360:
2345:
2318:
2309:
1688:and Khitans to supply cavalry.
1476:, in early 1211, he summoned a
45:needs additional citations for
4292:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2276:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2207:
2158:
2131:
2108:
2069:since the previous dynasties.
1581:in exchange for relieving the
1354:
1324:
1310:
497:40,000 Han Chinese defectors
13:
1:
4297:Wars involving Imperial China
4060:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3757:Division of the Mongol Empire
2620:May, Timothy Michael (2004).
2325:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
2124:
2089:Timeline of the JinâSong Wars
1402:
488:
4287:Mongol conquest of Jin China
1655:In 1223, the Mongol general
7:
3007:Manghit / Mangudai
2072:
1808:The fall of the Jin dynasty
10:
4353:
4327:1230s in the Mongol Empire
4322:1220s in the Mongol Empire
4317:1210s in the Mongol Empire
3810:
3786:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2693:. Nssd.org. Archived from
2367:Gloria Skurzynski (2010).
2185:. Boydell Press: 109â117.
1811:
1406:
843:Hungary and Croatia (
4212:
4115:Alliance Conducted at Sea
4107:
4057:
3968:
3887:
3820:
3816:
3805:
3749:
3698:
3601:(1223 / 1236â40)
3547:
3524:
3507:(1257 / 1284â88)
3477:
3402:
3347:
3336:
3316:
3207:
3153:
3130:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
3065:
3061:
3038:
2953:
2900:
2896:
2885:
2786:10.1017/S1356186300008877
2291:. Facts on File. p.
2191:10.1515/9781846159022-004
2096:Manchuria under Yuan rule
1909:), and Chen (present-day
1583:Mongol siege upon Zhongdu
1554:had murdered the emperor
1495:When the conquest of the
1379:, was fought between the
1365:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1317:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1229:
1069:
940:
828:Poland and Bohemia (
795:
788:
769:
737:
679:
629:
608:
603:
598:
474:
263:
199:
163:
149:
141:
136:
2842:A New Kind of Northerner
2840:Garcia, Chad D. (2012),
2524:Waterson, James (2013).
2470:Waterson, James (2013).
2443:Waterson, James (2013).
2416:Waterson, James (2013).
2101:
1924:The Han Chinese general
1850:Mongol conquest of China
1745:defeated him and forced
1573:The Jurchen Jin emperor
1305:Traditional Chinese
144:Mongol conquest of China
4312:Jin dynasty (1115â1234)
4258:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
4167:1194 Yellow River flood
4100:Jin dynasty (1115â1234)
3083:Invasions and conquests
3002:Paiza / Gerege
2530:. Casemate Publishers.
2476:. Casemate Publishers.
2449:. Casemate Publishers.
2422:. Casemate Publishers.
2315:Weatherford 2004 p. 96.
2057:The Han Chinese nobles
1822:Mongol invasion of the
1814:Mongol siege of Kaifeng
1319:Simplified Chinese
500:30,000 Liao defectors
386:Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
156:An illustration of the
4337:History of Zhangjiakou
3740:(1260 / 1301)
3468:(1274 / 1281)
3135:Franco-Mongol alliance
2807:Shinno, Reiko (2016).
2273:Weatherford 2004 p. 85
2015:(ćé»éŠŹ), and the Khitan
1970:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1712:
1667:when Genghis Khan was
1647:
1511:at a mountain pass in
1469:
483:Total: 180,000â210,000
264:Commanders and leaders
4332:13th century in China
1951:
1937:Southern Song dynasty
1857:Battle of Sanfengshan
1849:
1841:
1833:
1821:
1724:Battle of Dachangyuan
1699:
1645:
1467:
503:20,000 Song soldiers
492: 90,000â120,000
397:Emperor Aizong of Jin
3631:Serbia and Bulgaria
1795:MongolâSong alliance
1669:attacking Khwarezmia
1439:punitive expeditions
1375:, also known as the
945:Rise of Genghis Khan
589:Mongol invasions and
54:improve this article
3878:Khagans of the Yuan
3607:Poland and Bohemia
3383:Khwarazmian Empire
3108:Society and economy
2406:, pp. 337â338.
1913:, Henan Province).
1901:), Xu (present-day
1179:Bulgaria and Serbia
860:Bulgaria and Serbia
542:1212: 30,000â50,000
191:MongolâSong victory
4242:Huining Prefecture
4160:Treaty of Shaoxing
3623:Holy Roman Empire
3078:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2670:wanfangdata.com.cn
2605:Collectif (2002).
2578:Man, John (2013).
2554:Global Connections
2226:Three Rivers Press
2079:History of Beijing
1893:and 280 men under
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1728:Battle of Daohuigu
1713:
1648:
1509:Battle of Yehuling
1470:
1355:MĂ©ng JÄ«n zhĂ nzhÄng
531:800,000 infantry
410:Wanyan Chenheshang
158:Battle of Yehuling
4274:
4273:
4135:Jingkang incident
4066:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3778:KaiduâKublai war
3770:BerkeâHulagu war
3762:Toluid Civil War
3543:
3542:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3115:House of Borjigin
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
2386:978-1-4263-0597-9
2235:978-0-609-80964-8
2200:978-1-843-83596-7
2151:978-0-760-71976-3
2063:Celestial Masters
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1342:Standard Mandarin
1287:
1286:
1187:
1186:
1024:
1023:
897:
896:
892:
891:
855:Holy Roman Empire
555:
554:
458:Emperor Mo of Jin
195:
194:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4344:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4069:
3864:
3851:
3848:Töregene Khatun
3838:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3535:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3469:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3368:
3360:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3318:
3317:
3280:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3270:Sarai Batu/Berke
3175:Chagatai Khanate
3063:
3062:
3040:
3039:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2827:
2826:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2736:. Archived from
2730:
2724:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2260:Meng Ta Peu Lu,
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2118:
2112:
1968:
1907:Jiangsu Province
1710:
1700:Mongol Empire's
1661:Shaanxi Province
1659:had struck into
1651:Muqali's advance
1564:Emperor Xuanzong
1560:Emperor Xuanzong
1357:
1356:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1291:
1224:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1027:
935:
924:
917:
910:
901:
900:
875:Byzantine Thrace
601:
600:
593:
581:
574:
567:
558:
557:
534:150,000 cavalry
493:
490:
466:
453:
441:
430:
418:
405:
355:
339:
303:
279:
256:
235:
225:
165:
164:
154:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4302:Jurchen history
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4208:
4103:
4097:
4067:
4062:
4045:
3964:
3883:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3812:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3583:Volga Bulgaria
3576:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3473:
3467:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3438:Southern China
3431:
3423:
3422:Northern China
3414:
3412:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3366:
3358:
3332:
3331:
3304:
3203:
3180:House of Ăgedei
3149:
3120:House of Ăgedei
3088:Destructiveness
3057:
3056:
3026:
2963:
2949:
2892:
2881:
2876:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2805:
2801:
2770:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2734:"Archived copy"
2732:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2365:
2361:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2075:
1975:
1973:Mongol policies
1969:
1966:
1947:Wanyan Chenglin
1816:
1810:
1797:
1704:
1694:
1653:
1593:Wanyan Chenghui
1493:
1411:
1405:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1188:
1183:
1165:
1135:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1025:
1020:
936:
930:
928:
898:
893:
770:Other invasions
594:
590:
587:
585:
551:
538:
537:
528:
527:
520:
507:
506:
494:horse archers
491:
485:
484:
470:
462:
449:
414:
401:
368:
345:
329:
297:
259:
254:
240:
233:
223:
183:
155:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4265:History of Jin
4261:
4254:
4252:Yanqing Temple
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4220:Jurchen people
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:Oghul Qaimish
3858:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Mongol Armenia
3122:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
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3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2822:978-1317671602
2821:
2799:
2764:
2725:
2707:
2682:
2657:
2642:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2591:978-1466861565
2590:
2570:
2564:978-0521191890
2563:
2543:
2537:978-1783469437
2536:
2516:
2509:
2489:
2483:978-1783469437
2482:
2462:
2456:978-1783469437
2455:
2435:
2429:978-1783469437
2428:
2408:
2396:
2385:
2359:
2344:
2338:978-1108636629
2337:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2275:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2234:
2228:, p. 83,
2206:
2199:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2025:Shimo Beidi'er
1974:
1971:
1964:
1899:Anhui Province
1873:Henan Province
1861:Hebei Province
1812:Main article:
1809:
1806:
1801:Emperor Aizong
1796:
1793:
1789:Emperor Aizong
1755:Henan Province
1711:in North China
1693:
1690:
1652:
1649:
1621:Hebei Province
1597:Moran Jinzhong
1492:
1489:
1431:Emperor Xizong
1407:Main article:
1404:
1401:
1377:MongolâJin War
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1336:Transcriptions
1329:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:MongolâJin War
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:MongolâJin War
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
976:
971:
970:
969:
959:
954:
953:
952:
941:
938:
937:
927:
926:
919:
912:
904:
895:
894:
890:
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
841:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Volga Bulgaria
801:
793:
792:
786:
785:
784:
783:
778:
771:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
748:
741:
739:Southeast Asia
735:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
683:
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
662:
657:
656:
655:
645:
640:
633:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
612:
606:
605:
599:
596:
595:
584:
583:
576:
569:
561:
553:
552:
550:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:Total: 950,000
525:
524:
523:
521:
519:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
482:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
469:
468:
455:
442:
431:
420:
407:
394:
393:Moran Jinzhong
391:
388:
383:
371:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
340:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
292:
287:
282:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
243:
241:
239:
238:
237:
236:
228:
227:
226:
218:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:
169:
161:
160:
147:
146:
139:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4349:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Huangtiandang
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:JinâSong Wars
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Chagatai Khan
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3804:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:Latin Empire
3637:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:Northern Yuan
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Imperial Seal
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:Pax Mongolica
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Mongol Empire
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2740:on 2016-03-04
2739:
2735:
2729:
2722:(in Chinese).
2721:
2717:
2711:
2697:on 2020-04-13
2696:
2692:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2584:. Macmillan.
2583:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2304:
2302:9780816046713
2298:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:JinâSong Wars
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Duke Yansheng
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:Southern Song
1963:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:coup de grĂące
1938:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Shimo Ming'an
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Wanyan Yongji
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Wanyan Yongji
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:Shimo Ming'an
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:Kherlen River
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Wanyan Yongji
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1409:JinâSong Wars
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Mongol Empire
1378:
1374:
1364:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Volga Bulgars
1072:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1017:
1016:Volga Bulgars
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
933:
925:
920:
918:
913:
911:
906:
905:
902:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
768:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
736:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
685:
684:
682:
678:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
632:
628:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
611:
607:
602:
597:
592:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
562:
559:
548:1233: 100,000
547:
545:1231: 200,000
544:
541:
540:
533:
530:
529:
522:
516:
513:
510:
509:
502:
499:
496:
487:
486:
479:
478:
473:
467:
465:
459:
456:
454:
452:
446:
443:
440:
435:
432:
429:
424:
421:
419:
417:
411:
408:
406:
404:
398:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:
376:
375:Wanyan Yongji
373:
372:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
280:
274:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
232:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:Mongol Empire
209:
208:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
190:
187:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:
145:
140:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4263:
4256:
4171:
3830:Genghis Khan
3599:Kievan Rus'
3577:(1237â1300s)
3569:(1237â1300s)
3421:
3413:Western Xia
3375:Qara Khitai
3208:Major cities
3187:Golden Horde
3163:Yuan dynasty
3050:Organization
2984:
2935:Khong Tayiji
2841:
2834:Bibliography
2812:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2728:
2719:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2553:
2546:
2526:
2519:
2499:
2492:
2472:
2465:
2445:
2438:
2418:
2411:
2399:
2390:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2222:Random House
2220:, New York:
2216:
2209:
2182:
2178:
2160:
2140:
2133:
2110:
2067:Yuan dynasty
2056:
2053:
2033:Xiao Zhongxi
2031:(ćĄäžć·Čć
), and
1998:
1993:Genghis Khan
1976:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1891:Pucha Guannu
1884:
1881:
1869:Runan County
1853:
1798:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1732:
1721:
1714:
1663:, attacking
1654:
1633:Central Asia
1627:, Hebei and
1601:Lugou Bridge
1595:and general
1587:
1579:Genghis Khan
1572:
1537:
1494:
1486:
1471:
1446:Genghis Khan
1443:
1412:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1349:Hanyu Pinyin
1221:
1096:Eastern Liao
1078:
1062:'s campaigns
961:
934:'s campaigns
932:Genghis Khan
865:Latin Empire
697:
653:Nizari state
610:Central Asia
517:1233: 15,000
514:1231: 50,000
511:1212: 90,000
463:
450:
434:Pucha Guannu
415:
402:
379:
273:Genghis Khan
231:Song dynasty
224:(until 1219)
216:Eastern Liao
200:Belligerents
142:Part of the
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4225:Wanyan clan
4192:Sanfengshan
4182:Dachangyuan
3905:Sartaq Khan
3874:Kublai Khan
3869:Möngke Khan
3843:Ăgedei Khan
3822:Great Khans
3788:(1314â1318)
3780:(1268â1301)
3732:(1260â1323)
3716:(1253â1256)
3699:Middle East
3593:(1238â1239)
3534:(1221â1327)
3393:(1219â1256)
3385:(1219â1221)
3367:(1264â1308)
3359:(1207-1308)
3225:Azov (Azaq)
2891:Terminology
2675:26 February
2404:Garcia 2012
2045:Ăgedei Khan
2021:Ăgedei Khan
2001:Han Chinese
1989:Kublai Khan
1877:YelĂŒ Chucai
1826:(1211â1215)
1824:Jin dynasty
1743:Wanyan Heda
1717:Ăgedei Khan
1705: [
1678:Western Xia
1673:Feng County
1548:North China
1544:Juyong Pass
1513:Zhangjiakou
1501:Western Xia
1482:Eternal Sky
1435:crucifixion
1397:North China
1389:Jin dynasty
1269:Sanfengshan
1254:Dachangyuan
1121:Kievan Rus'
1079:Jin dynasty
1060:Ăgedei Khan
1011:Kalka River
974:Qara Khitai
962:Jin dynasty
957:Western Xia
703:Eastern Xia
693:Western Xia
617:Qara Khitai
423:Wanyan Heda
346: [
330: [
298: [
255:(1225â1227)
252:Western Xia
247:Jin dynasty
234:(from 1233)
221:Western Xia
181:North China
110:August 2020
4281:Categories
4041:Nogai Khan
3925:Ăzbeg Khan
3856:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3750:Civil wars
3738:Palestine
3647:Lithuania
3567:Circassia
3300:Xacitarxan
3285:Soltaniyeh
3022:Darughachi
2744:2016-05-03
2720:Wikisource
2716:"æ°ć
ćČ/ć·146"
2701:2018-02-26
2510:0471877336
2125:References
2116:Great Wall
2017:Xiao Zhala
2009:Shi Tianze
1926:Shi Tianze
1617:YelĂŒ Tuhua
1590:chancellor
1403:Background
1101:Khwarazmia
979:Khwarazmia
950:Chakirmaut
814:Durdzuketi
799:Kievan Rus
364:Xiao Zhala
322:Shi Tianze
80:newspapers
3910:Orda Khan
3900:Batu Khan
3764:(1260â64)
3708:(1241â43)
3706:Anatolia
3681:(1287â88)
3673:(1285â86)
3665:(1264â65)
3657:(1259â60)
3649:(1258â59)
3625:(1241â42)
3617:(1241â42)
3609:(1240â41)
3585:(1229â36)
3575:Chechnya
3515:(1300â02)
3479:Southeast
3458:(1253â56)
3440:(1235â79)
3432:(1231â60)
3424:(1211â34)
3377:(1216â18)
3365:Sakhalin
3325:Campaigns
3275:Saray-JĂŒk
3265:Samarkand
3240:Karakorum
3199:Ilkhanate
2957:Political
2794:161851226
2037:Zhang Rou
2027:(çłæčćèżć
),
2013:Liu Heima
1967:Zhao Gong
1956:Changchun
1799:In 1233,
1771:Xiangyang
1767:Han River
1739:Tong Pass
1613:YelĂŒ Ahai
1607:generals
1525:Manchuria
1393:Manchuria
1131:Sit River
989:Samarkand
870:Lithuania
819:Circassia
681:East Asia
670:Palestine
638:Caucassus
631:West Asia
591:conquests
359:Liu Heima
327:Zhang Rou
171:1211â1234
4232:Jiaochao
4213:See also
4187:Daohuigu
4177:Yehuling
4145:Yancheng
4130:Timeline
4120:Military
4036:Boroldai
4016:Khubilai
3996:Bo'orchu
3969:Military
3863:(regent)
3850:(regent)
3837:(regent)
3722:Baghdad
3671:Hungary
3615:Hungary
3558:Georgia
3505:Vietnam
3357:Siberia
3255:Maragheh
3155:Khanates
3103:Religion
3098:Military
3047:Politics
2997:Kurultai
2960:Military
2753:cite web
2500:Shanghai
2264:, p. 61.
2073:See also
1965:â
1911:Huaiyang
1751:Chang'an
1730:(1231).
1665:Chang'an
1629:Shandong
1529:Shenyang
1478:kurultai
1458:Keraites
1427:Ambaghai
1383:and the
1264:Daohuigu
1234:Yehuling
967:Yehuling
725:Sakhalin
643:Anatolia
622:Khwarezm
475:Strength
176:Location
4247:Zhongdu
4202:Caizhou
4197:Kaifeng
4150:Tangdao
4108:History
4006:Boroqul
4001:Guo Kan
3991:Negudar
3976:Subutai
3876: (
3714:Alamut
3687:Serbia
3679:Poland
3663:Thrace
3655:Poland
3591:Alania
3456:Yunnan
3391:Persia
3349:Central
3328:Battles
3235:Bolghar
3230:Bukhara
3215:Almalik
3017:Kheshig
2945:Tarkhan
2041:Yan Shi
2029:Tabuyir
1984:Subetai
1960:baijiao
1895:Ma Yong
1865:Subutai
1759:Kaifeng
1747:Subutai
1735:Kheshig
1686:Tanguts
1682:Uighurs
1568:Kaifeng
1552:Hushahu
1540:Beijing
1531:). The
1415:nomadic
1385:Jurchen
1279:Caizhou
1274:Kaifeng
1259:Weizhou
1249:Zhongdu
1244:Zhenyou
1239:Huailai
1167:Hungary
1159:Legnica
1137:Kozelsk
1116:Armenia
1111:Georgia
1089:Caizhou
1084:Kaifeng
984:Bukhara
885:Gazaria
809:Cumania
781:Siberia
750:Burma (
746:Vietnam
660:Baghdad
464:†
451:†
445:Ma Yong
416:†
403:†
390:Li Ying
343:Yan Shi
317:Subutai
295:Doqolqu
275: (
94:scholar
4155:Caishi
4102:topics
3986:Muqali
3960:Ghazan
3955:Arghun
3945:Hulegu
3835:Tolui
3811:People
3772:(1262)
3730:Syria
3724:(1258)
3689:(1291)
3641:(1242)
3633:(1242)
3549:Europe
3532:India
3513:Burma
3499:(1293)
3488:Burma
3466:Japan
3447:Tibet
3430:Korea
3290:Tabriz
3260:Qarshi
3220:Avarga
3066:Topics
2970:Jarlig
2930:Jinong
2925:Khanum
2920:Khatun
2910:Khagan
2902:Titles
2819:
2792:
2588:
2561:
2534:
2507:
2480:
2453:
2426:
2383:
2335:
2299:
2232:
2197:
2148:
2039:(ćŒ”æ),
1903:Xuzhou
1887:Anyang
1769:(near
1741:, but
1702:Ayimaq
1657:Muqali
1637:Persia
1625:Shanxi
1605:Khitan
1533:Khitan
1497:Tangut
1454:vassal
1423:Tatars
1419:Khabul
1154:Poland
1126:Ryazan
1106:Goryeo
999:Parwan
880:Serbia
849:Second
834:Second
824:Alania
790:Europe
756:Second
665:Levant
648:Persia
460:
447:
436:
425:
412:
399:
377:
312:Ăgedei
290:Muqali
188:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4031:Kadan
4026:Bayan
4011:Jelme
3950:Abaqa
3940:Kebek
3920:Toqta
3915:Berke
3895:Jochi
3888:Khans
3525:South
3497:Java
3250:Majar
3192:Wings
3012:TĂŒmen
2992:Yassa
2975:Ărtöö
2940:Noyan
2790:S2CID
2102:Notes
1999:Many
1763:Tolui
1715:When
1709:]
1505:Ongut
1499:-led
1387:-led
1149:Tibet
1004:Indus
845:First
838:Third
830:First
776:India
752:First
730:Japan
720:Korea
715:Tibet
688:China
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87:books
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3935:Duwa
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3341:Asia
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3053:Life
2980:Orda
2915:Khan
2817:ISBN
2759:link
2677:2017
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1172:Mohi
1142:Kiev
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762:Java
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285:Jebe
168:Date
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