Mongol invasion of Europe

2295:. However, a counter to this assertion is that the Mongols were willing to fight in the densely populated areas of Song China and India. Furthermore, the Mongols were able to conquer Southern China which is located in a tropical climate zone and would have received far more rainfall and humidity than anywhere in Europe. The territory of Western Europe had more forests and castles than the Mongols were accustomed to, and there were opportunities for the European heavy cavalry to counter-attack. Also, despite the steppe tactics of the Avars and early Hungarians, both were defeated by Western states in the 9th and 10th centuries, though many states conquered by the Mongols have also faced steppe tactics successfully before. A significant number of important castles and towns in Hungary had also resisted the formidable and infamous Mongol siege tactics. 167: 248: 1746:) and his fighters. However, the Cuman invitation proved detrimental to the Hungarians because Batu Khan considered this acceptance of a group he considered rebels as justifications for his invasion of Hungary. After rumors began to circulate in Hungary that the Cumans were agents of the Mongols, some hot-headed Hungarians attacked the Cuman camp and killed Kotony. This led the enraged Cumans to ride south, ravaging the countryside, and slaughtering the unsuspecting Magyar population. The Austrian troops retreated to Austria shortly thereafter to gain more western aid. The Hungarians now stood alone in the defense of their country. 1773:. Crops and goods plundered from Wallachian settlements seem to have been a primary supply source for the Golden Horde. The invaders killed up to half of the population and burned down most of their settlements, thus destroying much of the cultural and economic records from that period. Neither the Wallachians nor the army of Hungary offered much resistance against the Mongols. The swiftness of the invasion took many by surprise and forced them to retreat and hide in forests and the enclosed valleys of the Carpathians. In the end, however, the main target of the invasion was the Kingdom of Hungary. 373: 326: 337: 2987: 260: 41: 291: 2787: 1781:

Hungarian forces rapidly. A major Hungarian loss was imminent, and the Mongols intentionally left a gap in their formation to permit the wavering Hungarian forces to flee and spread out in doing so, leaving them unable to effectively resist the Mongols as they picked off the retreating Hungarian remnants. While the king escaped with the help of his bodyguard, the remaining Hungarian army was killed by the Mongols or drowned in the river as they attempted escape. Following their decisive victory, the Mongols now systematically occupied the

1656:, but Wenceslaus with the aid of Austrian Babenbergs repulsed the raid. A Mongol commander was captured in a sortie near Olomouc. Under Wenceslaus' leadership during the Mongol invasion, Bohemia remained one of a few central European kingdoms that was never pillaged by the Mongols even though most countries around it such as Poland and Hungary were ravaged. Such was his success that chroniclers sent messages to Emperor Frederick II of his victorious defense. After these failed attempts, Baidar and Kadan continued raiding Moravia (via the 278: 4367:

reality. In the present volume, Juvaini is down to the reign of Mongke (1251–1259) Rashid al-Din's main authority, but with considerable additional material from other sources. Thus the earlier historian's account of the invasion of eastern Europe (1241–1242) is repeated almost verbatim and is then followed, in a later chapter, by a much more detailed version of the same events, based, like the preceding description of the campaigns in Russia (1237–1240), on Mongol records, as is evident from the orthography of the proper names."

236: 2927: 4078:. p.27: "The majority of the Hungarian forces consisted of light cavalry, who appeared 'foreign' to the Western observers. Yet this army had given up nomadic battle tactics and proved useless when facing the masters of this style of warfare. Hungarian tactics were a mix of eastern and western military traditions, as were the ineffective walls of clay bricks and palisades. Two elements of the Hungarian defense had proved effective, however: close combat with mass armored knights and stone fortifications". 1481: 303: 2070:, had previously engaged the Mongols in Olomouc and in the initial stages of the Battle of Mohi. Unlike in Hungary however, Vienna under the leadership of Duke Frederick and his knights, together with their foreign allies, managed to rally quicker and annihilate the small Mongolian squadron. After the battle, the Duke estimated that the Mongols lost 300 to upwards of 700 men, while the defending Europeans lost 100. Austrian knights also subsequently defeated the Mongols at the borders of the 1253: 349: 2972: 361: 313: 2500: 2942: 2957: 7519: 2702: 1750: 7509: 2272:(Batu returned to put it down, and spent roughly a year doing so). Others argue Europe's bad weather had an effect: Hungary has a high water table so it floods easily. An analysis of tree rings there found that Hungary had cold wet weather in early 1242, which likely turned Hungary's central plain into a huge swamp; so, lacking pastures for their horses, the Mongols would have had to fall back to Rus' in search of better grasslands. 2443: 1470: 7529: 2908: 1927:, the defenses managed to hold off the Mongolians despite the latter having overwhelming numerical superiority and 30 siege machines which they had just used to reduce the wooden towers of the city. During the remaining decades of the 13th century and throughout the 14th century, the kings donated more and more royal land to the magnates with the condition that they build forts and ensure their defenses. 1936: 2240:

arrive in March, meaning he took about three months in the middle of winter from the time of the khan's death. Carpini himself accompanied a Mongol party in a much shorter journey (from Kiev to Mongolia) in 1246, where the party "made great speed" in order to reach the election ceremony in time, and made use of several horses per person while riding nearly all day and night. It took five months.

1915:. Learning from this lesson, fortresses came to play a significant role in Hungary. King Béla IV rebuilt the country and invested in fortifications. Facing a shortage of money, he welcomed the settlement of Jewish families, investors, and tradesmen, granting them citizenship rights. The King also welcomed tens of thousands of Kun (Cumans) who had fled the country before the invasion. Chinese 2313: 1299: 2391: 2328:, whose only goal was to secure the Great Khanate for her son, Güyük. There was so much bitterness between the two branches of the family that when Güyük died in 1248, he was on his way to confront Batu to force him to accept his authority. Batu also had problems in his last years with the Principality of Halych-Volhynia, whose ruler, 2108:, the Bulgarian capital of Tarnovo was sacked. This is unlikely, but rumor of it spread widely, being repeated in Palestine by Bar Hebraeus. The invasion of Bulgaria is mentioned in other contemporary sources, such as Philippe Mouskès, Thomas of Cantimpré and Ricoldo of Montecroce. Contemporary documents indicate that by 1253, 2305:

westward expansion. Subutai's recall at the same time left the Mongol armies without their spiritual head and primary strategist. Batu Khan was not able to resume his plans for conquest to the "Great Sea" (the Atlantic Ocean) until 1255, after the turmoil after Ögedei's death had finally subsided with the election of

2170:. In the decades following the Mongolian raids on European settlements, Western armies (particularly Hungary) started to adapt to the Mongol tactics by building better fortifications against siege weapons and improving their heavy cavalry. After the division of the Mongol Empire into four fragments, when the 2596:. After this severe setback, Talabuga linked back up with the raiding parties and fled Poland with the loot that was already taken. Nogai's column, after suffering losses during the assault on Kraków, split up to raid the lands both north and south of the city. One detachment headed towards the town of 2336:

ruled the Horde. Batu Khan was unable to turn his army west until 1255, after Möngke had become Great Khan in 1251, and he had repaired his relations with the Great Khanate. However, as he prepared to finish the invasion of Europe, he died. His son did not live long enough to implement his father and

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The true reasons for the Mongol withdrawal are not fully known, but numerous plausible explanations exist. The Mongol invasion had bogged down into a series of costly and frustrating sieges, where they gained little loot and ran into stiff resistance. They had lost a large number of men despite their

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had caused the Great Khan's death to protect Latin Christendom. As Stephen Pow pointed out in his analysis of this issue, by Carpini's account, a messenger would have to be able to make the journey from Mongolia to Central Europe in a little over three months at a minimum; the messenger would have to

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in Croatia in March 1242. Due to the strong fortifications of Klis, the Mongols dismounted and climbed over the walls using nearby cliffs. The defenders were able to inflict a number of casualties on the Mongols, which enraged the latter and caused them to fight hand to hand in the streets and gather

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The Mongolian invasion taught the Magyars a simple lesson: although the Mongols had destroyed the countryside, the forts and fortified cities had survived. To improve their defense capabilities for the future, they had to build forts, not only on the borders but also inside the country. In the siege

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monk and chronicler who witnessed and survived the invasion, pointed out not only the genocidal element of the occupation, but also that the Mongols especially "found pleasure" in humiliating local women. But while the Mongols claimed control of Hungary, they could not occupy fortified cities such as

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By the mid-14th century the grip of the Golden Horde over Central and Eastern Europe had started to weaken. Several European kingdoms started various incursions into Mongol-controlled lands with the aim of reclaiming captured territories as well as adding new ones from the Empire itself. The Kingdom

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did promise a Crusade and the Church finally helped sanction a small Crusade against the Mongols in mid-1241, but it was diverted when he died in August 1241. Instead of fighting the Mongols, the resources gathered by the Crusade was used to fight a Crusade against the Hohenstaufen dynasty after the

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In the 1240s the efforts of Christendom were already divided between five Crusades, only one of which was aimed against the Mongols. Initially, when Bela sent messengers to the Pope to request a Crusade against the Mongols, the Pope tried to convince them to instead join his Crusade against the Holy

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Although the Mongol danger was real and imminent, Hungary was not prepared to deal with it; in the minds of a people who had lived free from nomadic invasions for the last few hundred years, an invasion seemed impossible, and Hungary was no longer a predominantly soldier population. Only rich nobles

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In A.D. 1232 an army of 30,000 Mongol warriors invaded the Chinese city of Kai-fung-fu, where the Chinese fought back with fire arrows...Mongol leaders learned from their enemies and found ways to make fire arrows even more deadly as their invasion spread toward Europe. On Christmas Day 1241 Mongol

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confronted the Mongols, but his smaller squadron apparently had very low morale and was quickly routed. Most of them were cut down as they fled. Michael was forced to retreat to Constantinople on a Genoese ship while Nogai's army plundered all of Thrace. Following this defeat, the Byzantine emperor

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were successfully raided, but the Mongols failed to capture Sandomierz and Kraków and were repulsed with heavy casualties when they attempted to assault the cities, although the cities were devastated. Talabuga's main army (the rest of his column having dissolved across the countryside for raiding)

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claims that the Mongol invasion concluded when the geography was no longer in their favor. To venture farther would have put their army at a disadvantage. This was because there was no more pastureland, which their methods of warfare relied upon, and the more humid coastal climate would weaken the

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The attack on Europe was planned and executed by Subutai, who achieved perhaps his most lasting fame with his victories there. Having devastated the various Rus' principalities, he sent spies into Poland and Hungary, and as far as eastern Austria, in preparation for an attack into the heartland of

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points to a series of warm, dry summers in the region until 1242. When temperatures dropped and rainfall increased, the local climate shifted to a wetter and colder environment. That, in turn, caused flooding of the formerly dry grasslands and created a marshy terrain. Those conditions would have

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Several sources mention the Mongols deploying firearms and gunpowder weapons against European forces at the Battle of Mohi in various forms, including bombs hurled via catapult. Professor Kenneth Warren Chase credits the Mongols for introducing gunpowder and its associated weaponry into Europe. A

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Rashid al-Din, Successors, 10–11. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Boyle's preamble notes: "There are not infrequent interpolations from the Mongolian chronicle, and he even adopts its faulty chronology, in accordance with which the events of the European campaign take place a year later than in

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Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, had to turn north to face Berke Khan, suffering severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263, after Berke Khan had lured him north and away from the Holy Land. Thus, the Kipchak Khanate

1734:, but it was too small to change the outcome of the campaign. The majority of the Hungarian magnates also did not realize the urgency of the matter. Some may have hoped that a defeat of the royal army would force Béla to discontinue his centralization efforts and thus strengthen their own power. 2428:

raids in the 1280s (those in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland), were much greater in scale than anything since the 1241–1242 invasion, thanks to the lack of civil war in the Mongol Empire at the time. They have sometimes been collectively referred to as "the second Mongol invasion of Europe", "the

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Some historians believe that the reason for Batu's stopping at the Mohi River was that he never intended to advance further. He had made the new Rus' conquests secure for the years to come, and when the Great Khan died and Batu rushed back to Mongolia to put in his claim for power, it ended his

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died at the age of fifty-six after a binge of drinking during a hunting trip, which forced most of the Mongolian army to retreat back to Mongolia so that the princes of the blood could be present for the election of a new great khan. This is attested to by one primary source: the chronicle of

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However, during the initial Mongol invasion and the subsequent raids afterwards, heavily armored knights and cavalry proved more effective at fighting the Mongols than their light-armored counterparts. During the Battle of Mohi, for example, while the Hungarian light cavalry and infantry were

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River on April 10, 1241, without having been directly challenged by the Mongols. The Mongols, having largely concealed their positions, began their attack the next night; after heavier-than-expected losses inflicted by Hungarian crossbowmen, the Mongols adjusted their strategy and routed the

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attacked them with the remaining Cracovian knights, which were few in number, but determined to vanquish the invader or die. Surprise gave the Poles an initial advantage and they managed to kill many Mongol soldiers. When the invaders realized the actual numerical weakness of the Poles, they

2057:. Using similar tactics during their campaigns in previous Eastern and Central European countries, the Mongols first launched small squadrons to attack isolated settlements in the outskirts of Vienna in an attempt to instill fear and panic among the populace. In 1241 the Mongols raided 2403:, a well-educated ruler, wanted to annex Italy to unite his separated kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire and Sicily. In addition to calling a council to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Pope Gregory IX and his successor Innocent IV excommunicated Frederick four times and labeled him the 2250:, explicitly states in the Ilkhanate's official histories that the Mongols were not even aware of Ogedei's death when they began their withdrawal. Al-Din, writing under the auspices of the Mongol Empire, had access to the official Mongol chronicle when compiling his history, the 1567:

regrouped, broke through the Polish ranks and defeated them. During the fighting, many Polish prisoners of war found ways to escape and hide in the nearby woods. The Polish defeat was partly influenced by the initially successful Polish knights having been distracted by looting.

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defeated the Mongolian contingent. However, after a threat that Nogai himself will return with the Golden Horde, the Serbian king acknowledged Nogai's supremacy and sent his son as hostage to prevent further hostility when Nogai threatened to lead a punitive expedition himself.

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in the return. Nogai's own column suffered serious casualties. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force. The outcome could not have contrasted more sharply with the 1241 invasion, mostly due to the reforms of

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army came and defeated the Mongols, killing 15,000 of their troops and destroying their siege engines. A year later, the Genoese blockaded Mongol ports in the region, forcing Janibeg to negotiate, and in 1347 the Genoese were allowed to reestablish their colony in

1793:. Where they found local resistance, they killed the population. Where the locale offered no resistance, they forced the men into servitude in the Mongol army. Still, tens of thousands avoided Mongol domination by taking refuge behind the walls of the few existing 1213:. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn. After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and 2368:

in origin. Many of the Mamluks were of Turkic descent and Berke's Khanate was almost totally Turkic also. Jochi, Genghis Khan's oldest son, was of disputed parentage and only received 4,000 Mongol warriors to start his Khanate. His warriors were virtually all

2128:, Volume 29 says that "Employed against the Mongol invaders of Europe, knightly warfare failed even more disastrously for the Poles at the Battle of Legnica and the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi in 1241. Feudal Europe was saved from sharing the fate of 1427:, was the overall leader, but Subutai was the strategist and commander in the field, and as such, was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus' principalities. He also commanded the central column that moved against Hungary. While 1974:. Batu sent a few tumens (roughly 20,000 men at arms) under Khadan in pursuit of Bela. The major objective was not the conquest but the capture of the Arpad king. The poorly fortified Zagreb was unable to resist the invasion and was destroyed, its 2382:

never invaded Europe, keeping watch to the south and east instead. Berke sent troops into Europe only twice, in two relatively light raids in 1259 and 1265, simply to collect booty he needed to pay for his wars against Hulagu from 1262 to 1265.

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were trained as heavy-armored cavalry. The Hungarians had long since forgotten the light-cavalry strategy and tactics of their ancestors, which were similar to those now used by the Mongols. The Hungarian army (some 60,000 on the eve of the

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Only then did King Béla call upon his magnates to join his army in defense of the country. He also asked the papacy and the Western European rulers for help. Foreign help came in the form of a small knight-detachment under the leadership of

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Hulagu and his horde. Thus, when Hulagu Khan began to mass his army for war against the Mamluk-controlled Holy Land, they swiftly appealed to Berke Khan who sent armies against his cousin and forced him to defend his domains in the north.

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The Papacy had rejected the pleas of Georgia in favor of launching crusades in Iberia and the Middle East, as well as preaching a Crusade against Kievan Rus in 1238 for refusing to join his earlier Balkan Crusade. Meanwhile,

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a sizable amount of loot from houses. As soon as they learned that King Bela was elsewhere, they abandoned the attack and split off to attack Split and Trogir. The Mongols pursued Béla IV from town to town in Dalmatia, while

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and its neighboring districts, located south of Vienna. Wiener Neustadt took the brunt of the attack and, like previous invasions, the Mongols committed horrible atrocities on the relatively unarmed populace. The city of

2674:. In 1271 Nogai Khan led a successful raid against the country, which was a vassal of the Golden Horde until the early 14th century. Bulgaria was again raided by the Mongols in 1274, 1280 and 1285. In 1278 and 1279 Tsar 3723: 3851:

The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly

4911:(Berlin, de Gruyter, 2008) (Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies / Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. / Studies in the Culture and History of the First Millennium C.E., 16), 293–312. 2574:

and Nogai Khan. 30,000 men (three tumens) in two columns under Nogai (10,000 Mongol cavalry) and Talabuga (20,000 Mongols and Ruthenians) respectively raided Lesser Poland to plunder the area and meet up north of

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been less than ideal for the nomadic Mongol cavalry and their encampments, reducing their mobility and pastureland, curtailing their invasion into Europe west of the Hungarian plain, and hastening their retreat.

1742:) was made up of individual knights with tactical knowledge, discipline, and talented commanders. Because his army was not experienced in nomadic warfare, King Béla welcomed the Cuman King Kuthen (also known as 1531:

on April 11, 1241. The devastating Mongol invasion killed half of Hungary's population. The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in early 1242 regained impetus and extended their control into

1718:, set off on an expedition to lead them back, and was sent back to King Béla with a letter from Batu Khan. In this letter, Batu called upon the Hungarian king to surrender his kingdom unconditionally to the 2772:, both responses to the defeat of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1241. The failed Mongol attack on Hungary greatly reduced the Golden Horde's military power and caused them to stop disputing Hungarian borders. 4641:Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). 4003:Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). 2275:

Regardless of their reasons, the Mongols had completely withdrawn from Central Europe by mid-1242, though they still launched military operations in the west at this time, most notably the 1241–1243

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did not aid Béla IV in his escape from the Mongols. Some historians claim that the mountainous terrain of Croatian Dalmatia was fatal for the Mongols because of the great losses they suffered from

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During 1241, most of the Mongol forces were resting on the Hungarian Plain. In late March 1242, they began to withdraw. The most common reason given for this withdrawal is the Great Khan

414: 2682:. After a three-month siege, he managed to once again break through the elite Mongol forces, forcing them to retreat north of the Danube. In 1280 a rebellion inspired by Byzantium left 105:

Devastation of the populations, cultures, and political structures in most of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Europe. Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe (1242).

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of Egypt, learning through spies that Berke was both a Muslim and not fond of his cousin, appealed to him for help and were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate.

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By this time as well, many Eastern and Central European countries had ended their hostilities with one another and united to finally drive out the remnants of the Golden Horde.

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combat between knights ended in catastrophe when it was deployed against the Mongol forces as the Mongols were able to keep a distance and advance with superior numbers. The

3715: 1055: 4663: 1540:. The Great Khan had, however, died in December 1241, and on hearing the news, all the "Princes of the Blood," against Subutai's recommendation, went back to Mongolia to 1423:

Europe. Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he prepared an attack nominally commanded by Batu Khan and two other familial-related princes. Batu Khan, son of

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or by hiding in the forests or large marshes along the rivers. The Mongols, instead of leaving the defenseless and helpless people and continuing their campaign through

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helped Béla IV to escape. After being defeated by the Croatian soldiers, the Mongols retreated and Béla IV was awarded Croatian towns and nobility. Only the city of

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During his withdrawal from Hungary back into Ruthenia, part of Batu Khan's army invaded Bulgaria. A Mongolian force was defeated by the Bulgarian army under Tsar

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who had submitted to the Mongols. Thus, the Khanate was Turkic in culture and had more in common with their Muslim Turkic Mamluks brothers than with the Mongol

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on his way back. He stationed his troops in the mountainous border regions of Bohemia where the Mongols would not be able to utilize their cavalry effectively.

6972: 2593: 1065: 744: 2256:. John Andrew Boyle asserts, based on the orthography, that Al-Din's account of the withdrawal from central Europe was taken verbatim from Mongolian records. 7338: 1722:

forces or face complete destruction. Béla did not reply, and two more messages were later delivered to Hungary. The first, in 1239, was sent by the defeated

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The Story of Bohemia from the Earliest Times to the Fall of National Independence in 1620: With a Short Summary of Later Events – Primary Source Edition

3265: 2652: 3755: 5418: 3544: 3025: 1244: 6294: 5757: 3401: 2860:. In 1345, the Kingdom of Hungary took the initiative and launched their own invasion force into Mongolian territory, capturing what would become 1555:

and defeating an inferior Polish army. Other elements—not part of the main Mongol force—saw difficulty near the Polish-Halych border.

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After the defeat of the European forces at Legnica, the Mongols then continued pillaging throughout Poland's neighboring states, particularly

2104:. A larger force returned to raid Bulgaria again the same year, though little is known of what happened. According to the Persian historian 7064: 3690: 6369: 1820:

During the winter, contrary to the traditional strategy of nomadic armies which started campaigns only in spring-time, they crossed the

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Victor Spinei. "Moldavia in the 11th–14th centuries." Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Bucharest, 1986. Pages 121–122.

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ambushes in mountain passes. In any case, though much of Croatia was plundered and destroyed, long-term occupation was unsuccessful.

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Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015); Chris Peers, the Mongol War Machine (2015); Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016). pp. 450–1.

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Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015); Chris Peers, the Mongol War Machine (2015); Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016). pp. 448–51

2634:. In the winter of 1265, the Bulgarian czar, Constantine Tych, requested Mongol intervention against the Byzantines in the Balkans. 2332:, adopted a policy of confronting the Golden Horde and defeated some Mongol assaults in 1254. He was finally defeated in 1259, when 2039:

Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's two million population at that time were victims of the Mongol invasion of Europe.

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in Poland. A small force of Mongolians did attack the strategically located (on the way to the mountain passes) Bohemian town of

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troops used fire arrows to capture the city of Buda in Hungary, and in 1258 to capture the city of Baghdad in what's now Iraq.

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were plundered and ravaged. However Talabuga, who led the main army in Northern Hungary, was stopped by the heavy snow of the

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Bitwa pod Legnicą Chwała Oręża Polskiego Nr 3. Rzeczpospolita and Mówią Wieki. Primary author Rafał Jaworski. 12 August 2006

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Bitwa pod Legnicą Chwała Oręża Polskiego Nr 3. Rzeczpospolita and Mówią Wieki. Primary author Rafał Jaworski. 12 August 2006

2781: 715: 2840:, taking advantage of internal strifes in the Golden Horde, started an invasion of their own, defeating the Mongols at the 2268:

victories (see above). Finally, they were stretched thin in the European theater, and were experiencing a rebellion by the

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tribes, who asked for and received asylum in Hungary. The second was sent in February 1241 by the defeated Polish princes.

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was a tribute-paying vassal of the Mongols, a status he had probably been forced to accept during the invasion of 1242.

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by King Béla IV, after which citizens of Zagreb engaged in building defensive walls and towers around their settlement.

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second Tatar-Mongol invasion of central and south-eastern Europe", or "the second Mongol invasion of central Europe."

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Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. 8: 109–17 .

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By this point, some Western European armies also started to meet the Mongols in their conquered territories. In the

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Cook, David, "Apocalyptic Incidents during the Mongol Invasions", in Brandes, Wolfram / Schmieder, Felicitas (hg),

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while skirmishing with the locals. After the defeat at Stary Sącz, Nogai's whole column retreated into Ruthenia.

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thought that Europeans had an advantage due to more food surpluses enabling better campaigns, and larger horses.

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The Mongols invaded Central Europe with three armies. One army defeated an alliance which included forces from

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This Is Rocket Science: True Stories of the Risk-Taking Scientists Who Figure Out Ways to Explore Beyond Earth

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By that time, Mongolian forces had divided into two, one led by Batu and Subutai who were planning to invade

705: 240: 2078:(Devín). After the failed initial raids, the rest of the Mongols retreated after learning of the Great Khan 5845: 5643: 5386: 5371: 3745: 3052: 2508: 2228: 1162: 987: 654: 560: 307: 4673: 3529: 2557:

were ravaged and plundered. Berke had no intention of occupying or conquering Poland. After this raid the

7454: 6848: 6843: 6459: 6016: 5984: 5835: 5783: 5635: 5141: 4902:

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire

4224: 2926: 2849: 2276: 2232: 1769:). Tens of thousands of Wallachians and Moldavians lost their lives defending their territories from the 1601: 616: 581: 505: 478: 473: 220: 3886: 3305: 2971: 2941: 7449: 7439: 7403: 7245: 7147: 6904: 6899: 6355: 4378:"Climate probably stopped Mongols cold in Hungary, Science News, Science Ticker: Climate, Anthropology" 3835: 3460: 3397: 3062: 2152:, the Knights Templar that numbered between 65 and 88 during the battle lost only three knights and 2 1652:(Kłodzko) but Wenceslaus' cavalry managed to fend them off. The Mongols then tried to take the town of 5038:

The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan almost conquered the world

3750: 3239: 2956: 2768:, which included advances in military tactics and, most importantly, the widespread building of stone 1621:

returned to protect his kingdom after arriving in Legnica a day late. He gathered reinforcements from

6935: 6874: 6589: 5869: 5810: 5744: 5724: 5708: 5470: 4049: 2503:

Martyrdom of Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs of Sandomierz during the Second Mongol invasion of Poland

2156:. Austrian knights under Duke Frederick also fared better in fighting the Mongol invasion in Vienna. 2029: 1806: 1314: 1070: 963: 909: 787: 611: 565: 555: 550: 210: 3700: 1443:, Subutai was waiting for them on the Hungarian plain. The newly reunited army then withdrew to the 7423: 4919: 2837: 2643: 2468: 2464: 793: 523: 195: 3936:

History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 1 the Mongols Proper and the Kalmyks

3600:

Life after death: approaches to a cultural and social history of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s

2907: 2174:

attempted the next invasion of Hungary, Hungary had increased their proportion of knights (led by

2137: 1252: 929: 7127: 7097: 6879: 6537: 5775: 2756: 2608:. The first detachment was surprised and defeated by the Poles and their Hungarian allies in the 2175: 1618: 1352: 1282: 1170: 823: 736: 720: 597: 294: 102:

Numerous European political entities destroyed, subjugated, or raided and forced to pay tribute.

7484: 7240: 7014: 6703: 6532: 5413: 5134: 3956: 3096: 3020: 2829: 2694:, however, became a Mongol vassal before the Mongol threat was finally ended with the reign of 2243: 2105: 1455:. Again, Subutai masterminded the operation, and it would prove one of his greatest victories. 949: 811: 341: 215: 200: 3598: 2670:

The successors of Tsar Ivan Asen II – the regency of Kaliman Asen I decided to pay tax to the

1856: 7303: 7195: 7152: 6783: 6648: 6156: 6100: 5433: 5016: 4290: 4184: 3157: 2853: 2841: 2178:) and they quickly defeated the main Golden Horde Army in the hills of western Transylvania. 2133: 2109: 1782: 1576: 282: 4992: 4867: 4513: 4173:

Klaić V., Povijest Hrvata, Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta Zagreb 1982. (Croatian)

2765: 2460: 2159: 1919:

were deployed by Mongols against the city of Buda on December 25, 1241, which they overran.

1448: 1414:. One column was routed by the Poles while the other defeated the Polish army and returned. 1298: 934: 7522: 7464: 7260: 7167: 7137: 7122: 6928: 6838: 6833: 6773: 6708: 6613: 6056: 6048: 5528: 4429: 3882: 3818: 3301: 2845: 2812: 2748: 2691: 2400: 2140:

of the Mongols' supreme ruler, Ögedei, and the subsequent eastward retreat of his armies."

1876: 1786: 1766: 1687: 1626: 1520: 1391: 847: 325: 180: 2320:

From 1241 to 1248, a state of almost open warfare existed between Batu, son of Jochi, and

1644:, the kingdom's defenses discouraged them from attacking and they withdrew to the town of 1343:

in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, and the Mongols sacked it and then stormed

8: 7408: 7388: 7368: 7333: 7265: 7177: 7044: 6803: 6733: 6676: 6593: 6419: 6304: 5258: 4728: 3680:

Z. J. Kosztolnyik -- Hungary in the 13th Century, East European Monographs, 1996. p. 174

3130: 2833: 2655:

in marriage to Nogai. Michael also sent much valuable fabric to Golden Horde as tribute.

2589: 2163: 1983: 1527:. The armies re-grouped and crushed Hungary in 1241, defeating the Hungarian army at the 1497: 1348: 1214: 919: 4433: 1473:

Henry II the Pious who lost his life at the battle of Legnica, 19th-century painting by

7512: 7348: 7323: 7225: 7102: 7054: 7049: 7039: 6977: 6909: 6813: 6597: 6549: 6544: 6447: 6437: 6394: 6386: 5180: 4820: 4795: 4450: 4417: 3971: 3089: 2808: 2695: 1847: 1810: 1622: 1508: 1489: 1232: 1146: 264: 252: 141: 137: 40: 6126: 5458: 5398: 3209: 2786: 2416:

German barons revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor's son Conrad in September 1241.

2325: 1636:, and another led by Baidar and Kadan who were ravaging their way through Silesia and 1224: 290: 7508: 7250: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7117: 7107: 7092: 6959: 6788: 6763: 6743: 6723: 6713: 6603: 6585: 6554: 6487: 6404: 6378: 5493: 5100: 5081: 5061: 5042: 4969: 4941: 4873: 4847: 4825: 4764: 4642: 4455: 4418:"Climatic and environmental aspects of the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE" 4296: 4262: 4228: 4190: 4092: 4055: 4004: 3939: 3916: 3892: 3638: 3604: 3489: 3464: 3440: 3420: 3380: 3360: 3311: 3285: 3163: 3100: 2884: 2857: 2558: 2354: 2182: 2149: 2144:

decimated by Mongol forces, the heavily armored knights in their employ, such as the

2007: 1584: 1516: 1504: 1432: 1130: 944: 924: 835: 817: 365: 190: 7469: 7418: 7413: 7353: 7318: 7230: 7187: 7157: 7079: 6997: 6967: 6778: 6693: 6638: 6608: 6559: 6519: 6502: 6492: 6427: 6399: 6040: 6000: 5453: 4815: 4807: 4486: 4445: 4437: 2816: 2709: 2605: 2353:. Berke had converted to Islam and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the 2329: 2287: 2260: 2203: 2036:, was born in Klis Fortress during the Mongol invasion of Hungary-Croatia in 1242. 1707: 1580: 1493: 1403: 1356: 1286: 1166: 914: 829: 805: 495: 377: 329: 185: 3864: 3457:

Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300

1801:

to Western Europe, spent time securing and pacifying the occupied territories. On

1559: 7479: 7393: 7363: 7087: 7004: 6818: 6793: 6581: 6564: 6409: 6134: 5036: 4256: 3775: 3577: 3246: 2794:

In 1291 a large Mongol-Bulgarian alliance raided into Serbia, where Serbian king

2517:

In 1259, eighteen years after the first attack, two tumens (20,000 men) from the

2412: 2342: 2321: 2166:, as well as training his own better-armed local knights, in preparation for the 2145: 2058: 2033: 1839: 1711: 1695: 1512: 1436: 1336: 1291: 1110: 939: 799: 353: 175: 70: 3789:

Klaić V., Povijest Hrvata, Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta Zagreb 1982

2848:

all the way to the Dnieper River, before being halted after their defeat at the

2193:, in preventing the Mongols from setting a permanent hold and driving them off. 644: 392: 7383: 7328: 7282: 7235: 7215: 7059: 6982: 6768: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6728: 6718: 6633: 6576: 6469: 6432: 5403: 5022:

Halperin, Charles J. "George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia."

4930: 3594: 2868: 2678:

led the Bulgarian army and crushed the Mongol raids before being surrounded at

2365: 2324:, son of Ögedei. The Mongol Empire was ruled by a regency under Ögedei's widow 2019: 1979: 1851: 1739: 1661: 1588: 1528: 1452: 1411: 1310: 1206: 1138: 1122: 1118: 1102: 1098: 1060: 574: 170: 145: 129: 117: 74: 66: 6147: 6121: 3768: 2306: 2223: 2219: 2079: 2066:, just north of Vienna, was also pillaged and destroyed. The Duke of Austria, 1702:(it is believed by some that the descendants of this group are the modern-day 1332: 1324: 7547: 7142: 6864: 6663: 6208: 6139: 5446: 5264: 5157: 3269: 2752: 2370: 2345:. Berke was not interested in invading Europe as much as stopping his cousin 2283:

in favor of staying in Europe, which delayed the ceremony for several years.

2002: 1940: 1912: 1657: 1608: 1480: 1407: 1154: 1094: 1004: 860: 385: 6203: 2597: 2337:

Subutai's plan to invade Europe, and with his death, Batu's younger brother

144:

temporarily controlled by Mongol Empire. Eastern and Central Europe and the

7308: 7205: 7009: 6823: 6653: 6524: 6442: 6108: 5548: 5465: 5441: 5356: 5290: 5213: 5193: 5058:

The medieval Fortress:Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the medieval ages

4829: 4811: 4459: 3377:

Warriors Of The Steppe: Military History Of Central Asia, 500 Bc To 1700 Ad

3331: 3001: 2977: 2962: 2947: 2932: 2913: 2732: 2671: 2648: 2518: 2425: 2252: 2235:, stated that the Mongols withdrew for this reason; he further stated that 2171: 2153: 2101: 2053:

The subjugation of Hungary opened a pathway for the Mongol Horde to invade

1790: 1770: 1715: 1440: 1228: 1210: 1202: 1178: 5553: 4916:

Russia and the golden horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history

4687:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

2601: 2499: 2394:

Pope Gregory IX sanctioned a small Crusade against the Mongols in mid-1241

1828:. They eventually reached the Austrian borders and the Adriatic shores in 1694:. Some Magyars (Hungarians), left behind during the main migration to the 1370:

Afterward, the Mongols turned their attention to the steppe, crushing the

312: 7459: 7162: 7069: 6951: 6808: 6686: 6671: 6643: 6479: 6274: 6223: 6183: 6152: 5253: 4674:

The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500 – By Ion Grumeza

3417:

A Popular History of Germany from the Earliest Period to the Present Day

2893: 2346: 2298: 2071: 1872: 1474: 5097:

Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies:An Unveiled History of Catholicism

5006: 2856:

also started to reclaim many Rus' lands, eventually developing into the

2760: 2744: 1860: 1645: 7034: 6920: 6571: 6319: 6228: 5578: 5563: 5300: 5027: 2701: 2687: 2659: 2635: 2542: 2526: 2404: 2292: 2185:

and stiff resistance also helped many Europeans, particularly those in

2063: 2015: 1916: 1834: 1794: 1686:

The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when

1383: 5078:

The Great Warming:Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilization

4441: 2993: 2690:'s camp, asking him for help before being killed by the Mongols. Tsar 2642:) against the territories of Byzantine eastern Thrace. In early 1265, 1956: 1904: 1749: 1649: 7343: 7112: 6618: 6188: 6178: 5543: 5523: 5518: 5477: 3668:

Stephen Pow, Lindsay – Deep Ditches and Well-built walls. pp. 72, 132

2651:(which was massively beneficial for the latter), giving his daughter 2546: 2374: 2350: 2247: 2207: 1975: 1924: 1846:. At least 20–40% of the population died, by slaughter or epidemic. 1802: 1762: 1668:) before finally going southward to reunite with Batu and Subutai in 1592: 1387: 1327:

ordered Batu Khan to conquer Rus' in 1235. The main force, headed by

1186: 1158: 516: 466: 6347: 4580: 4578: 4503:

Sir John Keegan (1987) The Mask of Command, Viking: London, page 118

2844:, as well as conquering territories of the Golden Horde such as the 2740: 2576: 2550: 1888: 1884: 1838:

in Hungary and minted coins in the name of the Khagan. According to

7378: 7255: 7132: 6828: 6623: 6314: 5533: 5393: 5275: 3957:"Herzog Friedrich II von Österreich und die Mongolengefahr 1241/42" 2861: 2832:, restored Georgian dominance in their own lands and even took the 2728: 2679: 2571: 2530: 2522: 2280: 2196: 1994: 1990: 1843: 1829: 1825: 1798: 1758: 1703: 1541: 1533: 1395: 1371: 1344: 1318: 1278: 1150: 1142: 78: 3992:

History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 1

2075: 1908: 766: 7019: 6698: 6509: 6284: 6279: 6269: 6254: 5558: 5513: 5508: 5295: 5285: 5223: 4660:

The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526

4575: 3695: 3637:(illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p. 1958. 3568:"Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy"by Frank Lynn 2872: 2658:

Thrace also suffered raids in 1324 and 1337, during the reign of

2619: 2613: 2584: 2580: 2538: 2357:, the spiritual head of Islam as far as Berke was concerned. The 2032:(January 27, 1242 – January 18, 1271), a daughter of Béla IV and 1971: 1896: 1669: 1653: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1614: 1596: 1563: 1551:, Batu Khan sent a smaller group of troops to Poland, destroying 1537: 1485: 1469: 1364: 1360: 1182: 1106: 316: 133: 121: 82: 5126: 4295:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 1963: 1892: 1868: 1777: 1444: 6264: 6238: 6233: 5568: 5538: 5498: 5248: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5188: 3379:. Da Capo Press; 3rd printing edition (July 21, 1997). p. 144. 2917: 2889: 2880: 2769: 2736: 2683: 2675: 2665: 2631: 2561:

tried without success to organize a crusade against the Horde.

2534: 2358: 2269: 2054: 2011: 1967: 1900: 1880: 1864: 1821: 1743: 1723: 1691: 1665: 1552: 1524: 1399: 1379: 1340: 1114: 225: 125: 4909:

Endzeiten. Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen

4020:

Peter Jackson. The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. 2005. p.65

1989:

The Mongols' pursuit of Béla IV continued from Zagreb through

1935: 6309: 6289: 6218: 6198: 6193: 6173: 6113: 5280: 5270: 5218: 4730:Битва на Синіх Водах. Як Україна звільнилася від Золотої Орди 4514:"The Mongols in the West, Journal of Asian History v.33. n.1" 3128: 2997: 2876: 2554: 2390: 2338: 2333: 2129: 2121: 2023: 1998: 1719: 1699: 1428: 1424: 1375: 1328: 1194: 5694:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 4782:

Transcultural Wars: from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century

4047: 2385: 2312: 6259: 6213: 5573: 5503: 4335:, ed. Christopher Dawson (London: Sheed and Ward, 1955), 44 3593: 1814: 1548: 3994:. Forgotten Books (June 15, 2012). p. 152. ASIN B008HHQ8ZY 1609:

Invasion of Lands of the Bohemian crown (Bohemia, Moravia)

1595:, pillaged through Meissen and burned most of the city of 6299: 4572:

Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", 2005. Page 199

4186:

Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land

3541:

ROCSIR – Revista Româna de Studii Culturale (pe Internet)

3249:. First published as: "The Mongol Invasion of Europe" in 2236: 1978:

burned by Mongols. In preparation for a second invasion,

1842:, the country of Béla was assigned to Orda by Batu as an 2630:

During the reign of Berke there was also a raid against

1997:. While in pursuit, the Mongols under the leadership of 4348:, 60; Pow, Deep ditches and well-built walls, pp. 19-21 3769:

750th Anniversary of the Golden Bull Granted by Bela IV

2790:

Serbian king Uroš II Milutin after victory over Mongols

1141:(11 April 1241). Invasions were also launched into the 4220:

The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community

3359:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks (January 17, 2004). p. 173. 3284:. Page Publishing, Inc. (March 20, 2017). Section 15. 1966:

river in 1241 by the Mongols, Béla IV fled to today's

5424:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

5034: 4136:

Hungary in the 13th Century, East European Monographs

3031:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

1824:

and continued their systematic occupation, including

1447:

river where they inflicted a decisive defeat on King

4331:

John of Plano Carpini, "History of the Mongols," in

4288: 1302:

The Mongol army captures a city, miniature from the

4895:

The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe

2727:In 1285 Nogai Khan led a raid of Hungary alongside 2210:by 15th- through 19th-century European literature. 2115: 4608:Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku 4595:Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku 4261:(reprint ed.). Random House Inc. p. 86. 4216: 3336:Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy 3088: 2570:An unsuccessful invasion followed in 1287, led by 2279:. Batu specifically decided against attending the 5419:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 4865: 4757:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 4619:René Grousset The Empire of Steppes, page 399–400 3964:Forschungen zur Geschichte des Alpen-Adria-Raumes 3865:"Map Walk 20132013: The Conquests of the Mongols" 3630: 3026:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 2432: 1809:destroyed the capital and economic center of the 1245:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 1121:. Following this, they began their invasion into 422: 7545: 3155: 2202:later legend arose in Europe about a mysterious 2197:Possible Mongol diffusion of gunpowder to Europe 1575:On 9 April 1241, Mongol detachments entered the 1382:. Batu appeared in Kievan Rus' in 1239, sacking 1227:who participated in the expedition, invaded the 5839:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 4796:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa" 4491:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 4476:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), 79. 4416:Büntgen, Ulf; Di Cosmo, Nicola (May 26, 2016). 4415: 3915:. Routledge; 1 edition (April 9, 2005). p. 67. 3523: 3521: 3490:"Christianity, Europe, and (Utraquist) Bohemia" 3086: 2811:reports attacks by the Mongols on Hungary, the 1776:The Hungarian army arrived and encamped at the 1347:. Many Rus' armies were defeated; Grand Prince 4888:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 4370: 3762: 3532:Invazia mongolă în Ungaria şi spaţiul românesc 3091:The Slavs in European History and Civilization 2822: 2620:Against Byzantine Thrace (1265, 1324 and 1337) 2120:The traditional European method of warfare of 1309:In 1223, Mongols routed a near 50,000 army of 1034: 890: 6936: 6363: 5142: 4536: 4254: 3938:. Cosimo Classics (January 1, 2013). p. 152. 3603:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–. 2996:on the flight from the Mongols under general 1417: 1289:after Mongol destruction, miniature from the 1020: 876: 752: 408: 5322: 5075: 5055: 4978: 4506: 4182: 4176: 3518: 3395: 3137:. London, Offices of the society. p. 64 2666:Against Bulgaria (1271, 1274, 1280 and 1285) 2213: 1406:. Batu sent a small detachment to probe the 5122:The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde 4662:, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, London, pp. 109 4658:Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton: 4255:Robert Cowley (1993). Robert Cowley (ed.). 4108:Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank – 4074:Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank – 3419:. Nabu Press (February 24, 2010). p. 1109. 1583:following a decisive Mongol victory at the 1570: 1321:, before turning back for nearly a decade. 6943: 6929: 6370: 6356: 5149: 5135: 5094: 5035:Craughwell, Thomas J. (February 1, 2010). 3976:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3804: 3785: 3783: 3738: 3310:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 85. 3210:"Hungary – Culture, History, & People" 2828:of Georgia, under the leadership of King 2612:, while the second devastated the area of 2148:, fought significantly better. During the 2049:Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire 1753:Battle of Mohi in a Medieval-era depiction 1304:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible 1267: 1027: 1013: 883: 869: 759: 745: 415: 401: 148:repeatedly subject to raids and invasions. 39: 4819: 4449: 4149:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. 2005 2802: 2751:and the invading force was defeated near 2716: 2638:led a Mongol raid of 20,000 cavalry (two 2487:Learn how and when to remove this message 2386:Europe at the time of the Mongol invasion 1690:granted asylum to some fleeing Ruthenian 1558:The Mongols then reached Polaniec on the 1181:. The operations were planned by General 6950: 4968:, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971, 4784:Akademie Verlag (March 22, 2006). p. 227 4628:Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West." 4054:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 663. 3954: 3881: 3857: 3300: 3232: 3129:Michell, Robert; Forbes, Nevell (1914). 3043:Mongol military tactics and organization 2785: 2775: 2700: 2686:without much support, and so he fled to 2498: 2459:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2389: 2311: 1934: 1757:The 1241 Mongol invasion first affected 1748: 1698:, still lived on the banks of the upper 1479: 1468: 1297: 1277: 4897:(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979) 4793: 4726: 4698: 4485: 4041: 3930: 3928: 3780: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 2136:not by its tactical prowess but by the 2085: 1962:After being routed on the banks of the 1943:the Mongols experienced defeat in 1242. 1125:by launching a two-pronged invasion of 7589:Military history of the Teutonic Order 7546: 5769:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 5728:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 4869:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia 4524:from the original on September 1, 2009 3439:. Nabu Press (March 18, 2014). p. 75. 2471:to additional sources at this section. 2206:who is credited with the invention of 2092:Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia 2042: 1930: 1675: 1355:(March 4, 1238). Major cities such as 1217:continued into the late 13th century. 6924: 6377: 6351: 6088: 5599: 5321: 5168: 5130: 4959:The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles 4927:The Mongol conquests in world history 4717:, Parlamentis utskebani, 1997, p. 35. 4048:Encyclopædia Britannica, inc (2003). 3801:Thomas of Split, Historia Salonitana. 3758:from the original on August 14, 2014. 3550:from the original on October 14, 2015 3398:"Mongol Invasions: Battle of Legnica" 3131:"The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471" 2782:Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde 1813:, forcing the capital to be moved to 1562:, where they set up camp. There, the 1458: 1205:. Their conquests integrated much of 1008: 864: 740: 396: 5600: 5352:Administrative divisions and vassals 4866:Allsen, Thomas T. (March 25, 2004). 4727:Cherkas, Borys (December 30, 2011). 3925: 3671: 3662: 3404:from the original on April 29, 2017. 3357:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World 3342: 3240:Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz 2871:for example, when the Mongols under 2436: 2259:Another theory is that weather data 1706:, although this people now speaks a 1163:failed to fully subjugate the latter 132:principalities conquered and become 7528: 6973:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6885:History of the Mediterranean region 5619: 4966:The History of the Mongol Conquests 4794:Wheelis, Mark (September 1, 2002). 4701:The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 4474:The History of the Mongol Conquests 4388:from the original on August 3, 2016 3913:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 3888:The History of the Mongol Conquests 3871:from the original on March 9, 2017. 3726:from the original on August 1, 2017 3714:Ltd., ICB - InterConsult Bulgaria. 3506:from the original on April 28, 2018 3307:The History of the Mongol Conquests 2626:Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace 2096:Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire 1660:route into the valley of the river 1238: 1093:From the 1220s into the 1240s, the 45:Mongol invasion of Europe 1236–1242 13: 7065:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4858: 4737:from the original on March 4, 2016 4292:Firearms: a global history to 1700 3330: 2731:. Nogai lead an army that ravaged 2452:relies largely or entirely upon a 1955:with the Kingdom of Hungary, with 1165:. More invasions were launched in 14: 7600: 7584:13th century in the Mongol Empire 7495:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5156: 5115: 4406:Rashid al-Din, Successors, 71–72. 4357:Rashid al-Din, Successors, 70–71. 4123:Deep Ditches and Well-built walls 3527: 3220:from the original on May 12, 2008 2723:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary 2168:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary 1710:language, not Magyar). In 1237 a 1209:territory into the empire of the 7579:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages 7527: 7518: 7517: 7507: 6870:Bibliography of European history 6465:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 4715:History of the Georgian Heraldry 3713: 3162:. Eddie Austerlitz. p. 27. 3048:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 3016:Slave trade in the Mongol Empire 2985: 2970: 2955: 2940: 2925: 2906: 2819:during the period of 1340–1341. 2513:Second Mongol invasion of Poland 2441: 2116:European tactics against Mongols 1765:(situated east and south of the 1682:First Mongol invasion of Hungary 1251: 1117:, and various principalities in 371: 359: 347: 335: 324: 311: 301: 289: 276: 258: 246: 234: 165: 6993:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6988:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6895:History of Western civilization 6498:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5169: 5076:Fagan, Brian (August 1, 2010). 5056:Kauffman, JE (April 14, 2004). 4961:, Canopy Books, New York (1992) 4787: 4774: 4749: 4720: 4707: 4703:. Routledge. pp. 206, 227. 4692: 4679: 4667: 4652: 4635: 4622: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4497: 4479: 4466: 4409: 4400: 4360: 4351: 4338: 4325: 4316: 4282: 4248: 4210: 4167: 4154: 4141: 4128: 4115: 4102: 4081: 4068: 4051:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 4032: 4023: 4014: 3997: 3984: 3962:. In H. Ebner; W. Roth (eds.). 3948: 3905: 3875: 3828: 3795: 3707: 3624: 3587: 3571: 3562: 3482: 3473: 3449: 3429: 3409: 3389: 3369: 3324: 3294: 3274: 2566:Third Mongol invasion of Poland 2222:'s death on December 11, 1241. 1982:was granted a royal charter or 1465:First Mongol invasion of Poland 1394:on December 6, 1240, destroyed 7271:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6739:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6682:Christianity in the modern era 6453:Christianity in late antiquity 4761:University of Washington Press 4091:, 1221–1410. Longman. p. 205. 3891:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3812:"Klis – A gateway to Dalmatia" 3256: 3202: 3189: 3176: 3149: 3122: 3113: 3080: 3038:Mongol invasions and conquests 2433:Against Poland (1259 and 1287) 2419: 1640:. When they arrived to attack 1274:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 1223:, one of the princes from the 770:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 33:Mongol invasions and conquests 1: 7445:Disability in the Middle Ages 7118:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7050:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6890:History of the European Union 6339:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 6036:Division of the Mongol Empire 4289:Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). 3463:(February 17, 2014). p. 447. 3068: 3058:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 2807:Contemporary Swiss historian 1785:, the slopes of the northern 1732:Frederick II, Duke of Austria 1235:, called Sasutsi in sources. 1198: 1190: 1185:(1175–1248) and commanded by 16:1220s–1240s military campaign 7569:Military history of Mongolia 4800:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3119:new yuan history episode 270 3073: 3053:Timeline of the Golden Horde 2509:Mongol invasion of Lithuania 2246:, a historian of the Mongol 2229:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine 2010:and Dalmatian towns such as 1947:During the Middle Ages, the 1519:. A second army crossed the 1331:'s sons, and their cousins, 7: 6849:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6460:Crisis of the Third Century 5286:Manghit / Mangudai 4225:University of Chicago Press 4217:William H. McNeill (1992). 3955:Giessauf, Johannes (1997). 3009: 2850:Battle of the Vorskla River 2823:Counter-invasions of Europe 2277:Mongol invasion of Anatolia 2126:New Encyclopædia Britannica 1602:Chronica sancti Pantaleonis 10: 7605: 7246:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 6905:Military history of Europe 6900:Maritime history of Europe 6089: 6065:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 4954:, Brockhampton Press, 1998 4840: 3990:Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle. 3966:. Graz. pp. 173–199 . 3631:Gloria Skurzynski (2010). 3461:Cambridge University Press 3435:Maurice, Charles Edmund. 3282:The Clash of Civilizations 3063:War of the Heavenly Horses 2899: 2779: 2735:with success: Cities like 2720: 2706:Mongol invasion of Hungary 2647:made an alliance with the 2623: 2563: 2506: 2411:Roman Emperor. Eventually 2089: 2046: 1832:. The Mongols appointed a 1679: 1462: 1431:'s northern force won the 1418:Invasion of Central Europe 1271: 1242: 1036:Mongol invasion of Hungary 679:Hungary and Croatia ( 136:of the Mongol Empire. The 7559:Mongol invasion of Europe 7503: 7432: 7291: 7186: 7173:Mongol invasion of Europe 7078: 6958: 6875:Genetic history of Europe 6857: 6662: 6478: 6418: 6385: 6336: 6247: 6166: 6099: 6095: 6084: 6028: 5977: 5880:(1223 / 1236–40) 5826: 5803: 5786:(1257 / 1284–88) 5756: 5681: 5626: 5615: 5595: 5486: 5432: 5409:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 5344: 5340: 5317: 5232: 5179: 5175: 5164: 4981:"The Mongols in the West" 4597:, MON, 1956, pp. 181–201 4189:. RDR Books. p. 28. 3479:Długosz, The Annals, 181. 3156:Eddie Austerlitz (2010). 2316:Mongol successor khanates 2233:visiting the Mongol court 2214:End of the Mongol advance 1523:and a third followed the 1507:and their allies, led by 1315:Battle of the Kalka River 1042: 900: 783: 664:Poland and Bohemia ( 631: 624: 605: 573: 515: 465: 444: 439: 434: 156: 140:subjugated. Parts of the 49: 38: 30: 26:Mongol invasion of Europe 25: 4985:Journal of Asian History 4920:Indiana University Press 4886:Atwood, Christopher P. 4755:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 4729: 4630:Journal of Asian History 4089:The Mongols and the West 3597:; Dirk Schumann (2003). 3580:, Gerard (INT) Chaliand 3087:Francis Dvornik (1962). 2644:Michael VIII Palaeologus 1571:Invasion of German lands 1201:1261), two grandsons of 1133:(9 April 1241), and the 7128:Investiture Controversy 7098:Second Bulgarian Empire 6880:History of Christianity 5362:Invasions and conquests 5281:Paiza / Gerege 4699:Jackson, Peter (2005). 4544:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 4542:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. 4121:Stephen Pow, Lindsay – 4087:Jackson, Peter (2005). 3840:Encyclopedia Britannica 3774:April 28, 2005, at the 3751:Encyclopædia Britannica 3716:"CEEOL - Obsolete Link" 3263:The Destruction of Kiev 2261:preserved in tree rings 2176:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 2160:King Béla IV of Hungary 1619:Wenceslaus I of Bohemia 1605:records these attacks. 1268:Invasion of Kievan Rus' 842:Batu's raid in Ruthenia 295:Second Bulgarian Empire 7574:13th century in Poland 7564:13th-century conflicts 7485:Post-classical history 7241:Fall of Constantinople 7148:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7015:First Bulgarian Empire 6704:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6019:(1260 / 1301) 5747:(1274 / 1281) 5414:Franco-Mongol alliance 5013:The Mongols and Russia 4812:10.3201/eid0809.010536 4780:Kortüm, Hans-Henning. 4346:History of the Mongols 3934:Howorth, Henry Hoyle. 3095:. Rutgers UP. p. 3021:Franco-Mongol alliance 2883:, a relief force of a 2830:George V the Brilliant 2803:Against Germany (1340) 2796:Stefan Uroš II Milutin 2791: 2717:Against Hungary (1285) 2713: 2504: 2395: 2317: 2162:hired the help of the 2106:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1944: 1783:Great Hungarian Plains 1754: 1587:in Poland. The Mongol 1500: 1477: 1306: 1295: 1127:then-fragmented Poland 1081:2nd invasion (1285–86) 1046:1st invasion (1241–42) 976:3rd invasion (1287–88) 957:2nd invasion (1259–60) 904:1st invasion (1240–41) 342:Margraviate of Moravia 7554:Expeditionary warfare 6784:Industrial Revolution 5017:Yale University Press 4979:Sinor, Denis (1999). 4914:Halperin, Charles J. 4606:Stanisław Krakowski, 4593:Stanisław Krakowski, 4183:Michael Kohn (2006). 3867:. Cleveland History. 3528:Epure, Violeta-Anca. 3415:Zimmermann, Wilhelm. 2842:Battle at Blue Waters 2789: 2776:Against Serbia (1291) 2755:by the royal army of 2704: 2588:was defeated by Duke 2502: 2393: 2315: 2134:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1938: 1752: 1577:Margravate of Meissen 1483: 1472: 1410:before passing on to 1301: 1281: 1243:Further information: 1137:, culminating in the 1129:, culminating in the 283:Margravate of Meissen 7465:Medieval reenactment 7261:Renaissance Humanism 7168:Medieval Warm Period 7138:Republic of Florence 6952:European Middle Ages 6839:European debt crisis 6834:European integration 6774:Age of Enlightenment 6614:Republic of Florence 5910:Serbia and Bulgaria 5080:. Bloomsbury Press. 4160:Anchalabze, George. 4134:Z. J. Kosztolnyik – 4110:A History of Hungary 4076:A History of Hungary 3703:on October 31, 2009. 2846:Principality of Kiev 2813:March of Brandenburg 2759:and ambushed by the 2610:Battle of Stary Sącz 2604:, and others to the 2465:improve this article 2401:Emperor Frederick II 2086:Invasion of Bulgaria 1787:Carpathian Mountains 1589:light reconnaissance 1521:Carpathian mountains 1488:display the head of 1215:punitive expeditions 425:Mongol invasions and 181:Principality of Kiev 7178:Kingdom of Portugal 7045:Old Church Slavonic 7030:Anglo-Saxon England 6804:Revolutions of 1848 6734:Early modern France 6515:Anglo-Saxon England 6420:Classical antiquity 6157:Khagans of the Yuan 5886:Poland and Bohemia 5662:Khwarazmian Empire 5387:Society and economy 5095:Penn, Imma (2007). 5011:Vernadsky, George. 4991:(1). Archived from 4952:The Mongol Warlords 4434:2016NatSR...625606B 4333:The Mission to Asia 3836:"Hungary - History" 3746:"Croatia (History)" 3691:"Croatia (History)" 3159:History of the Ogus 2992:The Hungarian King 2836:from Mongol hands. 2834:Empire of Trebizond 2525:with young princes 2364:Both entities were 2341:became Khan of the 2164:Knights Hospitaller 2074:in the district of 2043:Invasion of Austria 1984:Golden Bull of 1242 1931:Invasion of Croatia 1676:Invasion of Hungary 1599:to the ground. The 1498:High Duke of Poland 1392:Mongols sacked Kiev 696:Bulgaria and Serbia 7359:In popular culture 7324:Crusading movement 7196:Hundred Years' War 7055:Civitas Schinesghe 7040:Carolingian Empire 7025:Kingdom of Croatia 6978:Barbarian kingdoms 6910:Crusading movement 6814:Russian Revolution 6649:Hundred Years' War 6545:Maritime republics 6448:Early Christianity 6438:Hellenistic period 6395:Paleolithic Europe 5902:Holy Roman Empire 5357:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 4900:Christian, David. 4422:Scientific Reports 4322:Kelly (2005), p.23 3400:. ThoughtsCO.com. 3396:Hickman, Kenneth. 3280:Trawinski, Allan. 3245:2008-07-22 at the 2809:John of Winterthur 2792: 2714: 2696:Theodore Svetoslav 2505: 2396: 2349:from ravaging the 2318: 1949:Kingdom of Croatia 1945: 1848:Rogerius of Apulia 1811:Kingdom of Hungary 1807:siege of Esztergom 1755: 1542:elect the new Khan 1509:Henry II the Pious 1501: 1478: 1459:Invasion of Poland 1449:Béla IV of Hungary 1439:army triumphed in 1317:, near modern-day 1307: 1296: 1147:Kingdom of Georgia 1135:Kingdom of Hungary 270:Kingdom of Croatia 265:Kingdom of Hungary 253:Kingdom of Bohemia 142:Kingdom of Hungary 138:Kingdom of Georgia 7541: 7540: 7450:Basic topics list 7251:Swiss mercenaries 7201:Wars of the Roses 7108:Kingdom of Poland 7093:Holy Roman Empire 6960:Early Middle Ages 6918: 6917: 6844:COVID-19 pandemic 6789:French Revolution 6764:Habsburg monarchy 6744:Cossack Hetmanate 6724:Portuguese Empire 6714:Absolute monarchy 6709:Thirty Years' War 6604:Holy Roman Empire 6529:Bulgarian Empire 6488:Early Middle Ages 6405:Bronze Age Europe 6379:History of Europe 6345: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6057:Kaidu–Kublai war 6049:Berke–Hulagu war 6041:Toluid Civil War 5822: 5821: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5394:House of Borjigin 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5106:978-1-4343-0874-0 5087:978-1-59691-780-4 5067:978-0-306-81358-0 5060:. Da Capo Press. 5026:(1982): 477–493. 4957:Reagan, Geoffry. 4904:(Blackwell, 1998) 4893:Chambers, James. 4852:978-1-84383-596-7 4487:Weatherford, Jack 4442:10.1038/srep25606 4382:By Helen Thompson 4302:978-0-521-82274-9 4268:978-0-440-50553-2 4258:Experience of War 4234:978-0-226-56141-7 4196:978-1-57143-155-4 4061:978-0-85229-961-6 3824:on July 18, 2011. 3644:978-1-4263-0597-9 3610:978-0-521-00922-5 3582:The Mongol Empire 3375:Hildinger, Eric. 3238:Hildinger, Erik. 2858:Tsardom of Russia 2559:Pope Alexander IV 2497: 2496: 2489: 2355:Abbasid Caliphate 2183:Guerrilla warfare 2150:Battle of Legnica 2008:Croatian nobility 2001:(Qadan) attacked 1805:1241, the costly 1585:Battle of Legnica 1517:Battle of Legnica 1505:fragmented Poland 1433:Battle of Legnica 1404:Vladimir-Volynsky 1233:Hungarian kingdom 1131:Battle of Legnica 1088: 1087: 1001: 1000: 892:Mongol invasions 857: 856: 733: 732: 728: 727: 691:Holy Roman Empire 391: 390: 366:Holy Roman empire 308:Kingdom of Serbia 241:Kingdom of Poland 191:Novgorod Republic 152: 151: 7596: 7531: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7511: 7470:Medieval studies 7314:Church and State 7188:Late Middle Ages 7080:High Middle Ages 6998:Christianization 6968:Migration Period 6945: 6938: 6931: 6922: 6921: 6779:Great Divergence 6694:Age of Discovery 6639:Late Middle Ages 6609:High Middle Ages 6520:Byzantine Empire 6503:Christianization 6493:Migration Period 6428:Classical Greece 6400:Neolithic Europe 6372: 6365: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6143: 6130: 6127:Töregene Khatun 6117: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6085: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5840: 5814: 5795: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5770: 5748: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5647: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5597: 5596: 5559:Shangdu (Xanadu) 5549:Sarai Batu/Berke 5454:Chagatai Khanate 5342: 5341: 5319: 5318: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5165: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5110: 5091: 5071: 5052: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4964:Saunders, J.J. 4950:Nicolle, David. 4883: 4872:. Cambridge UP. 4834: 4833: 4823: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4713:D. Kldiashvili, 4711: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4632:(1999) pp: 1–44. 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4472:J. J. Saunders, 4470: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3932: 3923: 3911:Jackson, Peter. 3909: 3903: 3902: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3817:. Archived from 3816: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3699:. Archived from 3687: 3681: 3678: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3591: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3538: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3453: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3373: 3367: 3355:de Hartog, Leo. 3353: 3340: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3298: 3292: 3278: 3272: 3260: 3254: 3251:Military History 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3094: 3084: 2989: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2929: 2910: 2710:Chronicon Pictum 2606:Duchy of Sieradz 2492: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2330:Danylo of Halych 2288:Jack Weatherford 2204:Berthold Schwarz 2138:unexpected death 1581:March of Lusatia 1494:Duchy of Silesia 1398:, and conquered 1262:Mongol expansion 1255: 1239:General overview 1207:Eastern European 1200: 1192: 1167:Southeast Europe 1037: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1006: 1005: 895: 885: 878: 871: 862: 861: 778: 771: 761: 754: 747: 738: 737: 711:Byzantine Thrace 437: 436: 429: 417: 410: 403: 394: 393: 378:Byzantine Empire 376: 375: 374: 364: 363: 362: 352: 351: 350: 340: 339: 338: 330:Duchy of Austria 328: 315: 306: 305: 304: 293: 281: 280: 279: 263: 262: 261: 251: 250: 249: 239: 238: 237: 186:Galicia-Volhynia 169: 51: 50: 43: 23: 22: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7499: 7480:Neo-medievalism 7428: 7364:Itinerant court 7287: 7182: 7103:Georgian Empire 7088:Norman Conquest 7074: 7020:Frankish Empire 6954: 6949: 6919: 6914: 6853: 6819:Interwar period 6794:Napoleonic Wars 6658: 6629:Mongol invasion 6582:Crown of Aragon 6474: 6414: 6410:Iron Age Europe 6381: 6376: 6346: 6341: 6324: 6243: 6162: 6141: 6128: 6115: 6091: 6072: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6042: 6024: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5951: 5943: 5935: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5862:Volga Bulgaria 5855: 5847: 5838: 5836: 5818: 5812: 5799: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5768: 5766: 5752: 5746: 5736: 5727: 5725: 5718: 5717:Southern China 5710: 5702: 5701:Northern China 5693: 5691: 5677: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5645: 5637: 5611: 5610: 5583: 5482: 5459:House of Ögedei 5428: 5399:House of Ögedei 5367:Destructiveness 5336: 5335: 5305: 5242: 5228: 5171: 5160: 5155: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5099:. AuthorHouse. 5088: 5068: 5049: 4998: 4996: 4995:on June 5, 2011 4936:Morgan, David. 4880: 4861: 4859:Further reading 4843: 4838: 4837: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4775: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4467: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4227:. p. 492. 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4147:Peter Jackson. 4146: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3985: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3883:Saunders, J. J. 3880: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3781: 3776:Wayback Machine 3767: 3763: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3592: 3588: 3578:Michael Prawdin 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543:(in Romanian). 3536: 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3454: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406:August 29, 2016 3394: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3354: 3343: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3302:Saunders, J. J. 3299: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3261: 3257: 3253:, (June, 1997). 3247:Wayback Machine 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3012: 3005: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2951: 2950:raid at Kozelsk 2945: 2936: 2930: 2921: 2911: 2902: 2854:Duchy of Moscow 2825: 2805: 2784: 2778: 2725: 2719: 2668: 2628: 2622: 2594:Battle of Łagów 2568: 2515: 2507:Main articles: 2493: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467:by introducing 2458: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2422: 2413:Pope Gregory IX 2388: 2343:Kipchak Khanate 2326:Töregene Khatun 2309:as Great Khan. 2216: 2199: 2146:Knights Templar 2118: 2098: 2090:Main articles: 2088: 2059:Wiener Neustadt 2051: 2045: 2034:Maria Laskarina 1933: 1840:Michael Prawdin 1712:Dominican friar 1696:Pannonian basin 1684: 1678: 1611: 1573: 1513:Duke of Silesia 1484:The Mongols at 1467: 1461: 1420: 1367:were captured. 1292:Kazan Chronicle 1276: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1241: 1193:1207–1255) and 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1003: 1002: 997: 896: 893: 891: 889: 859: 858: 853: 779: 769: 767: 765: 735: 734: 729: 606:Other invasions 430: 426: 423: 421: 382: 372: 370: 360: 358: 354:Knights Templar 348: 346: 336: 334: 319: 310: 302: 300: 285: 277: 275: 259: 257: 247: 245: 235: 233: 206:Turov and Pinsk 176:Vladimir-Suzdal 113: 99: 85: 71:Northern Europe 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7602: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7515: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7475:Misconceptions 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7283:Little Ice Age 7280: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7236:Western Schism 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6990: 6985: 6983:Late antiquity 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6769:Russian Empire 6766: 6761: 6759:British Empire 6756: 6754:Dutch Republic 6751: 6749:Swedish Empire 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729:Spanish Empire 6726: 6721: 6719:Ottoman Empire 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6634:Serbian Empire 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6470:Late antiquity 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:Roman Republic 6430: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6375: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6145: 6140:Oghul Qaimish 6137: 6132: 6124: 6119: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 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5116:External links 5114: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5092: 5086: 5073: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5041:. Fair Winds. 5032: 5031: 5030: 5009: 4976: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4934: 4931:Reaktion Books 4925:May, Timothy. 4923: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4806:(9): 971–975. 4786: 4773: 4748: 4719: 4706: 4691: 4685:István Vásáry 4678: 4666: 4651: 4634: 4621: 4612: 4599: 4586: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4535: 4518:By Denis Sinor 4505: 4496: 4478: 4465: 4408: 4399: 4369: 4359: 4350: 4337: 4324: 4315: 4301: 4281: 4267: 4247: 4233: 4209: 4195: 4175: 4166: 4153: 4140: 4138:, 1996, p. 286 4127: 4114: 4101: 4080: 4067: 4060: 4040: 4038:Jackson, p.105 4031: 4022: 4013: 3996: 3983: 3947: 3944:978-1605201337 3924: 3921:978-0582368965 3904: 3897: 3874: 3856: 3827: 3803: 3794: 3779: 3761: 3737: 3706: 3682: 3670: 3661: 3643: 3623: 3609: 3595:Richard Bessel 3586: 3570: 3561: 3517: 3481: 3472: 3469:978-0521786959 3455:Berend, Nora, 3448: 3445:978-1294890225 3428: 3425:978-1145783386 3408: 3388: 3385:978-1885119438 3368: 3365:978-1860649721 3341: 3323: 3316: 3293: 3290:978-1635687118 3273: 3268:2011-04-27 at 3255: 3231: 3214:britannica.com 3201: 3188: 3175: 3168: 3148: 3121: 3112: 3105: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2869:siege of Caffa 2824: 2821: 2804: 2801: 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2721:Main article: 2718: 2715: 2667: 2664: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2618: 2564:Main article: 2495: 2494: 2463:. Please help 2449: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2421: 2418: 2387: 2384: 2286:The historian 2215: 2212: 2198: 2195: 2117: 2114: 2087: 2084: 2047:Main article: 2044: 2041: 2030:Saint Margaret 1953:personal union 1932: 1929: 1740:Battle of Mohi 1688:King Andrew II 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1610: 1607: 1591:units, led by 1572: 1569: 1547:After sacking 1529:Battle of Mohi 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1453:Battle of Mohi 1419: 1416: 1412:Central Europe 1378:, and sacking 1351:was killed on 1272:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1231:region of the 1139:Battle of Mohi 1123:Central Europe 1119:Eastern Europe 1103:Volga Bulgaria 1097:conquered the 1086: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1009: 999: 998: 996: 995: 990: 985: 972: 971: 966: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 901: 898: 897: 888: 887: 880: 873: 865: 855: 854: 852: 851: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 809: 803: 797: 794:Voronezh River 791: 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7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7005:Rise of Islam 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Art of Europe 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6664:Modern period 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6340: 6335: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Chagatai Khan 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6083: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5918:Latin Empire 5916: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 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Lublin, 2543:Sandomierz 2477:March 2023 2405:Antichrist 2064:Korneuburg 1835:darughachi 1795:fortresses 1337:Güyük Khan 1177:, and the 1101:states of 1056:Nagyszeben 993:Stary Sacz 964:Sandomierz 910:Sandomierz 650:Durdzuketi 635:Kievan Rus 128:, and the 81:, and the 7440:Dark Ages 7349:Household 7344:Hastilude 7113:Feudalism 6619:Feudalism 6590:Catalonia 6189:Orda Khan 6179:Batu Khan 6043:(1260–64) 5987:(1241–43) 5985:Anatolia 5960:(1287–88) 5952:(1285–86) 5944:(1264–65) 5936:(1259–60) 5928:(1258–59) 5904:(1241–42) 5896:(1241–42) 5888:(1240–41) 5864:(1229–36) 5854:Chechnya 5794:(1300–02) 5758:Southeast 5737:(1253–56) 5719:(1235–79) 5711:(1231–60) 5703:(1211–34) 5656:(1216–18) 5644:Sakhalin 5604:Campaigns 5554:Saray-Jük 5544:Samarkand 5519:Karakorum 5478:Ilkhanate 5236:Political 4999:April 21, 4344:Carpini, 4164:. 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Mongol invasion of Europe

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