467:
457:
5512:
1636:
6364:
695:
5519:
120:
687:
141:
477:
8441:
1429:
6358:
7267:
777:. However, a more recent study showed that REM sleep accounted for about 15% of sleep time observed on subjects at an environmental temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Surveying a range of environmental temperatures, the study observed very little REM at reduced temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F), and also a substantial reduction at the elevated temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).
7273:
8453:
877:~ 125 million years ago) and the most primitive monotreme differed substantially from non-monotreme australosphenidans in having five molars as opposed to the three present in non-monotreme australosphenidians. Aptian and Cenomanian monotremes of the family Kollikodontidae (113–96.6 ma) have four molars. This suggests that the monotremes are likely to be unrelated to the australosphenidan tribosphenids.
1640:
1639:
1641:
903:
1638:
333:. Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from almost all mammals in that they lay eggs, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with
594:, proteins that are present in mammals that create holes in viral and bacterial pathogens. Some reptile venom is also composed of different types of β-defensins, another trait shared with reptiles. It is thought to be an ancient mammalian characteristic, as many non-monotreme archaic mammal groups also possess
840:" hypothesis in which the divergence between monotremes and marsupials happened later than the divergence between these lineages and the placental mammals. Van Rheede (2005) concluded that the genetic evidence favors the Theria hypothesis, and this hypothesis continues to be the more widely accepted one.
798:
on their hind limbs. The echidna spurs are vestigial and have no known function, while the platypus spurs contain venom. Molecular data show that the main component of platypus venom emerged before the divergence of platypus and echidnas, suggesting that the most recent common ancestor of these taxa
921:
and fossil dating give a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, with one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, but another putting it at 17–89 million years ago. It has been suggested that both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are
757:
than other mammals, but recent research shows that they easily maintain a constant body temperature in a variety of circumstances, such as the platypus in icy mountain streams. Early researchers were misled by two factors: firstly, monotremes maintain a lower average temperature than most mammals;
538:
of birds, suggesting that the two sex chromosomes of marsupial and placental mammals evolved after the split from the monotreme lineage. Additional reconstruction through shared genes in sex chromosomes supports this hypothesis of independent evolution. This feature, along with some other genetic
500:
arranged in a triangle), which is one of the hallmarks of extant mammals. Some recent work suggests that monotremes acquired this form of molar independently of placental mammals and marsupials, although this hypothesis remains disputed. Tooth loss in modern monotremes might be related to their
1622:
508:
Monotreme jaws are constructed somewhat differently from those of other mammals, and the jaw opening muscle is different. As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound to the inner ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in non-mammal
880:
The time when the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago, while others have posited younger estimates of 163 to 186 million years ago (though the already eutherian
762:, much easier to study than the reclusive platypus, maintains normal temperature only when active; during cold weather, it conserves energy by "switching off" its temperature regulation. Understanding of this mechanism came when reduced thermal regulation was observed in the
835:
ancestors of later mammals, such as egg-laying. Most morphological evidence supports the Theria hypothesis, but one possible exception is a similar pattern of tooth replacement seen in monotremes and marsupials, which originally provided the basis for the competing
904:
4291:Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022). "A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data".
586:, which are not found in other mammals. Monotremes retain a reptile-like gait, with legs on the sides of, rather than underneath, their bodies. The monotreme leg bears a spur in the ankle region; the spur is not functional in echidnas, but contains a powerful
905:
1637:
907:
651:
eggs. Much like newborn marsupials (and perhaps all non-placental mammals), newborn monotremes, called "puggles", are larval- and fetus-like and have relatively well-developed forelimbs that enable them to crawl around. Monotremes lack
1530:, indicating that monotremes were diversifiying by the early Late Cretaceous. Monotremes have been found in the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, so one hypothesis is that monotremes arose in Australia in the
2794:
Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik (24 April 2014). "Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals".
750:. Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to the harsh, marginal environmental niches in which the few extant monotreme species have managed to survive, rather than a general characteristic of extinct monotremes.
1461:
from
Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. Biochemical and anatomical evidence suggests that the monotremes diverged from the mammalian lineage before the marsupials and placental mammals arose. The only Mesozoic monotremes are
2324:
371:, although they were also present during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene epochs in southern South America, implying that they were also present in Antarctica, though remains have not yet been found there.
678:(partial) division. This means that the cells at the yolk's edge have cytoplasm continuous with that of the egg, allowing the yolk and embryo to exchange waste and nutrients with the surrounding cytoplasm.
780:
Monotreme milk contains a highly expressed antibacterial protein not found in other mammals, perhaps to compensate for the more septic manner of milk intake associated with the absence of teats.
855:
orders, but these are no longer seen as constituting a group allied to monotreme ancestry. A controversial hypothesis now relates the monotremes to a different assemblage of fossil mammals in a
4571:
640:). In monotremes, only semen passes through the penis while urine is excreted through the male's cloaca. The monotreme penis is similar to that of turtles and is covered by a preputial sac.
2672:
Rich, Thomas H.; Hopson, James A.; Gill, Pamela G.; Trusler, Peter; Rogers-Davidson, Sally; Morton, Steve; et al. (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early
Cretaceous monotreme
647:
are retained for some time within the mother and receive nutrients directly from her, generally hatching within 10 days after being laid – much shorter than the incubation period of
656:, so puggles crawl about more frequently than marsupial joeys in search of milk. This difference raises questions about the supposed developmental restrictions on marsupial forelimbs.
4336:Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022).
4248:
1546:, both of which were still united with Australia at that time. This direction of migration is the opposite of that hypothesized for Australia's other dominant mammal group, the
493:
2328:
906:
3295:
4337:
534:, as well as showing some new unique features, such as monotremes possessing 5 pairs of sex chromosomes and that one of the X chromosomes resembles the
2539:
Rich, T.H.; Hopson, J.A.; Musser, A.M.; Flannery, T.F.; Vickers-Rich, P. (2005). "Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians (I)".
663:
via openings in their skin. All five extant species show prolonged parental care of their young, with low rates of reproduction and relatively long life-spans.
126:
3113:
1656:, all the animals listed in this section are known only from fossils. Some family designations are hesitant, given the fragmentary nature of the specimens.
567:, and that this trait was retained in monotremes but lost in all other extant mammal groups. DNA analyses suggest that although this trait is shared and is
124:
6299:
527:
confirm that suspended ear bones evolved independently among monotremes and therians. The external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.
6993:
6893:
6576:
6292:
6278:
5105:
4581:
6229:
6109:
6018:
7033:
6832:
6686:
6490:
6236:
6094:
5955:
8729:
8724:
8626:
7153:
7113:
6693:
6679:
6583:
6540:
6271:
6250:
6243:
6185:
5842:
5821:
5709:
521:, although, as with the analogous evolution of the tribosphenic molar, this hypothesis is disputed. Nonetheless, findings on the extinct species
3172:"Quantitative analysis of the timing of development of the cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei in monotremes, metatherians, rodents, and humans"
7053:
6720:
6657:
6635:
6562:
6547:
6526:
5969:
5779:
3269:
8665:
7334:
7143:
6964:
6775:
6768:
6614:
6192:
6171:
5850:
5739:
5729:
5659:
4907:
6533:
6264:
5918:
5689:
5182:
2852:
674:, where the ovum splits into multiple, divisible daughter cells. In contrast, monotreme zygotes, like those of birds and reptiles, undergo
827:) lineages happened prior to the divergence between marsupials and placental mammals, and this explains why monotremes retain a number of
7314:
7103:
7083:
6789:
6628:
6257:
5835:
5749:
5699:
125:
7133:
6852:
6497:
6164:
6116:
5925:
445:
does provide an alternate communication route between the two hemispheres, though, and in monotremes and marsupials it carries all the
530:
The sequencing of the platypus genome has also provided insight into the evolution of a number of monotreme traits, such as venom and
6903:
8600:
3302:
937:, whereas some suggest that the LCA of placentals and multituberculates was more recent than the LCA of placentals and monotremes.
930:
3931:
Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02).
8639:
422:
on their bodies; produce milk through mammary glands to feed their young; have a single bone in their lower jaw; and have three
3479:"Identification and functional characterization of a novel monotreme-specific antibacterial protein expressed during lactation"
8657:
5511:
4669:
4615:
4451:
4180:
4153:
4005:
3748:
3154:
3086:
3012:
2361:
1605:
have also been recovered from
Australia, and fossils of a 63 million-year old platypus relative occur in southern Argentina (
624:) for their urinary, defecatory, and reproductive systems. Like reptiles, monotremes have a single cloaca. Marsupials have a
8644:
1331:
551:
lineage leading to birds and modern reptiles, which are believed to have split about 315 million years ago during the
2275:"A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia"
2484:"Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth"
6363:
4886:
1359:
7472:
4402:
3806:"The platypus is in its place: Nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians"
3354:
Dawson, T.J.; Grant, T.R.; Fanning, D. (1979). "Standard
Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy".
2874:
Warren, W. C.; Hillier, L. W.; Marshall Graves, J. A.; Birney, E.; Ponting, C. P.; Grützner, F.; et al. (2008).
2202:
2192:
1553:
In 2024, a prominent assemblage of early monotremes was described from the
Cenomanian deposits (100–96.6 Ma) of the
4198:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation"
3595:
891:
like modern monotremes displays adaptations to elongation and increased sensory perception in the jaws, related to
466:
925:
The precise relationships among extinct groups of mammals and modern groups such as monotremes are uncertain, but
8670:
3121:
539:
similarities with birds, such as shared genes related to egg-laying, is thought to provide some insight into the
392:
7942:
5518:
1341:
3477:
Bisana, S.; Kumar, S.; Rismiller, P.; Nicol, S.C.; Lefèvre, C.; Nicholas, K.R.; Sharp, J.A. (9 January 2013).
3621:
863:, a group of mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America and Australia, that share
488:
Extant monotremes lack teeth as adults. Fossil forms and modern platypus young have a "tribosphenic" form of
456:
380:
4572:"'Echidnapus' fossil of potential echidna and platypus ancestor may point to Australian 'age of monotremes'"
3102:
Cromer, Erica (14 April 2004). Monotreme
Reproductive Biology and Behavior (Report). Iowa State University.
1613:
in also known from
Pliocene deposits, and the oldest fossil tachyglossids are Pleistocene (1.7 Ma) in age.
8652:
8548:
8535:
4797:
4788:
3903:
Luo, Z.-X.; Cifelli, R.L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. (2002). "In quest for a phylogeny of
Mesozoic mammals".
1399:
1368:
912:
540:
17:
140:
8394:
8553:
3988:
Madsen, Ole (2009). "chapter 68 – Mammals (Mamalia)". In Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (eds.).
4662:
4370:
4321:
2022:
828:
4128:
4027:
3273:
8311:
8196:
1970:
1164:
968:
774:
197:
123:
2982:
Hurum, Jørn H.; Zhe-Xi Luo; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2006). "Were mammals originally venomous?".
2482:
Masakazu
Asahara; Masahiro Koizumi; Macrini, Thomas E.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Archer, Michael (2016).
571:
with birds, platypuses are still mammals and that the common ancestor of extant mammals lactated.
4779:
2719:
1055:
738:
Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards. The platypus has an average
2380:
Luo, Z.-X.; Cifelli, R.L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. (2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals".
8696:
8475:
8389:
4879:
3327:
Watson, J.M.; Graves, J.A.M. (1988). "Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the
Evolution of Homeothermy".
1554:
1191:
995:
6357:
4441:
4170:
4143:
3431:
2351:
559:
genes (a protein necessary for egg yolk formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this
8691:
8513:
8457:
8002:
7465:
5983:
4101:
3738:
2270:
1824:
787:
normally found in mammalian stomachs as an adaptation to their diet. Monotremes synthesize L-
484:; (5) Embryo; (6) Amniotic Fluid; (7) Amniotic Membrane; and (8) Membrane
8683:
8631:
3989:
3221:"The development of the olfactory organs in newly hatched monotremes and neonate marsupials"
2671:
8574:
8522:
8344:
7360:
7266:
6642:
5427:
4747:
4738:
4655:
4576:
4349:
4300:
4054:
3997:
3944:
3490:
2887:
2804:
2685:
2633:"Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (II)"
2548:
2495:
2440:
2389:
2288:
2279:
1848:
1423:
1300:
759:
470:
2720:"Platypus genome explains animal's peculiar features; holds clues to evolution of mammals"
2590:
Bever, G.S.; Rowe, T.; Ekdale, E.G.; MacRini, T.E.; Colbert, M.W.; Balanoff, A.M. (2005).
616:
The key anatomical difference between monotremes and other mammals gives them their name;
453:, whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers.
8:
8719:
7865:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
7844:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
7231:
5468:
5434:
5013:
4854:
4762:
1709:
1685:
742:
of about 31 °C (88 °F) rather than the averages of 35 °C (95 °F) for
625:
442:
4353:
4304:
4058:
4043:"Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas"
3948:
3494:
2891:
2808:
2689:
2552:
2499:
2444:
2393:
2292:
628:, whereas most placental mammalian females have separate openings for reproduction (the
8339:
8166:
8022:
8012:
7960:
7935:
6805:
5308:
5158:
4986:
4647:
4547:
4520:
4519:
Nilsson MA, Churakov G, Sommer M, Tran NV, Zemann A, Brosius J, Schmitz J (July 2010).
4496:
4471:
4418:
4224:
4197:
4116:
4077:
4042:
4015:
3970:
3714:
3687:
3663:
3636:
3577:
3564:
3537:
3513:
3478:
3459:
3407:
3382:
3245:
3220:
3201:
3057:
2959:
2932:
2908:
2875:
2828:
2771:
2746:
2701:
2572:
2516:
2483:
2464:
2413:
2243:
2094:
2011:
2000:
1922:
1860:
1789:
1765:
1252:
1208:
1072:
864:
563:
suggests that the common ancestor of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals was
238:
135:
3447:
8678:
8561:
8399:
8143:
7833:
7272:
7202:
6155:
5335:
4872:
4815:
4640:
4621:
4611:
4552:
4501:
4447:
4398:
4375:
4273:
4229:
4176:
4149:
4082:
4001:
3974:
3962:
3878:
3873:
3827:
3787:
3764:
3744:
3719:
3668:
3615:
3569:
3518:
3451:
3412:
3250:
3236:
3205:
3193:
3150:
3082:
3049:
3008:
2964:
2913:
2820:
2776:
2747:"Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes"
2654:
2613:
2592:"Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (I)"
2564:
2521:
2456:
2405:
2357:
2306:
2208:
2198:
2083:
1901:
1890:
1730:
1599:
occur in the same Cenomanian deposits. Oligo-Miocene fossils of the toothed platypus
1443:
1258:
1157:
1031:
961:
671:
446:
441:
is the primary communication route between the right and left brain hemispheres. The
356:
of Madagascar, South America, and Australia, but this categorization is disputed and
252:
8527:
3463:
3029:
2705:
2468:
2227:
694:
517:; this feature, too, is now claimed to have evolved independently in monotremes and
8540:
7854:
7595:
7532:
7458:
6621:
6428:
6213:
5812:
5474:
5174:
5167:
5078:
4710:
4542:
4532:
4491:
4483:
4365:
4357:
4316:
4308:
4263:
4219:
4209:
4172:
Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles
4072:
4062:
3952:
3868:
3858:
3817:
3709:
3699:
3658:
3648:
3581:
3559:
3549:
3508:
3498:
3443:
3402:
3394:
3381:
Siegel, J.M.; Manger, P.R.; Nienhuis, R.; Fahringer, H.M.; Pettigrew, J.D. (1998).
3363:
3336:
3240:
3232:
3183:
3041:
2954:
2944:
2903:
2895:
2832:
2812:
2766:
2758:
2693:
2644:
2603:
2576:
2556:
2511:
2503:
2448:
2417:
2397:
2296:
2239:
2145:
1535:
934:
896:
892:
860:
754:
739:
531:
497:
341:
275:
41:
4169:
Carrano, Matthew T.; Blob, Richard W.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Wible, John R. (2006).
3957:
3932:
3846:
3061:
2697:
2301:
2274:
418:
with a high metabolic rate (though not as high as other mammals; see below); have
8566:
8271:
8098:
8053:
8007:
7979:
7747:
7648:
7616:
6704:
6199:
6071:
6040:
6025:
5939:
5759:
5249:
5210:
5095:
4537:
4268:
4214:
3990:
3503:
3144:
3076:
3002:
2949:
1957:
1744:
1664:
1646:
1266:
918:
595:
575:
560:
502:
480:
Diagram of a monotreme egg. (1) Shell; (2) Yolk; (3) Yolk Sac; (4)
434:
224:
216:
2933:"Loss of egg yolk genes in mammals and the origin of lactation and placentation"
686:
611:
8409:
8359:
8329:
8281:
8201:
7793:
7739:
7640:
7624:
7426:
7391:
7301:
6862:
6734:
6713:
6649:
6601:
6518:
6442:
6413:
6306:
6285:
6056:
6049:
5878:
5769:
5669:
5386:
4955:
4487:
4361:
4312:
2071:
2055:
2044:
2027:
1518:
1286:
1177:
981:
795:
587:
8354:
2431:
Weil, A. (4 January 2001). "Mammalian evolution: Relationships to chew over".
1557:
in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. One of these, the fossil jaw fragment of
607:
8713:
8445:
8369:
8319:
8176:
8088:
7928:
7784:
7656:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7396:
7324:
7073:
7005:
6923:
6127:
6063:
5607:
5420:
5410:
5280:
3966:
2310:
2188:
2131:
2118:
2107:
2060:
2031:
1803:
1543:
1531:
788:
784:
660:
644:
591:
579:
568:
552:
489:
232:
77:
4067:
3822:
3805:
3554:
2649:
2632:
2608:
2591:
2560:
2212:
1631:
jaw on display at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, USA
666:
Monotremes are also noteworthy in their zygotic development: Most mammalian
8498:
8286:
8246:
8236:
8171:
8158:
8016:
7897:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
7801:
7731:
7632:
7587:
7401:
7123:
6979:
6842:
6759:
6741:
6569:
6483:
6467:
6085:
5976:
5962:
5648:
5550:
5537:
5486:
5358:
5137:
5128:
4556:
4505:
4379:
4277:
4233:
4086:
3863:
3831:
3723:
3672:
3573:
3522:
3455:
3432:"The echidna manifests typical characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep"
3398:
3254:
3197:
3053:
2968:
2917:
2824:
2780:
2658:
2617:
2568:
2525:
2507:
2481:
2460:
2409:
2262:
2184:
1946:
1935:
1550:, which likely migrated across Antarctica to Australia from South America.
1294:
719:
556:
535:
4521:"Tracking marsupial evolution using archaic genomic retroposon insertions"
3882:
3704:
3653:
3416:
8613:
8507:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8251:
8241:
8206:
8191:
8186:
8108:
8038:
7841:
7763:
7681:
7431:
7406:
7381:
7208:
7043:
6972:
6955:
6933:
6873:
6727:
6672:
6504:
6400:
6381:
6324:
6313:
6222:
6011:
5948:
5908:
5894:
5864:
5857:
5828:
5719:
5679:
5637:
5597:
5587:
5347:
5297:
2197:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–2.
1911:
1869:
1837:
1583:
1559:
1482:
1464:
869:
848:
837:
824:
811:
hypothesis" states that the divergence of the monotreme lineage from the
747:
675:
523:
438:
247:
52:
4335:
4290:
3538:"Loss of genes implicated in gastric function during platypus evolution"
2899:
2876:"Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution"
2816:
476:
8364:
8334:
8324:
8291:
8276:
8181:
7994:
7870:
7723:
7566:
7523:
7507:
7450:
7386:
7354:
7344:
7220:
7180:
7023:
6913:
6511:
6435:
6421:
6178:
6004:
5990:
5887:
5789:
5627:
5567:
5456:
5266:
5258:
5227:
5220:
5144:
4249:"DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in"
2762:
1778:
1754:
1698:
1674:
1627:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1539:
1527:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1454:
1438:
1433:
1428:
926:
812:
703:
648:
548:
423:
368:
353:
325:, rather than bearing live young. The extant monotreme species are the
97:
62:
8296:
3387:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3367:
3340:
3045:
933:(LCA) of placentals and monotremes close to the LCA of placentals and
867:. However, in a 2022 review of monotreme evolution, it was noted that
8618:
8587:
8266:
8216:
8134:
8103:
8093:
8083:
8063:
7878:
7825:
7702:
7694:
7574:
7237:
6665:
6555:
6476:
6456:
5997:
5369:
5289:
4971:
4937:
4928:
3188:
3171:
2452:
2401:
2078:
1984:
1813:
1601:
1577:
1547:
1523:
1512:
1353:
1016:
874:
816:
743:
564:
514:
481:
450:
430:
415:
397:
385:
364:
322:
152:
102:
45:
8469:
8605:
8592:
8492:
8374:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8139:
8043:
7974:
7817:
7673:
7501:
7191:
7093:
6883:
6822:
6449:
5577:
5376:
5235:
4998:
4946:
4919:
4834:
4825:
4698:
4643:. U.C. Museum of Peleontology. University of California – Berkeley.
3737:
Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2011).
2266:
1722:
1470:
1450:
1272:
883:
843:
Monotremes are conventionally treated as comprising a single order
832:
820:
767:
620:
means "single opening" in Greek, referring to the single duct (the
583:
544:
510:
460:
349:
326:
172:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
3430:
Nicol, S.C.; Andersen, N.A.; Phillips, N.H.; Berger, R.J. (2000).
2873:
2793:
8404:
8384:
8301:
8148:
8078:
8068:
7894:
7771:
7603:
7513:
7365:
6986:
6782:
6102:
5617:
5398:
5324:
4720:
2194:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2158:
1989:
1879:
1621:
1589:
1494:
847:
The entire grouping is also traditionally placed into a subclass
707:
633:
340:
Monotremes have been considered by some authors to be members of
330:
257:
107:
82:
4625:
3027:
2981:
8379:
8349:
8256:
8211:
8113:
8058:
8048:
7886:
7862:
7710:
7557:
7495:
7482:
7164:
7063:
5066:
5025:
4913:
4895:
4704:
4692:
4610:(6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4470:
Chimento, N.R.; Agnolín, F.L.; et al. (16 February 2023).
3930:
2261:
852:
808:
731:
727:
715:
711:
699:
667:
629:
621:
518:
403:
314:
182:
162:
1516:(all Cenomanian, 100.2–96.6 Ma) from Australian deposits, and
299:
8579:
8073:
7755:
3380:
2353:
Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation
856:
763:
723:
345:
4247:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
4196:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
1563:, is the oldest known platypus-like fossil. The durophagous
783:
During the course of evolution the monotremes have lost the
8129:
4864:
4472:"First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America"
3902:
3743:(5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 80.
3429:
2379:
653:
637:
419:
334:
290:
3383:"Monotremes and the evolution of rapid eye movement sleep"
2853:"Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome"
2273:; Smith, Elizabeth T.; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2024-05-26).
1609:), see fossil monotremes below. The extant platypus genus
1139:
Cladogram of Monotremata by Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022
284:
8261:
7951:
7809:
4518:
3476:
659:
Rather than through teats, monotremes lactate from their
4677:
3686:
Whittington, Camilla M.; Belov, Katherine (April 2014).
3635:
Whittington, Camilla M.; Belov, Katherine (April 2014).
2538:
7920:
3688:"Tracing Monotreme Venom Evolution in the Genomics Era"
3637:"Tracing Monotreme Venom Evolution in the Genomics Era"
4168:
3536:
Ordoñez, G.R.; Hillier, L.W.; et al. (May 2008).
3169:
2589:
3736:
2930:
2228:"A New Systematic Arrangement of Vertebrated Animals"
305:
287:
7350:
7340:
7330:
7320:
7310:
7176:
7149:
7139:
7129:
7119:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7059:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7019:
6952:
6929:
6919:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6818:
6756:
6598:
6397:
6210:
6152:
6082:
6037:
5936:
5905:
5875:
5809:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5644:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5603:
5593:
5583:
5573:
5563:
5453:
5416:
5406:
5382:
5365:
5354:
5343:
5320:
5277:
5246:
5207:
5155:
5125:
5101:
5091:
3937:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3596:"Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in the mammalian kidney"
2678:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
2280:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
2151:
2138:
2127:
2114:
2103:
2090:
2051:
2040:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1980:
1942:
1931:
1918:
1907:
1886:
1875:
1866:
1844:
1833:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1785:
1774:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1718:
1705:
1694:
1681:
1670:
1661:
773:
The echidna was originally thought to experience no
296:
293:
244:
229:
221:
213:
363:All extant species of monotremes are indigenous to
302:
281:
278:
7836:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
4246:
4195:
4040:
3353:
3170:Ashwell, K. W.; Shulruf, B.; Gurovich, Y. (2019).
1974:(platypus) – oldest specimen 10,000 years old
4099:
4041:Phillips, M.J.; Bennett, T.H.; Lee, M.S. (2009).
3149:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 68ff.
3000:
590:in the male platypus. This venom is derived from
321:. They are the only group of living mammals that
8711:
5077:
3685:
3634:
3602:. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014
3074:
7531:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4100:Springer, Mark S.; Krajewski, Carey W. (2009).
3933:"A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution"
3851:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
122:
4823:
3844:
3535:
2257:
2255:
2253:
943:Cladogram of Monotremata by Upham et al. 2019
730:, 10. Opening in the ventral wall of the
7936:
7466:
4880:
4663:
4107:. In Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (eds.).
3470:
3142:
3101:
3028:Grützner, F.; Nixon, B.; Jones, R.C. (2008).
2994:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2232:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
4460:
4175:. University of Chicago Press. p. 358.
4111:. Oxford University Press. pp. 462–465.
4102:"chapter 69 – Monotremes (Prototheria)"
4093:
3326:
3068:
3030:"Reproductive biology in egg-laying mammals"
911:An echidna excavating a defensive burrow on
831:traits presumed to have been present in the
574:The monotremes also have extra bones in the
433:, monotremes lack the connective structure (
5548:
4392:
3529:
2349:
2250:
794:Both the platypus and echidna species have
698:Male platypus reproductive system. 1.
7943:
7929:
7473:
7459:
4887:
4873:
4670:
4656:
4569:
4189:
3981:
3803:
2839:
409:
4546:
4536:
4495:
4446:(2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 303–304.
4371:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12
4369:
4322:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12
4320:
4267:
4223:
4213:
4076:
4066:
3956:
3872:
3862:
3821:
3713:
3703:
3662:
3652:
3563:
3553:
3512:
3502:
3406:
3244:
3218:
3187:
3143:Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay (2012).
3106:
3081:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2958:
2948:
2907:
2770:
2648:
2607:
2515:
2300:
2225:
2063:, earliest known South American monotreme
7804:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
7480:
4970:
4034:
2931:Brawand D, Wahli W, Kaessmann H (2008).
2744:
2430:
1634:
1620:
1427:
901:
887:is dated to 161–160 million years ago).
851:, which was extended to include several
799:was also possibly a venomous monotreme.
722:, 7. Genito-urinary sinus, 8.
693:
685:
475:
465:
455:
4512:
4433:
3845:Janke, A.; Xu, X.; Arnason, U. (1997).
3288:
2630:
2375:
2373:
2350:Butler, Ann B.; Hodos, William (2005).
922:derived from a platypus-like ancestor.
348:that contains extinct mammals from the
14:
8730:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
8725:Extant Late Triassic first appearances
8712:
4563:
4439:
4141:
3987:
2183:
726:enclosed in a fibrous sheath, 9.
601:
8474:
8473:
7924:
7454:
7288:
6379:
5535:
5064:
4906:
4868:
4651:
4605:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3347:
3267:
3001:Griffiths, Mervyn (2 December 2012).
2850:
8452:
4780:Attenborough's long-beaked echidna (
3996:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3374:
3320:
3075:Lombardi, Julian (6 December 2012).
2370:
1417:
1332:Kangaroo Island short-beaked echidna
690:Monotreme female reproductive organs
3146:The Evolution of the Human Placenta
3078:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction
2745:Veyrunes; et al. (June 2008).
2177:
1852:– 123 Ma, oldest monotreme specimen
1453:monotreme to be discovered was the
753:Monotremes may have less developed
547:lineage leading to mammals and the
414:Like other mammals, monotremes are
24:
4599:
4419:"Fossil Record of the Monotremata"
3915:
3793:. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho.
3272:. Davidson College. Archived from
3261:
2244:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1838.tb00177.x
118:
25:
8741:
4633:
4338:"4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree"
3785:
3765:"Introduction to the Monotremata"
3270:"Thermal Biology of the Platypus"
1992:(24–5 Ma) Riversleigh platypuses
1616:
1324:(New Guinea short-beaked echidna)
8451:
8440:
8439:
7271:
7265:
6362:
6356:
5536:
5517:
5510:
4570:de Kruijff, Peter (2024-05-26).
3237:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01393.x
1538:, and that some migrated across
746:and 37 °C (99 °F) for
274:
139:
50:
6380:
4411:
4397:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
4386:
4329:
4284:
4240:
4162:
4135:
3896:
3838:
3810:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3797:
3779:
3757:
3730:
3679:
3628:
3588:
3423:
3212:
3163:
3136:
3095:
3021:
2975:
2924:
2867:
2787:
2738:
2712:
2665:
2624:
2583:
1950:– 61 Ma, southern South America
1360:Sir David's long-beaked echidna
1318:(Northern short-beaked echidna)
7289:
3804:van Rheede, Teun (2005).
3219:Schneider, Nanette Y. (2011).
2532:
2475:
2424:
2343:
2327:. Animal Bytes. Archived from
2317:
2219:
1342:Tasmanian short-beaked echidna
13:
1:
4798:Western long-beaked echidna (
4789:Eastern long-beaked echidna (
4608:Walker's Mammals of the World
3958:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900
3905:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3448:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00922-8
3356:Australian Journal of Zoology
3329:Australian Journal of Zoology
3296:"Control Systems Part 2"
3004:The Biology of the Monotremes
2984:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2698:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034
2302:10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753
2170:
1312:(Common short-beaked echidna)
681:
378:derives from the Greek words
357:
5065:
4894:
4641:"Introduction to Monotremes"
4538:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436
4269:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
4215:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
4047:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3504:10.1371/journal.pone.0053686
3120:. Arkive.org. Archived from
2950:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060063
1625:A 100 million-year-old
612:Platypus § Reproduction
429:In common with reptiles and
398:
386:
7:
4440:Benton, Michael J. (1997).
4142:Benton, Michael J. (2004).
1400:Western long-beaked echidna
1369:Eastern long-beaked echidna
802:
608:Echidna § Reproduction
541:most recent common ancestor
27:Order of egg-laying mammals
10:
8746:
7873:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
7828:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
7734:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
4488:10.1038/s42003-023-04498-7
4395:Neurobiology of Monotremes
4362:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1
4313:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1
1947:Monotrematum sudamericanum
1480:(Albian, 113–108 Ma), and
1421:
605:
402:'hole'), referring to the
391:
379:
8482:
8435:
8310:
8157:
8122:
8031:
7993:
7967:
7958:
7853:
7792:
7783:
7722:
7693:
7672:
7659:(Kangaroos and relatives)
7615:
7586:
7565:
7556:
7522:
7490:
7374:
7299:
7295:
7284:
7262:
7219:
7190:
7172:
7163:
7015:
7004:
6951:
6814:
6803:
6755:
6703:
6609:
6597:
6466:
6408:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6375:
6353:
6323:
6209:
6151:
6135:
6126:
6081:
6036:
5935:
5904:
5874:
5808:
5559:
5544:
5531:
5507:
5485:
5452:
5397:
5334:
5316:
5307:
5276:
5245:
5206:
5197:
5154:
5124:
5087:
5073:
5060:
5024:
5006:
4997:
4979:
4966:
4902:
4851:
4814:
4760:
4736:
4719:
4687:
4606:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
4393:Ashwell, K., ed. (2013).
3620:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2023:Obdurodon tharalkooschild
1569:, the pseudotribosphenic
1205:
1188:
1181:
1161:
1151:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1009:
992:
985:
965:
955:
929:analyses usually put the
210:
205:
136:Scientific classification
134:
117:
34:
7950:
7651:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
4443:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4145:Vertebrate Palaeontology
2226:Bonaparte, C.L. (1837).
2191:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1971:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
1654:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
1165:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
969:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
775:rapid eye movement sleep
496:surface formed by three
329:and the four species of
7543:(Platypus and echidnas)
4068:10.1073/pnas.0904649106
3555:10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r81
3114:"Short-beaked echidna (
2650:10.1126/science.1111294
2609:10.1126/science.1112248
2561:10.1126/science.1105717
2265:; McCurry, Matthew R.;
2056:Patagorhynchus pascuali
1988:– includes a number of
1645:Platypuses swimming at
670:go through holoblastic
636:), and defecation (the
513:and other premammalian
410:General characteristics
7774:(Dugongs and manatees)
7713:(Anteaters and sloths)
4770:(Long-beaked echidnas)
4748:Short-beaked echidna (
4476:Communications Biology
4148:. Wiley. p. 300.
3864:10.1073/pnas.94.4.1276
3399:10.1098/rstb.1998.0272
3116:Tachyglossus aculeatus
2631:Rougier, G.W. (2005).
2508:10.1126/sciadv.1601329
2356:. Wiley. p. 361.
2271:Vickers-Rich, Patricia
2119:Murrayglossus hacketti
1649:
1632:
1555:Griman Creek Formation
1446:
1192:Tachyglossus aculeatus
996:Tachyglossus aculeatus
915:
735:
691:
626:separate genital tract
485:
473:
463:
129:
8692:Paleobiology Database
7643:(Quolls and dunnarts)
3823:10.1093/molbev/msj064
3705:10.3390/toxins6041260
3654:10.3390/toxins6041260
3176:The Anatomical Record
2155:Megalibgwilia robusta
2142:Megalibgwilia ramsayi
1825:Stirtodon elizabethae
1644:
1624:
1522:(Maastrichtian) from
1468:(Barremian, 126 Ma),
1431:
910:
791:only in the kidneys.
697:
689:
606:Further information:
479:
469:
459:
128:
8345:Egg drop competition
7361:Saint Bathans Mammal
4109:The Timetree of Life
3992:The Timetree of Life
3436:Neuroscience Letters
3007:. Elsevier Science.
2674:Teinolophos trusleri
2263:Flannery, Timothy F.
1849:Teinolophos trusleri
1424:Evolution of mammals
1328:T. a. multiaculeatus
1301:Short-beaked echidna
931:last common ancestor
760:short-beaked echidna
471:Short-beaked echidna
4421:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu
4354:2022Natur.602..263A
4305:2022Natur.602..263A
4059:2009PNAS..10617089P
4053:(40): 17089–17094.
3949:2022Alch...46....3F
3767:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu
3495:2013PLoSO...853686B
3393:(1372): 1147–1157.
2900:10.1038/nature06936
2892:2008Natur.453..175W
2817:10.1038/nature13151
2809:2014Natur.508..488C
2690:2016Alch...40..475R
2553:2005Sci...307..910R
2500:2016SciA....2E1329A
2445:2001Natur.409...28W
2394:2001Natur.409...53L
2331:on 23 December 2010
2325:"Order Monotremata"
2293:2024Alch...48..319F
1710:Kryoryctes cadburyi
1686:Kollikodon ritchiei
865:tribosphenic molars
602:Reproductive system
443:anterior commissure
8340:Egg-and-spoon race
8167:List of egg dishes
7980:Fish and amphibian
7961:List of egg topics
7627:(Monito del monte)
6806:Prototribosphenida
5309:Ornithorhynchoidea
5159:Ausktribosphenidae
3034:Sexual Development
2851:Myers, PZ (2008).
2763:10.1101/gr.7101908
2095:Zaglossus robustus
2012:Obdurodon insignis
2001:Obdurodon dicksoni
1923:Dharragarra aurora
1861:Ornithorhynchoidea
1790:Steropodon galmani
1766:Parvopalus clytiei
1650:
1633:
1459:Steropodon galmani
1447:
1253:Ornithorhynchoidea
1209:Zaglossus bruijnii
916:
736:
692:
632:), urination (the
555:. The presence of
486:
474:
464:
447:commissural fibers
239:Ornithorhynchoidea
130:
8707:
8706:
8679:Open Tree of Life
8476:Taxon identifiers
8467:
8466:
8400:Ovo vegetarianism
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7874:
7866:
7845:
7837:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7805:
7775:
7767:
7759:
7751:
7743:
7742:(Elephant shrews)
7735:
7714:
7706:
7687:
7668:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7635:(Marsupial moles)
7633:Notoryctemorphia
7628:
7607:
7599:
7596:Paucituberculata
7580:
7552:
7551:
7544:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7280:
7279:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
6799:
6798:
6751:
6750:
6593:
6592:
6371:
6370:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6300:Symmetrodontoides
6156:Zhangheotheriidae
5527:
5526:
5505:
5504:
5475:multituberculates
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5336:Ornithorhynchidae
5193:
5192:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
4862:
4861:
4847:
4846:
4816:Ornithorhynchidae
4810:
4809:
4773:
4730:
4682:species by family
4617:978-0-8018-5789-8
4453:978-0-632-05614-9
4348:(7896): 263–267.
4299:(7896): 263–267.
4182:978-0-226-09478-6
4155:978-0-632-05637-8
4007:978-0-19-953503-3
3750:978-0-7637-6299-5
3368:10.1071/ZO9790511
3341:10.1071/ZO9880573
3308:on 8 October 2016
3156:978-1-4214-0870-5
3124:on 13 August 2009
3088:978-1-4615-4937-6
3046:10.1159/000143429
3014:978-0-323-15331-7
2886:(7192): 175–183.
2803:(7497): 488–493.
2547:(5711): 910–914.
2363:978-0-471-73383-6
2084:Upper Pleistocene
1902:Ornithorhynchidae
1891:Opalios splendens
1731:Sundrius ziegleri
1642:
1444:Australian Museum
1418:Fossil monotremes
1259:Ornithorhynchidae
1247:ORDER MONOTREMATA
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1158:Ornithorhynchidae
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
962:Ornithorhynchidae
935:multituberculates
908:
807:The traditional "
768:placental mammals
748:placental mammals
536:Z chromosome
449:arising from the
439:placental mammals
360:is under debate.
267:
266:
253:Ornithorhynchidae
201:
16:(Redirected from
8737:
8700:
8699:
8687:
8686:
8674:
8673:
8661:
8660:
8648:
8647:
8635:
8634:
8622:
8621:
8609:
8608:
8596:
8595:
8583:
8582:
8570:
8569:
8557:
8556:
8544:
8543:
8531:
8530:
8518:
8517:
8516:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8471:
8470:
8455:
8454:
8443:
8442:
8197:Custard desserts
7945:
7938:
7931:
7922:
7921:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7864:
7855:Euarchontoglires
7843:
7835:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7803:
7790:
7789:
7773:
7765:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7733:
7712:
7704:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7658:
7650:
7649:Peramelemorphia
7642:
7634:
7626:
7605:
7604:Didelphimorphia
7598:(Shrew opossums)
7597:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7570:
7563:
7562:
7542:
7533:Australosphenida
7529:
7528:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7322:
7312:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7178:
7170:
7169:
7151:
7141:
7131:
7121:
7111:
7101:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7013:
7012:
6994:Tendagurutherium
6954:
6931:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6881:
6871:
6860:
6850:
6840:
6830:
6820:
6812:
6811:
6758:
6622:Austrotriconodon
6607:
6606:
6600:
6577:Portopinheirodon
6429:Drescheratherium
6406:
6405:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6293:Spalacotheroides
6279:Spalacotheridium
6214:Spalacotheriidae
6212:
6154:
6133:
6132:
6084:
6039:
5938:
5907:
5877:
5813:Gobiconodontidae
5811:
5787:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5687:
5677:
5667:
5657:
5646:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5455:
5418:
5408:
5384:
5367:
5356:
5345:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5279:
5248:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5168:Ausktribosphenos
5157:
5127:
5106:Tendagurutherium
5103:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5079:Australosphenida
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5004:
5003:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4904:
4903:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4821:
4820:
4782:Z. attenboroughi
4772:
4771:
4767:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4711:Australosphenida
4672:
4665:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4629:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4580:. Archived from
4567:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4253:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4208:(12): e3000494.
4193:
4187:
4186:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4011:
3995:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3960:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3876:
3866:
3857:(4): 1276–1281.
3842:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:"Lecture 3"
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3698:(4): 1260–1273.
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3647:(4): 1260–1273.
3632:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3600:ScienceScape.org
3592:
3586:
3585:
3567:
3557:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3301:. Archived from
3300:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3191:
3189:10.1002/ar.24295
3182:(7): 1998–2013.
3167:
3161:
3160:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2857:Nature Education
2848:
2837:
2836:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2724:Sciencedaily.com
2716:
2710:
2709:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2494:(10): e1601329.
2488:Science Advances
2479:
2473:
2472:
2453:10.1038/35051199
2428:
2422:
2421:
2402:10.1038/35051023
2377:
2368:
2367:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2181:
2153:
2146:Late Pleistocene
2140:
2129:
2116:
2105:
2092:
2053:
2042:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1982:
1944:
1933:
1920:
1909:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1846:
1835:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1787:
1776:
1763:
1752:
1743:
1720:
1707:
1696:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1643:
1536:Early Cretaceous
1526:deposits in the
1364:Z. attenboroughi
1184:
1183:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1056:Z. attenboroughi
1048:
1047:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1011:
988:
987:
958:
957:
950:
949:
940:
939:
909:
897:electroreception
893:mechanoreception
861:Australosphenida
755:thermoregulation
740:body temperature
532:electroreception
401:
395:
389:
383:
342:Australosphenida
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
246:
231:
223:
215:
196:
144:
143:
121:
112:
49:
42:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8695:
8690:
8682:
8677:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8630:
8625:
8617:
8612:
8604:
8599:
8591:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8565:
8560:
8552:
8547:
8539:
8534:
8526:
8521:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8478:
8468:
8463:
8431:
8306:
8153:
8118:
8054:Ichthyoplankton
8027:
7989:
7963:
7954:
7949:
7919:
7902:
7849:
7834:Perissodactyla
7779:
7718:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7664:
7641:Dasyuromorphia
7625:Microbiotheria
7617:Australidelphia
7611:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7548:
7518:
7486:
7479:
7449:
7436:
7370:
7291:
7276:
7264:
7244:
7215:
7186:
7159:
7007:
7006:Tribosphenida /
7000:
6947:
6808:
6795:
6747:
6705:Mesungulatoidea
6699:
6589:
6462:
6384:
6367:
6355:
6339:
6319:
6205:
6200:Zhangheotherium
6147:
6122:
6110:Trishulotherium
6077:
6072:Volaticotherium
6032:
6019:Victoriaconodon
5940:Triconodontidae
5931:
5900:
5870:
5804:
5760:Phascolotherium
5553:
5540:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5481:
5440:
5393:
5377:Ornithorhynchus
5330:
5303:
5272:
5250:Steropodontidae
5241:
5211:Kollikodontidae
5189:
5150:
5120:
5069:
5040:
5020:
4993:
4962:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4893:
4863:
4858:
4843:
4826:Ornithorhynchus
4806:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4756:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4683:
4676:
4639:
4636:
4618:
4602:
4600:Further reading
4597:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4568:
4564:
4531:(7): e1000436.
4517:
4513:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4391:
4387:
4334:
4330:
4289:
4285:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4140:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4039:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3986:
3982:
3929:
3916:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3843:
3839:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3684:
3680:
3633:
3629:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3534:
3530:
3475:
3471:
3428:
3424:
3379:
3375:
3352:
3348:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3276:on 6 March 2012
3266:
3262:
3217:
3213:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3073:
3069:
3026:
3022:
3015:
2999:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2929:
2925:
2872:
2868:
2849:
2840:
2792:
2788:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2670:
2666:
2643:(5740): 1492b.
2629:
2625:
2602:(5740): 1492a.
2588:
2584:
2537:
2533:
2480:
2476:
2439:(6816): 28–31.
2429:
2425:
2388:(6816): 53–57.
2378:
2371:
2364:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2267:Rich, Thomas H.
2260:
2251:
2224:
2220:
2205:
2182:
2178:
2173:
1963:Ornithorhynchus
1958:Ornithorhynchus
1745:Steropodontidae
1665:Kollikodontidae
1647:Sydney Aquarium
1635:
1619:
1611:Ornithorhynchus
1432:A model of the
1426:
1420:
1316:T. a. acanthion
1310:T. a. aculeatus
1267:Ornithorhynchus
1239:
1230:
1221:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
919:Molecular clock
902:
805:
684:
614:
604:
578:, including an
576:shoulder girdle
561:symplesiomorphy
503:electrolocation
501:development of
482: Allantois
435:corpus callosum
412:
277:
273:
225:Steropodontidae
217:Kollikodontidae
195:
138:
127:
119:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8743:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8688:
8675:
8662:
8649:
8636:
8623:
8610:
8597:
8584:
8571:
8558:
8545:
8532:
8519:
8504:
8488:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8449:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8410:Vegreville egg
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7925:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7859:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7839:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7807:
7798:
7796:
7794:Laurasiatheria
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7748:Tubulidentata
7745:
7740:Macroscelidea
7737:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7708:
7699:
7697:
7688:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7657:Diprotodontia
7654:
7646:
7638:
7630:
7621:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7601:
7592:
7590:
7581:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7537:
7535:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7478:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7427:Amphitheriidae
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7392:Eutriconodonta
7389:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7328:
7318:
7307:
7305:
7302:Incertae sedis
7293:
7292:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7225:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7205:
7196:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7137:
7127:
7117:
7107:
7097:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7034:Argaliatherium
7027:
7016:
7010:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6960:
6958:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6877:
6867:
6863:Brancatherulum
6856:
6846:
6836:
6833:Amphibetulimus
6826:
6815:
6809:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6735:Peligrotherium
6731:
6724:
6717:
6714:Coloniatherium
6709:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6687:Quirogatherium
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:Groebertherium
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6604:
6602:Meridiolestida
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6519:Groebertherium
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6491:Anthracolestes
6487:
6480:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6443:Henkelotherium
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6414:Brancatherulum
6409:
6403:
6386:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6307:Symmetrolestes
6303:
6296:
6289:
6286:Spalacotherium
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6237:Cifellitherium
6233:
6226:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6095:Gobiotheriodon
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6060:
6057:Ichthyoconodon
6053:
6050:Argentoconodon
6045:
6043:
6041:Volaticotheria
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6026:Volaticotheria
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5956:Arundelconodon
5952:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5912:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5881:
5879:Jeholodentidae
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5794:
5783:
5773:
5770:Sangarotherium
5763:
5753:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5670:Indotriconodon
5663:
5653:
5642:
5631:
5621:
5611:
5601:
5591:
5581:
5571:
5560:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5471:
5462:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5414:
5403:
5401:
5399:Tachyglossidae
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:Patagorhynchus
5380:
5373:
5363:
5352:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5254:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5099:
5088:
5082:
5071:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:Mammaliaformes
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4916:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4731:
4721:Tachyglossidae
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4634:External links
4632:
4631:
4630:
4616:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4562:
4511:
4459:
4452:
4432:
4410:
4403:
4385:
4328:
4283:
4239:
4188:
4181:
4161:
4154:
4134:
4125:|website=
4092:
4033:
4024:|website=
4006:
3980:
3914:
3895:
3837:
3816:(3): 587–597.
3796:
3778:
3756:
3749:
3729:
3678:
3627:
3587:
3542:Genome Biology
3528:
3469:
3422:
3373:
3362:(4): 511–515.
3346:
3335:(5): 573–584.
3319:
3287:
3268:White (1999).
3260:
3211:
3162:
3155:
3135:
3105:
3094:
3087:
3067:
3040:(3): 115–127.
3020:
3013:
2993:
2974:
2923:
2866:
2838:
2786:
2757:(6): 965–973.
2737:
2711:
2684:(4): 475–501.
2664:
2623:
2582:
2531:
2474:
2423:
2369:
2362:
2342:
2316:
2287:(2): 319–337.
2249:
2218:
2203:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2148:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2072:Tachyglossidae
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2045:Patagorhynchus
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:Middle Miocene
2015:
2004:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:specimen 9 Ma
1953:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1797:
1796:
1795:
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1793:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1618:
1617:Fossil species
1615:
1519:Patagorhynchus
1457:(100–96.6 Ma)
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:Z. b. diamondi
1385:
1380:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1287:Tachyglossidae
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:Tachyglossidae
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
986:
984:
982:Tachyglossidae
978:
977:
974:
973:
964:
956:
954:
948:
945:
944:
873:, the oldest (
804:
801:
785:gastric glands
758:secondly, the
734:for the penis.
683:
680:
661:mammary glands
603:
600:
596:venomous spurs
411:
408:
390:'single') and
358:their taxonomy
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
258:Tachyglossidae
255:
250:
235:
227:
219:
208:
207:
203:
202:
198:C.L. Bonaparte
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8742:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8509:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8460:
8459:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:Organizations
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Humpty Dumpty
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8089:Ovoviviparity
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7995:Fossil record
7992:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7941:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7842:Artiodactyla
7840:
7838:
7832:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7802:Eulipotyphla
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:Boreoeutheria
7782:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7732:Afrosoricida
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7661:
7655:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7639:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7576:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7484:
7476:
7471:
7469:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7422:Paurodontidae
7420:
7418:
7417:Eupantotheria
7415:
7413:
7412:Symmetrodonta
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7397:Amphilestidae
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7325:Chronoperates
7319:
7317:
7316:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7283:
7274:
7268:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7154:Tribactonodon
7148:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7114:Kielantherium
7108:
7106:
7105:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7074:Holoclemensia
7068:
7066:
7065:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:Boreosphenida
7003:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6924:Palaeoxonodon
6918:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6802:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6754:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6694:Solanutherium
6691:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6680:Paraungulatum
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6584:Treslagosodon
6581:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6541:Krebsotherium
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6365:
6359:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6272:Spalacolestes
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6251:Infernolestes
6248:
6246:
6245:
6244:Heishanlestes
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6186:Ningchengodon
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Trechnotheria
6125:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6064:Triconolestes
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:Huasteconodon
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:Fuxinoconodon
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5710:Kryptotherium
5704:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:Chaoyangodens
5602:
5600:
5599:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5520:
5513:
5495:
5494:
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5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5451:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5421:Murrayglossus
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:Megalibgwilia
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5281:Teinolophidae
5275:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
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4926:
4923:
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4911:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
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4867:
4857:
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4822:
4819:
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4813:
4803:
4801:
4796:
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4778:
4777:
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4759:
4753:
4751:
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4722:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4706:
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4700:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4661:
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4654:
4653:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4584:on 2024-05-27
4583:
4579:
4578:
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4455:
4449:
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4406:
4404:9780643103115
4400:
4396:
4389:
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4377:
4372:
4367:
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4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4118:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
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3934:
3927:
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3921:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
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3848:
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3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3789:
3782:
3766:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3579:
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3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:(1): e53686.
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:(2): 229–42.
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:0-801-88221-4
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:Wilson, D. E.
2186:
2185:Groves, C. P.
2180:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:Megalibgwilia
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:Murrayglossus
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2086:(1.8–0.1 Ma)
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2061:Maastrichtian
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2032:Upper Miocene
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:Teinolophidae
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:South America
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:Late Jurassic
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:Z. b. smeenki
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Z. b. clunius
1381:
1379:
1378:Z. b. bartoni
1376:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1338:T. a. setosus
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:T. a. lawesii
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
963:
960:
959:
952:
951:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
920:
914:
913:French Island
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
878:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
797:
792:
790:
789:ascorbic acid
786:
781:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
688:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:interclavicle
577:
572:
570:
569:synapomorphic
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Carboniferous
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
400:
394:
388:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:of the order
316:
310:
271:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
243:
242:
241:
240:
236:
234:
233:Teinolophidae
228:
226:
220:
218:
212:
211:
209:
204:
199:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
8483:
8456:
8444:
8237:Onsen tamago
7984:
7881:(Treeshrews)
7764:Proboscidea
7705:(Armadillos)
7588:Ameridelphia
7541:Monotremata
7540:
7402:Theriiformes
7353:
7343:
7333:
7323:
7313:
7300:
7179:
7152:
7142:
7132:
7124:Pappotherium
7122:
7112:
7102:
7092:
7082:
7072:
7062:
7054:Carinalestes
7052:
7042:
7032:
7022:
6992:
6985:
6980:Peramuroides
6978:
6971:
6963:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6922:
6912:
6902:
6892:
6882:
6872:
6861:
6851:
6843:Amphitherium
6841:
6831:
6821:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:Donodontidae
6742:Reigitherium
6740:
6733:
6726:
6721:Mesungulatum
6719:
6712:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6658:Lakotalestes
6656:
6648:
6641:
6636:Casamiquelia
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6582:
6575:
6570:Phascolestes
6568:
6563:Minutolestes
6561:
6554:
6548:Lakotalestes
6546:
6539:
6532:
6527:Guimarotodus
6525:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6484:Amblotherium
6482:
6475:
6468:Dryolestidae
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6140:
6139:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6093:
6086:Tinodontidae
6070:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5977:Eotriconodon
5975:
5970:Corviconodon
5968:
5963:Astroconodon
5961:
5954:
5947:
5924:
5917:
5893:
5886:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5780:Tendagurodon
5778:
5768:
5758:
5748:
5738:
5728:
5718:
5708:
5698:
5688:
5678:
5668:
5658:
5649:Fruitafossor
5647:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5606:
5596:
5586:
5576:
5566:
5551:Theriimorpha
5538:Theriimorpha
5487:Theriimorpha
5433:
5428:Tachyglossus
5426:
5419:
5409:
5385:
5375:
5368:
5359:Monotrematum
5357:
5346:
5323:
5296:
5288:
5265:
5257:
5234:
5226:
5219:
5198:
5181:
5173:
5166:
5143:
5138:Asfaltomylos
5136:
5129:Henosferidae
5113:
5112:
5104:
5094:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4853:
4836:
4824:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4761:
4750:T. aculeatus
4749:
4739:Tachyglossus
4737:
4679:
4607:
4586:. Retrieved
4582:the original
4575:
4565:
4528:
4525:PLOS Biology
4524:
4514:
4479:
4475:
4442:
4435:
4423:. Retrieved
4413:
4394:
4388:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4259:
4256:PLOS Biology
4255:
4242:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4171:
4164:
4144:
4137:
4108:
4095:
4050:
4046:
4036:
3991:
3983:
3940:
3936:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3854:
3850:
3847:"Monotremes"
3840:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3759:
3739:
3732:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3604:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3442:(1): 49–52.
3439:
3435:
3425:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3290:
3280:14 September
3278:. Retrieved
3274:the original
3263:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3115:
3108:
3097:
3077:
3070:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2726:. 7 May 2008
2723:
2714:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2385:
2381:
2352:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2319:
2284:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2193:
2179:
2154:
2141:
2130:
2117:
2106:
2093:
2077:
2054:
2043:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1936:Monotrematum
1934:
1921:
1910:
1889:
1878:
1859:Superfamily
1847:
1836:
1823:
1812:
1788:
1777:
1764:
1753:
1729:
1721:
1708:
1697:
1684:
1673:
1653:
1651:
1626:
1610:
1607:Monotrematum
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1437:
1403:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1352:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1305:T. aculeatus
1304:
1295:Tachyglossus
1293:
1276:
1265:
1251:Superfamily
1246:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1163:
1162:
1149:Monotremata
1071:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1015:
994:
993:
967:
966:
953:Monotremata
924:
917:
888:
882:
879:
868:
845:Monotremata.
844:
842:
806:
793:
782:
779:
772:
766:, which are
752:
737:
720:Vas Deferens
665:
658:
642:
617:
615:
573:
557:vitellogenin
529:
522:
507:
487:
428:
413:
375:
373:
362:
339:
318:
269:
268:
237:
192:
29:
8614:iNaturalist
8541:Monotremata
8528:Monotremata
8514:Monotremata
8508:Wikispecies
8484:Monotremata
8355:Fabergé egg
7887:Dermoptera
7879:Scandentia
7871:Lagomorpha
7820:(Pangolins)
7810:Chiroptera
7766:(Elephants)
7756:Hyracoidea
7750:(Aardvarks)
7512:(unranked)
7432:Marsupionta
7407:Pantotheria
7382:Prototheria
7335:Microderson
7144:Tirotherium
7044:Brasilestes
6973:Kouriogenys
6965:Afriquiamus
6956:Peramuridae
6941:Monotremata
6934:Vincelestes
6874:Chunnelodon
6776:Anoualestes
6769:Amazighodon
6728:Orretherium
6673:Necrolestes
6615:Amarillodon
6505:Crusafontia
6401:Dryolestida
6382:Cladotheria
6325:Cladotheria
6314:Yaverlestes
6223:Akidolestes
6193:Origolestes
6172:Kiyatherium
6141:Monotremata
6012:Trioracodon
5949:Alticonodon
5909:Klameliidae
5895:Yanoconodon
5865:Spinolestes
5858:Repenomamus
5851:Meemannodon
5829:Gobiconodon
5798:Monotremata
5740:Manchurodon
5730:Liaotherium
5720:Liaoconodon
5680:Juchilestes
5660:Hakusanodon
5638:Dyskritodon
5598:Aploconodon
5588:Amphilestes
5348:Dharragarra
5298:Teinolophos
5199:Monotremata
5114:Monotremata
4837:O. anatinus
4709:(unranked)
4680:Monotremata
3943:(1): 3–20.
3606:14 November
2335:6 September
1912:Dharragarra
1870:Opalionidae
1838:Teinolophos
1584:Dharragarra
1560:Dharragarra
1483:Dharragarra
1465:Teinolophos
1289:: echidnas
1277:O. anatinus
1261:: platypus
1073:Z. bruijnii
889:Teinolophos
870:Teinolophos
849:Prototheria
838:Marsupionta
676:meroblastic
592:β-defensins
524:Teinolophos
437:) which in
416:endothermic
319:Monotremata
248:Opalionidae
193:Monotremata
48:) – Present
18:Monotremata
8720:Monotremes
8714:Categories
8365:HowToBasic
8360:Free range
8335:Easter egg
8330:Decorating
8312:In culture
8202:Deep fried
8123:Components
8003:Cephalopod
7826:Carnivora
7818:Pholidota
7724:Afrotheria
7703:Cingulata
7684:inclusive)
7606:(Opossums)
7577:inclusive)
7567:Metatheria
7524:Yinotheria
7508:Vertebrata
7506:Subphylum
7387:Yinotheria
7375:Other taxa
7355:Tingamarra
7345:Thereuodon
7290:Other taxa
7238:marsupials
7232:Metatheria
7221:Metatheria
7209:placentals
7181:Patagomaia
7024:Aegialodon
6914:Nanolestes
6534:Hercynodon
6512:Dryolestes
6436:Euthlastus
6422:Dorsetodon
6334:see below↓
6265:Shalbaatar
6179:Maotherium
6005:Triconodon
5991:Meiconodon
5919:Ferganodon
5888:Jeholodens
5790:Allotheria
5690:Jueconodon
5628:Condorodon
5568:Acinacodus
5496:see below↓
5469:Allotheria
5457:Allotheria
5267:Steropodon
5259:Parvopalus
5228:Kryoryctes
5221:Kollikodon
5183:Kryoparvus
5145:Henosferus
5035:see below↓
5014:Cynodontia
4999:Cynodontia
4947:Cynodontia
4938:Therapsida
4835:Platypus (
4800:Z. bruijni
4791:Z. bartoni
4727:(Echidnas)
4588:2024-05-27
4482:(1): 146.
3548:(5): R81.
2990:(1): 1–11.
2943:(3): e63.
2751:Genome Res
2238:(3): 258.
2171:References
1779:Steropodon
1755:Parvopalus
1699:Kryoryctes
1675:Kollikodon
1652:Excepting
1628:Steropodon
1596:Parvopalus
1572:Steropodon
1566:Kollikodon
1548:marsupials
1540:Antarctica
1528:Cretaceous
1524:Patagonian
1507:Steropodon
1501:Parvopalus
1489:Kollikodon
1477:Kryoryctes
1455:Cenomanian
1449:The first
1439:Steropodon
1436:monotreme
1422:See also:
1404:Z. bruijni
1373:Z. bartoni
1032:Z. bartoni
813:Metatheria
744:marsupials
718:, 6.
714:, 5.
710:, 4.
706:, 3.
704:Epididymis
702:, 2.
682:Physiology
643:Monotreme
492:(with the
431:marsupials
424:middle-ear
369:New Guinea
354:Cretaceous
270:Monotremes
206:Subgroups
35:Monotremes
8320:Balancing
8282:Scrambled
8094:Ovulation
8084:Oviparity
8064:Oogenesis
8023:Pathology
7985:Monotreme
7895:Primates
7889:(Colugos)
7863:Rodentia
7758:(Hyraxes)
7695:Xenarthra
7682:Placental
7575:Marsupial
7315:Atlasodon
7236:includes
7207:includes
7104:Kermackia
7084:Hypomylos
6790:Stylodens
6666:Leonardus
6629:Bondesius
6556:Laolestes
6477:Achyrodon
6457:Tathiodon
6258:Lactodens
5998:Priacodon
5984:Jugulator
5836:Hangjinia
5750:Nakunodon
5700:Kemchugia
5473:includes
5435:Zaglossus
5370:Obdurodon
5290:Stirtodon
4987:Synapsida
4972:Synapsida
4929:Synapsida
4912:Kingdom:
4763:Zaglossus
4202:PLOS Biol
4127:ignored (
4117:cite book
4026:ignored (
4016:cite book
3975:247542433
3967:0311-5518
3740:Mammalogy
3206:204815010
2937:PLOS Biol
2311:0311-5518
2079:Zaglossus
2034:(15–5 Ma)
1985:Obdurodon
1961:– oldest
1814:Stirtodon
1602:Obdurodon
1578:Stirtodon
1513:Stirtodon
1354:Zaglossus
1017:Zaglossus
927:cladistic
875:Barremian
829:primitive
825:placental
817:marsupial
649:sauropsid
618:monotreme
565:oviparous
549:sauropsid
515:synapsids
511:cynodonts
451:neocortex
376:monotreme
374:The name
365:Australia
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
46:Barremian
8658:10300001
8493:Wikidata
8446:Category
8247:Powdered
8232:Omelette
8227:Meringue
8177:Benedict
8144:membrane
8044:Egg cell
8017:dinosaur
7772:Sirenia
7674:Eutheria
7502:Chordata
7496:Animalia
7494:Kingdom
7203:Eutheria
7192:Eutheria
7134:Picopsis
7094:Juramaia
6884:Magnimus
6853:Arguimus
6823:Abelodon
6643:Cronopio
6498:Beckumia
6450:Paurodon
6165:Anebodon
6117:Yermakia
5926:Klamelia
5578:Amphidon
5236:Sundrius
5096:Ambondro
5067:Mammalia
5026:Mammalia
4920:Chordata
4918:Phylum:
4914:Animalia
4896:Mammalia
4855:Category
4705:Mammalia
4699:Chordata
4693:Animalia
4691:Kingdom
4626:98023686
4577:ABC News
4557:20668664
4506:36797304
4380:34937052
4278:31800571
4234:31800571
4087:19805098
3832:16291999
3724:24699339
3673:24699339
3616:cite web
3574:18482448
3523:23326486
3483:PLOS ONE
3464:40439226
3456:10729631
3255:21592102
3198:31633884
3054:18769071
2969:18351802
2918:18464734
2863:(1): 46.
2825:24759410
2781:18463302
2706:89034974
2659:16141051
2618:16141050
2569:15705848
2526:27757425
2469:37912232
2461:11343097
2410:11343108
2213:62265494
2187:(2005).
2150:Species
2137:Species
2113:Species
2050:Species
2017:Species
2006:Species
1995:Species
1968:Species
1941:Species
1917:Species
1885:Species
1843:Species
1819:Species
1784:Species
1760:Species
1728:Species
1723:Sundrius
1704:Species
1680:Species
1471:Sundrius
1451:Mesozoic
1273:Platypus
884:Juramaia
833:synapsid
821:Eutheria
803:Taxonomy
672:cleavage
584:coracoid
545:synapsid
519:therians
494:occlusal
461:Platypus
350:Jurassic
331:echidnas
327:platypus
323:lay eggs
183:Mammalia
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
8458:Commons
8427:Tossing
8422:Tapping
8417:Rolling
8405:Pysanka
8390:Organic
8385:Oomancy
8297:Soufflé
8287:Shirred
8252:Pickled
8242:Poached
8207:Deviled
8192:Coddled
8187:Century
8159:As food
8149:Chalaza
8109:Trophic
8079:Oviduct
8069:Ootheca
8039:Allergy
8032:Biology
8013:Reptile
7711:Pilosa
7514:Amniota
7500:Phylum
7481:Extant
7366:UA 8699
6987:Peramus
6904:Mozomus
6894:Minimus
6783:Donodon
6103:Tinodon
5618:Comodon
5325:Opalios
5175:Bishops
4697:Phylum
4678:Extant
4548:2910653
4497:9935847
4350:Bibcode
4301:Bibcode
4225:6892540
4078:2761324
4055:Bibcode
3945:Bibcode
3911:: 1–78.
3883:9037043
3786:Jacks.
3715:4014732
3664:4014732
3582:2653017
3565:2441467
3514:3541144
3491:Bibcode
3417:9720111
3408:1692309
3246:3162242
3225:J. Anat
2960:2267819
2909:2803040
2888:Bibcode
2833:4462870
2805:Bibcode
2772:2413164
2686:Bibcode
2637:Science
2596:Science
2577:3048437
2549:Bibcode
2541:Science
2517:5061491
2496:Bibcode
2441:Bibcode
2418:4342585
2390:Bibcode
2289:Bibcode
2159:Miocene
2089:Species
2070:Family
1990:Miocene
1900:Family
1880:Opalios
1865:Family
1799:Family
1740:Family
1660:Family
1590:Opalios
1495:Opalios
1442:at the
1434:extinct
1285:Family
1257:Family
859:termed
764:hyraxes
708:Bladder
668:zygotes
634:urethra
543:of the
426:bones.
315:mammals
189:Order:
179:Class:
8684:962396
8645:179915
8593:1MNTRO
8499:Q21790
8380:Oology
8350:Egging
8325:Carton
8292:Smoked
8277:Scotch
8272:Salted
8257:Quiche
8212:Eggnog
8182:Boiled
8114:Zygote
8059:Oogamy
8049:Embryo
7812:(Bats)
7558:Theria
7485:orders
7483:mammal
7165:Theria
7064:Eomaia
6230:Aliaga
4703:Class
4624:
4614:
4555:
4545:
4504:
4494:
4450:
4425:9 June
4401:
4378:
4342:Nature
4293:Nature
4276:
4262:(12).
4232:
4222:
4179:
4152:
4085:
4075:
4004:
4000:–461.
3973:
3965:
3888:9 June
3881:
3871:
3830:
3771:9 June
3747:
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