592:, he had 30 wives in 1833, with the number rising to 140 in 1865. The names of 17 of them have been traced. Polygamy allowed Moshoeshoe to both forge alliances with other chiefs and increase his wealth as his subjects were expected to cultivate his wives' field per Sotho custom. Despite the presence of his other wives, he considered himself a widower following ’MaMohato's death. Only the children from his first marriage constituted the royal line of descent. Apart from ’MaMohato, only ‘Maneko a second ranking wife wielded considerable influence in the household. Similarly to the principal wife second ranking wives were women of power, who had separate houses, herds of cattle, fields and servants. Their sons were expected to take important positions in the kingdom. Moshoeshoe's third ranking wives were assigned to the houses of more senior wives where they acted as servants. Unlike more senior wives they did not cohabit with their husband and their condition bordered on slavery. Foreign visitors and Moshoeshoe's subjects were allowed to have sexual relationships with his third ranking wives, yet the children produced from such encounters were considered to be his.
516:. A combination of poor British planning and determined Basotho resistance resulted in a temporary British retreat from the area. Fearing that a second British assault would result in his military defeat, Moshoeshoe sued for peace attaining favorable terms and restoring amicable relations with the British. In 1853, Moshoeshoe grew tired of Sekonyela's raiding, deciding to decisively deal with the Batlokoa. In November 1853, the Basotho army defeated the Batlakoa and their Koranna allies at the battle of Khoro-e-Betloa, subsequently seizing their stronghold of Jwalaboholo. The bulk of the Batlakoa either scattered or joined the Basotho. The British pulled out of the region in 1854, causing the formation of the Boer
49:
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British had failed to protect him against
Batlakoa and Boer encroachment, while many of his subjects accused him of cowardice in the face of British oppression. On 25 June 1851, Warden demanded that the Basuto restore cattle and horses to the victims of their past cattle raids. Warden had assembled a mixed force of British, Boer and African troops numbering approximately 2,500 men at Platberg. On 28 June, Warden moved his force against the Taung in an effort to seize stolen cattle. On 30 June, Warden's force was defeated by a Basotho-Taung army at the
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293:. Little is known about his childhood; however, he remained on good terms with his parents until their death. Around the age of six he began tending to the family's sheep and goats. Lepoqo had an older sister named MaTsouenyane as well as younger brothers named Makhabane and Posholi, and a younger sister named 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane went on to marry over four other women and father other children. The Sotho people were keen
401:. It was during this time that they first encountered horses and guns in a combat setting. After a number of initial setbacks, the Basotho managed to either capture or acquire horses and guns of their own, and began stockpiling gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe had accumulated more horses and guns than any other chieftain in South Africa. Nevertheless, most of the guns in Basotho possession were outdated
271:. The precise year of his birth remains unknown, estimates range from 1780 to 1794; 1786 being the most commonly agreed upon date. His name's literal translation is Dispute, originated from accusations of witchcraft which were levied on a man in Menkhoaneng around the time of his birth. He was the first son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bamokoteli sub-clan of the
432:
began setting their outposts in
Basotho lands following Moshoeshoe's invitation. They promoted a combination of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce. They saw Basotho customs linked to obligatory labor and the dependence of the population on their chiefs as evil. They sought to undermine
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and Majara as well as a daughter named Mathe. Their relationship was described by visiting missionaries as deeply affectionate. ’MaMohato died in 1834 either due to complications during childbirth or due to a violent domestic argument stemming from an act of infidelity she had committed with one of
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believed that the
Basotho were more to blame for the continuous inter tribal warfare in the region. Warden began delineating borders between the various tribes in the north-east frontier, ignoring Moshoeshoe's long standing claims to several territories in the process. Moshoeshoe believed that the
496:
In
October Moshoeshoe wrote to both Smith and Warden, explaining that he had acted in self-defense and intended to maintain cordial relations with the British. In February 1852, the British agreed to redraw the boundaries in the south-west and to cease colonial interference into inter-tribal
612:
Moshoeshoe Day is an annual national holiday in
Lesotho celebrated on 11 March, the date of Moshoeshoe's death. Celebrations include the laying of wreaths on Moshoeshoe's grave at Thaba Bosiu by a delegation led by Lesotho's monarch, a celebratory parade and other entertainment activities.
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about himself and received a new name; Letlama, meaning "the Binder". As the chief's son
Letlama became the leader of the other boys who underwent initiation with him, forming a strong personal bond with each one of them. Shortly after his graduation, Letlama led his band on a successful
326:
Moshoeshoe and his followers, mostly the
Bakoena Bamokoteli, some Bafokeng from his maternal side and other relations as well as some clans including the Amazizi, established his village at Butha-Buthe, where his settlement and reign coincided with the growth in power of the well-known
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was not yet ready to absorb the new territory, Wodehouse disregarded those instructions. He blocked the supply of ammunition to the Free State and on 12 March 1868 proclaimed
Basotho land to be a royal dominion. Moshoeshoe died on 11 March 1870 and was succeeded by his oldest son
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in money or ammunition. The Napier Treaty greatly increased
Moshoeshoe's status as a leader. While it deprived him of some lands he had laid claim to, it also recognized his rule over various ethnic groups living in the region. In 1848, Cape governor Sir
322:
As a young man
Moshoeshoe continued to lead his band into cattle raids, becoming notable for his skill in seizing cattle. He was ambitious but also known for his short temper, once killing a follower for milking one of his cows without his approval.
314:
against chief RaMonaheng's village. To commemorate the raid he composed another praise poem where he likened himself to "a razor which has shaved Ramonaheng's beard". Thereafter he became known as Moshoeshoe, meaning "the Shaver", after the
465:; while retaining his traditional rights. The agreement also envisioned the creation of an alliance between the British and the Basotho. A series of similar ambiguously worded treaties with local African tribes effectively established the
523:
In 1858, hostilities broke out between the Basotho and the Orange Free State. Initially achieving a victory in the first war, inferiority in both marksmanship and materiel of the Basotho caused a defeat in the
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ceremony for Lepoqo and his agemates. The initiation school lasted for six months, during which Lepoqo was circumcised, learned the customs of his people, military tactics and ancient songs. He also composed
243:(crocodile) clan. In his youth, he helped his father gain power over some other smaller clans. At the age of 34 Moshoeshoe formed his own clan and became a chief. He and his followers settled at the
536:
policy, leading to starvation among the Basotho. Fearing that the destruction of the Basotho people was imminent, Moshoeshoe, his sons and local missionaries began appealing to British
343:), incorporating parts of them into his steadily growing Zulu chiefdom. Various small clans were forced to flee the Zulu chief. An era of great wars of calamity followed, known as the
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for protection. Although initially reluctant to intervene, the British were worried by the disruption in trade caused by the war and the possibility of Boer expansion to the
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conflicts in exchange for the restoration of the cattle the Basotho had stolen since September 1850. Negotiations fell through and Smith's replacement Major-General Sir
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In 1810, Moshoeshoe married Mabela the daughter of the Bafokeng chief, Seepheephe who was chosen for him by his father. She became his senior wife assuming the name
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or "mountain at night" because it was believed to grow during the night and shrink during day. It proved to be an impassable stronghold against enemies.
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pressured Moshoeshoe into signing an agreement whereby he recognized British paramount authority over the lands north of the
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and his first wife Kholu. Kholu was the daughter of the Bafokeng clan chief Ntsukunyane and came from the area of the
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them by promoting private property, the commodization of production and closer economic ties with European settlers.
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is named for King Moshoeshoe I who once received a gift of it and then popularized it throughout his realm.
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Sanders, Peter (1969). "Sekonyela and Moshweshwe: Failure and Success in the Aftermath of the Difaqane".
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approved Basotholand's annexation by Natal. Distrusting the Natal administration and believing that the
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Atmore, Anthony; Sanders, Peter (1971). "Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century".
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and the Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. The British Resident in the Orange River Sovereignty Major
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1639:
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1194:"An obscured narrative in the political economy of colonial commerce in Lesotho, 1870–1966"
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further north. The Bamokoteli numbered at most 4,000 people, they were an offshoot of the
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On 20 December 1852, a British expeditionary forced clashed with the Basotho in the
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allies regularly engaged in tit for tat cattle raids against their old enemies the
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By the latter part of the 19th century, Moshoeshoe established the nation of the
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Mountain. He became the first and longest-serving King of Lesotho in 1822.
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that followed, which lasted until 1868. In 1866, the two sides signed the
30:"Mshweshwe" redirects here. For the traditional South African fabric, see
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Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004).
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Hill of Destiny: The Life and Times of Moshesh, Founder of the Basotho
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and what is now known as the 'time of troubles' (previously known as '
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to whom they regularly paid tribute. Lepoqo's family lived in a small
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Power in Colonial Africa Conflict and Discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960
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Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule 1871-1884
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In 1843, Moshoeshoe signed a treaty with the governor of the British
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to wane before launching a punitive expedition against the Basotho.
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358:. The attacks also forced Moshoeshoe to move his settlement to the
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1234:"Bonded: Elite Marriage and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho"
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In the 1820s, the Basotho faced a number of cattle raids from the
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Survival in two worlds : Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, 1786-1870
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Moshoeshoe was born under the name Lepoqo in the village of
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1023:"London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes"
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Sesotho word for the sound made by the razor shaving.
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Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
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970:"HIS MAJESTY LEADS MOSHOESHOE'S DAY COMMEMORATION"
448:incursions into the Cape during the course of the
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1173:Machobane, L. B.; Karschay, Stephan (1990).
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289:near the Tlotsi stream, a tributary of the
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1054:"The fabric of society needs underpinning"
997:"'Moshoeshoe Airport a ticking time-bomb'"
350:. It was marked by aggression against the
1396:History of the Basuto, ancient and modern
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472:In the north-east, the Basotho and their
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1158:. The University of Wisconsin Press.
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538:High Commissioner for Southern Africa
1064:from the original on 20 January 2014
995:Kabi, Pascalinah (4 December 2018).
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415:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
1052:Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013).
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618:Moshoeshoe I International Airport
452:, receiving an annual grant of 75
381:(Great King/King of the Basotho).
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379:Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho
300:In 1804, Mokhachane convened the
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1269:Historical Dictionary of Lesotho
1033:from the original on 25 May 2013
362:. The name was later changed to
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1021:Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013).
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576:with whom he had four sons and
393:Moshoeshoe I with his ministers
223:– 11 March 1870) was the first
1394:Ellenberger, Frédéric (1969).
1317:Moshoeshoe, chief of the Sotho
1288:The Journal of African History
1089:The Journal of African History
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585:Moshoeshoe's main councilors.
57:Paramount Chief of the Basotho
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1:
1251:10.1080/0144039X.2022.2063232
918:Machobane & Karschay 1990
795:Machobane & Karschay 1990
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551:coast. In December 1867, the
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1487:Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi
1398:. Negro Universities Press.
1154:Eldredge, Elizabeth (2007).
824:, pp. 153–155, 159–160.
377:. He was popularly known as
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1650:People from Leribe District
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604:Grave of Moshoeshoe I atop
417:led by French missionaries
267:in the north of modern day
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1334:Thompson, Leonard (1975).
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227:. He was the first son of
119:11 March 1870 (aged 83-84)
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1300:10.1017/S0021853700036379
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1232:Morelli, Ettore (2022).
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467:Orange River Sovereignty
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1315:Sanders, Peter (1975).
1271:. The Scarecrow Press.
1238:Slavery & Abolition
1135:Burman, Sandra (1981).
1192:Maliehe, Sean (2014).
1177:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1139:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1116:Becker, Peter (1982).
1001:Lesotho Sunday Express
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66:1822 – 18 January 1870
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588:Moshoeshoe practiced
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501:was waiting for the
486:Henry Douglas Warden
259:Moshoeshoe I in 1833
1444:Monarchs of Lesotho
1353:Tylden, G. (1935).
1338:. Clarendon Press.
1058:Mail & Guardian
1027:Mail & Guardian
896:, pp. 540–541.
884:, pp. 446–454.
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639:Zulu – contemporary
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1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1589:Moshoeshoe II
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1565:Moshoeshoe II
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:Moshoeshoe II
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1522:
1521:Moshoeshoe II
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1374:
1370:
1367:(53): 33–45.
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:. Heinemann.
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1278:0-8108-4871-6
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
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1239:
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1230:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1002:
998:
991:
975:
971:
965:
958:
953:
946:
941:
939:
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
835:
830:
823:
818:
811:
806:
804:
796:
791:
784:
779:
772:
767:
760:
755:
749:, p. 24.
748:
747:Thompson 1975
743:
736:
735:Thompson 1975
731:
724:
719:
712:
711:Thompson 1975
707:
701:
696:
692:
679:
670:
669:
662:First monarch
658:
653:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
607:
602:
593:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:George Napier
439:
434:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
320:
318:
313:
308:
307:praise poetry
303:
298:
296:
292:
291:Caledon River
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
213:
177:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
75:first monarch
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1635:1780s births
1595:
1571:
1554:
1510:
1500:
1459:Moshoeshoe I
1458:
1395:
1376:. Retrieved
1364:
1358:
1335:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1268:
1241:
1237:
1221:. Retrieved
1204:(2): 28–45.
1201:
1197:
1174:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1092:
1088:
1066:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
973:
964:
957:Sanders 1975
952:
945:Morelli 2022
925:
913:
901:
889:
882:Sanders 1969
877:
870:Sanders 1975
865:
853:
846:Sanders 1975
841:
834:Sanders 1975
829:
822:Sanders 1975
817:
790:
783:Maliehe 2014
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
695:
666:
645:King of the
643:Sekhukhune I
622:
615:
611:
587:
571:
522:
511:
495:
471:
463:Orange River
435:
411:missionaries
396:
378:
368:
352:Sotho people
344:
325:
321:
317:onomatopoeic
299:
295:pastoralists
284:
262:
176:Moshoeshoe I
175:
174:
74:
42:Moshoeshoe I
36:
1640:1870 deaths
1120:. Penguin.
1006:23 December
906:Burman 1981
858:Tylden 1935
723:Becker 1982
606:Thaba Bosiu
557:Cape Colony
503:hostilities
459:Harry Smith
438:Cape Colony
426: [
364:Thaba Bosiu
356:Nguni clans
312:cattle raid
281:Koena tribe
277:Butha-Buthe
265:Menkhoaneng
245:Butha-Buthe
221: 1786
129:Thaba Bosiu
106:Menkhoaneng
102: 1786
71:Predecessor
1629:Categories
1606:Letsie III
1582:Letsie III
1223:7 November
1210:2263/43121
1068:20 January
1037:20 January
980:9 November
687:References
672:1822–1870
580:, Molapo,
450:Great Trek
403:flintlocks
375:Basutoland
302:initiation
251:Early life
237:Bamokoteli
231:, a minor
229:Mokhachane
161:Mokhachane
152:Bamokoteli
1597:'Mamohato
1573:'Mamohato
1556:'Mamohato
1512:'Mantšebo
1480:Letsie II
1473:Lerotholi
1378:7 January
1308:161299840
1260:249484968
1218:0018-229X
1109:161528484
700:Degruyter
574:’MaMohato
549:Pondoland
505:with the
413:from the
140:’MaMohato
81:Successor
1540:Monarchs
1466:Letsie I
1373:44227901
1198:Historia
1062:Archived
1031:Archived
678:Letsie I
631:See also
590:polygamy
562:Letsie I
543:and the
526:two wars
478:Batlokoa
347:Difaqane
337:Difaqane
85:Letsie I
32:Shweshwe
1660:Mfecane
1617:*Regent
1081:Sources
582:Masopha
399:Koranna
371:Basotho
269:Lesotho
235:of the
136:Consort
18:Moshesh
1494:Seeiso
1402:
1371:
1342:
1323:
1306:
1275:
1258:
1216:
1181:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1107:
647:Bapedi
596:Legacy
578:Letsie
331:King,
166:Mother
158:Father
124:Burial
1369:JSTOR
1304:S2CID
1256:S2CID
1105:S2CID
637:Shaka
507:Xhosa
474:Taung
430:]
385:Reign
373:, in
333:Shaka
286:kraal
241:Koena
233:chief
169:Kholu
147:House
63:Reign
1400:ISBN
1380:2022
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1225:2021
1214:ISSN
1179:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1070:2014
1039:2014
1008:2023
982:2022
616:The
446:Boer
440:Sir
421:and
329:Zulu
116:Died
95:Born
1296:doi
1246:doi
1206:hdl
1097:doi
520:.
493:.
480:of
469:.
216:) (
1631::
1365:14
1363:.
1357:.
1302:.
1292:10
1290:.
1254:.
1242:43
1240:.
1236:.
1212:.
1202:59
1200:.
1196:.
1103:.
1093:12
1091:.
1060:.
1056:.
1029:.
1025:.
999:.
972:.
937:^
802:^
564:.
428:fr
218:c.
108:,
99:c.
1600:*
1576:*
1559:*
1515:*
1505:*
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
1408:.
1382:.
1348:.
1329:.
1310:.
1298::
1281:.
1262:.
1248::
1227:.
1208::
1187:.
1168:.
1149:.
1130:.
1111:.
1099::
1072:.
1041:.
1010:.
984:.
947:.
608:.
454:£
212:/
209:ɛ
206:w
203:ʃ
200:ɛ
197:w
194:ʃ
191:ˈ
188:ʊ
185:m
182:/
178:(
34:.
20:)
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