1826:
180:
46:
254:
409:
215:
2448:
2472:
1712:
401:
31:
350:
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created a block 650 km long and 80 km wide that consists of many individual portions tipped gently west, with east facing slips rising abruptly to produce the highest mountain front in the continental United States.
437:. A spreading apart of the surface causes tensional forces. When the tensional forces are strong enough to cause a plate to split apart, it does so such that a center block drops down relative to its flanking blocks.
1377:
Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A.; Green, Paul F.; Bonow, Johan M. (2012). "Elevated, passive continental margins: Not rift shoulders, but expressions of episodic, post-rift burial and exhumation".
1483:"Style, timing and distribution of tectonic deformation across the Exmouth Plateau, northwest Australia, determined from stratal architecture and quantitative basin modelling"
589:. These movements actually are amenable to analysis that can predict, for example, the height of a raised block and the width of an intervening rift between blocks using the
577:. Although originally attributed to a melting of subducted oceanic crust, recent evidence belies this connection. The mechanism for plume formation remains a research topic.
272:), and in another that extends from the Mediterranean across Asia to join the Pacific band in the Indonesian Archipelago. The most important types of volcanic mountain are
1825:
519:. Different elevated passive continental margins most likely share the same mechanism of uplift. This mechanism is possibly related to far-field stresses in Earth's
1245:Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980).
527:
lithospheric folds, where folding is caused by horizontal compression acting on a thin to thick crust transition zone (as are all passive margins).
1066:"Diagnostic features and processes in the construction and evolution of Oman-, Zagros-, Himalayan-, Karakoram-, and Tibetan type orogenic belts"
303:.) A composite volcano or stratovolcano has a more steeply rising cone (33°-40°), because of the higher viscosity of the emitted material, and
1522:
1273:
1189:
1348:
1748:
1549:
1517:
1692:
1494:
1465:
1436:
1172:
1145:
1085:
1045:
1000:
966:
933:
898:
863:
825:
798:
740:
704:
662:
597:. Early bent plate models predicting fractures and fault movements have evolved into today's kinematic and flexural models.
1344:"Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins"
2195:
111:
was used to explain much mountain-building. The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying
2373:
986:
773:
The major mountain-building idea that was supported from the 19th century and into the 20th is the geosynclinal theory.
1300:
1114:
17:
2488:
299:
is the classic example, with a slope of 4°-6°. (The relation between slope and viscosity falls under the topic of
1715:
548:
2393:
376:, forming mountains. Most of the major continental mountain ranges are associated with thrusting and folding or
1639:
1834:
1765:
2520:
1922:
1741:
1190:"Osmium Isotopic Evidence for Mesozoic Removal of Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Sierra Nevada, California"
1542:
291:
A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone because of the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily
2278:
1558:
1379:
413:
304:
2095:
2135:
614: – Phenomenon in which mountains can be produced on the boundaries of converging tectonic plates
1339:
2525:
2476:
1734:
1659:
1654:
756:
2326:
2464:
2368:
1649:
1644:
1535:
69:
2030:
1990:
1228:
925:
919:
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2421:
2383:
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2115:
504:
445:
136:
1482:
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990:
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815:
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686:
650:
1788:
1697:
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1131:
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1016:
853:
732:
611:
536:
365:
1162:
724:
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2218:
2208:
2155:
2150:
2090:
1955:
1892:
1815:
1805:
1680:
1384:
1204:
516:
344:
269:
179:
1995:
890:
884:
840:
632: – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
8:
2411:
2180:
1945:
1603:
1587:
1061:
512:
1388:
1208:
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2416:
2341:
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2233:
2080:
2025:
1882:
1317:
1135:
682:
500:
97:
2346:
2311:
2145:
2085:
2075:
2035:
1970:
1685:
1577:
1490:
1461:
1432:
1296:
1220:
1168:
1141:
1110:
1081:
1069:
1041:
996:
962:
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859:
821:
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658:
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312:
227:
85:
1396:
725:
2515:
2351:
2050:
1935:
1793:
1572:
1392:
1357:
1287:Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004).
1212:
617:
381:
96:
of mountain building. The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the
65:
1216:
585:
Several movements of the Earth's crust that lead to mountains are associated with
2356:
2291:
2175:
2010:
2005:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1857:
1778:
1757:
1664:
1611:
678:
586:
426:
300:
223:
162:
104:
77:
38:
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2316:
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2185:
2140:
2040:
1980:
1930:
1862:
1783:
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385:
373:
307:
are more violent and less frequent than for shield volcanoes. Examples include
284:
73:
50:
45:
2504:
2431:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2213:
2130:
2100:
2070:
2055:
2045:
2020:
2015:
1912:
1887:
1847:
1842:
1810:
1773:
1592:
982:
552:
441:
340:
328:
278:
247:
203:
117:
1362:
1343:
1253:] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura). p. 368.
921:
Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains
30:
2321:
2203:
2125:
2120:
2105:
1985:
1975:
1902:
1897:
1872:
1798:
1599:
1582:
1224:
720:
574:
424:
is raised or tilted, a block mountain can result. Higher blocks are called
320:
123:
89:
34:
523:. According to this view elevated passive margins can be likened to giant
408:
253:
214:
2406:
2401:
2331:
2306:
2301:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2110:
2065:
2060:
2000:
1965:
1907:
1877:
1867:
1852:
540:
520:
421:
108:
2286:
2243:
496:
400:
377:
369:
324:
316:
243:
219:
192:
2447:
1423:. In Roger Hékinian; Peter Stoffers & Jean-Louis Cheminée (eds.).
1031:
2258:
1527:
1238:
623:
524:
508:
476:
468:
296:
207:
188:
184:
121:, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called
112:
349:
1518:
NASA Goddard
Planetary Geodynamics Laboratory: Volcanology Research
1512:
1188:
Lee, C.-T.; Yin, Q; Rudnick, RL; Chesley, JT; Jacobsen, SB (2000).
629:
594:
590:
464:
353:
308:
64:. These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the
61:
1726:
1018:
Transactions of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume 39
412:
Sierra Nevada
Mountains (formed by delamination) as seen from the
161:. A more detailed classification useful on a local scale predates
60:
refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of
1244:
948:
677:
268:
Most volcanoes occur in a band encircling the
Pacific Ocean (the
258:
235:
93:
81:
1337:
372:(that is, ride one over another), the plates tend to buckle and
1289:Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България
471:(linear horst), Rila mountain (vaulted domed shaped horst) and
460:
433:
389:
357:
292:
196:
1425:
Oceanic hotspots: intraplate submarine magmatism and tectonism
238:
along the plate boundaries, which erupt and form mountains. A
1421:"Chapter 7: Mantle plumes are NOT from ancient oceanic crust"
1342:; Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Chalmers, James A. (2013).
851:
566:
472:
262:
200:
174:
27:
Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
1293:
Topics on
Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria
626: – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
210:, Russia. Oblique view taken on November 12, 2013, from ISS.
1072:; MP Carlson; JH McBride & JR Martinez Catalán (eds.).
544:
453:
41:
movement are an important component of mountain formation.
1485:. In Conall Mac Niocaill & Paul Desmond Ryan (eds.).
1376:
1021:. American Society of Civil Engineers. 1898. p. 62.
981:
1318:"atlantens kustberg och högslätter – gamla eller unga?"
1295:] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ciela. pp. 128–129.
495:
Unlike orogenic mountains there is no widely accepted
250:
melts and drags water down with the subducting crust.
1480:
1187:
103:
From the late 18th century until its replacement by
1523:
Rotating globe showing areas of earthquake activity
1349:
Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland Bulletin
1264:Димитрова (Dimitrova), Людмила (Lyudmila) (2004).
1032:James Shipman; Jerry D. Wilson; Aaron Todd (2007).
995:(4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 209.
479:situated between the complex graben valleys of the
1418:
1276:, Bulgarian Foundation "Biodiversity". p. 53.
1286:
648:
2502:
1263:
1181:
1060:
1040:(12th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 650.
975:
791:Geodynamics of the lithosphere: an introduction
620: – Model of geographic landscape evolution
878:
858:(4th ed.). Kendall Hunt. pp. 46–47.
687:"Plate tectonic models of orogenic core zones"
49:Illustration of mountains that developed on a
1742:
1543:
1513:NASA Goddard Planetary Geodynamics Laboratory
1331:
1100:
813:
1327:(in Swedish). Geografilärarnas Riksförening.
1160:
1107:The environment: principles and applications
1076:. Geological Society of America. p. 41
1009:
949:Robert Wayne Decker; Barbara Decker (2005).
913:
763:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1460:. Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
1266:Национален парк "Пирин". План за управление
1257:
490:
2459:
1749:
1735:
1550:
1536:
1129:
784:
719:
242:is a series of volcanoes that form near a
1361:
1272:] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. Sofia:
1454:"§7.2 Extensional tectonics and rifting"
1451:
1412:
1154:
1109:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 160.
907:
852:Victor Schmidt; William Harbert (2003).
657:(2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 207.
407:
404:Fault-block mountain of the tilted type.
399:
348:
252:
213:
178:
141:There are five main types of mountains:
44:
29:
1474:
1458:Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere
1054:
957:(4th ed.). Macmillan. p. 113
817:Encyclopedia of geomorphology; Volume 2
793:(2nd ed.). Springer. p. 178.
467:, including the well defined horsts of
14:
2503:
1557:
942:
845:
642:
1730:
1531:
1445:
1315:
992:Holmes Principles of Physical Geology
807:
499:model that explains elevated passive
168:
130:
2483:
1481:GD Karner & NW Driscoll (1999).
1270:Pirin National Park. Management Plan
1123:
1094:
1025:
889:. Thompson/Delmar Learning. p.
778:
671:
557:
234:Movements of tectonic plates create
1756:
1489:. Geological society. p. 280.
1038:An Introduction to Physical Science
872:
855:Planet Earth and the New Geoscience
695:(2nd ed.). Macmillan. p.
24:
1074:4-D framework of continental crust
395:
246:zone where the crust of a sinking
218:Stratovolcanoes associated with a
25:
2537:
1506:
1274:Ministry of Environment and Water
1251:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria
356:, a fold mountain in the central
334:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2446:
1824:
1711:
1710:
1655:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)
1650:660 discontinuity (upper mantle)
1645:410 discontinuity (upper mantle)
593:of the layers and the forces of
1403:
1397:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.05.004
1370:
1309:
1280:
1137:CliffsQuickReview Earth Science
1034:"Minerals, rocks and volcanoes"
841:NASA - Activity at Kliuchevskoi
580:
549:Prediction of volcanic activity
2374:South American–Antarctic Ridge
1419:Y Niu & MJ O'Hara (2004).
834:
749:
713:
165:and adds to these categories.
13:
1:
1247:Географски речник на България
1217:10.1126/science.289.5486.1912
636:
881:"Chapter 8: Plate tectonics"
7:
1380:Global and Planetary Change
1161:John Gerrard (1990-04-12).
600:
475:—a horst forming a massive
414:International Space Station
10:
2542:
2327:Galápagos Spreading Center
1640:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
1409:Løseth and Hendriksen 2005
820:. Routledge. p. 701.
649:Steven M. Stanley (2004).
534:
338:
172:
134:
2440:
2392:
2277:
2194:
1921:
1833:
1822:
1764:
1706:
1673:
1632:
1565:
530:
1693:Gutenberg (upper mantle)
1674:Regional discontinuities
1427:. Springer. p. 239
1316:Bonow, Johan M. (2009).
1288:
1265:
1246:
886:Science of Earth Systems
491:Uplifted passive margins
183:Annotated view includes
92:can all be parts of the
2369:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
1363:10.34194/geusb.v30.4673
1340:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
879:Stephen D Butz (2004).
727:The Origin of Mountains
452:Another example is the
431:and troughs are called
2422:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
2394:Ancient oceanic ridges
2384:Southwest Indian Ridge
2379:Southeast Indian Ridge
2116:Philippine Mobile Belt
1698:Lehmann (upper mantle)
1633:Global discontinuities
1101:Chris C. Park (2001).
951:"Chapter 8: Hot spots"
814:Andrew Goudie (2004).
723:; Pain, Colin (2000).
505:Scandinavian Mountains
417:
405:
361:
265:
231:
211:
137:List of mountain types
118:tectonic geomorphology
54:
42:
1487:Continental tectonics
1325:www.geografitorget.se
924:. MIT Press. p.
914:John Gerrard (1990).
757:"Geosynclinal Theory"
731:. Routledge. p.
612:Continental collision
537:Extensional tectonics
411:
403:
352:
256:
217:
182:
98:geological structures
48:
33:
2521:Geological processes
2297:Central Indian Ridge
1660:Core–mantle boundary
1070:Robert D Hatcher Jr.
787:"§4.5 Geomorphology"
761:publish.illinois.edu
655:Earth system history
517:Great Dividing Range
345:Fold and thrust belt
270:Pacific Ring of Fire
115:processes is called
2412:Kula-Farallon Ridge
1665:Inner-core boundary
1588:Lithospheric mantle
1389:2012GPC....90...73J
1209:2000Sci...289.1912L
1130:Scott Ryan (2006).
785:Kurt Stüwe (2007).
651:"Mountain building"
513:Brazilian Highlands
501:continental margins
380:. Examples are the
240:volcanic arc system
226:volcano (right). A
2453:Geology portal
2427:Pacific-Kula Ridge
2417:Mid-Labrador Ridge
2342:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
2337:Juan de Fuca Ridge
1559:Structure of Earth
916:"Types of volcano"
692:Structural Geology
683:Eldridge M. Moores
565:are supplied by a
440:An example is the
418:
406:
362:
266:
232:
230:volcano is center.
222:zone (left) and a
212:
169:Volcanic mountains
131:Types of mountains
109:geosyncline theory
58:Mountain formation
55:
43:
2498:
2497:
2312:East Pacific Rise
1724:
1723:
1686:continental crust
1496:978-1-86239-051-5
1467:978-0-521-00600-2
1452:AB Watts (2001).
1438:978-3-540-40859-8
1174:978-0-262-07128-4
1147:978-0-471-78937-6
1087:978-0-8137-1200-0
1047:978-0-618-93596-3
1002:978-0-7487-4381-0
968:978-0-7167-8929-1
935:978-0-262-07128-4
900:978-0-7668-3391-3
865:978-0-7872-9355-0
827:978-0-415-32738-1
800:978-3-540-71236-7
742:978-0-415-19890-5
706:978-0-7167-2252-6
664:978-0-7167-3907-4
607:3D fold evolution
558:Hotspot volcanoes
515:, or Australia's
261:mountain next to
86:igneous intrusion
82:volcanic activity
18:Mountain building
16:(Redirected from
2533:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2352:Kolbeinsey Ridge
1828:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1501:
1500:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1383:. 90–91: 73–86.
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1338:Green, Paul F.;
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:. Archived from
1203:(5486): 1912–6.
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1062:Michael P Searle
1058:
1052:
1051:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1006:
979:
973:
972:
946:
940:
939:
911:
905:
904:
876:
870:
869:
849:
843:
838:
832:
831:
811:
805:
804:
782:
776:
775:
770:
768:
753:
747:
746:
730:
717:
711:
710:
675:
669:
668:
646:
618:Cycle of erosion
382:Balkan Mountains
285:shield volcanoes
94:orogenic process
21:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:Plate tectonics
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2445:
2436:
2388:
2362:Reykjanes Ridge
2347:Knipovich Ridge
2292:Carlsberg Ridge
2273:
2190:
2096:North Galápagos
1917:
1829:
1820:
1789:Indo-Australian
1760:
1758:Tectonic plates
1755:
1725:
1720:
1702:
1669:
1628:
1561:
1556:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1375:
1371:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1164:Reference cited
1159:
1155:
1148:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1003:
980:
976:
969:
947:
943:
936:
912:
908:
901:
877:
873:
866:
850:
846:
839:
835:
828:
812:
808:
801:
783:
779:
766:
764:
755:
754:
750:
743:
718:
714:
707:
679:Robert J. Twiss
676:
672:
665:
647:
643:
639:
603:
583:
560:
555:
533:
493:
398:
396:Block mountains
347:
337:
301:angle of repose
279:stratovolcanoes
274:composite cones
224:spreading ridge
204:stratovolcanoes
177:
171:
163:plate tectonics
139:
133:
105:plate tectonics
70:tectonic plates
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Explorer Ridge
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2279:Oceanic ridges
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Bellingshausen
2206:
2200:
2198:
2196:Ancient plates
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:South Sandwich
2153:
2151:South Bismarck
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
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2031:Juan Fernández
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
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1948:
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1938:
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1806:North American
1803:
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1507:External links
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571:Earth's mantle
569:source in the
559:
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532:
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492:
489:
473:Pirin mountain
397:
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366:plates collide
360:range of Iran.
336:
335:Fold mountains
333:
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107:in the 1960s,
53:that thrusted.
26:
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1167:. p. 9.
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1132:"Figure 13-1"
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1103:"Figure 6.11"
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721:Ollier, Cliff
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553:Geomorphology
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442:Sierra Nevada
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341:Fold mountain
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100:found on it.
99:
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67:
66:Earth's crust
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2444:
2322:Gakkel Ridge
2234:Intermontane
2026:Juan de Fuca
1883:New Hebrides
1835:Minor plates
1766:Major plates
1600:Lower mantle
1583:Upper mantle
1486:
1476:
1457:
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1424:
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1229:the original
1200:
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772:
765:. Retrieved
760:
751:
726:
715:
691:
673:
654:
644:
584:
581:Fault blocks
575:mantle plume
561:
503:such as the
494:
451:
446:delamination
439:
432:
425:
419:
363:
321:Mount Shasta
290:
283:
277:
273:
267:
257:The Dome of
239:
233:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
124:neotectonics
122:
116:
102:
90:metamorphism
57:
56:
37:and reverse
2407:Alpha Ridge
2402:Aegir Ridge
2357:Mohns Ridge
2332:Gorda Ridge
2307:Cocos Ridge
2302:Chile Ridge
2146:Solomon Sea
2086:North Andes
2076:Molucca Sea
1971:Conway Reef
1956:Bird's Head
1923:Microplates
987:Donald Duff
541:Rift valley
521:lithosphere
497:geophysical
422:fault block
392:mountains.
368:or undergo
313:Kilimanjaro
155:fault-block
2505:Categories
2287:Aden Ridge
2136:Seychelles
2051:Madagascar
1936:Aegean Sea
1893:Philippine
1794:Australian
1622:Inner core
1617:Outer core
1604:Mesosphere
637:References
535:See also:
525:anticlinal
507:, eastern
378:orogenesis
370:subduction
339:See also:
325:Mount Hood
317:Mount Fuji
244:subduction
220:subduction
193:Bezymianny
173:See also:
135:See also:
2511:Mountains
2176:Trobriand
2081:Niuafo’ou
2036:Kerguelen
2011:Halmahera
2006:Greenland
1991:Galápagos
1961:Capricorn
1951:Banda Sea
1941:Anatolian
1858:Caribbean
1779:Antarctic
1140:. Wiley.
955:Volcanoes
624:Inselberg
573:called a
509:Greenland
477:anticline
469:Belasitsa
305:eruptions
297:Mauna Loa
236:volcanoes
208:Kamchatka
189:Tolbachik
185:Ushkovsky
62:mountains
2477:Category
2269:Kshiroda
2254:Malvinas
2224:Farallon
2219:Cimmeria
2186:Woodlark
2181:Victoria
2141:Shetland
2041:Kermadec
1981:Explorer
1931:Adriatic
1863:Caroline
1784:Eurasian
1716:Category
1225:10988067
1064:(2007).
989:(2004).
767:March 8,
685:(1992).
630:Seamount
601:See also
595:isostasy
591:rheology
563:Hotspots
487:rivers.
465:Bulgaria
388:and the
354:Zard-Kuh
309:Vesuvius
143:volcanic
113:tectonic
78:faulting
2516:Orogeny
2489:Commons
2264:Phoenix
2239:Izanagi
2229:Insular
2214:Charcot
2131:Sangihe
2101:Okinawa
2071:Mariana
2056:Malpelo
2046:Lwandle
2021:Iranian
2016:Iberian
1913:Yangtze
1888:Okhotsk
1848:Arabian
1843:Amurian
1811:Pacific
1774:African
1385:Bibcode
1205:Bibcode
1197:Science
458:Rhodope
434:grabens
420:When a
259:Vitosha
228:hotspot
151:plateau
74:Folding
2204:Baltic
2126:Rovuma
2121:Rivera
2106:Panama
1996:Gonâve
1986:Futuna
1976:Easter
1903:Somali
1898:Scotia
1873:Indian
1799:Indian
1681:Conrad
1578:Mantle
1566:Shells
1493:
1464:
1435:
1356:: 18.
1299:
1223:
1171:
1144:
1113:
1084:
1044:
999:
965:
932:
897:
862:
824:
797:
739:
703:
661:
587:faults
551:, and
531:Models
511:, the
481:Struma
461:massif
427:horsts
390:Zagros
384:, the
358:Zagros
293:basalt
199:, and
197:Zimina
157:, and
35:Thrust
2249:Lhasa
2171:Tonga
2166:Tisza
2161:Timor
2111:Pelso
2066:Maoke
2061:Manus
2001:Gorda
1966:Coiba
1908:Sunda
1878:Nazca
1868:Cocos
1853:Burma
1602:(aka
1573:Crust
1321:(PDF)
1291:[
1268:[
1249:[
1232:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1068:. In
567:magma
485:Mesta
364:When
263:Sofia
201:Udina
175:Guyot
39:fault
2465:List
2244:Kula
1612:Core
1491:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1221:PMID
1169:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1042:ISBN
997:ISBN
963:ISBN
930:ISBN
895:ISBN
860:ISBN
822:ISBN
795:ISBN
769:2018
737:ISBN
701:ISBN
659:ISBN
545:Rift
483:and
454:Rila
386:Jura
374:fold
343:and
327:and
282:and
159:dome
147:fold
88:and
72:).
51:fold
2259:Moa
1393:doi
1358:doi
1213:doi
1201:289
926:194
891:136
697:493
463:in
276:or
206:of
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1431:.
1429:ff
1391:.
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961:.
959:ff
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735:.
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681:;
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319:,
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288:.
195:,
191:,
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1470:.
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1395::
1387::
1366:.
1360::
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1215::
1207::
1177:.
1150:.
1119:.
1090:.
1050:.
1005:.
971:.
938:.
903:.
868:.
830:.
803:.
745:.
733:1
709:.
667:.
456:–
429:,
416:.
68:(
20:)
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