37:
343:
diversity of the M'zab Jewish population, the French administration incorporated some “culturally
Saharan” but ethnically non-indigenous Jews to the north and gave them citizenship under the Crémieux Decree of 1870. That perceived distinction by the French between Berber and non-Berber Jews of the Mzab was not a reflection of “technical precision” but rather “a manufactured form of legal difference”. While the French sought to assimilate the Northern Jewry as French citizens, they recognised religious rule of the Mozabite Jewish population and kept them separate under indigenous law, which meant severely limiting its political and social power.
379:
335:
296:
331:
of anti-Semitism across the Sahara, Europe, and the Middle East. In 1881, one year before the French annexed the M'zab, there were estimated 3,000 Mozabite Jews out of the 30,000 Algerian Jews. By 1921, the latter number would grow to 74,000, a result of a spike in anti-Semitism in the later 1800s and early 1900s, but the
Mozabite Jewish community would remain small, with most Jewish migrants settling in the north.
347:
330:
It is not canonically agreed when Jews first came to
Southern Algeria, but one theory suggests they were sent there by the Ibadite leadership in the 14th century from Tunisia, as part of a merchant trade route. They continued as a merchant community, with subsequent waves of immigration during times
342:
In 1882, when the French military annexed the M'zab, it began an administrative rule that was separate from the northern departments. Unlike their northern Jewish counterparts, many of the
Mozabite Berber Jews in Southern Algeria were classified by the French under the “indigenous code”. Given the
767:
Campbell, C. L., Palamara, P. F., Dubrovsky, M., Botigue, L. R., Fellous, M., Atzmon, G., Oddoux, C., Pearlman, A., Hao, L., Henn, B. M., Burns, E., Bustamante, C. D., Comas, D., Friedman, E., Pe'er, I. and Ostrer, H. Campbell, C. L. et al. "North
African Jewish And Non-Jewish Populations Form
358:
With anti-Semitism on the rise in the late 1800s, the French colonial powers sought to decrease Jewish commerce in the south and prevent further Jewish collaboration with Muslim communities. They continued to distance the
Mozabite Jews from other Algerian Jewish affairs by keeping Mozabite, or
359:“Mosaic” laws for civil matters, and French indigenous laws for public and criminal matters. It was not until 1961, with the French National Assembly Law 61-805, that the Mozabite Jews were granted “common law civil status” and French citizenship.
818:
Coudray, C.; Olivieri, A.; Achilli, A.; Pala, M.; Melhaoui, M.; Cherkaoui, M.; El-Chennawi, F.; Kossmann, M.; Torroni, A.; Dugoujon, J. M. (March 2009). "The complex and diversified mitochondrial gene pool of Berber populations".
271:
in 1852, the
Mozabites concluded a convention in 1853 and accepted to pay an annual contribution of 1,800 francs in return for their independence. In November 1882, the M'zab country was definitely annexed to
36:
1576:
1461:
1399:
1409:
899:
1556:
1566:
777:
Stein, Sarah
Abrevaya. Jews, trans-saharan commerce, and Southern Algeria under french colonial rule. University of Nebraska Press. January 2016.
1264:
726:
697:. David Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig, Summer Institute of Linguistics (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas. 2022. p. 57.
210:
186:
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1394:
1289:
1227:
676:
593:
Encyclopedia of
Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World
1516:
1466:
1444:
1424:
1404:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1374:
1364:
194:
1389:
768:
Distinctive, Orthogonal
Clusters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.34 (2012): 13865-13870. Web. 7 Apr. 2018.
1731:
892:
702:
601:
786:
Shepard, Todd. The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France. Cornell University Press, 2008.
256:
in 1012. In 1012, further persecutions made them flee to their present location, where they long remained invulnerable.
1716:
537:
1726:
450:
1199:
885:
963:
951:
1721:
1629:
372:
1671:
730:
279:
Since the establishment of French control, Beni Isguen has become the depot for the sale of goods from
795:
Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. Saharan Jews and the fate of French Algeria. University of Chicago Press, 2014.
644:
Behar, Doron M., et al. "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people." Nature 466.7303 (2010): 238.
808:. In: Become Eloquent. Edited by J.M. Hombert and F. d’Errico. Ed. John Benjamins. pp 123-146; 2009
1087:
973:
956:
804:
Dugoujon J.M., Coudray C., Torroni A., Cruciani F., Scozzari F., Moral P., Louali N., Kossmann M.
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8:
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836:
832:
708:
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597:
368:
315:
264:
241:
155:
78:
848:
367:
Mozabite people are characterized by a very high level of North African haplogroups
1676:
1661:
1159:
1144:
1134:
1127:
924:
828:
631:
229:
163:
159:
1651:
1646:
1338:
1185:
1166:
1149:
1139:
1117:
319:
128:
322:
as a second language. The Mozabite language is spoken by around 150,000 people.
1048:
1016:
273:
260:
712:
1710:
1596:
1581:
1551:
1521:
1257:
1053:
1038:
1028:
665:
378:
111:
1011:
1541:
1006:
840:
744:
692:
617:
139:
877:
209:. Ghardaïa is the capital of the confederation, followed in importance by
1693:
1641:
1586:
1546:
1075:
1070:
986:
233:
225:
206:
171:
94:
680:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
182:
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1294:
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154:, numbering about 150,000 to 300,000 people. They speak primarily the
1683:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1284:
1092:
308:
190:
334:
318:, a branch of the Zenati group of Berber languages. Many also speak
295:
1617:
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143:
62:
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1208:
1063:
1023:
996:
991:
304:
245:
151:
136:
98:
66:
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1434:
1414:
1343:
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1058:
669:
280:
268:
249:
237:
147:
82:
806:
The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities
1591:
1279:
981:
346:
178:
618:"Mʾzabite | Berber, Algeria, Saharan | Britannica"
1252:
1177:
817:
632:"L'Aménagement linguistique dans le monde: Page d'accueil"
287:
works that made the oases much more fertile than before.
201:, as well as two other isolated oases farther north:
232:, leading to most of the Berber population adopting
174:, but there was a small population of Jews as well.
325:
1708:
1193:
893:
907:
283:. The Mozabite engineers built a system of
1200:
1186:
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886:
725:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
694:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
35:
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656:
654:
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377:
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252:and founded an independent state in the
589:
1709:
259:In the 1500s, they recognized nominal
41:Photograph of a Mozabite, May 19, 1889
1181:
881:
647:
585:
583:
581:
57:Regions with significant populations
132:
16:Berber Ethnic Group In North Africa
13:
1737:Indigenous peoples of North Africa
538:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
14:
1748:
578:
833:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x
590:Minahan, James B. (2016-08-01).
529:North African lineages (U6, M1)
170:family. Mozabites are primarily
811:
798:
789:
780:
326:Mozabite Jews in French Algeria
213:, the chief commercial centre.
146:natural region in the northern
771:
761:
737:
684:
638:
624:
610:
338:Mozabite Horsemen in Ghardaia.
244:in 911, they were banished to
177:Mozabites mainly live in five
1:
572:
526:Africa-centered lineages (L)
299:Berber-speaking areas of the
1732:Muslim communities in Africa
7:
1207:
560:
451:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
362:
350:Market on the main square,
290:
10:
1753:
382:Women in Ghardaia, Algeria
236:. After being defeated at
216:
1717:Berber peoples and tribes
1610:
1509:
1352:
1215:
1103:
972:
915:
872:Le M'Zab el les M'Zabites
596:. Abc-Clio. p. 284.
109:
104:
93:
88:
77:
72:
61:
56:
51:
46:
34:
27:
1727:Ethnic groups in Algeria
509:
386:
28:
1123:Algerian Saharan Arabic
909:Demographics of Algeria
863:(Algiers, 1879); Rinn,
677:Encyclopædia Britannica
503:Dugoujon et al. (2009)
554:Coudray et al. (2009)
383:
355:
339:
311:
52:150,000–300,000 (2015)
1243:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
729:) CS1 maint: others (
567:Mzab (Moroccan tribe)
381:
349:
337:
298:
263:authority. After the
105:Related ethnic groups
314:Mozabites speak the
265:capture of Laghouat
228:leader founded the
24:
1722:Berbers in Algeria
1689:Kabyle nationalism
865:Occupation du Mzab
523:Eurasian lineages
384:
356:
340:
312:
221:In 767, a refugee
22:
1704:
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1577:Sanhajas de Srayr
1175:
1174:
704:978-1-55671-502-0
603:978-1-61069-954-9
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316:Mozabite language
156:Mozabite language
117:
116:
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1647:Arabized Berbers
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1128:Hassaniya Arabic
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230:Rustamid Kingdom
160:Zenati languages
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47:Total population
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1167:French language
1118:Algerian Arabic
1099:
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821:Ann. Hum. Genet
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415:E1b1b1c (M123)
389:
365:
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320:Algerian Arabic
293:
219:
142:inhabiting the
121:Mozabite people
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1611:Related topics
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827:(2): 196–214.
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668:, ed. (1911).
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874:(Paris, 1888)
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188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:Ibadi Muslims
169:
165:
161:
158:, one of the
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
130:
126:
122:
113:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
38:
33:
26:
1642:Arab-Berbers
1623:Latin script
1561:
1088:Roma (Gypsy)
1043:
1007:Ouled Djerir
942:Christianity
871:
864:
860:
824:
820:
813:
805:
800:
791:
782:
773:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:
739:
693:
686:
675:
640:
626:
612:
592:
366:
357:
341:
329:
313:
278:
258:
220:
176:
140:ethnic group
124:
120:
118:
19:Ethnic group
1672:Netherlands
1547:Berber Jews
987:Arab-Berber
952:Catholicism
691:"Algeria".
234:Ibadi Islam
211:Beni Isguen
207:El Guerrara
187:Beni Isguen
168:Afroasiatic
95:Ibadi Islam
1711:Categories
1489:Banu Ifran
1385:Barghawata
1295:Mauretania
1275:Marmaridae
1238:Garamantes
1012:Ouled Naïl
957:Protestant
859:A. Coyne,
754:2023-06-02
749:Ethnologue
713:1315489099
573:References
403:E(xE1b1b)
371:(86%) and
285:irrigation
181:; namely,
1684:Berberism
1562:Mozabites
1395:Fendelawa
1322:Masaesyli
1312:Nasamones
1307:Musulamii
1290:Makanitae
1285:Bakouatae
1228:Banioubae
1105:Languages
1093:Beni Ades
917:Religions
745:"Tumzabt"
721:cite book
354:, Algeria
309:Oued Righ
191:El Atteuf
125:Banu Mzab
73:Languages
23:Mozabites
1630:Religion
1572:Riffians
1557:Matmatas
1532:Ghomaras
1527:Chenouas
1499:Maghrawa
1420:Guanches
1353:Medieval
1327:Massylii
1302:Meshwesh
1270:Machlyes
1248:Leuathae
1155:Mozabite
1081:Italians
1071:European
1044:Mozabite
1034:Chenouas
1017:Reguibat
1002:Ghenanma
947:Orthodox
849:21826485
841:19053990
561:See also
363:Genetics
352:Ghardaia
291:Language
242:Fatimids
203:Berriane
199:Bounoura
183:Ghardaïa
135:) are a
133:بني مزاب
89:Religion
79:Mozabite
65:valley,
29:بني مزاب
1657:Belgium
1602:Zayanes
1597:Tuaregs
1567:Nafusis
1552:Kabyles
1537:Hawwara
1522:Chaouis
1517:Brabers
1477:Lamtuna
1472:Sanhaja
1467:Nafzawa
1462:Matmata
1455:Hintata
1450:Masmuda
1445:Madyuna
1430:Hawwara
1425:Haskura
1410:Ghiatta
1405:Gazoula
1400:Ghumara
1380:Bahlula
1370:Awregha
1360:Adjissa
1332:Numidia
1317:Numidae
1233:Gaetuli
1223:Bavares
1216:Ancient
1209:Berbers
1160:Tamahaq
1145:Shawiya
1064:Zouaoua
1049:Sahrawi
1024:Berbers
997:Chaamba
992:Bedouin
861:Le Mzab
375:(28%).
305:Ouargla
267:by the
261:Ottoman
248:in the
246:Ouargla
240:by the
223:Persian
217:History
162:in the
152:Algeria
112:Berbers
99:Judaism
67:Algeria
1667:France
1662:Canada
1618:Script
1592:Teknas
1582:Shilha
1542:Jerbis
1510:Modern
1494:Jarawa
1484:Zanata
1440:Luwata
1435:Kutama
1415:Godala
1375:Azdeja
1365:Awerba
1344:Psylli
1150:Shenwa
1140:Kabyle
1113:Arabic
1076:French
1059:Zenata
1054:Tuareg
1039:Kabyle
1029:Chaoui
870:Amat,
847:
839:
711:
701:
600:
532:Study
517:mtDna
445:Study
442:Other
394:Y-Dna
307:, and
281:Europe
269:French
250:Sahara
238:Tiaret
195:Melika
164:Berber
148:Sahara
137:Berber
129:Arabic
110:Other
83:Arabic
1635:Islam
1587:Siwis
1390:Fazaz
1280:Mauri
1265:Macae
1258:Libya
982:Arabs
930:Sunni
925:Islam
845:S2CID
551:33.0%
548:12.9%
545:54.1%
510:mtDNA
470:86.6%
387:Y-DNA
301:M'zab
254:M'zab
226:Ibadi
179:oases
144:M'zab
63:M'zab
1694:flag
1253:Libu
964:Jews
935:Shia
837:PMID
731:link
727:link
709:OCLC
699:ISBN
598:ISBN
488:1.5%
482:1.5%
473:1.5%
467:1.5%
461:4.5%
439:R1b
436:R1a
400:A/B
205:and
197:and
119:The
97:and
81:and
829:doi
520:Nb
433:J2
430:J1
397:Nb
150:in
123:or
1713::
843:.
835:.
825:73
823:.
747:.
723:}}
719:{{
707:.
674:.
649:^
580:^
542:85
497:3%
455:67
427:I
424:G
421:K
418:F
373:U6
303:,
276:.
193:,
189:,
185:,
131::
1201:e
1194:t
1187:v
901:e
894:t
887:v
851:.
831::
757:.
733:)
715:.
634:.
620:.
606:.
500:0
494:0
491:0
485:0
479:0
476:0
464:0
458:0
127:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
