Mount Ruapehu - Knowledge

1128:. It has not been clearly established when Ruapehu first began erupting, only that eruptions began at least 250,000 years ago and possibly as early as 340,000 years ago. Ruapehu has been built in four distinct stages of relatively intense eruptive activity followed by periods of relative quiet. Each of these four stages of activity has left behind distinct rock formations, named the Te Herenga Formation (erupted 250,000–180,000 years ago), the Wahianoa Formation (erupted 160,000–115,000 years ago), the Mangawhero Formation (erupted 55,000–15,000 years ago), and the Whakapapa Formation (erupted 15,000–2,000 years ago). Each of these rock formations is composed of lava flows and tuff 42: 1425: 184: 177: 1469: 1144: 1417:

January 1995—one of the highest temperatures recorded in 30 years and about 10 °C higher than its usual peak temperature. A minor eruption occurred on 26 April, which sent waves against the walls of the crater and damaged some monitoring equipment there. A second eruption on 29 June destroyed the equipment and produced a lahar. Chemical analysis showed that magma was interacting with water under the lake.

526: 1545: 1164:, indicating that the vents under Crater Lake are open to gas escape. Evidence suggests that an open-vent system such as this has been in place throughout Ruapehu's 250,000 year history. This prevents build-up of pressure and results in relatively small, frequent eruptions (every 20–30 years on average) at Ruapehu compared to other andesitic volcanoes around the world. 506:

its glaciers: the Whangaehu, Summit Plateau, and Mangatoetoenui glaciers. The Summit Plateau glacier is not a glacier in the true sense, but rather an ice field that fills an extinct volcanic crater, and the ice there reaches more than 130 m thick. The Whangaehu glacier feeds the Whangaehu River, and the Mangatoetoenui glacier is one of the principal sources of the

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struck by the surge. The climbers nearly drowned before the hut floor gave way and the water drained into the basement seismometer vault. One of them, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg pinned and crushed by a boulder as the water subsided. A rescue operation was mounted after his companion, who was unable to free him, went down the mountain for help.

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10,000 years ago was about 7.5 km (1.8 cu mi) erupted each 10,000 years. Minor eruptions, such as the one in 2007, especially if they are hydrothermal, can occur at any time without warning. However, in historic times, major eruptions such as the ones in 1995–96 have only occurred within periods of enhanced activity.

994:) and sedimentary deposits are not coloured. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is 1106:. Ruapehu has erupted from multiple craters over its lifetime, however, only one crater is presently active, a deep crater at the southern end of the summit plateau which is filled with hot, acidic water, dubbed Crater Lake (Te Wai ā-moe). The lake water currently covers separate north and central vents. 1416:

Earthquake swarms to the west of Ruapehu between November 1994 and September 1995 marked the beginning of renewed heightened activity at the volcano. Bursts of earthquake activity immediately preceded rapid rises in the temperature of Crater Lake, with the surface temperature reaching 51.4 °C in

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are called the Whakapapa Formation. These flows all erupted between 15,000 and 2,000 years ago from a number of different craters on the summit of Ruapehu as well as from craters on the northern and southern flanks of the mountain. Rangataua on the southern flanks had a large lava flow between 15,000

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Beginning approximately 55,000 years ago, a third phase of cone-building eruptions began, creating the Mangawhero Formation. This formation was erupted onto the eroded Wahianoa Formation in two phases: the first occurring 55,000–45,000 years ago and the second 30,000–15,000 years ago. Multiple summit

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Ruapehu's glaciers are situated at the northern limit for the formation of permanent ice in New Zealand, and thus they are extremely sensitive to changes in climate. Surveys of the glaciers undertaken since 1955 have found that the glaciers have all been thinning and retreating, with the exception of

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slopes. Whakapapa has five chair lifts with limited accommodation and refreshments available at Top o' the Bruce (the car park at the top of Bruce Road) and at the entry to Whakapapa, and elsewhere on the mountain. Alpine huts are provided for trampers and climbers. These are mainly owned by private

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at 11:25 a.m. and automatically activating warning lights and barrier arms to close roads and stop trains. There was no serious damage and no injuries. A toilet block at the Tangiwai memorial was destroyed, but the memorial had already been closed due to the lahar threat. One family was trapped

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A larger phreatic eruption occurred at 3:59 a.m. on 24 April 1975, blasting rocks up to 1.6 km northwest of the crater, against the wind, and depositing ash more than 100 km to the southeast. Nine minutes of seismic activity preceded the eruption, but crater dilation had been measured

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Approximately 160,000 years ago, cone-building eruptions began again, this time from a crater that is thought to have lain northwest of present-day Mitre Peak (Ringatoto)—southeast of the original Te Herenga vent. Eruptions continued until approximately 115,000 years ago, and the lava erupted during

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The prevalent wind direction in the region is westerly or northwesterly, and gale force conditions (i.e. wind speeds higher than 33 kn (61 km/h)) are common on the mountain. Rainfall is higher on the western flanks of Ruapehu than the eastern flanks due to the rain shadow effect. Whakapapa

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have been recognised on Ruapehu, of which six are named. Two glaciers are found in the active crater: one on the north side of the crater under Paretetaitonga Peak and another one to the south, and these are New Zealand's only crater glaciers. Most of the ice on Ruapehu is contained in only three of

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Eruption dynamics and frequency-magnitude relationships of explosive eruptions at Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand over the past 1800 years : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New

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Only one eruptive event has been recorded at Ruapehu since the 2007 eruption—a minor event on 13 July 2009 when a small volcanic earthquake beneath Crater Lake caused the lake water level to rise 15 cm and triggered a snow slurry lahar in the upper Whangaehu valley. Since then, Crater Lake has

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Ruapehu erupted at 10:24 p.m. on 4 October 2006. The small eruption was marked by a magnitude 2.9 volcanic earthquake and sent waves 4–5 m (16 ft) tall crashing into the wall of the crater. No ash was erupted into the atmosphere, and the eruption is presumed to have occurred entirely

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After eruptions subsided in late December, Crater Lake slowly began refilling, with a "boiling lake" already filling the bottom of the crater by mid-January. A tephra dam had formed at the lake's normal outlet during the eruptions, which eventually collapsed on 24 December 1953 causing a

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and left an extensive avalanche deposit on the northwestern ring plain that can still be seen today. Since then eruptions have been an order of magnitude lower in intensity and volume. Accordingly, most of the 150 km (36 cu mi) cone and 150 km (36 cu mi) ring-plain is

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volcanoes. This period of intense eruptions is called the Pahoka-Mangamate event and is thought to have lasted between 200 and 400 years. On Ruapehu, lava was erupted from Saddle Cone—a flank crater on the northern slopes—and from another crater on the southern slopes. This southern crater erupted

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around a central crater, which would have been located somewhere near the present-day upper Pinnacle Ridge. Cone-building eruptions ceased about 180,000 years ago, and the cone began to be eroded away by glacial action. Rock formations that date to this period are collectively named the Te Herenga

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arises. The Whangaehu River is notorious for destructive lahars caused by Ruapehu's eruptions. In historic times, eruptions have built tephra dams across the outlet on several occasions, most recently in 1945 and 1996. These dams failed in 1953 and 2007 respectively, causing an outburst of Crater

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The main recent volcanic hazard at Ruapehu is from lahars. Two major lahar paths run through the Whakapapa skifield, and in recent times, lahars have travelled through the ski field in 1969, 1975, 1995, and 2007. An eruption warning system operates in the ski field to warn skiers in the event of

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The first significant eruption took place at 8:05 a.m. on 18 September 1995, raining tephra onto the summit region and sending lahars down the mountain. On 23 September, an even larger eruption blasted rocks up to 1.5 km from the crater, sent lahars down three valleys, and generated an

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Eruptions at Ruapehu are expected to continue much as they have for the past 2,000 years, with frequent minor eruptions and more significant events every 20–30 years, although the possibility of larger events like the Pahoka-Mangamate event cannot be ruled out. The previous activity trend until

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eruption. The explosive phase of the eruption lasted for less than a minute and blasted ash, mud, and rocks northward, reaching to about 2 km from Crater Lake. Two climbers were caught in the eruption at Dome Shelter, an alpine hut approximately 600 m from the crater, when the hut was

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In modern times, volcanic activity has been centred on Crater Lake. There are two active vents under the lake, dubbed North Vent and Central Vent. Activity is characterized by cyclic heating and cooling of the lake over periods of 6–12 months. Each heating cycle is marked by increased seismic

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These eruptions produced more than 7 million tonnes of ash, which contaminated water supplies, destroyed crops, and lead to the deaths of livestock. Ash in the Tongariro River also damaged the intake turbines at the Rangipo power station, and ash clouds caused airport closures as far away as

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Extreme weather conditions have caused visitors to be trapped on the mountain in the past. In 2003, about 350 visitors to Whakapapa skifield and 70 staff had to stay overnight in various lodges at Iwikau village (small village at the top of mountain road) after a snow storm made the road too

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The eruption in 1969 occurred in the early hours of 22 June. It was a moderate phreatic eruption, which blasted rocks up to 1 km northwest of the crater and sent lahars down several valleys. The Whakapapa skifield was left covered in mud. This was the largest eruption since 1945.

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Three days later, on the morning of 27 April, Ruapehu erupted again. A series of five eruptions occurred between 7:10 a.m. and 10:18 a.m., sending surges of mud, rocks, and ash northwards across the summit plateau and producing eruption columns up to 500 m high.

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eruption column 12 km high. Phreatomagmatic eruptions occurred through the rest of the month and throughout October, with some eruptions continuing for hours at a time. Ash fell up to 250 km downwind. Explosive eruptions on 11 October emptied Crater Lake of water.

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Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, Dougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2 May 2021).

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was observed in Crater Lake on 19 March but was destroyed in a series of explosive eruptions over the following week. A second, larger lava dome appeared in May, which continued to grow over the following months and had emptied Crater Lake of water by July.

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Pardo, Natalia; Cronin, Shane J.; Palmer, Alan S.; Németh, Karoly (27 October 2011). "Reconstructing the largest explosive eruptions of Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand: lithostratigraphic tools to understand subplinian–plinian eruptions at andesitic volcanoes".

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Nakagawa, M.; Wada, K.; Thordarson, T.; Wood, C. P.; Gamble, J. A. (11 July 1999). "Petrologic investigations of the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand: formation of discrete and small magma pockets and their intermittent discharge".

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Ruapehu's active crater, dubbed Crater Lake (Te Wai ā-moe), is situated at the southern end of the Summit Plateau, and as the name suggests, is filled with a warm, acidic lake. The lake's outlet is at the head of the Whangaehu Valley, where the

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Ruapehu saw a period of heightened activity between 1966 and 1982, with multiple small eruptions occurring in Crater Lake and two larger eruptions in 1969 and 1975, which ejected rocks across the summit region and produced significant lahars.

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continuously monitors Ruapehu using a network of seismographs, GPS stations, microphones and webcams. Chemical analysis of the water in Crater Lake is regularly undertaken along with airborne gas measurements. Live data can be viewed on the

1185:(ERLAWS) system was installed on the mountain in 2000 to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities. The ERLAWS system detected the 2007 lahar, and roads were closed and railway traffic stopped until the lahar had subsided. 2260: 2570:

Gamble, John A.; Price, Richard C.; Smith, Ian E.M.; McIntosh, William C.; Dunbar, Nelia W. (February 2003). "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity, magma flux and hazards at Ruapehu volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

1181:. 151 people died when the lahar swept away the Tangiwai railway bridge just before an express train crossed it. Another dam was deposited by the 1995–1996 eruptions, which collapsed on 18 March 2007. A warning system, the 1209:, demonstrate that volcanism was likely present in the Ruapehu area 340,000 years ago. However, the oldest rocks on Ruapehu itself are approximately 250,000 years old. Eruptions during this period are believed to have built a steep 3596:

Mordret, A.; Jolly, A.D.; Duputel, Z.; Fournier, N. (March 2010). "Monitoring of phreatic eruptions using Interferometry on Retrieved Cross-Correlation Function from Ambient Seismic Noise: Results from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand".

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and poisoned it, which affected much of the aquatic life downstream. Additionally, the lahars damaged ski installations on the Whakapapa ski field, several bridges and hydroelectric tunnel intakes, but no loss of life occurred.

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valley. The dam collapses after several years causing a large lahar down the valley. The tephra dam created by the 1945 eruptions collapsed on 24 December 1953, sending a lahar down the Whangaehu River and causing the

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dangerous to descend. In 2008 extreme weather resulted in about 2000 visitors being evacuated from Whakapapa skifield, with cars being led down the mountain in groups of five. About 100 cars were left at the skifield overnight.

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Kilgour, G.; V. Manville; Pasqua, F. Della; A. Graettinger; Hodgson, K.A.; Jolly, G.E. (March 2010). "The 25 September 2007 eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Directed ballistics, surtseyan jets, and ice-slurry lahars".

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Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, has the highest point in the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active

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naval rating, caught in a week-long storm while undergoing winter survival training in 1990. The same storm also trapped an experienced Japanese mountaineer when the weather unexpectedly closed in on him, but he built a

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this period is known as the Wahianoa Formation. This formation has also been heavily eroded by glacial activity, and it now forms the southeastern flanks of modern Ruapehu. The formation consists of lava flows and tuff

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Weather conditions can be changeable over the day, and mountain visitors are advised to be prepared and carry basic survival equipment. Severe weather has claimed several lives over the years, including a party of five

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Following this, activity died off until 15 June 1996 when renewed seismic activity was recorded. This was followed by eruptions on 17 and 18 June which once again emptied the partially refilled Crater Lake of water.

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two weeks earlier. Nearly half of the water in Crater Lake was erupted into the air, which subsequently rained down onto the summit, generating lahars down several river valleys. Lahars which travelled down the

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Jolly, A.D.; Sherburn, S.; Jousset, P.; Kilgour, G. (March 2010). "Eruption source processes derived from seismic and acoustic observations of the 25 September 2007 Ruapehu eruption—North Island, New Zealand".

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Crater Lake is emptied by major eruptions, such as the ones in 1945 and 1995–1996, but refills after eruptions subside, fed by melting snow and vented steam. In historic times, major eruptions have deposited a

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or hydrothermal eruptions occur every few years on average, with notable minor eruptions occurring in 1969, 1975, and 2007. More than 600 eruptive events of various sizes have been documented since 1830.

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in 232 CE. Over this period there are 30 assigned tephra units by composition studies to Ruapehu and in the 370 years before 1950 the mean time between these months of eruptive period was 40 years.

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Ruapehu entered an eruptive phase in March 1945 after several weeks of volcanic tremors. The first indication of an eruption was reported on 8 March, with ashfall seen on the eastern slopes. A

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Nairn, Ian A; Kobayashi, Tetsuo; Nakagawa, Mitsuhiro (November 1998). "The ~10 ka multiple vent pyroclastic eruption sequence at Tongariro Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

554:) on the upper slopes, with average temperatures ranging from −4–15 °C in summer and −7–7 °C in winter, depending on elevation and cloudiness. On the lower slopes, Ruapehu has a 1452:

After the 1996 eruption it was recognised that a catastrophic lahar could again occur when Crater Lake burst the volcanic ash dam blocking the lake outlet as it did in 1953. In 2000, the

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older than 10,000 years. Eruptions between 10,000 and 2,500 years ago generated lava flows that all flowed into the Whakapapa amphitheatre and created the slopes of the modern skifield.

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For the past 2,000 years, activity at Ruapehu has been largely focused through a crater lake at the summit. Eruptive activity has typically consisted of relatively small but explosive

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Paterson, B. R.; Page, C. E.; Cudby, E. J. (1976). "The effects of lahars from the 1975 April Mt. Ruapehu eruption and the threat of future eruptions on Tongariro power development".

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Werner, C.; Christenson, B.W.; Hagerty, M.; Britten, K. (June 2006). "Variability of volcanic gas emissions during a crater lake heating cycle at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand".

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with the loss of 151 lives when the Tangiwai railway bridge across the Whangaehu River collapsed while the lahar was in full flood, just before an express train crossed it.

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another eruption. Lahars also represent a significant hazard to surrounding river valleys, particularly the Whangaehu River, which is crossed by national highways, the

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C, S. L.; Neall, V. E.; Palmer, A. S.; Stewart, R. B. (1997). "The volcanic history of Ruapehu during the past 2 millenia based on the record of Tufa Trig tephras".

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down the mountain. An estimated 1.9–3.8 million cubic metres of mud, rock, and water travelled down the Whangaehu river. ERLAWS activated, sending an alarm to

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eruptions occurred on 27 June and throughout July and August, producing eruption columns more than 10 km high and shooting rocks 1.4 km from the crater.

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had formed in the crust under the volcano, and lava erupted since that time shows signs of extensive mixing between different magma chambers prior to eruptions.

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continued its regular cycle of heating and increased gas emissions, although with periods of sustained high temperatures that occurred in 2011, 2016 and 2019.

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Doll, P.; Eaves, S.R.; Kennedy, B.M.; Blard, P.H.; Nichols, A.R.L.; Leonard, G.S.; Townsend, D.B.; Cole, J.W.; Conway, C.E.; Baldwin, S.; Fénisse, G. (2024).

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railway line, and electricity transmission lines. Large, destructive lahars have been observed in the Whangaehu River in 1862, 1895, 1953, 1975, and 2007.

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field is on the east of the mountain and is open to the public. The season is generally from June to October but depends on snow and weather conditions.

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Healy, J.; Lloyd, E. F.; Rishworth, D. E. H.; Wood, C. P.; Glover, R. B.; Dibble, R. R. (1978). "The eruption of Ruapehu New Zealand on 22 June 1969".

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Formation, and today these formations be seen at Pinnacle Ridge, Te Herenga Ridge, and Whakapapanui Valley, all on the northwestern slopes of Ruapehu.

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Crater Lake and Tahurangi, the highest peak (top right) in 2016. The 1996 tephra dam is the bluish dark area at lake edge directly below Tahurangi.

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Eruptions increased from August through November. A particularly powerful eruption in the early hours of 21 August was heard in Hawkes Bay and the

1504:. ERLAWS detected the lahars in the Whangaehu valley. A snow groomer on the Whakapapa skifield narrowly avoided being caught in the lahar there. 2822: 2510:"The Anatomy of an Andesite Volcano: a Time–Stratigraphic Study of Andesite Petrogenesis and Crustal Evolution at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand" 1453: 1182: 2849:"Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Turoa area, with implications for andesite petrogenesis at Mt Ruapehu, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 2449: 3470: 1449:. The eruptions also caused closures to the three ski fields on the mountain, costing the region an estimated $ 100 million in lost revenue. 570:

to the east of Ruapehu receives slightly more than 1,500 mm of rain annually. Snow falls on average as low as 1,500 m elevation.

5093: 4096: 2472:"Mt Ruapehu status update: Minor volcanic unrest continues while Crater Lake temperature is low. Volcanic Alert Level remains at Level 1" 5139: 5134: 3574: 3348: 1637: 4409: 3500: 4082: 3858: 3769: 3739: 2614: 1873: 1642: 1234:. The Mangawhero Formation can be found over most of modern Ruapehu, and it forms most of the mountain's high peaks as well as the 457:

There are three access routes to Ruapehu, and each access route leads to one of the three skifields that are found on its slopes.

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the northern crater glacier, which thickened and lengthened after the 1953 outburst of Crater Lake lowered the lake water level.

2338: 1835: 1771: 5149: 4116: 3954: 2090: 5159: 3911:"Monitoring volcanic unrest / Ruapehu / New Zealand Volcanoes / Volcanoes / Science Topics / Learning / Home – GNS Science" 1340:, loud enough to awaken people from sleep and cause alarm. Eruptions began declining in December and had ended by January. 176: 2046:"1988 Survey of the Glaciers on Mt Ruapehu, Tongariro National Park – A Baseline for Detecting Threats of Climate Change" 1732: 1622: 3971: 5129: 3203:

Blot, Claude (1979). "Deep earthquakes that were precursors of the eruption of Ruapehu, New Zealand on 22 June 1969".

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at the base of the mountain, and from there an access road leads up the mountain to Iwikau Village at the base of the

5164: 4821: 3983: 3413: 1434: 2427: 5169: 4592: 4109: 4073: 2015: 1647: 1493: 3888: 2045: 547: 4773: 3972:"The first ascent of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, and a holiday jaunt to Mounts Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Ngauruhoe" 2508:

Price, R. C.; Gamble, J. A.; Smith, I. E. M.; Maas, R.; Waight, T.; Stewart, R. B.; Woodhead, J. (October 2012).

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Hurst, A.W; McGinty, P.J (May 1999). "Earthquake swarms to the west of Mt Ruapehu preceding its 1995 eruption".

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on the southern slope. They are the two largest ski fields in New Zealand, with Whakapapa the larger. The club

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occurring every few decades and lasting several months each. The eruptive record is only well understood from

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also occurred at Pukeonake, a scoria cone to the north-west of Ruapehu and at several isolated craters near

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Approximately 10,000 years ago, a series of major eruptions occurred, not just on Ruapehu, but also at the

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and forming part of the Tongariro Volcanic Center. Volcanism at Ruapehu is caused by the subduction of the

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Bonadonna, C.; Houghton, B.F. (2005). "Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra-fall deposits".

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At 11:22 a.m. 18 March 2007, the tephra dam which had been holding back Crater Lake burst, sending a

3471:"Changes made since Ruapehu's eruptions / Media Releases and News / News and Events / Home - GNS Science" 256: 17: 577:

Climate data for Mount Ruapehu (Whakapapa Village), elevation 1,097 m (3,599 ft), (1991–2020)

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craters were active during this period, all lying between Tahurangi and the northern summit plateau.

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Map centred on Mount Ruapehu to show approximate selected surface volcanic deposits around it with

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Lake each time, which sent destructive lahars down the river. The 1953 lahar was the cause of the

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on the northwestern slopes about 9,400 years ago formed the amphitheatre that now comprises the

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is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions, being known as Crater Lake (

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Ruapehu Eruption resources blog continuous since 1995 with new activity reported as it happens

1836:"Ruapehu / New Zealand Volcanoes / Volcanoes / Science Topics / Learning / Home – GNS Science" 1133: 1087: 359: 249: 4577: 4323: 3566: 3340: 3674: 3606: 3441: 3260: 3212: 3161: 3018: 2975: 2926: 2860: 2788: 2701: 2648: 2580: 2521: 2185: 2137: 1963: 1265: 82: 3054:"Cosmogenic 3 He chronology of postglacial lava flows at Mt Ruapehu, Aotearoa/New Zealand" 2847:

Waight, T. E.; Price, R. C.; Stewart, R. B.; Smith, I. E. M.; Gamble, J. (December 1999).

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Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis;

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Voloschina, Marija; Lube, Gert; Procter, Jonathan; Moebis, Anja; Timm, Christian (2020).

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In recorded history, these eruptions have occurred about 50 years apart, in 1895 (

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three times, and lava flows from this crater travelled nearly 14 km to the south.

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A composite satellite image looking west across Ruapehu, with the older eroded volcano

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was detected underneath Ruapehu, which was followed at 8:26 p.m. by an explosive

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The 1975 eruptions deepened Crater Lake from 55 to 60 m to more than 90 m.

1368: 1316: 1178: 1074:(gray). White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now). 495: 462: 2946: 1485:

for around 24 hours after the lahar swept away the access route to their home.

415: 403: 312: 148: 5098: 4862: 4599: 4488: 4376: 4371: 4261: 4230: 4014: 3803: 3682: 3614: 3449: 3273: 3268: 3248: 3224: 3220: 3169: 3122: 3094: 3065: 3026: 2983: 2934: 2868: 2804: 2796: 2747: 2709: 2656: 2588: 2529: 2203: 2193: 2145: 1971: 1707: 1442: 1348: 1337: 1099: 1095: 474: 319: 2873: 2848: 2800: 1468: 4815: 4801: 4463: 4419: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4266: 4167: 4152: 2174:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" 1489: 1397: 1389: 1344: 1305: 1285: 1173: 1152: 979: 519: 511: 490: 399: 2053:

Department of Conservation Science and Research Internal Report 24 (Unpublished)

5004: 4807: 4514: 4302: 4271: 4031: 2534: 2509: 2150: 2125: 1976: 1951: 1676: 1585: 1227: 1137: 1121: 567: 277: 4661: 3855:"Te Wai ā-moe, Mt Ruapehu: Increases in lake temperature and seismic activity" 3126: 3070: 3053: 2938: 2892: 5113: 5071: 5046: 5030: 4091: 3181: 1618: 1210: 1091: 1083: 983: 507: 469:

on the northwestern bumpy hilly slopes. An access road from Ohakune leads to

355: 244: 232: 115: 102: 4761: 2752: 2735: 439: 375: 4895: 4147: 4006: 2234:

Thompson, C. S. (1984). "The weather and climate of the Tongariro region".

2217: 2198: 1198: 1161: 1148: 1103: 566:

Village receives an average of 2,200 mm of rain per year, whereas the

427: 383: 289: 271: 240: 196: 4469: 3030: 2987: 2777:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding" 2126:"Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Observations on its Crater Lake and Glaciers" 498:, in which 151 people died. Even larger lahars occurred in 1862 and 1895. 4881: 4779: 4765: 4712: 4546: 4068: 2419: 1739: 1591: 1528: 435: 367: 200: 4887: 4836: 4494: 2011: 1995: 957:. Vents and cones or craters active in the last 15,000 years are shaded 4235: 3880: 2809: 1614: 1360: 1356: 1273: 1064: 387: 2690: 1160:

activity under the crater and is accompanied by increased emission of

1143: 4905: 4653: 4583: 4455: 3329:. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences science report (97/2). 1568: 1352: 1329: 1277: 1206: 1125: 1117: 929: 2236:

New Zealand Meteorological Service Miscellaneous Publication 115(14)

978:. To the north the volcanic deposits are continuous with those from 4793: 4757: 3303:

A revised catalogue of Ruapehu volcano eruptive activity: 1830–2012

2283:"CliFlo – National Climate Database : Mt Ruapehu, Chateau Ews" 1114: 1080: 1059: 947: 4333: 4157: 3565:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3327:

A Chronology of the 1945 eruption of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand

1343:

The eruptions dispersed ash across most of the North Island, and

1231: 1219: 1129: 987: 920: 502: 431: 391: 371: 1594:- climbed the mountain in 1881 the first European woman to do so 1500:

The eruption initiated lahars down the Whangaehu valley and the

1172:

dam across the lake's outlet, preventing lake overflow into the

5066: 4976: 4901: 4726: 4506: 4183: 2638: 2167: 1610: 1561: 1301: 1254: 1169: 1042: 1000: 525: 482: 438:

and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of

374:

and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of

296: 57: 1247: 4188: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 1557: 1544: 1481: 1477: 1312: 1235: 991: 470: 447: 346: 328: 4077: 3947:

Over the Gentle Annie: high country life in the inland Patea

2773: 2105: 1996:"Distribution of the Glacial Water Resources of New Zealand" 3663: 3642: 3595: 3147: 2282: 924: 340: 331: 4417: 4086: 3391:

New Zealand Geological Survey, Engineering Geology Section

3247:

Nairn, I. A.; Wood, C. P.; Hewson, C. A. Y. (March 1979).

2964: 2760: 2113:(Topographic map). 1:50,000. Land Information New Zealand. 1822:

Geology and Petrology of Ruapehu Volcano and Related Vents

3794:

Wunderman, R. (2011). "Report on Ruapehu (New Zealand)".

1952:"Lahars of Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand: risk mitigation" 1866:"How to get to Tukino – Tukino Skifield – Mt Ruapehu, NZ" 1579: 1572: 1472:

Fresh lahar channels scar Ruapehu's eastern slopes, 2007.

1264:

Lava flows that have been erupted from Ruapehu since the

4131: 2569: 3822:"Scientists monitoring Ruapehu as crater lake heats up" 3369: 3111: 2846: 4059: 3084: 1507: 4011:

The Making of the Movie Trilogy The Lord of the Rings

3406:

Volcanic hazard management in Tongariro National Park

3051: 932:

and sheltered in it until he was rescued days later.

430:

of New Zealand, 23 km (14 mi) northeast of

334: 2507: 2442:"July 2008 North Island Weather Bomb ( 2008-07-26 )" 337: 325: 3008: 2163: 2161: 1304:deposits before 1950 for 1718 years from the Taupō 343: 322: 3625: 2886: 2884: 3949:. Michael Fowler Publishing Ltd. pp. 52–53. 3846: 3789: 3787: 3388: 2916: 5111: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2229: 2227: 2158: 1323: 1201:, northwest of Ruapehu. Subsequently, andesitic 1197:was approximately 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at 46:Mt Ruapehu from Tongariro Northern Circuit, 2023 3397: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3246: 3141: 2881: 3784: 3667:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3599:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3434:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3403: 3154:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3087:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2694:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2641:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2607:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA – 2020/08" 2573:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2565: 2363:. United Press International. 16 August 1990. 2247: 2245: 1454:Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System 1183:Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System 4403: 4117: 3814: 3525: 3427: 3425: 3382: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3253:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3205:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3002: 2953: 2910: 2853:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2842: 2840: 2781:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2634: 2632: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2297: 2224: 1989: 1987: 1923: 1921: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1205:found 100 km southwest of Ruapehu, near 1120:overlain by a thin layer of sediments of the 370:. It is 23 km (14 mi) northeast of 3762:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA-2007/02" 3732:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA-2007/03" 3431: 3309: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2353: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1628:were filmed on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu. 1124:, composed of sands, silts, shell beds, and 3852: 3589: 3465: 3463: 3249:"Phreatic eruptions of Ruapehu: April 1975" 2667: 2337:. New Zealand Government. 23 October 1999. 2242: 1824:(Ph.D.). Victoria University of Wellington. 913: 414:means "pit of noise" or "exploding pit" in 140: 4410: 4396: 4124: 4110: 3999: 3881:"Volcanic risk in Tongariro National Park" 3633:"Photos: Lahar could have been much worse" 3422: 3363: 3281: 3231: 3078: 2890: 2837: 2629: 2542: 2420:"Northland cops it as storm sweeps island" 2117: 2074: 1984: 1918: 1888: 1828: 1794: 1638:List of mountains of New Zealand by height 1567:Both ski fields are accessible by car and 1374: 3793: 3693: 3657: 3560: 3558: 3272: 3105: 3069: 2872: 2808: 2751: 2733: 2720: 2533: 2486: 2361:"Japanese survives five days in blizzard" 2207: 2197: 2149: 2083:The River : the story of the Waikato 2030: 1975: 1936: 1459: 1188: 3796:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network 3460: 3324: 3196: 2233: 1643:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 1543: 1488:At 8:16 p.m. on 25 September 2007, 1467: 1423: 1193:The earliest known volcanic activity in 1142: 524: 426:Ruapehu is located in the centre of the 3969: 3873: 2430:from the original on 25 September 2008. 2385: 1930:Landscape Ecology of the Rangipo Desert 1819: 1588:- climbed the mountain in 1879 and 1881 1552:Ruapehu has two commercial ski fields, 14: 5112: 4005: 3944: 3699: 3555: 1927: 1749:from the original on 19 September 2013 1580:Notable people associated with Ruapehu 1411: 4391: 4105: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3577:from the original on 12 November 2020 3543:from the original on 28 November 2020 3513:from the original on 20 November 2020 3481:from the original on 15 November 2020 3333: 3300: 2617:from the original on 14 November 2020 2400:from the original on 12 November 2016 2263:from the original on 22 February 2021 2123: 2080: 1993: 1766: 1764: 1733:"Volcano Fact Sheet: Ruapehu Volcano" 1671: 1669: 1667: 1604: 1257:eruptions of Ruapehu since the 232 CE 311: 183: 3891:from the original on 25 October 2020 3772:from the original on 24 October 2021 3742:from the original on 24 October 2021 3724: 3712:from the original on 31 October 2022 3501:"Remembering Ruapehu – ten years on" 3202: 2452:from the original on 29 January 2021 2341:from the original on 5 February 2009 2275: 2062:from the original on 25 October 2021 2043: 2018:from the original on 30 October 2020 1949: 1906:from the original on 25 October 2021 1876:from the original on 9 February 2021 1725: 1347:could be seen from as far afield as 1241: 4065:Volcanic Hazards at Ruapehu Volcano 3351:from the original on 14 August 2020 2734:Keys, H.; Green, P. (August 2008). 1508:Current activity and future hazards 1151:visible behind it, and the cone of 1086:located at the southern end of the 24: 4097:GeoNet New Zealand Alert Bulletins 3933: 3861:from the original on 10 April 2019 3564: 2315:from the original on 28 March 2021 2000:Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 1761: 1708:"Topographic map of Mount Ruapehu" 1700: 1664: 1067:is lighter shades of violet), and 477:track leads from the Desert Road ( 473:on the southwestern slopes, and a 25: 5181: 4060:Michigan Technological University 4024: 3921:from the original on 13 July 2020 3834:from the original on 18 July 2020 3404:Montgomery, R.; Keys, H. (1993). 3345:Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand 971:. Lakes in vents are outlined in 3808:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201107-241100 3687:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.009 3619:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.010 3174:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106987 2825:from the original on 5 June 2022 2714:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.015 2661:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.017 2367:from the original on 14 May 2019 1846:from the original on 2 July 2022 1782:from the original on 2 July 2022 1648:List of volcanoes in New Zealand 318: 182: 175: 40: 5140:Volcanoes of Manawatū-Whanganui 5135:Mountains of Manawatū-Whanganui 4774:Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge 3963: 3903: 3754: 3493: 3305:. GNS Science report (2013/45). 3045: 2599: 2464: 2434: 2412: 2379: 2327: 2099: 5120:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand 3408:. Department of Conservation. 3274:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424215 3225:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424110 2388:"Outdoors: Preparing the snow" 1858: 1600:- climbed the mountain in 1881 1571:, with beginners' to advanced 1020: undifferentiated basalts 986:and the andesitic deposits of 13: 1: 4752:Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu 4367:North Island Volcanic Plateau 3853:Agnes Mazot (10 April 2019). 3700:Mussen, D (22 January 2016). 3454:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00019-0 3099:10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00085-7 2874:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514858 2801:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080 2593:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00407-9 2386:Charman, Paul (6 June 2014). 2085:. Auckland, N.Z.: Heinemann. 1658: 1609:Some scenes of the fictional 1539: 1324:1945 eruptions and 1953 lahar 1315:), 1945 and 1995–1996. Minor 836:Average rainfall mm (inches) 160:pit of noise or exploding pit 5150:20th-century volcanic events 4788:Mount Aspiring National Park 4058:Images and Information from 2740:Journal of Disaster Research 2107:Land Information New Zealand 529:Mount Ruapehu, January 2002. 421: 72:2,797 m (9,177 ft) 62:2,797 m (9,177 ft) 7: 5160:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 4074:Volcano Camera – Mt Ruapehu 2891:Voloschina, Marija (2000). 2335:"Special Honours List 1999" 1932:(Ph.D.). Massey University. 1631: 766:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 626:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 358:at the southern end of the 10: 5186: 4654:Outcrop south of Rivendell 4215:Tongariro Northern Circuit 4087:Department of Conservation 4076:– hourly photographs from 3976:ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz 2305:"Round the Mountain Track" 2151:10.3189/002214355793702181 1977:10.3189/172756407782282390 1072: plutonic or intusive 1004:(shades of brown/orange), 939: 905: 576: 537: 5130:Tongariro Volcanic Centre 5084: 5059: 5039: 5018: 4975: 4968: 4957: 4874: 4848: 4744: 4702: 4677: 4639: 4632: 4570: 4481: 4442: 4435: 4426: 4359: 4311: 4295: 4244: 4223: 4210:Tongariro Alpine Crossing 4202: 4176: 4140: 4056:The 1996 Ruapehu Eruption 3537:www.waikatoregion.govt.nz 3127:10.1007/s00445-011-0555-z 3071:10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024 2939:10.1007/s00445-004-0386-2 2474:. Geonet. 13 October 2020 1950:Keys, Harry J.R. (2007). 1556:on the northern side and 1298:phreatomagmatic eruptions 1284:There is evidence that a 835: 765: 695: 625: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 288: 270: 265: 255: 238: 226: 216: 211: 169: 164: 156: 141: 136: 131: 92: 76: 66: 56: 51: 39: 34: 5165:Holocene stratovolcanoes 4312:Localities and buildings 4037:Global Volcanism Program 3970:Beetham, George (1926). 3945:Fowler, Michael (2021). 3325:Johnston, D. M. (1997). 2535:10.1093/petrology/egs050 1682:Global Volcanism Program 1653:Volcanism of New Zealand 914:Severe weather incidents 556:subpolar oceanic climate 450:deposits, ash fall, and 5170:Tongariro National Park 4648:Kahurangi National Park 4598:Escaping the Shire and 4541:Tongariro National Park 4418:Places associated with 4133:Tongariro National Park 4042:Smithsonian Institution 3115:Bulletin of Volcanology 3011:Bulletin of Volcanology 2968:Bulletin of Volcanology 2919:Bulletin of Volcanology 2753:10.20965/jdr.2008.p0284 1820:Hackett, W. R. (1985). 1687:Smithsonian Institution 1523:North Island Main Trunk 1375:1969 and 1975 eruptions 1195:Tongariro National Park 1079:Ruapehu is a composite 1051: basaltic andesite 485:on the eastern slopes. 444:Tongariro National Park 380:Tongariro National Park 3827:The New Zealand Herald 3638:The New Zealand Herald 3533:"Mount Ruapehu erupts" 3506:The New Zealand Herald 2393:The New Zealand Herald 2199:10.1038/sdata.2018.214 1928:Purves, A. M. (1990). 1549: 1473: 1460:2006 and 2007 activity 1429: 1367:lahar that led to the 1189:Early eruptive history 1156: 1034: arc ring basalts 530: 407: 27:Volcano in New Zealand 5145:Volcanic crater lakes 4586:and the Fords of Isen 4578:Kaitoke Regional Park 3341:"Ruapehu 1861 – 1945" 3301:Scott, B. J. (2013). 3031:10.1007/s004450050181 2988:10.1007/s004450050259 2130:Journal of Glaciology 2124:Odell, N. E. (1955). 1994:Chinn, T. J. (2001). 1624:The Lord of the Rings 1547: 1471: 1427: 1269:to 10,000 years ago. 1155:visible to the right. 1146: 528: 4608:Pūtangirua Pinnacles 3567:"Ruapehu since 1945" 2514:Journal of Petrology 2172:(18 December 2018). 1956:Annals of Glaciology 1276:between Ruapehu and 1266:last glacial maximum 969: yellow outline 5155:Taupō Volcanic Zone 5010:Wolvercote Cemetery 4985:The Eagle and Child 4857:Franz Josef Glacier 4829:Twelve Mile Delta, 4713:Mount Potts station 4257:Mangaturuturu River 4252:Manganuioteao River 3679:2010JVGR..191...33J 3611:2010JVGR..191...46M 3446:1999JVGR...90...19H 3265:1979NZJGG..22..155N 3217:1979NZJGG..22..413B 3166:2020JVGR..40206987V 3023:1997BVol...59..136D 2980:1999BVol...61...15N 2931:2005BVol...67..441B 2865:1999NZJGG..42..513W 2793:2021NZJGG..64..389L 2706:2010JVGR..191....1K 2653:2006JVGR..154..291W 2585:2003JVGR..120..271G 2526:2012JPet...53.2139P 2424:Fairfax New Zealand 2253:"Tongariro weather" 2190:2018NatSD...580214B 2142:1955JGlac...2..601O 2081:Miles, Sue (1984). 1968:2007AnGla..45..155K 1412:1995–1996 eruptions 1396:rivers entered the 1228:Parasitic eruptions 1102:to the east of the 1088:Taupō Volcanic Zone 982:and beyond this is 962: orange-yellow 696:Daily mean °C (°F) 394:are on its slopes. 360:Taupō Volcanic Zone 313:[ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ] 250:Taupō Volcanic Zone 157:English translation 112: / 5026:Birmingham Oratory 4555:Whakapapa skifield 4482:Manawatū-Whanganui 4450:Hobbiton Movie Set 4194:Whakapapa skifield 1605:In popular culture 1550: 1502:Whakapapa skifield 1474: 1430: 1290:Whakapapa skifield 1157: 1109:Ruapehu sits on a 531: 467:Whakapapa skifield 52:Highest point 5107: 5106: 5094:Tolkien Societies 5080: 5079: 5055: 5054: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4628: 4627: 4385: 4384: 4349:Chateau Tongariro 4344:Whakapapa Village 3956:978 0 473 58860 1 3830:. 10 April 2019. 3766:www.geonet.org.nz 3736:www.geonet.org.nz 2611:www.geonet.org.nz 2520:(10): 2139–2189. 2092:978-0-86863-418-0 2044:Keys, H. (1988). 1369:Tangiwai disaster 1260: 1242:Holocene activity 1179:Tangiwai disaster 1027: arc basalts 923:soldiers and one 910: 909: 518:rivers, feed the 496:Tangiwai disaster 463:Whakapapa Village 362:and North Island 302: 301: 261:25 September 2007 16:(Redirected from 5177: 5125:Active volcanoes 5099:J. R. R. Tolkien 5090: 5000:Pembroke College 4973: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4910:Silverlode River 4637: 4636: 4527:Rangitīkei River 4489:Mangawhero River 4440: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4377:Waihi Fault Zone 4372:Poutu Fault Zone 4262:Mangawhero River 4231:Lake Rotopounamu 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4019: 4018: 4015:Houghton Mifflin 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3244: 3229: 3228: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2812: 2787:(2–3): 389–420. 2771: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2688: 2665: 2664: 2647:(3–4): 291–302. 2636: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2579:(3–4): 271–287. 2567: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2505: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2426:. 26 July 2008. 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1673: 1548:Turoa ski field. 1394:Manganui o te Ao 1349:Palmerston North 1345:eruption columns 1338:Tararua District 1252: 1100:Hikurangi Trough 1096:Australian Plate 1073: 1071: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1003: 998: 977: 975: 970: 968: 964:with craters in 963: 961: 956: 954: 950:deposits shaded 574: 573: 516:Manganui o te Ao 475:four-wheel drive 459:State Highway 48 364:volcanic plateau 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 315: 310: 292: 284:(non-indigenous) 186: 185: 179: 152: 144: 127: 126: 124: 123: 122: 117: 116:39.28°S 175.57°E 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 44: 32: 31: 21: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5088: 5076: 5051: 5035: 5014: 4961: 4959: 4945: 4870: 4844: 4822:Misty Mountains 4816:The Remarkables 4808:Ford of Bruinen 4802:Skippers Canyon 4740: 4733:Pelennor Fields 4698: 4673: 4646:Mount Olympus, 4624: 4566: 4520:Gates of Mordor 4507:Gates of Mordor 4477: 4464:Mount Ngauruhoe 4428: 4422: 4420:Tolkien tourism 4416: 4386: 4381: 4355: 4307: 4291: 4287:Whanganui River 4282:Whangaehu River 4277:Whakapapa River 4267:Tongariro River 4240: 4219: 4198: 4172: 4168:Mount Tongariro 4153:Mount Ngauruhoe 4136: 4130: 4046: 4044: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3943: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3885:www.doc.govt.nz 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3645:. 18 March 2007 3631: 3630: 3626: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3387: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3323: 3310: 3299: 3282: 3245: 3232: 3201: 3197: 3146: 3142: 3110: 3106: 3083: 3079: 3050: 3046: 3007: 3003: 2963: 2954: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2882: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2772: 2761: 2732: 2721: 2689: 2668: 2637: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2568: 2543: 2506: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2309:www.doc.govt.nz 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2257:www.doc.govt.nz 2251: 2250: 2243: 2232: 2225: 2178:Scientific Data 2166: 2159: 2136:(18): 601–605. 2122: 2118: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2048: 2042: 2031: 2021: 2019: 1992: 1985: 1948: 1937: 1926: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1900:www.doc.govt.nz 1896:"Getting there" 1894: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1870:Tukino Skifield 1864: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1818: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1712:opentopomap.org 1706: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1675: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1634: 1607: 1582: 1542: 1510: 1490:volcanic tremor 1462: 1414: 1398:Whanganui River 1377: 1363:was disrupted. 1326: 1306:Hatepe eruption 1286:sector collapse 1262: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1191: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1005: 996: 995: 980:Mount Tongariro 973: 972: 966: 965: 959: 958: 952: 951: 942: 916: 911: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 540: 520:Whanganui River 491:Whangaehu River 483:Tukino skifield 479:State Highway 1 424: 354:) is an active 321: 317: 316:; colloquially 308: 290: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 194: 193: 192: 191: 187: 146: 120: 118: 114: 111: 106: 103: 101: 99: 98: 87:New Zealand #19 85: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5183: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5040:Worcestershire 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5005:Northmoor Road 5002: 4997: 4995:Merton College 4992: 4990:Exeter College 4987: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4969:United Kingdom 4963: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4922:Snowdon Forest 4919: 4918: 4917: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4711:Mount Sunday, 4708: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4643: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4593:Mount Victoria 4590: 4589: 4588: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4515:Rangipo Desert 4512: 4511: 4510: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4446: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4427:Film locations 4424: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4303:Rangipo Desert 4299: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4272:Wahianoa River 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4203:Walking tracks 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4026: 4025:External links 4023: 4021: 4020: 3998: 3984: 3962: 3955: 3932: 3915:www.gns.cri.nz 3902: 3872: 3845: 3813: 3783: 3753: 3723: 3692: 3673:(1–2): 33–45. 3656: 3624: 3605:(1–2): 46–59. 3588: 3554: 3524: 3492: 3475:www.gns.cri.nz 3459: 3440:(1–2): 19–28. 3421: 3414: 3396: 3381: 3362: 3332: 3308: 3280: 3259:(2): 155–170. 3230: 3211:(3): 413–414. 3195: 3140: 3121:(3): 617–640. 3104: 3093:(1–4): 19–44. 3077: 3064:(3): 365–395. 3044: 3017:(2): 136–146. 3001: 2974:(1–2): 15–31. 2952: 2925:(5): 441–456. 2909: 2880: 2859:(4): 513–532. 2836: 2759: 2746:(4): 284–296. 2719: 2666: 2628: 2598: 2541: 2485: 2463: 2446:hwe.niwa.co.nz 2433: 2411: 2378: 2352: 2326: 2296: 2274: 2241: 2223: 2157: 2116: 2098: 2091: 2073: 2029: 2006:(2): 139–187. 1983: 1962:(1): 155–162. 1935: 1917: 1887: 1857: 1840:www.gns.cri.nz 1827: 1793: 1760: 1724: 1699: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1586:George Beetham 1581: 1578: 1541: 1538: 1534:GeoNet website 1509: 1506: 1461: 1458: 1413: 1410: 1376: 1373: 1325: 1322: 1259:Taupo eruption 1246: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1236:Turoa skifield 1190: 1187: 1162:volcanic gases 1122:Wanganui Basin 990:. Mixed (e.g. 945: 944: 943: 941: 938: 915: 912: 908: 907: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 623: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 579: 578: 572: 568:Rangipo Desert 542:Ruapehu has a 539: 536: 501:A total of 18 471:Turoa skifield 423: 420: 300: 299: 294: 286: 285: 274: 268: 267: 263: 262: 259: 253: 252: 247: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 222:~200,000 years 220: 214: 213: 209: 208: 195: 189: 188: 181: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 138: 134: 133: 129: 128: 121:-39.28; 175.57 96: 90: 89: 80: 74: 73: 70: 64: 63: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5182: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5073: 5072:Lauterbrunnen 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5047:Malvern Hills 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5031:Sarehole Mill 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4956: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4838: 4837:Ithilien camp 4834: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4620:Wētā Workshop 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4501:Mount Ruapehu 4499: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429:(New Zealand) 4425: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329:National Park 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163:Mount Ruapehu 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135:, New Zealand 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083:2012 Warning 4081: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:Sibley, Brian 4002: 3987: 3985:9780908327447 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3571:teara.govt.nz 3568: 3561: 3559: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3415:0-478-01523-2 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3372:DSIR Bulletin 3366: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058:Geochronology 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700:(1–2): 1–14. 2699: 2695: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2473: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2284: 2278: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184:(1): 180214. 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:Wood, Eric F. 2164: 2162: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1988: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1728: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1619:Peter Jackson 1616: 1612: 1599: 1598:William Birch 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211:volcanic cone 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Pacific Plate 1089: 1085: 1084:stratovolcano 1082: 1066: 1061: 1044: 1012: 1002: 993: 989: 985: 984:Lake Rotoaira 981: 949: 937: 933: 931: 926: 922: 906:Source: NIWA 904: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 834: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 764: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 694: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 624: 580: 575: 571: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 535: 527: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:Waikato River 504: 499: 497: 492: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378:, within the 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:stratovolcano 351: 314: 306: 305:Mount Ruapehu 298: 295: 293: 291:Easiest route 287: 283: 282:J. P. Maxwell 279: 275: 273: 269: 264: 260: 258: 257:Last eruption 254: 251: 248: 246: 242: 237: 234: 233:Stratovolcano 231: 229: 228:Mountain type 225: 221: 219: 215: 210: 202: 198: 190:Mount Ruapehu 178: 168: 163: 159: 155: 150: 143: 139: 135: 130: 125: 97: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 79: 75: 71: 69: 65: 61: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 35:Mount Ruapehu 33: 30: 19: 4962:with Tolkien 4939:River Anduin 4938: 4926: 4914:River Anduin 4900: 4896:Mavora Lakes 4888:Dead Marshes 4886: 4863:Ered Nimrais 4861: 4855:Mount Gunn, 4835: 4820: 4806: 4792: 4780:The Argonath 4778: 4756: 4731: 4717: 4691:Dimrill Dale 4689: 4666: 4652: 4633:South Island 4613:Dimholt Road 4612: 4597: 4582: 4559: 4545: 4533:River Anduin 4531: 4519: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4468: 4454: 4436:North Island 4162: 4148:Hauhungatahi 4045:. Retrieved 4035: 4010: 4001: 3991:15 September 3989:. Retrieved 3975: 3965: 3946: 3923:. Retrieved 3914: 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3884: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3848: 3836:. Retrieved 3825: 3816: 3799: 3795: 3774:. 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